Predicate. In German, any predicate necessarily includes a verb: cf

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All German grammar in human language!

The most important topics in German grammar (topics are best studied in the order in which they are published):

1. Sentence construction:

There are 3 construction schemes in German simple sentences. One way or another, any sentence in the German language fits into one of these schemes. First, let's remember a couple of terms: Subject - a noun in the nominative case (answering the question who? what?). The predicate is a verb. Circumstance - answers the question how, where, when, why,.... In other words, the circumstance clarifies the proposal. Examples of circumstances: today, after work, in Berlin, ...

And here are the proposal diagrams themselves:

1. Subject -> predicate -> circumstances and everything else -> second verb, if present in the sentence.
2. Circumstance -> predicate -> subject -> everything else -> second verb, if any
3. (Question word) -> predicate -> subject -> everything else -> second verb, if any

2. Times:

There are 6 tenses in German (1 present, 3 past and 2 future):

Present tense (Präsens):

This is the simplest tense in German. To construct the present tense, you just need to put the verb in the correct conjugation:

Example: machen - to do

Examples:
Hans geht zur Arbeit. - Hans goes to work.
Der Computer arbeitet nicht. - Computer does not work.

Past tenses:

There are 3 past tenses in German. However, in fact, 2 times will be enough for you. The first is called "Präteritum" and the second "Perfekt". In most cases, both tenses are translated the same way into Russian. In official correspondence and in books "Präteritum" is used. In oral speech, "Perfekt" is usually used, although sometimes "Präteritum" is used.

Präteritum:

Here we first encounter the concept of regular (strong) and irregular (weak) verbs. Forms regular verbs change according to a clear pattern. Forms irregular verbs needs to be memorized. You will find them in.

Regular verb: machen (Infinitiv) -> machte (Präteritum)
Conjugations of the verb machen in Präteritum:

Examples:
"Du machtest die Hausaufgabe!" - “You did your homework!”
"Du spieltest Fussball" - "You played football"

Irregular verb gehen (Infinitiv) -> ging (Präteritum)

Example:
"Du gingst nach Hause!" - “You were going home!”

Future tenses:

In German there are "Futur l" and "Futur ll" for the future tense. The Germans do not use “Futur ll” at all, and they usually replace “Futur ll” with the present tense (Präsens) indicating the future as a clarification.

Example: "Morgen gehen wir ins Kino." - "Tomorrow we are going to the cinema."

If you indicate a circumstance of the future tense (tomorrow, soon, in a week, etc.), then you can safely use the present tense to express plans for the future.

If we still consider the time “Futur l”, then it is constructed as follows:

Subject -> auxiliary verb "werden" -> everything else -> semantic verb in the form "Infinitiv".

Example: "Wir werden ins Kino gehen." - "We'll go to the cinema."(verbatim: "We're going to the cinema.")

Conjugations of the verb "werden"

3. Cases:

Cases]

4. Compound and compound sentences:

In German, any predicate necessarily includes a verb: cf. Russian offer"I'm glad" and the German "Ich" bin froh". The second feature of the German predicate is the constant place of the predicate and its parts in various types of sentences. The predicate with additions and circumstances forms a group predicate.

There are the following types of predicate:

1) verbal predicate;

2) predicate, expressed by a stable verb phrase;

3) nominal predicate.

Verb predicate.

Simple verb predicate consists of one verb in any form of tense, voice and mood: Ich lese. - I am reading. Ich las.- I read. Ich werde lesen. - I will read. Ich habe gelesen. - I read. Dieses Buch wild viel gelesen. - This book is read a lot.

