Chapter 2. VERSAILLES AND WASHINGTON CONFERENCES At the beginning of the First World War, the vast majority of the population opposed US participation in the war. However, financial tycoons and the media they control made every effort to instill in Americans hatred of

The Versailles-Washington system of international relations represents the world order that was established after the First World War. It was based on the Treaty of Versailles, as well as treaties with Germany's allies and agreements concluded at the Washington Conference. It was divided into two parts - European (Versailles) and American (Washington).

Versailles system

It was mainly formed by England and France, that is, the countries that won the war; the interests of the defeated ones, as well as the states formed after it, were ignored. The situation was complicated by the Great October Revolution in Russia.

The position of the victors both in relation to the vanquished and in relation to communist Russia predetermined the revanchist policy of Germany and the massive strengthening of communist parties. At the same time, the United States withdrew itself from this system, as a result of which it found itself in isolation and in a state of crisis.

France and England used the new European states simultaneously in two directions - against German revanchism and against communism in the Soviet Union.

Washington system

It, in fact, completely covered the Asia-Pacific region. She, like Versailles, had her own problems and contradictions: first of all, this political position China, which can be called uncertain, Japanese militarism, American isolation, etc.

This system emerged as a result of the Washington Conference (lasted from November 1921 to February 1922). It was convened to consider the problem of the balance of power in the Pacific region after the war and resolve the issue of limiting naval weapons.

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During the conference, three treaties were signed - by four, five and nine states.

The first of them was signed by the USA, Japan, France and England and it established the status quo regarding the ownership of the Pacific islands. Italy joined them in the Five-State Treaty. It consolidated the leadership of Britain and the United States at sea and limited naval weapons.

The last treaty also affected China, Portugal, Belgium and Holland and concerned specifically China, the principles of whose sovereignty other countries were obliged to respect.

Rice. 2. Signing of the Decree on Peace.

Great powers in the Versailles-Washington system

Each of them pursued its own goal, which is clearly reflected in the table “Versailles-Washington System”.

Thus, we can conclude that, as a result, their contradictions brought the entire system into a precarious position.

Despite its expansionism, Japan retained a good relationship with everyone who fought for power in the region of interest to her.

Advantages and disadvantages of the Versailles-Washington system

Like any system, it had its pros and cons. Thus, the positive aspects were the creation of conditions to stabilize international relations and the completion of the process of peaceful resolution of the conflict. In addition, world powers temporarily abandoned the idea of ​​using war to resolve contradictions between them, and also created the League of Nations.

But there were also negative aspects. First of all, the inconsistency and fragility of this system was based on the fact that it took into account only the interests of the victorious countries, which intensified their contradictions with the vanquished.

Rice. 3. The Big Three: Clemenceau, Wilson, Lloyd George.

Collapse of the Versailles-Washington system

The official date of its collapse is considered to be the end of 1938. This led to the formation of two great power blocs and ultimately to World War II.

What have we learned?

We talked briefly about the Versailles-Washington system, discussed in 9th grade, learned what influenced its formation, what position the great powers occupied in it, and what ultimately led to its collapse.

Test on the topic

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Questions about Recent history Western countries.

1 question. The First World War: economic and political causes, military campaigns and consequences.

The First World War was a direct consequence of imperialist contradictions caused by the uneven economic and political development capitalist countries. New relationships of forces are emerging in the capitalist world, a struggle arises for the redivision of an already divided world, the main means of which are violence and war.

The struggle for colonies and the clash of trade interests became one of the main causes of war in capitalist society.

By the beginning of the 20th century, the world was already divided between groups of imperialist powers. But the division of colonies and spheres of influence between the main imperialist powers ceased to correspond to their real economic and political weight. The contradictions between the largest countries have reached extreme severity. They became especially acute between England and Germany. Germany supplanted England in European markets, where it placed 76% of its exports at the beginning of the 20th century, and England only 38%. It also squeezed England in the markets of the East, penetrating the Balkans and Asia Minor. The construction of the German railway from Berlin across the Bosphorus to Baghdad threatened British dominance in the Middle East. The international situation also aggravated the Franco-German contradictions.

French imperialism also played an important role in the preparation of the First World War. France sought revenge: the defeat of 1870-1871, the return of Alsace and Lorraine, and the establishment of its hegemony in Europe.

