Education literary arguments. Unified State Examination Russian language. Bank of arguments. Literary arguments

N.V. Gogol - story "Taras Bulba". In this story N.V. Gogol writes about the all-consuming power of feelings over a person. His hero Andriy betrays his homeland, the bonds of camaraderie, his father, his people, having fallen in love with a beautiful Polish woman. Thus, according to the writer, the hero destroyed himself. In the finale, he is killed by his own father, who has not forgiven him for his betrayal.

N.S. Leskov - the story “Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk District”.

The writer explores the nature of love-passion, which has completely taken possession of the human soul. N. Leskov’s woman, the merchant’s wife Katerina Izmailova, becomes the bearer of this passion. And this passion leads her to crimes and death. For the sake of her lover, she secretly destroys her husband and child. In the finale, she ends up in hard labor, where her lover betrays her. Love-passion is, according to the writer, a destructive element not controlled by reason.

What is the role of childhood in a person’s life? What does the image of a home in our soul contain?

L.N. Tolstoy's story "Childhood". In this work, the writer explores the process of character development. The consciousness of the hero Nikolenka Irtenyev reflected the entire rich spectrum of life experiences: childhood, family, class. Gradually, the hero begins to discover the world around him, people and explore his own soul. Thus, Nikolenka feels her moral separation from her friends and acquaintances. The father's authority collapses: the hero begins to understand that his mother is deprived of his attention. “The tragedy of the ruined life of the master’s faithful slave Natalya Savishna is revealed. The first competition of minds and characters takes place: Nikolenka and his older brother Volodya, Nikolenka and Seryozha Ivnin. Unconscious cruelty is manifested... - pushing around Ilenka Ladder. The main result of childhood is that all things and relationships are in motion, you are not alone in the world.”

I.A. Goncharov - novel “Oblomov”. In this novel, the author deeply explores the nature of his hero, the origins of his character, in the pictures of Oblomov’s childhood. The author gives us these pictures in “Oblomov’s Dream.” We see here a description of nature. Her serenity and calmness are akin to a fairy tale. In this place there is no dense forests", the sea, causing sadness, mountains and abysses. But the sky there is “like a parent’s reliable roof”, the sun “shines brightly and hotly around noon and then moves away... as if reluctantly...”. And all the nature there represents “a series of... cheerful, smiling landscapes...”. This Central Russian nature with the leisurely flow of rivers and the serene spirit of the fields influenced Ilya’s gentle character. Next we find a description of the landowner and peasant life. And again here is a kind of idyll: “ Happy people lived, thinking that it shouldn’t and couldn’t be otherwise, confident that everyone else lives exactly the same way and that living differently is a sin...” Oblomovites are hardworking, religious, superstitious, they love listening to fairy tales and solving dreams. The hero's endless memories will forever remain in his memory. winter evenings, a nanny's tales about a wonderful country where rivers of honey and milk flow, where beauties walk and good fellows. It was here, in Oblomovka, in his distant childhood years, that an important trait of his character was formed - poetic daydreaming. Legends and fairy tales, epics and parables determined his consciousness and attitude to life.

Another defining character trait of Oblomov is independence from the world of external life, a sense of inner freedom. That is why service only as a career, secular friends, empty women who are unable to give happiness, turn out to be alien to the hero. “These are all dead people. Sleeping people, worse than me, these members of the world and society! - says Oblomov. He is looking for perfection in this world, “the norm, the ideal of life, which nature indicated as the goal for man.” In his actions and thoughts, Ilya Ilyich is noble, his soul is “pure and clear as glass.”

However, life in family estate also shaped the negative aspects of Oblomov’s character. So, little Ilyusha grew up active and inquisitive, however best impulses he was stopped. The constant care of parents and nannies did not give the child the opportunity to fully develop. All his attempts to do something on his own were refuted by arguments: “Why? Where? And what about Vaska, and Vanka, and Zakharka?” His studies at the Stolz boarding school proceeded intermittently, and he became indifferent to science. Gradually, laziness, inertia, apathy, and indifference to life developed in the child.

Ilya Ilyich dreams of love and family, but he is not given the opportunity to experience the ideal feeling. He breaks up with Olga Ilyinskaya because she cannot give him real happiness. Agafya Pshenitsyna with her character, way of life somewhat close to that female type, which existed in his childhood. And that is why he remains on the Vyborg side, in the house of Agafya Matveevna, she becomes the same Militrisa Kirbitievna about whom the nanny read to him. This is how the fairy tale is embodied in Oblomov’s life. Thus, childhood years, according to the writer, completely determine our character and life scenario.

F. Iskander - book “Reflections of a Writer” (collection of essays and journalism). The author identifies two types of creativity in Russian literature - “home” and “homelessness”. Poets, defenders and organizers of the “home” - Pushkin, Tolstoy, Akhmatova. The authors of “homelessness” are Lermontov, Dostoevsky, Tsvetaeva. Thus, Lermontov’s Pechorin destroys Bela’s house, Grushnitsky’s house, being homeless, he himself dies in Persia. Pushkinsky Evgeniy in the poem " Bronze Horseman", on the contrary, defends his right to the house, rebelling against Peter. We find poetry at home in Eugene Onegin and The Captain's Daughter.

Attention! Before looking at the arguments for essay on the Unified State Exam from the argument bank, read first
works in full content. Remember that only full content gives complete
reading comprehension. This is important to avoid factual errors. Moreover, the arguments
contain spoilers. Accordingly, read the full content after reading the arguments
it won't be that interesting. Arguments for the Unified State Exam essay will help you have your own understanding of which arguments are best to use.