There are two types of compound verb predicate:

a) A complex verbal predicate consists of a verb with a specific meaning (expressing the beginning, end, repetition of an action) and the infinitive of a significant verb used with zu : Er began zu sprechen. - He spoke. He started talking. Er pflegt früh aufzustehen. - He tends to get up early. Es hörte auf zu regnen. - The rain is over.

b) A complex verbal predicate consists of a modal verb ( können, dürfen, müssen etc.) or a modal verb ( scheinen, brauchen etc.) and the infinitive of the significant verb; with modal verbs the infinitive is used without a particle zu , with modal verbs with a particle zu : Er muß arbeiten.- It must work. Er braucht heute nicht zu kommen. - He doesn’t have to come today.

c) A complex verbal predicate consists of verbs haben And sein and the infinitive of the significant verb used with zu- : Ich habe Ihnen viel zu sagen. - I have a lot to tell you. Der Text ist zu übersetzen. - The text can (needs) be translated.

The use of modal verbs to express the meaning of possibility, necessity, desire). Verb können means an opportunity available due to certain conditions: Es regnet nicht mehr, er kann nach Hause gehen. - It’s not raining anymore, he can (he can) go home. Es regnet, er kann nicht nach Hause gehen. - It's raining, he can't go home. Es regnet nicht mehr, man kann nach Hause gehen. - It’s no longer raining, you can go home. Es regnet, man kann nicht nach Hause gehen. - It's raining, you can't go home. Können also means “to be able to”: Ich kann Schach spielen. - I can play chess.

Verb durfen means a possibility that exists due to someone's permission. For example, in sentences containing permission, prohibition, order: Sie dürfen hier nicht bleiben! - You shouldn't stay here! You can't stay here. You are not allowed to stay here. Man darf hier nicht rauchen! - You can't smoke here. Smoking is not allowed here!

Dürfen often used in interrogative sentences that ask for permission to do something: Darf ich nach Hause gehen? -Can I go home? Can I go home? Can I go home? Darf man hier rauchen? - Is it possible to smoke here? Is smoking allowed here?

Verb mussen has the meaning “should” (due to objective necessity or belief): Es ist spät, er muß nach Hause gehen. - It's late, he has to go home. It's late, he needs (he needs, he needs) to go home. Es ist spät, man muß nach Hause gehen. - It’s late, I need (need) to go home.

With denial mussen almost never used; instead of mussen a verb with a modal meaning is used brauchen - need to: Sie brauchen morgen nicht zu kommen. - You don't need to come tomorrow. Wed: Sie müssen morgen kommen. - You need to come tomorrow.

Verb sollen has the meaning “must” (by virtue of someone’s order, instruction, etc.): Er soll bleiben.- He must stay. Let him stay. Er soll nicht bleiben. - He shouldn't stay. Sollen often used in interrogative sentences that ask about the need to do something: Sollen wir hier bleiben? - Should we stay here? Should we stay here? Should we stay here? Soll man bleiben? Need to stay? Stay?

Please note that Russian one-part sentences with “can”, “cannot”, “need”, etc. + infinitive in German always correspond to two-part sentences (i.e. sentences with a subject and predicate): Can I go? - Darf ich gehen? I have to go. - Ich muß gehen. You can't leave! - Man darf nicht gehen.

Also, Russian one-part sentences with an infinitive in German correspond to two-part sentences: Transfer? - Soll ich übersetzen? Sollen wir übersetzen? Soll man übersetzen? Should I read? - Soll ich lesen? They don't understand this. - Das können sie nicht verstehen.

Verb wollen means desire or intention: Er will das wissen.- He wants to know. Am Abend wollen wir ins Theater gehen. - In the evening we are going (want, intend) to go to the theater . Wollen Wollen wir nach Hause gehen! Let's go home! Let's go home!(Cf. the use of the 1st person plural imperative. Gehen wir nach Hause! - Let's go home! Let's go home).

Verb wollen may have a weakened modal meaning; in this case the combination wollen with the infinitive close in meaning to futurum: Ich will alles tun, was ich kann. - I will do everything, What Can.

Verb mögen has two main meanings:

a) mögen means “let, must; Maybe": Er mag morgen kommen. - Let him come tomorrow. (He should come tomorrow.)(Wed: also use mögen in this meaning in subordinate clauses containing indirect speech).

6) mögen means “to want, to desire”, in this meaning mögen used in the preterite conjunctiva: Ich möchte Sie etwas fragen. - I would like to ask you something. I want to ask you something. I want to ask you something.