However, the tangle of imperialist contradictions that led to the outbreak of the First World War was not limited to contradictions between the main capitalist powers of the West.

Economic and political contradictions played an important role in Eastern Europe between Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary, Russia and Turkey, Austria-Hungary and the Balkan countries, Turkey and the Balkan countries and between the Balkan countries themselves (Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece).

Imperialist contradictions caused the emergence of two main blocs in the world. The first one took shape in the last quarter of the XIX century. Preparing for the struggle to redistribute the world, Germany entered into an alliance treaty with Austria-Hungary in 1879, and Italy joined the union in 1882. This is how the Triple Alliance was formed (however, Italy entered the war against its allies in 1915).

France, in search of allies against Germany, concluded a military agreement with Russia in 189l. At the beginning of the 20th century, England was looking for ways to resolve controversial issues with France and Russia. Having agreed on spheres of influence, the British and French imperialists, together with Russia, created a common front against the German bloc: the Tripartite Agreement - Entente.

Relying on the Triple Alliance, Germany began colonial conquests in the early 1980s. Already in 1884, the German government established a protectorate over the colony of Angra Pequena (southwest coast of Africa). It was founded by the Bremen merchant Lüderitz. Then followed the proclamation of a protectorate over Togo and Cameroon. For this, the machinations of the Hamburg company Werman were also used.

German imperialism participated in the division of China. In 1897, Germany captured Qiao Chao Bay on the territory of Shandong and created its military base there.

1914 Campaign of World War 1

The fighting on the Western Front began in August with the invasion of German troops into Luxembourg and Belgium. On August 20, they occupied Brussels, gaining the opportunity to move unhindered to the borders of France. On August 21-25, in a border battle, the German armies drove back the Anglo-French troops, invaded Northern France and by early September reached the Marne River between Paris and Verdun; In an effort to cover each other's open flanks, the opponents resorted to maneuver operations (called the "Run to the Sea"), as a result of which the front reached the sea coast.

In October and November, bloody battles in Flanders exhausted and balanced the forces of the parties. A continuous front line stretched from the Swiss border to the North Sea. Maneuvering actions in the West gave way to positional struggle. Germany's hope for a quick defeat of France failed. This was largely facilitated by the offensive actions of Russian troops in East Prussia (see East Prussian operation), in Galicia (see Battle of Galicia) and other operations.

On August 23, Japan declared war on Germany; in October, Türkiye entered the war on the side of the German bloc. New fronts formed in Transcaucasia, Mesopotamia, Syria and the Dardanelles. As a result of the 1914 campaign, neither side achieved its goals, plans for a quick defeat of the enemy failed, and on the Western Front the war acquired a positional, trench-like character.

Campaign 1915

The German command concentrated its main efforts on the Eastern Front. The fighting on the Russian front began in January and continued, with short interruptions, until late autumn.

The most important result of the campaign was the failure of German plans. The German command was faced with the need to continue the war on two fronts. Russia bore the brunt of the fighting in the First World War of 1915, providing France and Great Britain with breathing space to mobilize their economies for wartime needs.

1916 Campaign

Germany again shifted its main efforts to the west. The main blow was supposed to be delivered to France in the Verdun area, which had important operational significance (see Verdun operation). Despite enormous efforts, German troops were unable to break through the defenses. This was facilitated by the offensive of the Russian armies on the Southwestern Front in Galicia (Southwestern Front offensive). The German-Austrian command was forced to transfer 34 divisions from the Western and Italian fronts to the Eastern Front. The offensive actions of the Anglo-French troops on the Somme River were also unsuccessful.

Although the allies used a new means of fighting in the operation - tanks, they were never able to break through the enemy’s defenses, losing about 800 thousand people. On August 27, Romania entered the war on the side of the Entente, but by the end of the campaign the Romanian army was defeated. In the Middle Eastern theater, the victories of the Russian troops of the Caucasian Front were important. The Russian armies advanced 250 km in Turkey and captured the cities of Erzurum, Trebizond and Erzincan. On May 31-June 1, one of the largest naval battles of the war took place near the Jutland Peninsula in the North Sea. The British lost 14 ships in it, about 7 thousand people, German losses amounted to 11 ships and more than 3 thousand people. As a result of the campaign, the German-Austrian bloc lost its strategic initiative. Germany was forced to defend on all fronts. The superiority of the Entente became obvious. The coordinated actions of the allied forces in the West and East marked the beginning of a turning point in the course of the war.