About the bank of arguments for writing the Unified State Examination

The bank contains 17 works that cover most of the problems encountered
in the Unified State Examination texts. For every problem in the bank you can find at least 2 arguments!
Approximate reading time for all works: 50 hours. Reading an hour a day
you will read the entire list in less than 2 months.
The argument bank does not contain much large works like "War and Peace"
and "Quiet Don". They are worth reading, but it is not necessary to do this specifically for the Unified State Exam in Russian.
Having mastered the speed reading method, detailed information about which there is at the end of the book, you
you can read the entire list in just 20-25 hours.

Secret 7 on arguments for composing the Unified State Exam. Large product ≠ large number of arguments. You will see this by reading the list of references below, which includes many small but content-rich works

Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination (17 options)

1) Jack London "Martin Eden"

Genre: novel
Reading time: 8 hours.

Problems of the work Jack Londonan "Martin Eden"

The talent problem
The role of the book (reading)
The role of music in human life



The problem of loneliness
Honesty problem
Moral issues
The role of dreams (goals) in a person’s life
The problem of envy
Attitude towards parents

Argumentation of Jack Londonan's work "Martin Eden"

The main character of the work is Martin Eden, a young sailor who falls in love with Ruth, a girl from a wealthy bourgeois family. To achieve her love, a man sets himself a goal: to become famous writer. Martin begins to read books by great philosophers and writes his own works. However, the hero's relatives do not believe in his writing talent. Ruth's parents also do not believe that an uneducated sailor will be able to change and take a worthy position in society. But books change Martin's thinking. He realizes that there is much more to life than he previously thought. Thanks to hard work, Martin Eden achieves his goal. Now even those who once laughed at him admire the hero’s creativity. Having become famous, Martin does not forget his loved ones. He buys Maria the promised dairy ranch and helps his sister's husband. However, success does not bring him happiness. The main character feels lonely more than ever, he is disappointed in his love.

Jack London demonstrated that

1) books can radically change a person’s life

2) for the sake of love a person can achieve unprecedented heights

3) success does not always bring happiness

4) even famous person might be lonely

5) how important it is to have a goal in life and go towards it, regardless of the opinions of others

6) public opinion variable, so don't rely on it

2) Theodore Dreiser “The Financier”

Genre: novel
Reading time: 10 hours.

Problems of Theodore Dreiser's work "The Financier"

The talent problem

The importance of work in human life

The problem of loneliness

The role of childhood memories

The problem of envy
The problem of greed
The Problem of Hate

The problem of spiritual degradation

Argumentation on the work of Theodore Dreiser “The Financier”

The main character of the work is Frank Cowperwood, a successful businessman from Philadelphia. Thanks to his outstanding abilities, the character quickly reaches career heights. They predict a great future for him. Meanwhile, Frank falls in love with the young beauty Eileen, the daughter of the famous Philadelphia financier Edward Butler. For her sake, the hero even divorces his first wife. The sympathy is mutual, and soon the girl’s father finds out about her. He becomes so furious that he decides to take revenge on the main character at all costs. Frank is involved in financial fraud, helping the city treasurer. Butler finds out about this and, using his connections, brings Cowperwood to trial. The main character is sentenced to prison. We see how money can destroy a person’s destiny, and love, on the contrary, can save him. Frank endures all the hardships of being in prison because he knows that Eileen is waiting for him. Cowperwood cannot be definitely called bad or a good man. He is a genius who is envied. In his actions, the hero sees one goal: the desire for beauty.

Theodore Dreiser demonstrated:

2) a talented but lonely person who, thanks to his determination, achieves success

3) social problems: corruption, inequality, lies.

4) Frank's abilities were established in childhood. He actively developed them and therefore reached such heights.

Secret 7. Works by foreign authors have a significant advantage:
Not all experts have read them. Consequently, the risk of factual error
is significantly reduced, choosing arguments for composing the Unified State Examination makes the task easier.

3) A. S. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter”

Genre: story

Reading time: 2.5 hours

Problems of Pushkin's story “The Captain's Daughter”

The problem of love in human life

The problem of finding happiness (the meaning of life)

The role of the family in shaping the child’s personality

The problem of honor and dishonor

Moral issues

The problem of betrayal

The problem of courage (heroism)

Argumentation of an essay based on Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter”

The main character of the work is Pyotr Grinev. From the age of five, Petrusha is looked after by the stirrup Savelich. In his seventeenth year, the father decides to send his son to serve, but not in St. Petersburg, but in the army. On the way, Grinev and Savelich get caught in a snowstorm. A random person helps them get out. Peter is a grateful man; he gives the “counselor” a hare sheepskin coat. Grinev gets into Belogorsk fortress, where he meets Shvabrin, a person close to him in education, age and occupation. There the man also meets Masha Mironova, the daughter of the commandant, with whom he soon falls in love. Because of her, Grinev has a quarrel with Shvabrin, which ends in a duel and injury to the protagonist. The Belogorsk fortress is attacked by the troops of Emelyan Pugachev and, despite the heroic resistance of the defenders, they capture it. Pugachev recognizes Grinev, who once did not spare him a sheepskin coat, and saves his life. Despite this, main character he sincerely tells the peasant chieftain that he does not promise not to serve against him. The amazed Pugachev releases Grinev. The hero goes to Orenburg, where he asks for help. He is refused, so Peter and Savelich decide to return to the fortress on their own to free Masha. And again fate brings Grinev and Pugachev together, giving the officer the opportunity to fulfill his intention: having learned from Grinev the essence of the matter for which he is going to the Belogorsk fortress, Pugachev himself decides to help the orphan and punish the offender.