Verb lassen - ließ - gelassen used as a modal verb in two ways:

a) lassen vt has the meaning of “command, ask, force”: Der Dekan läßt Sie morgen kommen.- The Dean tells you (asks you) to come tomorrow. Der Lektor läßt uns viel lesen. - The teacher makes us read a lot.

Pay attention to compliance lassen Russian "let": Lassen Sie ihn sprechen. - Let him speak. In this case, the following option is also used in Russian: Lassen Sie ihn sprechen. - Let him talk. Lassen Sie mich sprechen. - Let me tell you.

Besides this verb lassen is part of the following expressions: sich (Dat.) etw. nähen lassen - sew something for yourself. (or: give to yourself What -l. sew): Ich lasse mir ein neues Kleid nähen.- I am sewing myself a new dress. I let them sew me a new dress. etw. reparieren fassen - to give for repairs: Er ließ seine Uhr reparieren. - He gave his watch to be repaired, sich (Akk.) rasieren lassen - shave (at the barbershop): Er läßt sich immer hier rasieren. - He always shaves here.

Lassen also used in incentive sentences: Laß(t) uns nach Hause gehen! - Let's go home, (cf.: the use of the modal verb in the same meaning wollen ).

b) lassen sich - has the meaning of opportunity (i.e. is a synonym können ): Das läßt sich machen.- It can be done. Das läßt sich nicht machen. - This cannot be done. Dieser Text läßt sich leicht übersetzen. - This text is easy to translate.

Verb combination lassen with another verb when translated into Russian is often indecomposable, i.e. its meaning is not derived from the sum of the meanings of these two semantic verbs (for example: Er laßt uns viel lesen.- He forces us a lot read ), but has another Russian equivalent, in which the meaning lassen not directly reflected, for example: mit sich reden lassen - to be accommodating, sich (Dat.) etwas gefallen lassen - to endure, endure smth.. In the dictionary, the translation of such combinations into Russian should be found in the dictionary entry for lassen . Lassen can also form with other verbs complex verb: fallenlassen - to drop.

Modal verbs are more often used in simple tense forms than in complex ones; this is how the preterite is used more often , than perfect. Modal verbs können, mögen, dürfen (the latter in the form of preterite conjunctiva durfte ), müssen, sollen And wollen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, can be used to express various types of assumptions; In this meaning, modal verbs are translated into Russian as follows:

A) können, mögen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, are translated into Russian with the words “perhaps, maybe, perhaps, it seems” and the personal form of the verb: Er kann (mag) nach Hause gegangen sein. - Perhaps (maybe, perhaps, it seems) he went home. Er kann (mag) krank sein. - Perhaps (maybe, perhaps, it seems) he is sick.

However, when translating an interrogative sentence, “perhaps, maybe”, etc. are usually omitted: Wann kann (mag) er nach Hause gegangen sein? - When did he go home? (When could he go home?).

b) durfen in the preterite conjunctiva (i.e. in the form durfte ) in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, is translated into Russian with the words “apparently, apparently, perhaps, it seems” and the personal form of the verb: Er dürfte schon nach Hause gegangen sein. - He apparently (apparently, perhaps, it seems) has already gone home. Er dürfte krank sein. - He is apparently (apparently, perhaps, it seems) sick.

(If there is a negation, a translation option with the words “hardly” is also possible: Das dürfte nicht richtig sein. - This is hardly correct.)

However, when translating an interrogative sentence “apparently, apparently”, etc. usually omitted: Dürfte es richtig sein? -It's right? Dürfte er sich geirrt haben? - Was he wrong?

V) mussen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, is translated into Russian with the words “it must be, probably, very likely, obviously” and the personal form of the verb: Er muß nach Hause gegangen sein. - He must have (probably, very likely, obviously) gone home. Er muß krank sein. - He must be (probably, very likely, obviously) sick.

G) sollen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, is translated into Russian with the words “they say, report”, etc. and the following subordinate clause: Er soll nach Hause gegangen sein. - They say he went home. Er soll krank sein. - They say he is sick. Die Delegation soll Moskau schon verlassen haben. - They report that the delegation has already left Moscow.

