Material on the topic: “Masters of folk decorative and applied arts of the Morkinsky side. The creative heritage of a master of decorative and applied arts Works of masters of decorative and applied arts
2. Paper plastic art is very similar to sculpture in terms of creativity. But, in paper plastic, all products inside are empty, all products are shells of the depicted object. And in sculpture, either the volume is increased with additional elements, or the excess is removed (cut off).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/462
3. Corrugated tubes - this is the name of the technique for making products, in which for decorating surfaces or for creating volumetric figures use corrugated paper tubes. Corrugated tubes are obtained by winding a strip of paper onto a stick, pencil or knitting needle and then compressing it. The compressed corrugated tube holds its shape well and has many options for design and use.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1492
4. Quilling (from the English quilling - from the word quil “bird feather”) - the art of paper rolling. Originated in medieval Europe, where nuns created medallions by twisting paper strips with gilded edges onto the tip of a bird's feather, creating an imitation of a gold miniature.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/587
http://stranamasterov.ru/node/1364
4. Origami (from Japanese letters: “folded paper”) is the ancient art of folding paper figures. The art of origami has its roots in Ancient China, where the paper was opened.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/560
Kinds:
- Kirigami is a type of origami that allows the use of scissors and cutting paper in the process of making the model. This is the main difference between kirigami and other paper folding techniques, which is emphasized in the name: kiru - cut, kami - paper.
Pop-up is a whole direction in art. This technique combines elements of techniques.
- Kirigami and Cutting and allows you to create three-dimensional designs and cards folded into a flat figure.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1723
- Kusudama (literally “medicine ball” in Japanese) is a paper model that is usually (but not always) formed by sewing together the ends of many identical pyramidal modules (usually stylized flowers folded from a square sheet of paper), so that the body is spherical forms. Alternatively, the individual components can be glued together (for example, the kusudama in the bottom photo is completely glued rather than sewn). Sometimes, as a decoration, a tassel is attached to the bottom.
The art of kusudama comes from an ancient Japanese tradition where kusudama was used for incense and a mixture of dried petals; perhaps these were the first real bouquets of flowers or herbs. The word itself is a combination of two Japanese words, kusuri (medicine) and tama (ball). Nowadays, kusudama are usually used for decoration or as gifts.
Kusudama is an important part of origami, particularly as a precursor to modular origami. It is often confused with modular origami, which is incorrect, since the elements that make up kusudama are sewn or glued, and not nested inside each other, as modular origami suggests.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/850
- Origami from circles - folding origami from a paper circle. Usually the folded pieces are then glued together into an applique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1636
- Modular origami - the creation of three-dimensional figures from triangular origami modules - was invented in China. The whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by inserting them into each other. The friction force that appears in this case prevents the structure from falling apart.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/15
5. Papier-mâché (fr. papier-mâché “chewed paper”) - an easily moldable mass obtained from a mixture of fibrous materials (paper, cardboard) with adhesives, starch, gypsum, etc. Plasters are made from papier-mâché , masks, teaching aids, toys, theatrical props, boxes. In some cases, even furniture.
In Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui, papier-mâché is used to make the basis for traditional lacquer miniatures.
You can decorate a papier-mâché blank not only with paints, painting it like famous artists, but using decoupage or assemblage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/561
7. Embossing (another name is “embossing”) - mechanical extrusion that creates images on paper, cardboard, polymer material or plastic, foil, on parchment (the technique is called “parchment”, see below), as well as on leather or birch bark, in which a relief image of a convex or concave stamp is obtained on the material itself, with or without heating, sometimes with the additional use of foil and paint. Embossing is carried out mainly on binding covers, postcards, invitation cards, labels, soft packaging, etc.
This type of work can be determined by many factors: force, texture and thickness of the material, the direction of its cutting, layout and other factors.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1626
Kinds:
- Parchment - parchment paper (thick waxed tracing paper) is processed with an embossing tool and during processing it becomes convex and turns white. This technique produces interesting postcards, this technique can also be used to design a scrappage page.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1705
- Texturing - applying an image using a cliché onto a smooth material, usually metallized paper, in order to imitate foil stamping. Also used to imitate the skin of certain breeds (for example, a cliché with a pattern imitating crocodile skin, etc.)