Soon the main character is arrested on suspicion of assisting the rebels, but Masha saves him.

Pushkin demonstrated:

1) the power of love, which helps to cope with any difficulties in life

2) strength, spirit and honor of real Russian warriors

3) what a big role family and upbringing play in the formation of personality

4) why is betrayal dangerous?

Secret 9. " Captain's daughter"in terms of the number of arguments and issues, it is almost equal to "War and Peace", which means it is not difficult to find arguments for composing the Unified State Examination.

4) A. S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit”

Genre: comedy

Reading time: 1 hour

Problems of Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit"

The role of the book (reading)

Honesty problem

The role of education in human life

The problem of relationships between generations

Argumentation of an essay based on Griboedov’s work “Woe from Wit”

One of central characters works is Alexander Chatsky. He sincerely loves Sophia, the daughter of master Pavel Afanasyevich Famusov. Arriving at her, the hero is faced with a lack of understanding from both the girl and the “ Famusov society”, conservative people who think that Chatsky has gone crazy. And all because Alexander Andreevich exposes their vices: veneration for rank, narrowness of thinking. The hero tries to explain to Sophia that Molchalin does not really love her, but only strives for personal gain and career advancement, but she does not believe Chatsky and only at the end of the work she understands the mistake.

Griboyedov demonstrated:

1) how wrong public opinion is sometimes

2) love can be blind, so you need to be very careful and thoughtful when choosing a partner

3) such vices as veneration, feeble-mindedness, hypocrisy

4) the role of education and upbringing in human life

5) Vasil Bykov “Sotnikov”

Genre: story

Reading time: 3 hours

Problems of Bykov's story "Sotnikov"

The Problem of Heroism

The problem of honor and dishonor

The problem of betrayal

Military problems

The problem of courage (heroism)

The problem of cowardice

The problem of cruelty

Argumentation of an essay for the Unified State Exam based on Bykov’s story “Sotnikov”

The central characters of the work are Sotnikov and Rybak, Soviet intelligence officers who are captured by the Germans. Sotnikov refuses to tell the Nazis any information about the location Soviet troops. The fisherman is afraid of losing his life, so he agrees to cooperate with the enemy. At the end of the story he is accepted into the ranks of the Nazis, and he, soviet soldier, kills his comrade.

Bykov shows us:

1) the heroism of the Soviet soldier in the image of Sotnikov

2) cowardice and betrayal in the image of the Fisherman

6) M. A. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”

Genre: story

Reading time: 40 minutes

Problems of Sholokhov's story “The Fate of Man”

The Problem of Heroism

The problem of moral choice

The problem of betrayal

The problem of courage (heroism)

Military problems

The problem of cowardice

The problem of cruelty

Argumentation

The main character of the work is Andrei Sokolov, a Soviet soldier. One day he voluntarily agreed to carry out a very complex operation: Place shells across the front line for an artillery unit. Sokolov's car was blown up, as a result of which the hero lost consciousness, and then was captured by the Germans. In the face of death, he does not lose heart. When he was offered a drink to his victory German weapons, he refused. Instead, he drinks to his death. Amazed by the soldier’s courage, the Nazis spare his life. Sokolov is transferred and assigned as the driver of a German engineer. Near Polotsk, Andrei flees, taking a fascist with him. After a meeting with the command, the hero writes a letter to his wife Irina, but receives a response from a neighbor who reports that his wife and daughters died as a result of the bombing. Sokolov hopes to meet his son Anatoly, who, like his father, is serving at the front. However, on the last day of the war, the young man is killed by a German sniper. Andrey returns to Russia. There he meets Vanya, whose mother died and his father disappeared at the front. Sokolov says that he is the boy’s father and adopts him.

Mikhail Sholokhov demonstrated

1) the heroism of the Russian soldier

2) how important it is not to lose the ability to empathize with your neighbor even in difficult life circumstances

Secret 10. You must have 2 works about war in stock. In addition to “Sotnikov” and “The Fate of Man,” one can cite arguments from the poem “Vasily Terkin” by Alexander Tvardovsky, the story “And the Dawns Here Are Quiet” by Boris Vasiliev, “The Tale of a Real Man” by Boris Polevoy and other works about the war

7. Arguments for the Unified State Examination of Ray Bradbury’s novel “Fahrenheit 451”

Genre: novel

Reading time: 3 hours

Issues

The problem of historical memory

Social problems (corruption, crime, public opinion)

The problem of envy

The problem of greed

The Problem of Hate

Problem destructive influence money

The problem of spiritual degradation

The importance of science for humanity

Argumentation

The main character of the work is Guy Montag, a fireman. The novel describes a future American society in which books are banned and burned.

The author depicts people who have lost contact with each other, with nature, with the intellectual heritage of humanity. People rush to or from work, never saying what they think or feel, admiring only material values. At home, they surround themselves with interactive television and fill their free time watching programs and endless series. Montag meets Clarissa McLellan, who loves nature and knows how to truly live. The man begins to secretly take away the books that he was supposed to burn. Guy realizes that all this time he was leading wrong life and passionately wants to change.

