What musical instrument is it called? Types of musical instruments: brief description. The Birth of Musical Instruments

Music and various sounds accompany a person throughout his life. We are surrounded by the sounds of the forest, birdsong, the sound of the sea and, of course, music. She is always with us, in times of joy and in moments of sadness, in sadness and in joy, night and day. To extract sounds, man invented different kinds musical instruments. Currently, there are musical instruments that are divided into several groups:

• strings;
• winds;
• drums.

The emergence of musical instruments

It is difficult now to find out how and when the first musical instrument appeared. Legend has it that the shepherd's pipe was first invented by Greek gods. Music accompanied and primitive people: They danced, clapped and drummed. The conclusion suggests itself that the first musical devices were percussion musical instruments.

Much later people learned to do wind instruments from animal horns. Man learned to produce gentle sounds after the invention of bowed instruments.

Types of musical instruments are divided into different classes and families depending on:

• sound source;
• material of manufacture;
• timbre and type of sound;
• way of producing sounds.

Each musical instrument has its own device in order to obtain the necessary sound. This is how the classification of musical instruments appeared. The list is constantly growing, electronic musical instruments have appeared. But live music, still out of competition.

In fact, every body, if set in motion or vibration, can produce sound. This kind of sound source is used for classification.

Groups of instruments, depending on the method of producing sound, are divided into subgroups.

Percussion instruments

Percussion musical instruments appeared at a time when people were hunting. Percussion musical instruments were invented, the names of which are known to everyone: drums and tambourines. They were made from dried skins and hollow objects: fruits, wooden blocks, clay pots. To produce sound, they beat percussion instruments with fingers, palms or special sticks. That is, percussion musical instruments are instruments in which sounds are produced using blows, shaking, hammers, sticks or palms.

Today, drums are the largest family of musical instruments. Based on their pitch, they are divided into two groups:

• indefinite pitch - drums, there - there, cymbals, tambourine, triangle, castanets;
• a certain pitch - bells, timpani, vibraphone, xylophone.

Wind instruments

Wind musical instruments are a type of instrument in which sound arises from the vibration of air in a tube. They are classified according to manufacturer, material and methods of sound production. This category can be divided into:

• wooden – flute, fanot, oboe;
• brass - trombone, trumpet, tuba, horn.

Stringed instruments

Stringed musical instruments are a group of instruments in which the source of sound is the vibration of strings. String instruments are divided into:

• plucked strings – gusli, guitar, dombra, balalaika, dombra, sitar, harp;
• bowed instruments - violin, viola, cello, double bass;
• drums - piano, cymbals,

At the beginning of the 20th century, electric musical instruments appeared. The first such tool is theremin, was invented back in 1917. Today, numerous modern sound synthesizers have been created that can imitate not only the sound of many famous musical instruments, but also reproduce all kinds of sounds - thunder, birdsong, the sound of an airplane or a passing train. As a rule, synthesizers are produced with a piano keyboard.

Video: Gordon Hunt, Saint-Saëns Oboe Sonata

A musical instrument is not just an object for producing sound, it is a virtuoso instrument in the hands of a musician that can conquer, pacify, and excite minds and souls. The history of musical instruments goes back to the distant past.

The Birth of Musical Instruments

Historians have put forward many different hypotheses regarding the appearance of ancient musical instruments. Based on the results of archaeological excavations in the territories inhabited by different ethnic groups, scientists came to the conclusion that the oldest type musical instruments were percussion. The essence percussion instruments- in tapping rhythm, and simple rhythm was the first form.

Other types of musical instruments have an equally long history. So, the prototype of the first string instruments There was a bow string that, when pulled, made a characteristic sound. And the sound created by blowing air into a hollow stem has become a prototype.

Three ways to classify musical instruments

All musical instruments are divided into groups according to availability common features. The first of them is the method of sound production. Based on the name of the element responsible for producing sound, several different types of instruments are distinguished. So, strings include and, and the saxophone, like the flute, is a wind instrument. Accordion and simple harmonica All kinds of drums are webbed instruments. There are also rarer types: for example, plate (xylophone) or rod (triangle, celesta).