*Techniques related to weaving:
Man learned weaving much earlier than pottery. At first, he wove a dwelling from long flexible branches (roofs, fences, furniture), all kinds of baskets for various needs (cradles, boxes, carts, scoops, baskets) and shoes. A man learned to braid his hair.
With the development of this type of needlework, more and more different materials for use appeared. It turned out that you can weave from everything you come across: from vines and reeds, from ropes and threads, from leather and birch bark, from wire and beads, from newspapers.... Weaving techniques such as wicker weaving, weaving from birch bark and reeds appeared. , tatting, knotted macrame weaving, bobbin weaving, bead weaving, ganutel, kumihimo cord weaving, chainmail weaving, net weaving, Indian mandala weaving, their imitations (weaving from paper strips and candy wrappers, weaving from newspapers and magazines)...
As it turned out, this type of needlework is still popular, because using it, you can weave many beautiful and useful things, decorating our home with them.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/302
1. Beading, like beads themselves, has a centuries-old history. The ancient Egyptians were the first to learn how to weave beaded threads into necklaces, thread bracelets, and cover women's dresses with beaded nets. But only in the 19th century the real flourishing of bead production began. For a long time, the Venetians carefully guarded the secrets of creating a glass miracle. Masters and craftswomen decorated clothes and shoes, wallets and handbags, cases for fans and eyeglass cases, as well as other elegant things with beads.
With the advent of beads in America, indigenous people began to use them instead of traditional Indian materials. For ritual belt, cradle, headband, basket, hair net, earrings, snuff boxes...
In the Far North, fur coats, high fur boots, hats, reindeer harnesses, leather sunglasses were decorated with bead embroidery...
Our great-grandmothers were very inventive. Among the huge variety of elegant trinkets there are amazing items. Brushes and covers for chalk, cases for a toothpick (!), an inkwell, a pen cleaner and a pencil, a collar for your favorite dog, a cup holder, lace collars, Easter eggs, chessboards and much, much, much more.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1355
2. Ganutel - exclusive Maltese handicraft. It was in the monasteries of the Mediterranean that this technique of creating beautiful flowers to decorate the altar was still preserved.
The ganuteli uses thin spiral wire and silk threads to wrap the parts, as well as beads, pearls or seed beads. Brilliant flowers turn out graceful and light.
In the 16th century, spiral wire made of gold or silver was called “canutiglia” in Italian, and “canutillo” in Spanish; in Russian, this word was probably transformed into “gimp”.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1170
3. Macrame (from Arabic - braid, fringe, lace or from Turkish - scarf or napkin with fringe) - knot weaving technique.
The technique of this knot weaving has been known since ancient times. According to some sources, macrame came to Europe in the 8th-9th centuries from the East. This technique was known in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Iran, Peru, China, Ancient Greece.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/750
4. Weaving lace with bobbins. In Russia, the Vologda, Eletsky, Kirov, Belevsky, Mikhailovsky fisheries are still known.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1687
5. Tatting is a woven knotted lace. It is also called shuttle lace because this lace is woven using a special shuttle.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1728
*Techniques related to painting, various types painting and image creation:
Drawing is a genre in the visual arts and a corresponding technique that creates a visual image (image) on any surface or object using graphic means, drawing elements (as opposed to pictorial elements), primarily from lines and strokes.
For example: charcoal drawing, pencil drawing, ink and pen drawing...
Painting - view visual arts associated with the transmission of visual images by applying paints to a solid or flexible base; creating an image using digital technology; as well as works of art made in such ways.
The most common works of painting are those made on flat or almost flat surfaces, such as canvas stretched on a stretcher, wood, cardboard, paper, treated wall surfaces, etc. Painting also includes images made with paints on decorative and ceremonial vessels , the surfaces of which can have a complex shape.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1218
1. Batik - hand-painted fabric using reserve compounds.
The batik technique is based on the fact that paraffin, rubber glue, as well as some other resins and varnishes, when applied to fabric (silk, cotton, wool, synthetics), do not allow paint to pass through - or, as artists say, “reserve” from coloring individual areas of fabric.
There are several types of batik - hot, cold, knotted, free painting, free painting using saline solution, shibori.
Batik - batik is an Indonesian word. Translated from Indonesian, the word “ba” means cotton fabric, and “-tik” means “dot” or “drop”. Ambatik - to draw, to cover with drops, to hatch.