The specified combination can also be translated into Russian with the words “according to information, according to reports,” etc. and the personal form of the verb. Die Delegation soll Moskau schon verlassen haben.- According to available information, the delegation has already left Moscow. Sollen in the above meaning can be used in a sentence in which it is already clear from the context that someone else’s words are being conveyed: Es wird gemeldet, die Delegation soll nach Kiew gefahren sein. - They report that the delegation has left for Kyiv.

d) wollen in combination with infinitive II, less often with infinitive I, is translated into Russian with the words “he claims”, “he says” and a subsequent subordinate clause, which may contain the word “supposedly”: Er (sie) will selbst dabei gewesen sein. - He (she) claims that he (allegedly) was present at the same time.

Verbs haben And sein can also be used in a modal meaning in special phrases:

1) haben + zu + The infinitive, as a rule, has the meaning of obligation, necessity: Ich habe noch zu arbeiten. - I have to (I need) to work more. Wir haben noch eine Stunde zu fahren. - We (need) to go for another hour. Ich hatte noch zu arbeiten. - I had (I needed) to work more.

Synonym of combination haben + zu + infinitive are modal verbs mussen And sollen with infinitive: Ich habe noch zu arbeiten. = Ich muß (soll) noch arbeiten.

Less often haben + zu + the infinitive has the meaning of possibility: Er hat nichts zu sagen.- He can’t say anything. He has nothing to say. Er hat viel zu berichten. - He can tell you a lot. He has something to report.

2) sein + zu + The infinitive expresses, depending on the context: a) the meaning of obligation, necessity, b) the meaning of possibility; combination sein + zu + the infinitive has a passive meaning.

A) Die Rechnung ist gleich zu bezahlen.- The invoice must be paid immediately. The bill must be paid immediately. Die Rechnung war gleich zu bezahlen. - The bill had to be paid immediately. Die Versammlung ist von allen zu besuchen. - Everyone must come to the meeting.

b) Das ist leicht zu tun. - It (can) be done easily. Diese alte Maschine ist nicht mehr zu benutzen. - This old machine can no longer be used. Das war leicht zu tun. - It (could) be easy to do.

Synonyms for sein + zu + infinitive are modal verbs müssen, sollen, können with the passive infinitive: Die Rechnung ist gleich zu bezahlen. = Die Rechnung muß (soll) gleich bezahlt werden. - The bill must be paid immediately. Das ist leicht zu tun. = Das kann leicht getan werden.- It (can) be done easily.

Translation into Russian of verbs with modal meaning: glauben, scheinen, suchen, verstehen, wissen . These verbs are called modal verbs because... Unlike modal verbs, their main meaning is not modal. So, for example, the main meaning suchen "to seek" and its modal meaning is "to try".

With the infinitive of another verb, they acquire a modal meaning and are translated as follows:

1) glauben – seem (+ object in dat. case): Ich glaube Sie zu kennen. - It seems to me that I know you. Er glaubte diesen Mann zu kennen. - It seemed to him that he knew this man. Er glaubt alles verstanden zu haben. - He thought he understood everything.

2) scheinen - seem: Er scheint diesen Mann zu kennen. - He seems to know this man. Er schien diesen Mann zu kennen. - It seemed (that) he knew this man. Er scheint, alles vergessen zu haben. - It seems (that) he forgot everything. Er scheint klug (zu sein). - He seems smart.

3) suchen - try, try: Er sucht uns zu helfen. - He is trying (trying) to help us. Er suchte uns zu überzeugen. - He tried (tried) to convince us.

4) verstehen - be able to: Er versteht zu überzeugen. - He knows how to convince.

5) wissen - be able to, be able to: Er weiß zu schweigen. - He knows how to remain silent. Er weiß zu überzeugen. - He knows how to convince. Ich weiß Ihnen nicht zu helfen. - I can not help you.