In the summer of 1916, Entente troops began an offensive operation on the Somme River (June 1–November 18, 1916) with the goal of breaking through the German front in northern France. In this battle, England used tanks for the first time. The Allies did not achieve their goals. The losses of the Entente troops amounted to 792 thousand people, Germany - 538 thousand manpower.

Campaign 1917

By 1917, the war had significantly weakened the economies of the opposing powers. The German coalition could no longer conduct large offensive operations and switched to strategic defense. Germany concentrated its main efforts on submarine warfare. The Entente's plans were based on using its superiority in forces and means. This advantage became more significant after the United States entered the war on April 6, 1917 on the side of the Entente. The High Command intended to launch a general coordinated offensive on the Western and Eastern fronts in order to completely defeat Germany and Austria-Hungary. However, the offensive of the Anglo-French troops, launched in April between Reims and Soissons, failed. The individual operations carried out by the Allies at Messines, Ypres, Verdun, and Cambrai did not change the general situation on the Western Front. The Russian offensive in 1917 also ended in failure.

The total number of losses on the Eastern Front during this operation exceeded 150 thousand people. On September 3, during the Riga defensive operation, Russian troops left Riga. The sailors put up stubborn resistance to the German fleet Baltic Fleet during the defense of the Moonsund archipelago (see Moonsund operation) in the fall of 1917. Due to heavy losses, the German command abandoned the breakthrough into the Gulf of Finland.

The First World War served as a catalyst for revolutionary processes in Russia, leading to the October Revolution of 1917. Events in Russia, as well as inconsistency in the actions of the allies, disrupted the Entente's strategic plan. Germany managed to repel enemy attacks on land. However, the unrestricted submarine warfare she declared on February 1 did not produce the desired result. “Unlimited submarine warfare” was carried out by the German command twice - in 1915 and 1917. The main targets of attacks were civilian ships of the Entente countries and neutral states.

After the October Revolution, Russia actually left the war: on December 2 it signed an armistice agreement with the German-Austrian bloc, and later began peace negotiations (see the Brest-Litovsk Treaty).

1918 Campaign

By the beginning of 1918, the military-political situation of the First World War had seriously changed. The powers of the German-Austrian bloc sought to end the war. The German command launched an offensive on the Western Front in March. In the spring and summer, German troops carried out several offensive operations in Picardy, Flanders, and on the Aisne and Marne rivers, but due to the lack of reserves they suspended them. The strategic initiative finally passed into the hands of the Entente. In August-September, the Allied armies, using their superiority in manpower and equipment (in March 1918 at Western Front troops from the United States began to arrive), went on the offensive and forced German troops to begin a general retreat from French territory.

At the beginning of October, Germany's situation became hopeless. Germany's allies - Bulgaria, Türkiye, Austria-Hungary - concluded a truce with the Entente powers in the fall of 1918. Defeats on the fronts and economic devastation accelerated the maturation of revolutionary events in Germany. On November 9, the monarchy in Germany was overthrown. On November 11, Germany capitulated: in the Compiegne Forest, at the Retonde station (France), the German delegation signed an armistice. Germany admitted itself defeated. The final terms of peace treaties with Germany and its allies were worked out at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919-20. On June 28, 1919, the Versailles Peace Treaty was signed, officially ending the First World War.

Results and conclusions

1. The First World War ended with the defeat of Germany and its allies. After the conclusion of the Compiègne Armistice, the victorious powers began to develop plans for a post-war “settlement”. Post-war peace "settlement" "in the interests of the victorious powers the Washington Conference of 1921-1922 ended. Treaties with Germany and its former allies and agreements signed at the Washington Conference constituted the so-called Versailles-Washington world system. Being the result of compromises and deals, it not only did not eliminate the contradictions between the imperialist powers, but significantly strengthened them.

A struggle began between the main powers for a new redivision of the world.

2. In terms of its scale and consequences, the First World War had no equal in the entire previous history of mankind. It lasted 4 years, 3 months and 10 days (from August 1, 1914 to November 11, 1918), covering 38 countries with a population of over 11.5 billion people.

About 45 million people were mobilized in the Entente countries, 25 million in the coalition of the Central Powers, and a total of 70 million people. The most efficient part was removed from material production and thrown into mutual destruction.