Batik painting has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the twentieth century.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/916
2. Stained glass (lat. Vitrum - glass) is one of the types decorative arts. Glass or other transparent material is the main material. The history of stained glass begins in ancient times. Initially, glass was inserted into a window or doorway, then the first mosaic paintings and independent decorative compositions, panels made of colored pieces of glass or painted special paints on plain glass.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/886
3. Blowing - a technique based on blowing paint through a tube (on a sheet of paper). This ancient technique was traditional for the creators of ancient images (bone tubes were used).
Modern juice straws are no worse in use. They help to blow recognizable, unusual, and sometimes fantastic designs from a small amount liquid paint on a sheet of paper.
4. Guilloche - a technique of burning an openwork pattern onto fabric manually using burning apparatus was developed and patented by Zinaida Petrovna Kotenkova.
Guilloche requires careful work. It must be done in one color scheme and correspond to the ornamental style of the given composition.
Napkins, panels with appliqués, bookmarks, handkerchiefs, collars - all this and much more, whatever your imagination suggests, will decorate any home!
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1342
5. Grattage (from the French gratter - scrape, scratch) - scratching technique.
The drawing is highlighted by scratching with a pen or sharp instrument on paper or cardboard filled with ink (to prevent it from spreading, you need to add a little detergent or shampoo, just a few drops).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/686
6. Mosaic is one of the most ancient arts. This is a way of creating an image from small elements. Assembling a jigsaw puzzle is very important for a child’s mental development.
Maybe from different materials: bottle caps, beads, buttons, plastic chips, wooden cuts of twigs or matches, magnetic pieces, glass, ceramic pieces, small pebbles, shells, thermal mosaic, Tetris mosaic, coins, pieces of fabric or paper, grain, cereals, seeds maple, pasta, any natural material(scales of cones, pine needles, watermelon and melon seeds), pencil shavings, bird feathers, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/438
7. Monotype (from the Greek monos - one, united and tupos - imprint) - one of the simplest graphic techniques.
On a smooth glass surface or thick glossy paper (it should not allow water to pass through), a drawing is made using gouache paint or paints. A sheet of paper is placed on top and pressed to the surface. The resulting print is a mirror image.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/663
8. Thread graphics (isothread, thread image, thread design) - graphic image, made in a special way with threads on cardboard or other solid base. Thread graphics are also sometimes called isographics or embroidery on cardboard. You can also use velvet (velvet paper) or thick paper as a base. The threads can be ordinary sewing, wool, floss or others. You can also use colored silk threads.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/452
9. Ornament (lat. ornamentum - decoration) - a pattern based on the repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; intended for decorating various objects (utensils, tools and weapons, textiles, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures (both externally and in the interior), works of plastic arts (mainly applied), among primitive peoples also himself human body(coloring book, tattoo). Associated with the surface that it decorates and visually organizes, an ornament, as a rule, reveals or accentuates the architectonics of the object on which it is applied. The ornament either operates with abstract forms or stylizes real motifs, often schematizing them beyond recognition.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1222
10. Print.
Kinds:
- Printing with a sponge. Both a sea sponge and a regular one intended for washing dishes are suitable for this.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1094
Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping using a cliche stamp so that it is convenient to hold in the hand. One side is made flat, because Cardboard is glued onto it, and patterns are glued onto the cardboard. They (patterns) can be made from paper, from rope, from an old eraser, from root vegetables...
- Stamp (stamping). Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping using a cliche stamp so that it is convenient to hold in the hand. One side is made flat, because Cardboard is glued onto it, and patterns are glued onto the cardboard. They (patterns) can be made from paper, from rope, from an old eraser, from root vegetables, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1068
11. Pointillism (French Pointillisme, literally “pointing”) is a style of writing in painting that uses pure paints that do not mix on the palette, applied in small strokes of a rectangular or round shape, counting on their optical mixing in the viewer’s eye, as opposed to mixing paints on the palette. Optical mixing of three primary colors (red, blue, yellow) and pairs additional colors(red - green, blue - orange, yellow - violet) gives significantly greater brightness than a mechanical mixture of pigments. Mixing of colors to form shades occurs at the stage of perception of the picture by the viewer from a long distance or in a reduced form.
The founder of the style was Georges Seurat.