Harp

The second classification is based on the method of exciting sound. Moreover, in a group of instruments with the same sound production, several groups with different types sound excitement. Among the wind instruments, there are dulce or whistling flutes; reed or reed (oboe, bassoon), mouthpiece or brass (viola, trombone, trumpet, bugles and even hunting horns). Strings are divided into plucked (harp, balalaika, harpsichord) and bowed (family .

Clarinet

The third principle of typing is the method of sound production. In Group drum sound is extracted by striking it with the hand or with a hammer, which provokes vibration of vibrators of any shape: plates in a xylophone, rods in a triangle, drum membranes...

Xylophone

Based on all of the above, we get a triple classification: the piano is a keyboard-percussion string musical instrument.

Evolution of musical instruments

Each stage of human evolution was reflected in musical culture. Century after century, music becomes more diverse, more complex, and more perfect from a technical point of view. The development of music is manifested in the emergence of new musical instruments, more virtuosic, comfortable, and melodic.

Many pre-existing musical instruments remain buried in the annals of history. Others improve over time, becoming the founders of entire families of instruments. Instruments such as the organ, harpsichord, piano, flute and many others played an important role in the development of world musical culture.

The most modern type of musical instruments today are considered. They are created using the latest advances in electronics and technology and are capable of producing radically new, unusual sound. Electromusical instruments are a whole phenomenon in modern musical culture, which has given rise to separate directions of music, and another confirmation of the thesis of the parallel development of culture in general and music in particular.

The kids really love music and everything connected with it. Therefore, they are happy to examine and study musical instruments, and, if possible, try to play them. But remembering the names of so many unusual objects can be quite difficult for kids,

And in this case, cut-out pictures depicting different instruments come to the rescue; For children who can read well or are beginning to read, pictures with names are especially relevant.

Pictures usually depicting musical instruments for children include the main types of instruments from different classes– keyboards, drums, winds. The differences between them are studied at school, and at the level kindergarten It is enough for children to remember the name of the instrument and, if possible, find out what it sounds like. Therefore, it is very convenient if pictures depicting musical instruments for kindergarten are accompanied by a recording on a CD.

It’s easier to start learning with tools that have a characteristic appearance and sound.

The flute is one of the very first instruments to come into being.

Saxophone and clarinet.

The organ is the largest of all instruments.

The triangle and tambourine are the main creators of additional sound effects.

The violin is the queen among musical instruments.

The cello is the larger sister of the violin with a lower voice.

The synthesizer is a real all-rounder.

Grand piano and piano are the basis of music.

Xylophone, a children's version of which children usually become familiar with at a young age.

Gusli is the most widespread folk instrument in our country.

A harmonica (or accordion) that is convenient to carry in your pocket. Makes a kind and touching sound.

The guitar and its cousin the electric guitar.

A bagpipe whose singing can often be heard in Scotland.

The drum and the whole drum set are the main pacemakers of the melody.

The accordion is an instrument with a rich sound.

Maracas make a delightful rustling sound.

For convenience, you can make cards from pictures depicting musical instruments, and then kids will be able to work with them more purposefully, looking at the instruments up close, pulling out different ones in turn and grouping them according to certain characteristics.

Musical instruments (drawn)

At school, they will already be laying out pictures, guided by the type of instrument and its sound. You can show the desired card, including a recording of the sound of a particular instrument, and then the kids will better understand and hear the melodies. And by getting involved with music, they will expand their horizons and enrich their inner world.

Orchestra – a large group of musical instruments performing works specially designed for this composition.

Depending on the composition, orchestras have different expressive, timbre and dynamic capabilities and have different names:

• symphony orchestra (large and small),
• chamber, orchestra folk instruments,
• wind,
• pop,
• jazz.

In a modern symphony orchestra, instruments are divided into the following groups:

I. Bowed strings: violins, violas, cellos, double basses.
II. Woodwinds: flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons.
III. Brass: horns, trumpets, trombones, tubas.
IV. Drums:

A) noise: castanets, rattles, maracas, whip, tom-tom, drums (large and small). Their parts are written on the same musical line – “thread”.
b) with a certain pitch: timpani, cymbals, triangle, bell, xylophone, vibraphone, celesta.