08/07/2015 FRIDAY 09:20 | WEB-GLOBUS

GERMAN FOR BEGINNERS. LEVEL A1

German sentences have a number of features that are unique to this language. They are always two-part, that is, they necessarily contain both main members - the subject and the predicate. Let us consider below the design features of German sentences.

1. German predicates are always expressed in verbal forms; in nominal predicates there must be a linking verb, including the present tense:

Karl ist Soziologe. - Karl is a sociologist.

2. In German sentences more than one negation can never be used:

Nina ist nie in Düsseldorf gewesen. - Nina has never been to Dusseldorf.

3. The German subject is always used in Nominativ and can be expressed either by a noun or by any other part of speech that is used in the meaning of a name:

Die Reisenden entdeckten einen schönen Bergsee. - The travelers came across a beautiful mountain lake (participle).

Sie hat Lilien gewählt. — She chose lilies (pronoun).

Vier mal vier ist sechzehn. - Four times four is sixteen (numerals).

Vom Kai zu tauchen ist verboten. - Jumping into the water from the embankment is prohibited (infinitive phrase).

4. Predicates in German sentences can be verbal (simple and compound) and nominal (always compound). Simple predicates consist of single verbs in finite forms, tenses and voices corresponding to the subject. Thus, simple verbal predicates can consist of a single verb ( simple form) or the same verb paired with an auxiliary (complex form). Compound verbal predicates include two verbs, each of which has an independent meaning:

Der graue Kater sprang auf. - The gray cat jumped up (simple verb predicate in simple form).

Der graue Kater ist aufgesprungen. - The gray cat jumped up (simple verbal predicate in complex form).

Kann dein Kater auf den Kühlschrank aufspringen? - Can your cat jump on the refrigerator (compound verb predicate)?

Mein Kater ist ein sehr ruhiges Tier. - My cat is a very calm animal (compound noun predicate).

In addition to the main members, German sentences may contain secondary ones.

5. German objects can be case or prepositional. Non-prepositional objects in Akkusativ are called direct objects and are governed by transitive verbs. Other objects are called indirect and are controlled by intransitive verbs:

Diese Geschichte wurde dem alten Märchenbuch entnommen. - This story was taken from an old book of fairy tales (non-prepositional indirect object in Dativ).

Meine Verwandten gehen auf ein Verbrechen nicht ein. - My relatives will not commit a crime (prepositional indirect object in Akkusativ).

Helga näht ein Kleid für meine Schwester. - Helga is sewing a dress for my sister (direct object).

6. German circumstances can be the most different types: time, mode of action, place, purpose, cause, effect. They can be expressed by adverbs or nouns without prepositions or with prepositions:

In dieser Gegend gibt es viele Brunnen. - There are many sources in this area (adverbial location, noun with preposition).

Deshalb wurde sie mit Recht so genannt. - Therefore, she was rightfully called that (two circumstances of the reason).

Diese Badeschuhe hat er zum Schwimmen im Meer gekauft. - He purchased these bathing slippers for bathing (swimming) in the sea (purpose circumstance).

7. German definitions according to their type are divided into coordinated and inconsistent (meaning those members of the sentence to which they are adjacent). The only thing required condition- this member of a sentence is always expressed by a noun. Agreed definitions are such insofar as they agree with nouns in case, gender and number. They occupy a place before the name and can be participles, adjectives, pronouns (interrogative, possessive, demonstrative):

Meine gelbe Tasche hat sie irritiert. - My yellow bag annoyed her (two agreed definitions: possessive pronoun and adjective).

Welchen Blumenstrauss möchten Sie bestellen? - What bouquet of flowers would you like to order (agreed definition: interrogative pronoun)?

Seine dritte Wahl hat sie erfreut. - His third choice pleased her (agreed definition: ordinal number).

Das Auto unserer Nachbarn steht immer in ihrer Garage. - Our neighbors' car is always in their garage (inconsistent definition: noun in Genitiv).

You can understand what a German subordinate clause is by looking at the following example diagram:

As you can see, a subordinate clause can appear either before or after the main clause.