Another name for pointillism is divisionism (from the Latin divisio - division, crushing).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/700
12. Drawing with palms. Small children find it difficult to use a paint brush. There is a very exciting activity that will give the child new sensations, develop fine motor skills, and give the opportunity to discover new and Magic world artistic creativity is drawing with palms. By drawing with their palms, little artists develop their imagination and abstract thinking.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1315
13. Drawing with leaf prints. Having collected various fallen leaves, smear each leaf with gouache from the vein side. The paper on which you are going to make a print can be colored or white. Press the colored side of the sheet onto a sheet of paper and carefully remove it, grasping it by the “tail” (petiole). This process can be repeated over and over again. And now, having completed the details, you already have a butterfly flying over the flower.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/667
14. Painting. One of the most ancient types of folk crafts, which for several centuries have been an integral part of everyday life and the original culture of the people. In Russian folk art there is a large number of varieties of this species are decorative applied arts.
Here are some of them:
- Zhostovo painting - ancient Russian folk craft, originated in early XIX century, in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. Is one of the most known species Russian folk painting. Zhostovo trays are painted by hand. Usually bouquets of flowers are depicted on a black background.
- Gorodets painting - Russian folk artistic craft. Exists with mid-19th century V. in the area of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
- Khokhloma painting- an ancient Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the Nizhny Novgorod region.
Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red (and also, occasionally, green) on a golden background. When painting, silver tin powder is applied to the wood. After this, the product is coated with a special composition and processed three or four times in the oven, which achieves a unique honey-golden color, giving the light wooden utensils a massive effect. Traditional elements Khokhloma - red juicy berries of rowan and strawberry, flowers and branches. Birds, fish and animals are often found.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/301
15. Encaustic (from ancient Greek “the art of burning”) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paint. Painting is done with melted paints (hence the name). A type of encaustic painting is wax tempera, characterized by its brightness and richness of colors. Many early Christian icons were painted using this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1485
*Techniques related to sewing, embroidery and fabric use:
Sewing is a colloquial form of the verb “to sew”, i.e. something that is sewn or stitched.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1136
2. Patchwork, Quilt, Quilting or Patchwork is a folk arts and crafts art with centuries-old traditions and stylistic features. This is a technique that uses pieces of colorful fabrics or knitted elements in geometric shapes to join together in a blanket, blouse or bag.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1347
Kinds:
- Artichoke is a type of patchwork that got its name because of its resemblance to artichoke fruits. This technique has other names - “teeth”, “corners”, “scales”, “feathers”.
By and large, in this technique it all comes down to folding the cut out parts and sewing them onto the base in a certain sequence. Or, using paper, create (pasting) various panels of a round (or multifaceted) shape on a plane or in volume.
You can sew in two ways: direct the edge of the blanks to the center of the main part, or to its edges. This is if you sew a flat product. For products of a volumetric nature - with the tip towards the narrower part. The folded parts are not necessarily cut in the shape of squares. These can be rectangles or circles. In any case, we encounter the folding of cut-out blanks, therefore, it can be argued that these patchwork techniques belong to the family of patchwork origami, and since they create volume, then, therefore, to the “3d” technique.
Example: http://stranamasterov.ru/node/137446?tid=1419
- Crazy quilt. I recently came across this type. In my opinion, this is a multi-method.
The bottom line is that the product is created from a combination various techniques: patchwork+embroidery+painting, etc.
Example:
3. Tsumami Kanzashi. The Tsumami technique is based on origami. Only they fold not paper, but squares of natural silk. The word "Tsumami" means "to pinch": the artist takes a piece of folded silk using tweezers or tweezers. The petals of future flowers are then glued onto the base.
The hairpin (kanzashi), decorated with a silk flower, gave its name to a whole new type of decorative and applied art. This technique was used to make decorations for combs and individual sticks, as well as for complex structures made up of various accessories.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1724
* Techniques related to knitting:
What is knitting? This is the process of making products from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools by hand (a crochet hook, knitting needles).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/729
1. Knitting on a fork. Interesting way crochet using a special device - a fork curved in the shape of the letter U. The result is light, airy patterns.