By the end of the war, the number of ground forces increased compared to peacetime in Russia by 8.5 times, in France by 5 times, in Germany by 9 times, and in Austria-Hungary by 8 times. The large number of armies led to the formation of extensive fronts, the total length of which reached 3-4 thousand km.

3. The war required the mobilization of all material resources, showing the decisive role of the economy during the armed struggle. The First World War was characterized by the massive use of a variety of military equipment. The industry of the warring powers gave the front millions of rifles, over 1 million light and heavy machine guns, over 150 thousand artillery pieces, 47.7 billion cartridges, over 1 billion shells, 9200 tanks, about 18 thousand aircraft. During the war years, the number of heavy artillery guns increased 8 times, machine guns 20 times, and aircraft 24 times. Multimillion-strong armies demanded a continuous supply of food, uniforms, and fodder.

The growth of military production was achieved mainly due to peaceful industries and overstrain of the national economy. This led to an imbalance in the proportions between various sectors of production, and, ultimately, to a decline in economic performance.

Agriculture was especially badly damaged. Mobilization into the army deprived the village of its most productive labor force and taxes. Cultivated areas have decreased, crop yields have fallen, and the number of livestock and its productivity have decreased. In the cities of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia there was an acute shortage of food, and then real famine broke out. It also extended to the army, where allowance standards were reduced.

4. The First World War required colossal financial costs, which were many times greater than the costs of all previous wars. Scientifically based assessment total cost there is no first world war.

The most common estimate in the literature is given by the American economist E. Bogart, who determined the total cost of the war at 359.9 billion dollars in gold (699.4 billion rubles), including direct (budget) expenses of 280.3 billion. dollars (405 billion rubles) and indirect - 151.6 billion dollars (294.4 billion rubles).

5. The First World War was an important stage in the history of military art and in the construction of the armed forces.

In 1916, tanks appeared - a powerful striking and maneuverable force. Tank forces developed rapidly and by the end of the war there were 8 thousand tanks in the Entente countries.

Aviation experienced rapid development. Various types of aviation emerged - fighter, reconnaissance, bomber, and attack. By the end of the war, the warring countries had over 10 thousand combat aircraft. In the fight against aviation, air defense developed.

Chemical forces emerged. The importance of cavalry as a branch of the army declined, and by the end of the war its numbers were sharply reduced. The role of military logistics and logistics support for troops has increased significantly.

Rail and road transport have become important.

7. The collapse of the Russian army in the First World War is a natural stage in the development of socio-economic processes in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century, the result of its domestic and foreign policy during this period.

Having won a number of brilliant victories and suffered several defeats, the Russian army in the First World War declared itself as a serious military force.

Question 2. Versailles-Washington system of international relations Versailles-Washington system

After the end of the First World War, the question arose about the formation of a new system of international relations. This system was supposed to ensure an international balance of power, establish the principles of peaceful resolution of conflicts, and prevent the risk of a new war like the First World War. Naturally, the main role in the formation of this system was played by the strongest of the victorious countries: the USA, Great Britain and France. The Versailles-Washington system of international relations, created during two major international conferences, became such a system.

Events

1919–1920– Paris Conference, the main topic of which was the post-war fate of the defeated countries and Europe as a whole. Representatives of Germany were invited to the conference only after all decisions regarding Germany had been made. Representatives of Russia were not invited at all.

1921–1922– Washington Conference, the main theme of which was the limitation of naval weapons and the development of a unified policy in the Pacific region.

Basic conference solutions

Parisian

Germany was declared the main culprit of the war. According to the Versailles Peace Treaty between Germany and the victorious countries, the following was concluded: ° Germany lost a significant part of its territories, including all colonies; ° Germany had to pay impressive reparations to compensate for the damage caused by the war; ° Germany was prohibited from establishing universal conscription; the size of the army should not exceed 100 thousand people; ° Germany was prohibited from having aviation and armored vehicles, and strict restrictions were imposed on the fleet.

Other countries that lost the war also lost significant territories, which either became the basis of independent states (for example, Czechoslovakia), or were annexed to the victorious countries, or came under their control (which happened with most of the territories of the Ottoman Empire - for example, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, etc.).

To ensure collective security and prevent military action, an international organization was created - the League of Nations (Charter of the League of Nations). The main task of the organization was the peaceful resolution of international conflicts. The leading positions in the League of Nations were occupied primarily by Great Britain and France. The United States, which was one of the initiators of the creation of the organization, did not join it, since the Senate voted against ratifying the decisions of the Paris Conference. Subsequently, the League of Nations demonstrated ineffectiveness; the mechanisms of its work did not allow preventing the Second World War and other, smaller wars.