Ray Bradbury demonstrated

1) the role of books in a person’s life

2) the harmful influence of technology

3) fallacy of public opinion

Secret 11. Instead of the novel “Fahrenheit 451”, you can use any other dystopian novels on this issue: George Orwell “1984”, E.I. Zamyatin “We”, O. Huxley “O wondrous one, new world»

V. G. Korolenko “The Blind Musician”

Genre: story

Reading time: 2.5 hours

Issues

The talent problem

The role of art in human life

The role of music in human life

The role of childhood in human life

The role of childhood memories

Argumentation

In the South-West of Ukraine, into the family of rich village landowners Popelsky, a blind boy Peter is born. Peter's father is a good-natured man, but rather indifferent to everything except housekeeping. My uncle, Maxim Yatsenko, has a fighting character. Uncle decides to start raising Petrus. The boy loves to listen to the groom Joachim play the pipe and also wants to learn this skill. His mother teaches him to play the piano. On the neighboring estate of the elderly Yaskulskys, their daughter Evelina, the same age as Petrus, is growing up. This beautiful girl calm and reasonable. Soon Evelina and Petrus become friends.

Meanwhile, the boy discovers amazing musical talent. He is predicted to become famous.

Peter becomes seriously ill. After recovery, he announces to his family that he will go with Uncle Maxim to Kyiv, where he will take lessons from a famous musician.

In fact, he, together with blind beggars, among whom Uncle Maxim’s acquaintance Fyodor Kandyba, goes to Pochaev. On this journey, Peter recognizes the world in its diversity and, empathizing with the grief of others, forgets about his own suffering. Soon he marries Evelina.

Years pass. Peter becomes famous musician. Uncle Maxim understands that his nephew was able to feel life in its fullness, to remind people of the suffering of others. Realizing his own merit in this, Maxim is convinced that he did not live his life in vain.

Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko demonstrated

1) the influence of music/art on human life

2) the extraordinary fortitude of a blind musician

3) the power of love, which helps to overcome any difficulties

4) what is real talent

9) V. P. Astafiev “Tsar Fish”

Genre: story

Reading time for the chapter “The King Fish”: 40 minutes (total work: 8 hours)

Issues

Human influence on nature

The influence of nature on humans

Environmental problem

Argumentation

One of the central characters of the work is Ignatyich, a successful fisherman. He has become a real master in his craft and often helps people, but there is no sincerity in his actions. Ignatyich uses his skills to the detriment of nature, engaging in poaching. And then one day he caught a huge fish that he could not cope with. At first, the fisherman did not want to call his brother for help, so as not to share the catch with him. In a fight with a fish, the hero realizes that he is dying, and then he repents, understands that he led an unworthy life.

Astafiev shows:

1) human powerlessness before nature

2) nature can change a person’s character

3) the destructive influence of man on nature

10) B. L. Vasiliev “Don’t shoot white swans”

Genre: novel

Reading time: 3 hours

Issues

Human influence on nature

The influence of nature on humans

The importance of work in human life

Honesty problem

Environmental problem

Human attitude towards animals

Arguments for the Unified State Exam essay based on Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans”

The main character of the work is Yegor Polushkin. The man moved to a village around which endless forests once roared. Over the course of several decades, they were cut down. They came to their senses when there was only one grove left near the Black Lake. Fedor Buryanov was appointed forester in the village. On his native collective farm, Yegor Polushkin was in good standing, but it was difficult for him to work in his new place. All of Polushkin’s troubles stem from the fact that he couldn’t work without a soul. One day Yegor was tasked with digging a trench for a sewer pipe. The trench turned out to be straight, like an arrow, until an anthill was encountered on its way. Polushkin took pity on the hardworking insects and let the trench go around.

Buryanov has a consumerist attitude towards nature; the main thing for him is to earn more money.

Boris Vasiliev demonstrated:

1) the harmful influence of humans on nature

2) good attitude towards nature

3) the influence of nature on humans

11) V. G. Rasputin “Farewell to Matera”

Genre: story

Reading time: 4 hours.

Issues

The problem of preserving cultural monuments

The problem of historical memory

Argumentation

The action takes place in the village of Matera, located on the island of the same name in the middle of the Angara. In connection with the construction of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station, the village must be flooded and the residents resettled. Many people do not want to leave Matera, where they have spent their whole lives. These are mostly old people who accept consent to flood the village as a betrayal of their ancestors buried in their native land. main character, Daria Pinigina, is whitewashing her hut, which in a few days will be set on fire by the sanitary brigade, and does not agree for her son to move it to the city. The old woman does not know what she will do after the death of the village, she is afraid of change. Other residents are in a similar situation and are no longer able to get used to city life. Daria's neighbor, Yegor, dies soon after leaving for the city, and his wife, Nastasya, returns to Matera.

Young people bear farewell to their native land much easier: Daria’s grandson Andrei, her neighbor Klava. The younger generation believes that in the city they will find better life, does not value his native village.

Valentin Rasputin demonstrated:

1) the importance of preserving historical memory

2) the destructive role of technology

12) D. S. Likhachev “Letters about the good and the beautiful”

Reading time: 2 hours

Issues

The problem of language purity

The problem of finding happiness (the meaning of life)

Arguments for the Unified State Exam essay based on Likhachev’s book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful”

The work is a collection of 46 letters, each of which touches on a specific problem (or even several). This is a real treasure trove of arguments. When making arguments on the Unified State Exam, you must indicate the number and title of the letter. For example: in the work “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” in letter twenty-two “Love reading!” Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev discusses the importance of reading.

The table above shows arguments for the most rare problems of the Unified State Exam, which are difficult to take from other works.

A secret for readers. You can give examples from your favorite works that are not included in school curriculum, if it contains the required arguments. “Harry Potter” or “The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes” are assessed on the Unified State Exam in exactly the same way as the classics.