2. Crochet (tambour) - the process of manually making fabric or lace from threads using a crochet hook. creating not only dense, relief patterns, but also thin, openwork, reminiscent of lace fabric. Knitting patterns consist of different combinations loops and posts. The correct ratio is that the thickness of the hook should be almost twice the thickness of the thread.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/858
3. Simple (European) knitting allows you to combine several types of loops, which creates simple and complex openwork patterns.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1157
4. Tunisian long crochet (both one and several loops can be used at the same time to create a pattern).
5. Jacquard knitting - patterns are knitted on knitting needles from threads of several colors.
6. Loin knitting – imitates loin-guipure embroidery on a special mesh.
7. Guipure crochet (Irish or Brussels lace).
2. Sawing. One type is sawing with a jigsaw. Decorating your home and home with products convenient for everyday life self made or children's toys, you experience joy from appearance and the pleasure of the process of creating them.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1418
3. Carving is a type of decorative and applied art. It is one of the types of artistic woodworking along with sawing and turning.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1113
* Other self-sufficient techniques:
1. Applique (from the Latin “attachment”) is a way of working with colored pieces of various materials: paper, fabric, leather, fur, felt, colored beads, seed beads, woolen threads, embossed metal plates, all kinds of material (velvet, satin, silk), dried leaves... This use of various materials and structures in order to enhance expressive capabilities is very close to another means of representation - collage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/364
There are also:
- Application from plasticine - plasticineography - a new type of decorative and applied art. It represents the creation of stucco paintings depicting more or less convex, semi-voluminous objects on a horizontal surface. At its core, this is a rarely seen, very expressive type of painting.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1243
- Application from “palms”. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/612
- Broken applique is one of the types of multifaceted applique techniques. Everything is simple and accessible, like laying out a mosaic. The base is a sheet of cardboard, the material is a sheet of colored paper torn into pieces (several colors), the tool is glue and your hands. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1346
2. Assembly (French assemblage) - technique visual arts, akin to collage, but using three-dimensional details or entire objects, applicatively arranged on a plane like a picture. Allows for artistic additions with paints, as well as metal, wood, fabric and other structures. Sometimes applied to other works, from photomontage to spatial compositions, since the terminology of the latest visual art is not completely established.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1412
3. Paper tunnel. The original English name for this technique is tunnel book, which can be translated as a book or paper tunnel. The essence of the technique can be clearly seen from English name tunnel - tunnel - through hole. The multi-layered nature of the “books” that are put together conveys the feeling of a tunnel well. A three-dimensional postcard appears. By the way, this technique successfully combines different types techniques, such as scrapbooking, applique, cutting, creating layouts and voluminous books. It is somewhat akin to origami, because... is aimed at folding paper in a certain way.
The first paper tunnel dates back to the mid-18th century. and was the embodiment of theatrical scenes.
Traditionally, paper tunnels are created to commemorate an event or are sold as souvenirs to tourists.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1411
4. Cutting is a very broad term.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/701
They are cut from paper, from foam plastic, from foam rubber, from birch bark, from plastic bottles, from soap, from plywood (though this is already called sawing), from fruits and vegetables, as well as from other various materials. Various tools are used: scissors, breadboard knives, scalpel. They cut out masks, hats, toys, postcards, panels, flowers, figurines and much more.
Kinds:
- Silhouette cutting is a cutting technique in which objects of an asymmetrical structure, with curved contours (fish, birds, animals, etc.), with complex outlines of figures and smooth transitions from one part to another, are cut out by eye. Silhouettes are easily recognizable and expressive; they should be without small details and as if in motion. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1416
- The cutting is symmetrical. With symmetrical cutting, we repeat the contours of the image, which must fit exactly into the plane of a sheet of paper folded in half, consistently complicating the outline of the figure in order to correctly convey it in applications external features objects in a stylized form.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/466
- Vytynanka - the art of cutting openwork patterns from colored, white or black paper has existed since paper was invented in China. And this type of cutting became known as jianzhi. This art has spread throughout the world: China, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ukraine, Lithuania and many other countries.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/563
- Carving (see below).
5. Decoupage (from the French decoupage - noun, “that which is cut out”) is a technique of decoration, applique, decoration using cut out paper motifs. Chinese peasants in the 12th century. They began to decorate furniture in this way. And in addition to cut out pictures from thin colorful paper, they began to cover it with varnish to make it look like a painting! So, along with beautiful furniture, this equipment also came to Europe.