In a subordinate clause the predicate is worth last. If the predicate is compound, then the conjugated part is in the very last place, and the unchangeable part is in front of it. The negation “nicht” comes before the predicate. Detachable attachments do not separate. The subject comes immediately after the conjunction.

You can see the word order in a German subordinate clause in this diagram:

Thus, it is very important to remember that the predicate comes at the end of the predicate sentence. The predicate is most often a verb. The inflected and conjugated parts appear when, for example, we have a modal verb. Ich kann kommen. kann - conjugated part, kommen - unchangeable part.

There are a few types of subordinate clauses. Below we provide a table of types of subordinate clauses, which includes introductory words (conjunctions, pronouns), followed by the above-described word order in the subordinate clause.

Main types of subordinate clauses:

1) Reasons:

Ich komme nicht, weil ich krank bin. I won't come because I'm sick/sick.

Ich mache das Fenster auf, da es mir zu heiß ist. I'll open the window because I'm too hot.

2) Goals:

Ich lerne Deutsch, damit ich eine gute Arbeit finden kann. I'm learning German so I can find a good job.

Ich arbeite viel, damit meine Kinder alles haben. I work hard to ensure that my children have everything.

If characters in the main and subordinate clauses coincide, then you can use a revolution with um... zu:

damit ich Deutsch lerne. I came to Germany to learn German.

Ich bin nach Deutschland gekommen, um Deutsch zu lernen. I came to Germany to learn German.

3) Conditions:

Wenn es morgen nicht regnet, gehen wir in die Berge. If there is no rain tomorrow, we will go to the mountains.

Falls Sie Kinder haben, bekommen Sie eine Ermäßigung. If you have children, you will receive a discount.

4) Time:

Wenn du nach Hause kommst, ruf mich bitte an. When you get home, please call me.

Während ich arbeite, sind meine Kinder im Kindergarten. While I work, my children are in kindergarten.

Als ich acht war, habe ich das Schwimmen gelernt. When I was eight years old, I learned to swim.

Seitdem ich in Moskau wohne, habe ich immer einen guten Job. Since I live in Moscow, I always have a good job.

Wir haben noch eine Stunde Zeit, bis die Gäste kommen. We still have an hour before the guests arrive.

Sobald du fertig bist, fangen wir an. As soon as you are ready, we will begin.

Bevor ich einkaufen gehe, schreibe ich mir immer eine Einkaufsliste. Before I go shopping, I always write myself a shopping list.

Nachdem ich die Prüfung bestanden habe, kann ich mich erholen. After I have passed the exam, I can rest.

5) Places and directions:

Ich möchte wissen, wo wir sind. I would like to know where we are.

Ich weiß nicht, wohin dieser Weg fuhrt. I don't know where this road leads.

6) Concessions:

Obwohl es regnet, gehe ich spazieren. Even though it's raining, I'll go for a walk.

7) Comparisons:

Je mehr Geld ich verdiene, desto mehr Steuern muss ich bezahlen. The more money I make, the more taxes I owe/have to pay.

Sie sprechen besser Deutsch, als wir erwartet haben. You speak German better than we expected.

8) Additional subordinate clause:

Man sagt, dass Benzin bald wieder teurer wird. They say that gasoline prices will soon rise again.

Können Sie mir bitte sagen, wie dieses Gerät funktioniert? Can you tell me how this device works?

Ich weiß noch nicht, ob ich morgen ins Schwimmbad gehe. I don't know yet whether I'll go to the pool tomorrow.

9) Determinative subordinate clause:

Ich möchte einen Mann heiraten, der mich immer verstehen wird. I want to marry a man who will always understand me.

Ich möchte eine Frau heiraten, die mich nie betrügen wird. I want to marry a woman who will never cheat on me.

Ich möchte ein Kind haben, das mich niemals enttäuschen wird. I want to have a child who will never disappoint me.

Ich möchte diesen Film sehen, von dem alle sprechen. I would like to see this movie that everyone is talking about.

And here are those unions that DO NOT INFLUENCE on the word order of the sentence they enter:und, aber, denn, oder, sondern

The word order after these conjunctions is exactly the same as in the main clause: the conjugated part of the predicate is in second place.