V. Keyboards: piano, organ, harpsichord, clavichord.
VI. Additional group: harp.

The full sound of an orchestra is called “ tutti " - ("All").

Conductor - (from French - “to manage, lead”) manages a group of musicians - performers, he owns the artistic interpretation of the work.

On the console in front of the conductor lies - score (full musical notation of all parts of orchestral instruments).

Parts of instruments in each group are recorded one after another, starting with the highest sounding instruments and ending with the lowest.

Arrangement orchestral music for a piano performer is called clavier .

Characteristics of symphony orchestra groups

I. String-bowed

These are instruments that are similar in appearance and sound color (timbre). In addition, their sound is produced with a bow. Hence the name. The most virtuosic and expressive instrument of this group is violin . It sounds like a singer's voice. It has a gentle, singing timbre. The violin is usually assigned the main melody of the piece. The orchestra has I and II violins. They play different parts.
Alto looks like a violin, but is not much larger in size and has a more muffled, matte sound/
Cello can be called a “big violin”. This instrument is not carried on the shoulder like a violin or viola, but rests on a stand that touches the floor. The sound of the cello is low, but at the same time soft, velvety, noble.
Most big tool this group - double bass . They play on it while sitting because it is taller than a person. This instrument is rarely used as a solo instrument. Its sound is the lowest, buzzing in this group.
The string and bow group in the orchestra is the leading group in the orchestra. It has enormous timbre and technical capabilities.

II. Woodwinds

For the manufacture of wooden instruments wood is used. They are called wind instruments because they produce sound by blowing air into the instrument.
Flute (from Italian it means “wind, blow”). The sound of the flute is transparent, ringing, cold.
It has a melodious, rich, warm, but somewhat nasal sound. oboe.
Has a varied timbre clarinet. This quality allows him to perform dramatic, lyrical, scherzo paintings
Performs the bass line bassoon - an instrument with a thick, slightly hoarse timbre.
The lowest bassoon has a name contrabassoon .
A group of woodwind instruments is widely used for sketching pictures of nature and lyrical episodes.

III. Brass

Copper metals (copper, brass, etc.) are used to make brass instruments.
The entire group of brass instruments sounds powerfully and solemnly, brilliantly and brightly in the orchestra.
Has a sonorous “voice” pipe . The loud sound of the trumpet can be heard even when the entire orchestra is playing. Often the trumpet has a lead part.
French horn (“forest horn”) may sound in pastoral music.
At the moment of highest tension in a musical work, especially of a dramatic nature, along with trumpets, trombones.
The lowest brass instrument in the orchestra is tuba. It is often played in combination with other instruments.

Percussion Problem– enhance the sonority of the orchestra, make it more colorful, show the expressiveness and variety of rhythm.

This is a large, motley and diverse group united by general method sound extraction - blow. That is, by their nature they are not melodic. Their main purpose is to emphasize the rhythm, enhance the overall sonority of the orchestra and complement and decorate it with various effects. The only permanent members of the orchestra are the timpani. Beginning in the 19th century, the strike force began to expand rapidly. Big and snare drums, cymbals and triangles, and then tambourine, tom-tom, bells and bells, xylophone and celesta, vibraphone. But these instruments were used only sporadically.

A characteristic feature of a number of instruments is the presence of white and black keys, which are collectively called a keyboard or, in an organ, a manual.
Basic keyboard instruments: organ (relatives - portable , positive ), clavichord (related - spinet in Italy and virginal in England), harpsichord, piano (varieties – piano And piano ).
Based on the sound source, keyboard instruments are divided into two groups. The first group includes instruments with strings, the second includes organ-type instruments. Instead of strings, they have pipes of various shapes.
Piano is an instrument in which both loud (forte) and quiet (piano) sounds were produced with the help of hammers. Hence the name of the instrument.
Timbre harpsichord - silvery, sound - quiet, of equal strength.
Organ – the largest musical instrument. They play it, like a piano, by pressing the keys. In ancient times, the entire front part of the organ was decorated with fine artistic carvings. Behind him are thousands of pipes of various shapes, each with its own special timbre. Consequently, the organ produces both the highest and lowest sounds that the human ear can perceive.