Today, the most popular material for decoupage is three-layer napkins. Hence another name - “napkin technique”. The application can be absolutely limitless - dishes, books, boxes, candles, vessels, musical instruments, flower pots, bottles, furniture, shoes and even clothes! Any surface - leather, wood, metal, ceramics, cardboard, textiles, plaster - must be plain and light, because... the design cut out of the napkin should be clearly visible.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/722
6. Carving (from the English carvу - cut, carve, engrave, slice; carving - carving, carved work, carved ornament, carved figure) in cooking is simplest form sculptures or engravings on the surface of fruit and vegetable products, such short-lived table decorations.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1339
7. Collage is a creative genre when a work is created from a wide variety of cut out images pasted onto paper, canvas or digitally. Comes from fr. papier collée - glued paper. Very quickly this concept began to be used in an expanded meaning - a mixture of various elements, a bright and expressive message from scraps of other texts, fragments collected on one plane.
The collage can be completed with any other means - ink, watercolor, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/324
8. Constructor (from Latin constructor “builder”) is a multi-valued term. For our profile, this is a set of mating parts. that is, details or elements of some future layout, information about which was collected by the author, analyzed and embodied in a beautiful, artistically executed product.
Designers vary in type of material - metal, wood, plastic and even paper (for example, paper origami modules). When different types of elements are combined, interesting designs for games and fun are created.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/984
9. Modeling - giving shape to a plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, salt dough, snowball, sand, etc.) using hands and auxiliary tools. This is one of the basic techniques of sculpture, which is intended for mastering the primary principles of this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/670
10. A layout is a copy of an object with a change in size (usually reduced), which is made while maintaining proportions. The layout must also convey the main features of the object.
To create this unique piece you can use various materials, it all depends on him functional purpose(exhibition layout, gift, presentation, etc.). This can be paper, cardboard, plywood, wooden blocks, plaster and clay parts, wire.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1397
Type of layout - model - is a working layout that depicts (imitates) any significant features of the original. Moreover, attention is concentrated on certain sides of the modeled object or in equally detailing it. The model is created to be used, for example, for visual-model teaching of mathematics, physics, chemistry and other school subjects, for a maritime or aviation club. A variety of materials are used in modeling: air balloons, light and plastic mass, wax, clay, gypsum, papier-mâché, salt dough, paper, polystyrene foam, foam rubber, matches, knitting threads, fabric...
Modeling is the creation of a model that is reliably close to the original.
"Models" are those layouts that are in effect. And models that do not work, i.e. "strand" - usually called a layout.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1353
11. Soap making. Animal and vegetable fats and fat substitutes (synthetic fatty acids, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil) can be used as raw materials to obtain the main component of soap.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1631
12. Sculpture (Latin sculptura, from sculpo - I cut, carve) - sculpture, plastic - a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional form and are made of hard or plastic materials (metal, stone, clay, wood, plaster, ice, snow , sand, foam rubber, soap). Processing methods - modeling, carving, casting, forging, embossing, carving, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1399
13. Weaving - production of fabric and textiles from yarn.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1318
14. Felting (or felting, or felting) – felting wool. There is “wet” and “dry”.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/736
15. Flat embossing is one of the types of decorative and applied art, as a result of knocking out a certain ornamental relief, drawing, inscription or round figured image, sometimes close to engraving, on a plate, a new work of art is created.
Processing of the material is carried out using a rod - a hammer, which stands vertically, the upper end of which is hit with a hammer. By moving the coin, a new shape gradually appears. The material must have a certain plasticity and the ability to change under the influence of force.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1421
In conclusion, it should be noted that the division (combination according to any criterion) of most techniques is conditional (subjective), and many techniques applied creativity are multi-techniques, i.e. they combine several types of techniques.
Happy creativity everyone!
Your Margarita.
Vladimir Petrovich was born in the village of Novoglebovka, Saratov region. The family moved in 1973 to the Verkhnesoleny farm, Veselovsky district, Rostov region, where he graduated high school in 1987. After graduating from school, I entered driving courses. From 1988 to 1990 he served in the ranks Soviet army in tank forces. After the army, he worked as a driver on the Lenin collective farm in the Veselovsky district. He was in a car accident where he suffered a severe spinal injury. Being in wheelchair built a house, a carpentry shop, was engaged in the manufacture of windows and doors, chairs, etc.