Er antwortete sicher, denn er hatte sich auf die Prufung gut vorbereitet.
He answered confidently because he had prepared well for the exam.

Ich habe keine Zeit, und ich gehe nicht zum Fußball.
I don't have time and I won't go to football.

Exercise: Insert suitable conjunctions

1) ...du willst, begleite ich dich nach Hause.

2) Ich muss viel arbeiten,... ich genug Geld habe.

3) ... ich krank bin, muss ich meine Arbeit erledigen.

4) Ich weiß nicht,... wir machen sollen.

5) ... du das nicht machst, rede ich nicht mehr mit dir.

6) Ich gehe nach Hause,... ich müde bin.

§ 165. A nominal predicate differs from a verbal one in that it includes, in addition to the verbal part, a nominal part - most often a noun or an adjective (in short form). Linking verbs (118) sein (to be, to appear), werden (to become), haben (to have) in their dictionary meaning regularly act as the verbal part of the nominal predicate.

The tense of the nominal predicate is determined by the tense of the linking verb:

Zur Bestimmung der Rentabilität ist der Gewinn zur wichtigsten Größe geworden (Perfekt from werden + noun, more precisely: noun group) . Die menschlichen Bedürfnisse waren unendlich groß (Präteritum from sein + adjective in short form) . Aber die Mittel zu ihrer Befriedigung (das heisst die Güter) wurden immer knapper (Präteritum from werden + adjective in short form in comparative degree) .

Notes:

1) Unlike the Russian language, in which the nominal predicate is simple and compound (cf.: He is a manager - He was a manager), the German nominal predicate is always compound, because The linking verb sein is also used in the form Präsens: Er ist / war Manager.

2) When translating the verb sein in a nominal predicate, it should be taken into account that in Russian, unlike German, the linking verb to be in the present tense is omitted: Er ist/war unser wichtigste ausländische Partner.

3) If the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by an adjective in the superlative degree (34), then such an adjective is declined and supplied with the corresponding article: Diese Frage ist die wichtigste; Dieses Problem ist das wichtigste; Dieser Nachweis ist der wichtigste.

§ 166. A participle can also act as a nominal part of a nominal predicate.

1. The Partizip II form of the transitive verb forms, in combination with the verb sein (in Präsens/Präteritum), the so-called

“effective passive” (132).

The assignment of the form sein + Partizip II vt to a nominal predicate is based on the fact that the verb sein behaves here as a linking verb and is translated into independent meaning to be, to appear. The tense of a nominal predicate of this type is determined, as in any other nominal predicate, by the tense of the verb sein.

If sein has the form Präsens, then the predicate fixes in

present result of a previously committed action: Der Vertrag ist notariell beurkundet.

If the verb sein is in the form Präteritum, then the predicate denotes in the past the result of an action committed at an even earlier period, i.e. records a new state in the past: Der Vertrag war notariell beurkundet.

Note: Each of the interpretations in grammars of the form sein + Partizip II of the transitive verb has its own reasons:

As a nominal predicate - due to the similarity of the participle and the adjective, cf.: Die Rentabilität war erhöht

. – Die rentabilität war hoch

As a resultative passive / passive state - due to the similarity of the passive meanings conveyed by the combinations sein + Partizip II and werden + Partizip II, cf.: Die Rentabilität ist (durch Einsatz von neuen Verfahren) erhöht

. – Die Rentabilität wird (durch Einsatz von neuen Verfahren) erhöht .

2. The short form Partizip I, forming a combination with the verbs sein or werden, behaves similarly to a short adjective as part of a nominal predicate:

Wer eine neue Konsumware will, muss die alte "abschaffen". Denn nur

dann ist/wird die Anschaffung lohnend

a new consumer product must get rid of the old one.

Because only then does the acquisition justify itself (lit.:

is/becomes self-justifying)>.

The convergence in the use of short forms of participle I and adjective as a nominal part is evident from a comparison of similar contexts:

Die Anschaffung war lohnend

justified/justified>. – Die Anschaffung war günstig