Washington

It expressed the interests of the powers that won the First World War and ignored the interests of the losers, to which the international community included Soviet Russia. From the point of view of Western states, the Soviet government was illegitimate and could not represent the interests of Russia. In Germany, the difficult conditions of the Treaty of Versailles were perceived as national humiliation, which gave rise to revanchist sentiments, on the wave of which the National Socialists would later come to power. The similar position of Germany and Russia, which were rogue states in this system, became the impetus for their signing of the Treaty of Rapallo (a facsimile of the Treaty of Rapallo ) and the beginning of close cooperation. Having granted national independence to many European nations, this system supported colonial policies towards Africa, Asia and the Pacific.

Despite the fact that the United States, which was not part of the League of Nations, partially continued to distance itself from European politics, its international prestige has strengthened, and the United States is becoming a new center of power.

In general, with regard to ensuring the fulfillment of the main task of this system - maintaining peace, the system turned out to be ineffective. The lack of detailed mechanisms for conflict resolution and real unity among the participants in the League of Nations did not allow it to peacefully resolve international conflicts that arose.

After the end of the First World War, the victorious powers, on the basis of a series of treaties with the defeated countries, established a new international configuration, called the Versailles-Washington system. This system lasted for more than twenty years and ended with World War II. The main provisions of this system will be discussed in this lesson.

After the end of the First World War, the question arose about the formation of a new system of international relations. This system was supposed to ensure an international balance of power, establish the principles of peaceful resolution of conflicts, and prevent the risk of a new war like the First World War. Naturally, the main role in the formation of this system was played by the strongest of the victorious countries: the USA, Great Britain and France. The Versailles-Washington system of international relations, created during two major international conferences, became such a system.

Events

1919-1920- Paris Conference, the main topic of which was the post-war fate of the defeated countries and Europe as a whole. Representatives of Germany were invited to the conference only after all decisions regarding Germany had been made. Representatives of Russia were not invited at all.

1921-1922- Washington Conference, the main topic of which was the limitation of naval weapons and the development common policy in the Pacific region.

Basic conference solutions

Parisian

Germany was declared the main culprit of the war. According to the Treaty of Versailles between Germany and the victorious countries, the following was concluded:
° Germany lost a significant part of its territories, including all colonies;
° Germany had to pay impressive reparations to compensate for the damage caused by the war;
° Germany was prohibited from establishing universal conscription; the size of the army should not exceed 100 thousand people;
° Germany was prohibited from having aviation and armored vehicles, and strict restrictions were imposed on the fleet.
. Other countries that lost the war also lost significant territories, which either became the basis of independent states (for example, Czechoslovakia), or were annexed to the victorious countries, or came under their control (which happened with most territories Ottoman Empire- for example, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, etc.).
. To ensure collective security and prevent military action, it was created international organization- The League of nations (). The main task of the organization was the peaceful resolution of international conflicts. The leading positions in the League of Nations were occupied primarily by Great Britain and France. The United States, which was one of the initiators of the creation of the organization, did not join it, since the Senate voted against ratifying the decisions of the Paris Conference. Subsequently, the League of Nations demonstrated ineffectiveness; the mechanisms of its work did not allow preventing the Second World War and other, smaller wars.

Washington

Restrictions were introduced on the size of the navy, cementing the privileged position of the United States.
. China's subordinate status in relation to the leading powers (USA, UK, Japan, etc.) was confirmed.

Conclusion

Main features of the Versailles-Washington system

It expressed the interests of the powers that won the First World War and ignored the interests of the losers, to which the international community included Soviet Russia. From point of view Western states, the Soviet government was illegitimate and could not represent the interests of Russia. In Germany, the difficult conditions of the Treaty of Versailles were perceived as national humiliation, which gave rise to revanchist sentiments, on the wave of which the National Socialists would later come to power. The similar position of Germany and Russia, which were rogue states in this system, became the impetus for their signing of the Treaty of Rapallo (a facsimile of the Treaty of Rapallo ) and the beginning of close cooperation.
. Having granted national independence to many European nations, this system supported colonial policies towards Africa, Asia and the Pacific.
. Despite the fact that the United States, which was not part of the League of Nations, partially continued to distance itself from European politics, its international prestige has strengthened, and the United States is becoming a new center of power.
. In general, with regard to ensuring the fulfillment of the main task of this system - maintaining peace, the system turned out to be ineffective. The lack of detailed mechanisms for conflict resolution and real unity among the participants in the League of Nations did not allow it to peacefully resolve international conflicts that arose.