Since 2011, he began to engage in wood carving. Vladimir Petrovich makes boxes and cups. For carving he uses wood: poplar, linden, walnut. His works are decorated with certain compositions by wedge-shaped recesses, which vary in size, depth, and angle geometry. His products have a large number of edges; their execution requires greater skill. He also makes frames for icons. Icons are embroidered with beads. To produce his works, he comes up with geometric sketches himself, and uses video and photo materials using the Internet.
His works have a huge impact on the cause of continuity and development folk traditions. The activity of the master plays a major role in the revival of crafts. Vladimir Petrovich has a short period of time in the craft, but thanks to his ability to self-educate, hard work, interest in the cultural heritage of the country, his works can compete with eminent masters and his works arouse great interest not only among residents of Verkhnesolenovsky rural settlement, but also residents of the Veselovsky district.
Director of MBUK VSP "Verkhnesolnovsky SDK" L.V. Grechko
Municipal budget educational institution"Secondary school No. 2 of Yoshkar-Ola"
Research
"Masters of folk arts and crafts"
art of the Morkinsky side"
Completed:
students of 3 “B” class
Albakhtina Regina,
Parmanov Danila
Supervisor:
Alekseeva Lyudmila Ivanovna,
Primary school teacher
Yoshkar-Ola, 2016
Introduction
- Main part
- Current masters
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
Purpose of the study:studying the folk arts and crafts of the masters of the Morkinsky district, creating the album “Masters, Morkinsky Side”.
Tasks:
1. Collect material about the craftsmen of your area;
2. Find out what types of needlework the masters owned;
3. Find out which masters continue the folk craft;
4. Systematize and summarize the material about the masters;
5. Strive for conservation cultural heritage small homeland;
6. Design an album.
Object of study:decorative and applied art of residents of the Morkinsky district.
Subject of study: creative activity of craftsmen of the Morkinsky district.
Research methods:
- Studying literature on the research topic;
- Interviews with masters of decorative and applied arts of the Morkinsky district;
- Collection of material, photo shoot;
- Systematization of collected material;
Relevance of the chosen topic:this research work is aimed at identifying and preserving for the future generation the names of masters of folk decorative and applied art of the Morkinsky district.
- Arts and crafts
At the beginning of our work, we decided to study literature on the topic: “Decorative and applied arts of the Mari people.”
Arts and crafts- a section of decorative art, covering the creation of artistic products that meet the everyday needs of a person. By creating things of a certain shape and purpose, a person always finds a use for them and tries to preserve the attractiveness and beauty seen in them. Objects of art are inherited, from ancestors to descendants. They reveal folk wisdom, way of life, and character.
Decorative and applied art is one of the most ancient. Man has long tried to decorate his home and did it with the help of the material that was at hand - wood, clay, bone, etc. Folk arts and crafts are not only the fruit of skill and craft, but also an integral part of life and everyday life. It is important not only to feel, but also to create something beautiful.
- Main part
We conducted a survey of residents of the villages of Maly Koramas, Chavainur, Shereganovo, Veshurgi-Morkinsky district. We interviewed 7 village residents of different ages, as well as members of the Muro Sem ensemble.
According to the survey results, it turned out that in the area there are widespreadartistic wood carving and production of antique musical instruments.
- Folk craftsmen of the past
Echeikin Pyotr Pavlovich-famous bagpiper of the republic. Born and lived in the village of Shereganovo. Pyotr Pavlovich not only played the bagpipes masterfully, but also made them himself. Not a single wedding took place without his bagpipes and drums.
In 2000 the ensemble"Muro sem" under his leadership, a qualifying competition was held in the Finno-Ugric group and represented our republic at International festival"Silk Road". They visited Germany France Holland Belgium Finland. The ensemble always performed in the second part concert program and surprised the audience unusual sound folk musical instruments and folk dances. No one remained indifferent to the culture of the Mari people.
Echeikin Vyacheslav Petrovich, son of Pyotr Pavlovich Echeikin, was a musically gifted child. WITH three years Slava was a participant in the concert program, playing the pipe, drum, harmonica, and later the bagpipes. Traveled with my father different countries. Having matured, he continued his father’s work and learned the nuances of making folk instruments.