VI. A frequent participant in the symphony orchestra is plucked string tool – harp , which is a gilded frame with stretched strings. The harp has a delicate, transparent timbre. Its sound creates a magical flavor.

Timbre characteristics of instruments

Types of orchestras

Orchestra of Russian Folk Instruments

The composition of such an orchestra includes the main groups:

• Plucked strings:
  • domras, balalaikas, gusli
• Brass:
  • flute, pity, Vladimir horns
• Pneumatic reed:
  • button accordions, harmonicas
• • tambourines and drums
• Additional tools:
  • flute, oboe and their varieties

Orchestra of Belarusian Folk Instruments

Approximate composition:

• Stringed instruments:
  • gusli, violin, bassetla
• Wind instruments:
  • Pipe, pity, pipe, pipe, horn
• • tambourines and cymbals
• Accordion – (or multi-timbre, ready-chosen button accordion) is a reed, pneumatic (“air”) keyboard instrument. It got its name from the name Drene - Russian legendary singer- the storyteller Bayan. This instrument has buttons on both sides, on which the performer plays the melody on the right side, and accompaniment on the left.
  In modern concert performance accordions became the most widespread.
  There are also electronic button accordions, which have unlimited sound power and a very large number of timbre colors.
• Balalaika - a relative of the lute, mandolin, guitar. Music symbol Russian people. This is string plucked instrument. It has a wooden triangular body and a long neck on which strings are pulled. Sound is produced by striking index finger on all strings at once or by plucking. There are several types of balalaikas: piccolo, prima, second, alto, bass and double bass.
• Harmonic (accordion, accordion) is a wind musical instrument that has become widespread in many countries.
  It is equipped with bellows and a push-button keyboard. Feature instrument: the ability to change the pitch of the sound by changing the tension of the movement of the bellows.
  Another type of harmonic is accordion .
• On one side of the accordion there are keys, like those of a piano, on which a melody is played, on the other there are several rows of buttons for accompaniment. When you press several of them, an entire chord sounds. Hence the name accordion.
• Domra - a bit like a balalaika, only its body is oval, pear-shaped, and the strings are tuned to fourths.
• Cymbals - a stringed percussion instrument, is a low trapezoid-shaped box or wooden frame over which strings are stretched. The instrument is played using sticks or hammers. The gentle sound of the cymbals in timbre resembles the sound of the gusli.
• Guitar - one of the few musical instruments on which the sound is prepared and produced with the fingers.

Gusli

- an ancient Russian plucked string instrument.
Brass band
A brass band is a group of musicians playing various wind and percussion instruments. According to their composition, the instruments of a modern brass band are divided into small brass orchestra, small mixed, medium mixed and large mixed. The basis of small
brass orchestra

consists of: cornets, altos, tenors, baritones, basses.

With the addition of woodwinds (flutes, oboes, clarinets, saxophones, bassoons), as well as trumpets, horns, trombones and percussion instruments to this group, small mixed, medium, large mixed compositions are formed.

Variety orchestra

This orchestra includes traditional groups of instruments of a symphony orchestra - woodwinds - horns and strings (violin, viola, cellos).

Materials used in the work:

1. Z. Osovitskaya, A. Kazarinova In the world of music. First year of study. M., “Music”, 1996.
2. M. Shonikova Musical literature. Rostov-on-Don, 2003.
3. Y. Ostrovskaya, L. Frolova Musical literature in definitions and musical examples. St. Petersburg, 2004.
4. M.F. Musical Kingdom. Minsk, 2002.

Find trade organization, where you can buy musical instruments, including children's ones. not difficult, knowing what exactly you need, and also if you live in Moscow, St. Petersburg or another large city. There are quite a lot of stores that sell them, most of them have their own website. Having familiarized yourself with the lists of assortments and prices on the websites of such music stores, as well as their territorial location, you can make a choice and call them in order to clarify what may have remained unclear. These may be the conditions of order and delivery, the availability of the necessary tool, the opportunity to receive the necessary advice. You will really need it if you do not have sufficient experience and find it difficult to make a decision on your own to purchase this or that model. In the store you can, for example, evaluate how a guitar or piano sounds while listening to it played.