13) I. A. Goncharov “Oblomov”

Genre: novel

Reading time: 8 hours

Issues

The role of childhood in human life

The role of childhood memories

The role of the family in shaping the child’s personality

The problem of education

Arguments for the essay Unified State Exam of the novel Goncharov "Oblomov"

The main character of the work is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, a landowner. In the chapter “Oblomov’s Dream” the author depicts a beautiful corner of Russia. Oblomovka is a patriarchal paradise on earth. It seems that nature protects residents from adversity and problems outside world. The reader sees that this is reflected in the character of the main character. He has kindness, love for his neighbor, for which his friend Stolz respects him.

In addition, it is worth noting that Oblomov was brought up in a noble family. His parents did not refuse him anything. He could always eat and sleep as much as he wanted. Stolz was brought up in a poor family. When the boy grew up, his father began to take him with him to the field, to the market, and taught him to work. We see that Stolz grew up to be a purposeful, active person.

Ivan Goncharov demonstrated:

1) the role of education in personality development

2) the influence of nature on humans

3) the role of childhood in later life person

14) D. I. Fonvizin “Minor”

Genre: comedy

Reading time: 1 hour

Issues

The role of the family in shaping the child’s personality

The problem of education

Arguments for the composition of the Unified State Examination of Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor”

The central characters of the work are Mrs. Prostakova and her son Mitrofan. His mother tries to raise him, but only makes things worse. The teachers indulge the lazy Mitrofanushka, so no progress is observed. Mrs. Prostakova wants to marry him to Sophia, who, as it turns out, is entitled to a large inheritance. However, Starodum, the girl’s uncle, clearly sees Mitrofan’s lack of education and, of course, refuses.

Fonvizin demonstrated:

1) the role of the family in shaping the child’s personality (Mitrofan is very similar to his mother)

2) it is impossible to force a person to develop if he himself does not want it

15) Arguments for the essay of the Unified State Exam based on the story by K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram”

Genre: story

Reading time: 15 minutes

Issues

Attitude towards parents

The problem of relationships between generations

Argumentation

The central characters of the work are Katerina Petrovna and her daughter Nastya, who works in Leningrad. One day, an elderly woman becomes ill, and she writes a letter to her daughter asking her to come. Katerina Petrovna loved Nastya very much and wanted to see her before she died. But the daughter, immersed in work, is late. When Nastya arrives in Zaborye, she finds only a fresh grave mound. She repents, but, unfortunately, nothing can be changed.

Paustovsky demonstrated:

1) how important it is to pay attention to your relatives

2) relationship between mother and daughter

16) V. G. Rasputin “French Lessons”

Genre: story

Reading time: 40 minutes

Issues

The role of a teacher in a person's life

Arguments for the Unified State Examination essay on Rasputin’s story “French Lessons”

The main character of the work is an eleven-year-old boy, on whose behalf the story is told. He studied well at school, got straight A's, except French: he was unable to pronounce. One day the hero learns that you can earn money by playing "chika", and he tries it to buy milk for treatment. When Lydia Mikhailovna, a French teacher, finds out about this, she decides to study with him separately. The teacher really wanted to help the poor boy: she even sent him a parcel of food, but he returned it. Then Lidia Mikhailovna begins to play with him for money, giving in to the boy. Having learned about the teacher’s act, the school director considered playing with a student almost a crime. The woman leaves for her home in Kuban, but she does not forget the boy and sends him a parcel with pasta and apples. Lidia Mikhailovna is a kind, selfless and noble person. Even after losing her job, she does not blame the boy for anything and does not forget about him.

Rasputin demonstrated:

1) the role of the teacher in the development of the child’s personality

2) selfless attitude towards one's neighbor

17) Mikhail Krongauz “The Russian language is on the verge of nervous
breakdown"

Genre: journalism (in your essay, write just a work or a book)

Reading time: 4 hours

Issues

The problem of language purity

The problem of preserving the Russian language

Arguments for the Unified State Examination essay based on the work of Mikhail Krongauz “The Russian language is on the verge of a nervous
breakdown"

The author examines such phenomena as changes in spelling and orthoepic norms, the emergence large quantity borrowed words, mixing of styles. Krongauz looks to the future optimistically, interpreting these changes as signs of what has not been lost. creative potential language. The writer also examines processes such as the “withering away” of words, when certain words cease to be in common use.

On a note. It is better to know one work perfectly than to read it summary ten. You can get a lot out of one more arguments than from a quick reading of a few.

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In the third part of the Unified State Exam you need to write a short essay based on the proposed text. For a correctly completed task you receive 23 points, which is a significant part of the total number of points. These points may not be enough for you to enter your desired university. For the task of part “C”, in contrast to the tasks of block “A” and “B”, you can prepare in advance, armed with everything necessary to write an essay on the topic given to you. Previous experience completing the Unified State Exam shows that the greatest difficulty for schoolchildren when completing the task of part “C” is the argumentation of their position on a given problem. Your success in writing an essay depends on what arguments you choose. Maximum amount points are awarded for reader arguments, i.e. taken from fiction. As a rule, the texts presented in the tasks of part “C” contain problems of a moral and ethical nature. Knowing all this, we can arm ourselves with ready-made literary arguments, making the process of writing an essay as easy as possible. Having the arguments we have proposed in your arsenal, you will not have to frantically retrieve from your memory all the works you have read during the exam, looking for something suitable on the topic and issue. Please note that, as a rule, the allotted time for schoolchildren to complete all the work is not enough. Thus, we will make every effort to get 23 points for the essay in the exam.