Abstract

January 18, 1919 in Versailles(suburb of Paris) a peace conference opened, at which representatives 32 states had to characterize the new international situation, draw appropriate conclusions from the results of the First World War and create a new political system in Europe and the world.

Initially, this conference was directed not only against the losing countries (Germany, the collapsed Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria), but also against Soviet Russia. It was then that the conference participants openly approved the need for military intervention in the burning civil war Russia in order to take advantage of the opportunity to barbarously plunder and divide the country.

Rice. 1. "Big Three". Clemenceau, Wilson, Lloyd George ()

The main role at the conference belonged to the so-called. " Big Three”, which resolved all the main issues, based, first of all, on its own benefit. The “Big Three” included US President William Wilson, British Prime Minister D. Lloyd George and head of the French government J. Clemenceau (Fig. 1) . Each of the participants in this triumvirate offered his own vision of a new world order, seeing the main danger, and, consequently, the enemy, in Soviet Russia and in the revolutionary communist movement. Back in 1918, Wilson proposed the so-called. "14 points", which ultimately formed the basis of the new world order. These points provided for the renunciation of secret diplomacy, equality of economic interests, freedom of navigation, arms limitation, settlement of colonial and territorial disputes, etc. One of the points was the creation of an independent Polish state - this “ the ugly brainchild of the Treaty of Versailles,” as Bolshevik V.M. put it. Molotov.

June 28, 1919 in the Hall of Mirrors Palace of Versailles A peace treaty between the Allied powers and Germany was signed. A multimillion-dollar indemnity was imposed on losing Germany, it lost its lands (Alsace, Lorraine, Pomerania, Upper Silesia, Danzig, etc.), lost all colonies, the country was allowed to have an army of no more than 100 thousand people, a restriction was imposed on the production of weapons And military equipment and so on. Germany became virtually bankrupt.

Rice. 2. Treaty of Saint-Germain ()

On September 10, 1919, the peace treaty of Saint-Germain was signed with Austria., according to which the liquidation of the country was officially recognized (Fig. 2). On the territory of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, new states were formed - Czechoslovakia and Hungary, large territories were included in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Galicia was annexed to Poland, Romania advanced into Transylvania.

On November 27, 1919, the peace treaty of Neuilly was signed with Bulgaria., according to which the country was obliged to pay indemnity to the victorious countries, had to reduce the number armed forces and was deprived of border territories in favor of the Allied powers.

On June 4, 1920, the Treaty of Trianon was signed with Hungary., according to which many lands were also separated from the country in favor of the allied powers.

On August 10, 1920, the Treaty of Sèvres was signed with Turkey., according to which the country lost many of its lands and territories (Arabian Peninsula, Middle East, Mesopotamia, etc.). All these lands became colonies of the victorious powers.

These five peace treaties form the basis of the Versailles-Washington system. At the same time, a new international body was created - The League of nations, which was the highest international body (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Meeting of the League of Nations ()

The Versailles-Washington system was aimed at preventing the penetration of Bolshevism into Europe and Asia, and was clearly anti-Soviet in nature. Based on this, Lloyd George and Woodrow Wilson, as well as their followers, built the so-called. "cordon sanitaire" along the perimeter of the USSR borders in Europe and Asia.

It was precisely this international configuration that led Europe to flirt with A. Hitler and World War II.

Rice. 4. Map of Europe in 1914 and 1923 ()

1. Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - early XXI centuries. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2011.

2. Zagladin N.V. General history. XX century Textbook for 11th grade. - M.: Russian Word, 2009.

3. Plenkov O.Yu., Andreevskaya T.P., Shevchenko S.V. General history. 11th grade / Ed. Myasnikova V.S. - M., 2011.

1. Read Chapter 6 pp. 65-67 of the textbook by Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - beginning of the XXI century and give answers to questions 5 and 6 on p. 67-68.

2. Why was the Versailles-Washington system directed against the USSR? Explain your answer.

3. Why was it necessary to create the Polish state?