In small populated areas there is less choice, so it is quite possible that you will need to travel or order what you need at at least, to the nearest regional center, having previously found out whether the required product is available.

Types of musical instruments and their most famous representatives

As a rule, the list of types of musical instruments presented in stores specializing in the sale of these wonderful items that allow gifted people to show their talents, create and realize a wide variety of creative ideas, things that we uniquely associate with something magical and beautiful consists of the following categories: guitars, folk, bowed, keyboard and wind instruments, drums and percussion, as well as harmonicas.

Let us list the musical instruments belonging to each of the above categories.

What types of guitars are there?

The main types of guitars include the following varieties:

• Acoustic guitars and their subtypes such as classical, Spanish, Hawaiian, with metal and nylon strings.
• Electro-acoustic guitars with various pickups and piezoelectric pickups that allow you to pick up sound, including from instruments equipped with nylon strings.
• Electric guitars without a hollow soundboard, which require an amplifier and an acoustic cabinet to produce sound, and their semi-acoustic subspecies with a soundboard that is smaller in volume than that of acoustic ones, but still present.
• Regular bass guitars with different amounts strings and neck structure, as well as their electro-acoustic variants.

Keyboard categories

In addition to classic grand pianos and upright pianos, the range of modern music salons includes electric organs, synthesizers, midi keyboards, as well as digital pianos and fortopianos. In addition, useful electronic instruments used by many musicians such as rhythm machines, samplers and sequencers are available for sale.

Group of drums, percussion and accessories

The first items on the list of instruments in this category include drum sets, orchestral drums, various percussion elements and noise. You can also buy pedals, cymbals, drums, various stands and other components separately. Electronic drums are represented by various devices, from kits and drum machines, to compact pad trainers with exercises and lessons included in the kit, which can be used for other purposes, for example, recording drum parts.

Popular wind instruments from trumpet and oboe to flute and clarinet What woodwind and metal wind instruments do modern musical groups use? There are more than a dozen of them: pipes, clarinets, flutes, bassoons, violas, fanfare, tenor, baritones, oboes, sousaphones, Euphoniums, horns, forges. Bowed string instruments double basses, cellos, violas, violins, electric violins. Harmonics and digital accordions and button accordions harmonium, button accordions, accordions, digital accordions and button accordions. Folk musical instruments Folk instruments are not only Russian, but also associated with other countries, including: balalaikas, harp, banjo, domra, ukulele, latin guitars, mandolins, good, harmonicas.

Terms of rental of musical instruments

Since musical instruments are not the cheapest pleasure, and, in addition, there are many other objective reasons why it is more profitable to rent them. Renting equipment and tools in Moscow and other cities is practiced quite widely.

Not every group has its own rehearsal space, and renting one may be a solution. In addition to directly renting out premises with equipment for temporary use, organizations providing such services also provide other related services. Work, as a rule, is structured flexibly, the range of services is quite wide and varied.

On mutually beneficial terms, you will be offered as separate units of audio equipment in most cases for known reasons famous brands, amplifiers, amps, stands, consoles, microphones, etc., as well as ready-made sets of equipment formed based on the experience and requests of clients. For regular customers As a rule, there is a system of discounts.

Equipment is often provided famous musicians, stars, actors and provides high-quality sound.

Approximate prices for rental tools can be viewed on the dedicated pages of the website of the organization providing such services. For example, a set of equipment for a concert, corporate or other event, discotheque, presentation, wedding, etc., which requires sound amplification up to 1000 W, including speaker systems, signal processing devices, microphones, and players, will cost about 8 tons .R. (300 ue).

In addition to direct rental, services are provided for installation of equipment, sound engineering and maintenance of events, discotheques, exhibitions, etc.

View offers, and also report the sale or purchase of new, used. or commission musical instruments with their descriptions can be found on the site’s bulletin board.
There is also free advertising of organizations providing services for setting them up and teaching how to play them.

Modern high-quality sound equipment