The main character of the story “Yushka” is the blacksmith’s poor assistant, Efim. People simply call him Yushka. This young man, due to consumption, early turned into an old man. He was very thin, weak in arms, almost blind, but he worked with all his might. Early in the morning, Yushka was already in the forge, fanning the furnace with fur, carrying water and sand. And so on all day, until the evening. For his work, he was fed cabbage soup, porridge and bread, and instead of tea, Yushka drank water. He was always dressed in old
pants and blouse, burned through with sparks. Parents often told careless students about him: “You will be just like Yushka. You will grow up and walk barefoot in the summer and in thin felt boots in the winter.” Children often offended Yushka on the street, throwing branches and stones at him. The old man was not offended, he calmly walked by. The children didn’t understand why they couldn’t get Yushka mad. They pushed the old man, laughed at him, and were glad that he could not do anything about the offenders. Yushka was also happy. He thought that the children pestered him because they loved him. They cannot express their love in any other way, and that is why they torment the unfortunate old man.
Adults were not much different from children. They called Yushka “blessed”, “animal”. Because of Yushka’s meekness, they became even more bitter and often beat him. One day, after another beating, the blacksmith’s daughter Dasha angrily asked why Yushka even lived in the world. To which he replied that the people love him, the people need him. Dasha objected that people beat Yushka until she bleeds, what kind of love is this. And the old man replied that the people loved him “without a clue”, that “people’s hearts can be blind.” And then one evening a passerby clung to Yushka on the street and pushed the old man so that he fell backward. Yushka never got up again: blood started running down his throat and he died.
And after a while a young girl appeared, she was looking for the old man. It turned out that Yushka placed her, an orphan, with a family in Moscow and then taught her at school. He collected his meager salary, denying himself even tea, just to raise the orphan to his feet. And so the girl trained to be a doctor and came to cure Yushka of his illness. But I didn’t have time. A lot of time has passed. The girl stayed in the city where Yushka lived, worked as a doctor in a hospital, always helped everyone and never took money for treatment. And everyone called her the daughter of the good Yushka.

So at one time people could not appreciate the beauty of this man’s soul; their hearts were blind. They considered Yushka a useless person who had no place on earth. They were able to understand that the old man had not lived his life in vain only after learning about his pupil. Yushka helped a stranger, an orphan. How many are capable of such a noble, selfless act? And Yushka saved his pennies so that the girl could grow up, learn, and take advantage of her chance in life. The scales fell from people's eyes only after his death. And now they are already talking about him as “kind” Yushka.
The author urges us not to become callous, not to harden our hearts. Let our heart “see” the need of every person on earth. After all, all people have the right to life, and Yushka also proved that he did not live it in vain.

THE PROBLEM OF PERSISTENCE AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS

1. In the novel L.N. Tostogo's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army that wants to defeat the enemy at all costs, and not one that has a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that there was a ancient capital, heart of Russia, Moscow.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young girls who opposed the German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and restraint and showed themselves to be true patriots.

THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS

1. An example of sacrificial love is Jane Eyre, the heroine of Charlotte Brontë's novel of the same name. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person most dear to her when he went blind.

2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures her father's severity. She treats the old prince with love, despite his difficult character. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often too demanding of her. Marya's love is sincere, pure, bright.

THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING HONOR

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is the most important for Pyotr Grinev life principle it was an honor. Even facing the threat of the death penalty, Peter, who swore allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize Pugachev as sovereign. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Alexey Shvabrin, on the contrary, committed treason and lost his own dignity when he joined the camp of the impostor.

2. The problem of maintaining honor is raised in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the main character are completely different. Ostap is an honest and brave person. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic person. For the sake of love for a Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. His personal interests come first. Andriy dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, you always need to remain honest first of all with yourself.

THE PROBLEM OF DEVOTED LOVE

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinev from exile when she “asks for mercy” from the Empress. Thus, the basis of the relationship between Masha and Peter is mutual assistance.

2. Selfless love- one of the themes of the novel by M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own and helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites the finished chapters, trying to keep the master calm and happy. A woman sees her destiny in this.

THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" is shown long haul to the repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of “permitting blood according to conscience,” the main character despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity of the crime committed. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.

THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD

1. In the story by I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco" American millionaire served the "golden calf". The main character believed that the meaning of life was to accumulate wealth. When the Master died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.

2. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of life in family, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character refuses social life, devotes himself entirely to his family. Natasha Rostova found her purpose in this world and became truly happy.

THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY ILLITERACY AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUTH

1. In “Letters about the good and the beautiful” D.S. Likhachev claims that a book teaches a person better than any work. The famous scientist admires the ability of a book to educate a person and shape his inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach one to think and make a person intelligent.

2. Ray Bradbury in his novel Fahrenheit 451 shows what happened to humanity after all books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there is no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply unspiritual, since there is no literature that can force people to analyze, think, and make decisions.

THE PROBLEM OF EDUCATION OF CHILDREN

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from parents and educators. As a child, the main character was an inquisitive and active child, but excessive care led to Oblomov’s apathy and weak-willedness during adult life.

2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" the spirit of mutual understanding, loyalty, and love reigns in the Rostov family. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness and nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to harmonious development their children.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM

1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson works tirelessly. The main character rushes to help the sick in any weather. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to gain the love and respect of all residents of the city.

2.

THE PROBLEM OF A SOLDIER'S FATE IN WAR

1. The fate of the main characters of the story by B.L. was tragic. Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls died. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls became an example of perseverance and courage.

2. V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. Further fate soldier's life turned out differently. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to give up and chose death.

THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A PERSON IN LOVE

1. In the story by N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for a Pole, went over to the enemy's camp, betrayed his brother, father, and homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to take up arms against his yesterday’s comrades. For Andriy, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his youngest son.