Ivanov Grigory Ivanovich(Vasliy Ivan Kyrgori) was born in the village of Maly Koramas. He volunteered for the war, leaving his family and two children. He was distinguished by his courage in battle. At the end of the war he was captured and ended up in a concentration camp. He endured all the horrors of captivity, hunger and cold and survived. The Germans considered him dead and threw his body into a ravine behind barbed wire. The German woman saved him, hid him and fed him. So Grigory Ivanovich remained alive.
He was lucky to return to his homeland. After the war he worked as a teacher in a village school. He learned carpentry from his grandfather before the war. Grigory Ivanovich decorated simple peasant furniture and household items with carvings. The main attention was paid to the decor of the platbands, pediment and facade of the hut. The remaining parts of the building were usually not covered with carvings. So he became a skilled carver.
A new way of processing wood contributed to the manifestation of talent. He carefully used the set of tools he inherited and got new ones. Grigory Ivanovich decorated with carvings not only the window frames, the main decoration of the house, but also the cornices, balusters, and valances. Later he decorated the porch and gate with wooden carvings.
No one in the village had a house decorated with carvings. Orders poured in for this master woodcarver. Unfortunately, the patterns on houses made by him have not survived. But in his native village, his instruments still serve a good cause.
Famous wood craftsmanVasiliev Anatoly Alexandrovich(Matran Tolya) from the village of Chavainur. He was born into a simple peasant family. His father did not return from the war and he had to do hard physical work from a small age. He taught himself carpentry. At the request of the residents, he made household utensils: a butter churn, rocker arms, tubs, barrels, without which the residents could not live a single day, as well as sleighs and sleds, window frames, and barns.
He did not leave aside the folk musical instrument - the tumyr. Everyone in the area used only his drum and still does. A simple, modest man worked all his life, pleased and surprised his fellow villagers with his skill. After the war, Anatoly Alexandrovich built a house with his own hands and decorated it with carved patterns. The house of unusual beauty still stands in the village of Chavainur, attracting the views of visiting guests.
- Current masters
Nowadays, national musical instruments are almost never used in everyday life, but they can be seen and heard on folklore holidays, festivals, concerts. Elders folk craftsmen- the craftsmen, alas, are not with us either, but a new generation is growing that continues their work.
Among the master pipers of the new generation, the actor Marisky occupies a special place National Theater drama named after M. Shketana, Sergey Danilov . Having graduated from Higher drama school them. M.S. Shchepkina, he returns to the theater stage.
In 2016, young actors were entrusted with playing new production performance "Salika", where bagpipes must be an indispensable attribute. By this time there were almost no master bagpipers left. The young actor had to meet with the oldest master Echan Malinin from the village of Kozhlaer. First, the master taught him to play the bagpipes, and then his craft.
Being a man of an inquisitive nature, Sergei thoroughly studied the structure of ancient musical instruments and began making them himself. He was so carried away that he even created a bagpipe ensemble from the actors of the troupe on the basis of the theater. With his ensemble, which consisted of three Morkin boys, Sergei traveled to Slovakia, where he represented our republic at the World Guide Festival.
Craftsmen live and work in different parts of the region. A wood craftsman does his favorite thingStepanov Oleg Gennadievich. With his hard work and perseverance, he achieved his goal. The house in the center of the village stands out for its originality and beauty.
Wood carving is considered the most common type of folk art -artistic creativity. She is close to him. The craftsman mainly uses linden to make patterns, as it is easy to carve. The abundance of linden trees in this region contributes to the development of the craft.
But he also experiments with other materials. In the house, in the yard, in the garden, the works of his creativity and his skillful hands are visible everywhere.
In addition, he is engaged in weaving from bast and wicker, which have deep roots. At the request of residents of surrounding villages, he weaves baskets and bast shoes for guests.
Conclusion
Conclusions from the study:
- In the Morkinsky district, there is a development of arts and crafts, artistic wood carving, and the production of ancient musical instruments.
- Among the masters there are mostly men. Age level – from 33 and above.
- We have noted family continuity in arts and crafts.
- New master craftsmen are appearing.
- Decorative and applied arts are preserved and enhanced by craftsmen in the Morkinsky district, who contribute to the preservation and development of folk crafts.
Used Books:
1. S. I. Ozhegov. Dictionary of the Russian language. (1975)
3. Materials from the local history museum.
4. Photo booklet “Mari Land”