2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, as in the case of the main character of P. Suskind's "Perfumer. The Story of a Murderer." Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is not capable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, creating a scent that inspires love in people. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who commits the most serious crimes to achieve his goals.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL

1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka eavesdropped and reported to the head everything that was said about him. Later, Romashov went so far as to begin collecting information proving Nikolai Antonovich’s guilt in the death of Captain Tatarinov’s expedition. All of Chamomile’s actions are low, destroying not only his life but also the fates of other people.

2. The action of the hero of the story by V.G. entails even deeper consequences. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but is also the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya.

THE PROBLEM OF DECEITIVE APPEARANCE

1. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", Helen Kuragina, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, is not rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual decline.

2. In Victor Hugo's novel "The Cathedral" Notre Dame of Paris"Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The protagonist's appearance is completely unattractive, but behind it hides a noble and beautiful soul, capable of sincere love.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL IN WAR

1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went on reconnaissance missions, and never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after some time, Guskov began to think about why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness took over, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and became the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya. The hero was tormented by pangs of conscience, but he was no longer able to change anything.

2. In V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" the partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve " great Germany"His comrade Sotnikov, on the contrary, is an example of perseverance. Despite the unbearable pain he experiences during torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his act, wants to escape, but understands that there is no turning back.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE MOTHERLAND ON CREATIVITY

1. Yu.Ya. Yakovlev in the story “Woke by Nightingales” writes about a difficult boy Seluzhenka, whom those around him did not like. One night the main character heard the trill of a nightingale. The wonderful sounds amazed the child and awakened his interest in creativity. Seluzhenok signed up for art school, and since then the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens in the human soul best qualities, helps to unleash creative potential.

2. Love to native land- the main motive of the work of the painter A.G. Venetsianova. He painted a number of paintings dedicated to the life of ordinary peasants. “The Reapers”, “Zakharka”, “Sleeping Shepherd” - these are my favorite paintings by the artist. Life ordinary people, the beauty of Russia’s nature prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have attracted the attention of viewers with their freshness and sincerity for more than two centuries.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood to be the most happy times. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from his parents and educators. Excessive care became the reason for Oblomov’s apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to awaken Ilya Ilyich. However, his lifestyle remained unchanged, because the way of life of his native Oblomovka forever left its mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced life path Ilya Ilyich.

2. In the poem “My Way” by S.A. Yesenin admitted that his childhood played an important role in his work. Once upon a time, at the age of nine, a boy inspired by the nature of his native village wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined S.A.’s life path. Yesenina.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PATH IN LIFE

1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer especially emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. The lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize his potential.

2. From the book by M. Mirsky “Healing with a scalpel. Academician N.N. Burdenko” I learned that the outstanding doctor first studied at a theological seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Having entered the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” states that “you need to live your life with dignity so that you are not ashamed to remember.” With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a generous, honest and caring person.

THE PROBLEM OF DOG LOYALTY

1. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky "White Bim" Black ear"told tragic fate Scottish Setter. Bim the dog is desperately trying to find his owner, who had a heart attack. On its way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog is killed. Bima can confidently be called a true friend, devoted to his owner until the end of his days.

2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family are forced to give up their collie to other people because financial difficulties. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when new owner takes her far from her home. The collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog is reunited with its former owners.

THE PROBLEM OF MASTERY IN ART

1. In the story by V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Pyotr Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, through his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.

2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that the young pianist is amazingly talented and hardworking. The boy's talent does not go unnoticed. His game was amazing famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.

THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE FOR WRITERS

1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the main character is interested in poetry. Yuri Zhivago - witness of the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. Thus, life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.

2. The theme of a writer's vocation is raised in Jack London's novel Martin Eden. The main character is a sailor who has been doing heavy lifting for many years. physical labor. Martin Eden visited different countries, saw the life of ordinary people. All this has become main theme his creativity. So life experience allowed a simple sailor to become a famous writer.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MIND OF A PERSON

1. In the story by A.I. Kuprin" Garnet bracelet"Vera Sheina experiences spiritual cleansing to the sounds of a Beethoven sonata. Listening to classical music, the heroine calms down after the trials she has endured. The magical sounds of the sonata helped Vera find inner balance and find the meaning of her future life.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken in his soul feelings that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel “such vigor, such strength that seemed to rise from the bottom of his soul, ready for a feat.”

THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE

1. In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Pyotr Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilyevna was depressed when she learned that her son needed to leave for work for a long time. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because nothing could be harder for her than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna’s love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WORKS OF ART ABOUT WAR ON PEOPLE

1. In Lev Kassil’s story “The Great Confrontation,” Sima Krupitsyna listened to news reports from the front every morning on the radio. One day a girl heard the song " Holy war". Sima was so excited by the words of this anthem for the defense of the Fatherland that she decided to go to the front. Thus, the work of art inspired the main character to a feat.

THE PROBLEM OF Pseudoscience

1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "White Clothes" Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine approved by the party. For the sake of personal gain, the academician is launching a fight against genetic scientists. He vehemently defends pseudoscientific views and goes to the extreme dishonorable acts to achieve fame. The fanaticism of an academician leads to the death of talented scientists and the cessation of important research.

2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story “Candidate of Sciences” speaks out against those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science, and, consequently, of society as a whole. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky focuses on the need to combat false scientists.

THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE

1. In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "Station Warden" Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter ran away with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. The caretaker died from melancholy and hopelessness. Only a few years later Dunya came to her father’s grave. The girl felt guilty for the death of the caretaker, but repentance came too late.

2. In the story by K.G. Paustovsky's "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna had a presentiment imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at Katerina Petrovna’s grave. So K.G. Paustovsky argues that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.

THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY

1. V.G. Rasputin, in his essay “The Eternal Field,” writes about his impressions of a trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time much has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Rus'.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five girls fell fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their combat comrade Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina’s son Albert returned to the site of the death of the anti-aircraft gunners to install a gravestone and perpetuate their feat.

THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE COURSE OF A GIFTED PERSON

1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson is an example of selflessness combined with high professionalism. The most talented doctor rushed to help the sick every day, in any weather, without demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor earned the love and respect of all residents of the city.

2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin's "Mozart and Salieri" tells the life story of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart selflessly serves art. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite Mozart's death, his works live on and excite people's hearts.

THE PROBLEM OF THE DEVASTATING CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

1. In A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “ Matrenin Dvor"depicts the life of a Russian village after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to a loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy and became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.

2. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of a Man” shows the life path of soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family died during the bombing. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable thing they have.

THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTION OF THE HUMAN INNER WORLD

1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is distinguished by his intelligence, hard work, and determination, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who give in to feelings, but is convinced of the incorrectness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsova. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are characterized by inconsistency.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive features character. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and dependent. Oblomov is not interested in real life; it makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by his sincerity, sincerity, and ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov’s character.

THE PROBLEM OF TREATING PEOPLE FAIRLY

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich is investigating the murder of an old pawnbroker. The investigator is a keen expert on human psychology. He understands the motives for Rodion Raskolnikov’s crime and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives the young man a chance to confess. This will subsequently serve as a mitigating circumstance in Raskolnikov’s case.

2. A.P. Chekhov, in his story “Chameleon,” introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out over a dog bite. Police warden Ochumelov is trying to decide whether she deserves punishment. Ochumelov’s verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The warden is not looking for justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF HUMAN AND NATURE

1. In the story by V.P. Astafieva “Tsar Fish” Ignatyich was engaged in poaching for many years. One day, a fisherman caught a giant sturgeon on his hook. Ignatyich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself found himself overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatyich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: “The king of the river and the king of all nature are in one trap.” So the author emphasizes the inextricable connection between man and nature.

2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels like an integral part of the world around her and knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin especially emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria “Casta Diva” awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov especially emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel “such vigor, such strength, which seemed to all rise from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat.” Thus, music can awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.

2. In the novel M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don“Songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing on military campaigns, in the fields, and at weddings. Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, their love for the Don and the steppes.

THE PROBLEM OF REPLACEMENT OF BOOKS BY TELEVISION

1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society that relies on popular culture. In this world, people who can think critically are outlawed, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was replaced by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are unspiritual, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.

2. In the book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” D.S. Likhachev thinks about the question: why is television replacing literature. The academician believes that this happens because TV distracts people from worries and forces them to watch some program without rushing. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to people, because TV “dictates how to watch and what to watch” and makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE

1. A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor” depicts the life of a Russian village after the war. People not only became poorer, but also became callous and soulless. Only Matryona retained a feeling of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. Tragic death the main character is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian village.

2. In the story by V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which is about to be flooded. It’s hard for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they spent their whole lives, where their ancestors are buried. The ending of the story is tragic. Along with the village, its customs and traditions are disappearing, which over the centuries have been passed down from generation to generation and formed the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY

1. A.S. Pushkin in the poem “The Poet and the Crowd” calls that part “stupid rabble” Russian society, who did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity. According to the crowd, the poems are in the interests of society. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that a poet will cease to be a creator if he submits to the will of the crowd. Thus, main goal The poet's goal is not national recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.

2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “At the top of his voice” sees the poet’s purpose in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon that can inspire people and motivate them to great achievements. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that personal creative freedom should be given up for the sake of a common great goal.

THE PROBLEM OF TEACHER'S INFLUENCE ON STUDENTS

1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" classroom teacher Lidia Mikhailovna is a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a village boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lydia Mikhailovna had to go against generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. While additionally studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and empathy.

2. In the fairy tale-parable of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry “ A little prince“The old Fox became a teacher for the main character, talking about love, friendship, responsibility, and loyalty. He opened it to the prince main secret of the universe: “You can’t see the main thing with your eyes – only your heart is vigilant.” So the Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TOWARDS ORPHANS

1. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all his remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite life’s difficulties, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with orphans.

2. The story “The Republic of ShKID” by G. Belykh and L. Panteleev depicts the life of students at a social and labor education school for street children and juvenile delinquents. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and took the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should pay attention to orphans and create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.

THE PROBLEM OF WOMEN'S ROLE IN WWII

1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young female anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for their Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to speak out against the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, just like men, are capable of military feats and heroic deeds.

2. In the story by V.A. Zakrutkin’s “Mother of Man” shows the fate of a woman during the war. The main character Maria lost her entire family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left completely alone, her heart did not harden. Maria took care of seven Leningrad orphans and replaced their mother. Tale by V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and troubles during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.

THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

1. A. Knyshev in the article “O great and mighty new Russian language!” writes with irony about lovers of borrowing. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes ridiculous when it is overloaded with foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings is polluting the Russian language.

2. V. Astafiev in the story “Lyudochka” connects changes in language with the decline in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is clogged with criminal jargon, which reflects the dysfunction of society, its degradation.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION

1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. Lyrical hero thinking about how to find the right path in life and type of activity. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and equally necessary for people.

2. In the story “Darwin” by E. Grishkovets, the main character, after graduating from school, chooses a business that he wants to do for the rest of his life. He realizes the “uselessness of what is happening” and refuses to study at the cultural institute when he watches a play performed by students. The young man has a firm belief that a profession should be useful and bring pleasure.