Hatching drawing lessons. Correct shading technique

Drawing is undoubtedly a great art. Using a pencil or paints, you can represent any object and emphasize its shape, volume and other parameters. Using pencil shading, you can convey the mood of an object, as well as make it as similar as possible. Most important detail in the drawing is a line. It is thanks to her that clear outlines appear on paper. In order to draw the line correctly, you need to take into account some details.

Important points to note

First of all, it's paper. It should be dense, white, and have a rough surface. Special paper for an artist it is called whatman paper.

Secondly, the sharpening of the pencil itself plays a role. The graphite rod should protrude from the wooden part by 8-10 mm, and the wooden part itself should be ground down by about 25-30 mm and have no roughness. The rod should be thin and fit easily onto the paper. For sketching, it is more convenient to choose TM or 2M pencils; HB is also suitable. The initial stage of the drawing is performed with a harder pencil, then during the work you can switch to a softer one.

Thirdly, you need to choose the right angle of incidence of light. The sheet of paper should be positioned in such a way that future drawing was illuminated as much as possible, and the shadow from the hand did not fall on the sheet.

Of course, you should remember that you need to sit at the table straight, without bending too low over the drawing. Light classical music will help you immerse yourself in fantasy and the pencil will glide effortlessly across the paper. Although, of course, you can draw in complete silence.

Correct hand position

So, the first strokes of the outline of the object are performed easily and without pressure. A straight line is drawn with small abrupt strokes, indicating the contours. It should be noted that the pencil is not taken as usual ballpoint pen. It should be held differently. The pencil should be taken with two fingers so that the thumb is on top of the pencil, and forefinger under the pencil. Your fingers should only hold the unsharpened part of the pencil. You need to make sure that your hand does not lie completely on the drawing. Only the little finger can touch the paper. With this position of the hands, the drawer will be able to calmly observe his actions, drawing on paper not only even contour lines, but also move forward in a circle.

Long straight lines should be drawn with a wave of the entire arm, lines middle length It’s more convenient to paint by moving only the brush. Smooth short strokes should be drawn only with your fingers on the surface of the sheet.

Depending on the pressure, the lines can be very thin, barely noticeable to the eye, or they can be very saturated. To get a good dark line, you don't have to press down on the pencil with all your might. It is enough to take a softer pencil and slightly increase the pressure.

The pencil itself, as a material, is widely used in graphic representation one thing or another. Graphite, which is what a pencil is mostly made of, has the ability to easily lie on a sheet of paper, sit well there, and not crumble over time.

If the pencil line does not turn out as planned, it can be easily erased with an eraser. The elastic should be quite soft and white.

But it happens that after applying multiple shading, it is almost impossible to wipe out the pencil line - only ugly gray abrasions are formed. In this case, the drawing will be saved from collapse by the bread crumb. After this, the abrasion will no longer be so gray and work can be continued further.

Components of the drawing

In any drawing there are such concepts as light, shadow, highlight, reflex and more. You need to start shading from the light side of the object, gradually moving to the shadow part.

Hatching is a collection of small thin short lines. It is performed by applying it at different angles. Basically, these are slanted lines. Typically, the edges of the object
hatched in shape. In this case, the line bends.

The strokes should lie next to each other at a distance of less than a millimeter.

To convey the shadow, you need to apply several layers of shading, increasing the pressure of the pencil. In the part where there is a glare on the object, the shading is wiped off in a circular motion, thereby highlighting the object.

Penumbra is the place of transition from the light part to the dark part. It is performed more carefully, drawing all the invisible distant lines of the object.

The shadow is the darkest area. Multilayer shading is used here, using a softer pencil. In the shadows there is a slight reflection from objects nearby. It is called a reflex, and is lighter than the shadow.

Correct shading, as well as compliance with proportions and placement on a plane, makes it possible to see a beautiful, competent drawing that will cause the admiration of others.

In order to learn to draw volumetric figures, it is very important to master the technique that will allow you to achieve maximum realistic images. Pencil shading makes it possible to create not only simple pictures, but also to convey complex images.

Technology capabilities

Hatching with a pencil allows you to accurately depict the required tone. Such drawings are made with lines of different frequencies, which allows you to depict tones of different saturation. Cross hatching is used to deepen the tone.

If you look closely at a drawing made using this technique, even in the darkest tone you can detect all types of shading: vertical, horizontal and oblique. With the help of pencil shading, you can not only convey the tone of the drawing, but even show the surface of the objects depicted on it.

In addition to the usual straight shading, relief shading is often used in drawing. This type of drawing filling is necessary to give individual objects relief (as the name suggests). For example, arched lines are often used to design elements such as human lips.

It will be useful for a beginner to keep on his desktop the so-called stroke palette, which shows different kinds and shades of shading. With the help of such a table it will be easier to understand which shading should be used in each specific case. It would be ideal if this palette was created by the painter himself, because, among other things, this is also an excellent skill training.

Teaching a small child

Teaching children to draw can begin from the very beginning. early age. When a child is just learning to draw a pencil on paper, you can already begin to teach him to do it correctly, to apply the first strokes, painting over some cat or house. At the same time, the child does not need to know all drawing techniques in general and shading in particular. The most you can teach him is to paint the house using different tones. Pencil shading is ideal for small drawings such as a house or a car. For children, it is not so important that the texture of the house is perfectly depicted, the main thing is that it is very similar to real home, and the baby did it himself.

Drawing for preschoolers

All children love to draw. Most often, the creations of preschoolers can hardly be called drawings; rather, they are simply a set of icons, individual objects, or schematic animals suspended “in the air.” If you started drawing with your child from early childhood, then by the age of 5-7 years they should already have mastered the initial shading with a pencil. This is enough for preschoolers interesting way drawing, because it does not require any special skills. However, by this age the child is already quite capable of portraying geometric figures, indicating light and shadow.

In addition to drawing skills, shading with a pencil for preschoolers also helps the development fine motor skills, helps teach perseverance and even instill good handwriting.

Complex drawings

Pencil shading was born from lithography and line etching. The great artists of the Norman school were fond of this painting technique. With the advent of the pencil in our lives, this type of art received a new development. Many magnificent drawings were created using this technique. With skillful use of the stroke, you can create an image that has volume and conveys space. Different line thicknesses allow you to realistically convey the depth of space.

A competent draftsman is able to depict incredibly complex paintings, looking at which it is simply impossible to believe that they are shading with a simple pencil. Often, paintings are created that look more like photographs, with many tones, transitions and the smallest expressive details.

To achieve success in drawing, you must practice constantly. Pencil shading is not the most difficult drawing method; you can even learn it on your own by studying the works of masters and repeating the exercises. By analyzing and identifying your mistakes, you can achieve success in pencil drawing. There have already been cases in history when a person became a popular artist, although he began to draw at an advanced age.

How to shade a background with a pencil

Lesson No. 1. Types of shading.

Hatching

There are always gaps between the drawn lines. High-quality shading of any fragment has approximately the same length of strokes, the distance between them and the slope. The strokes are clear, even, without rounding.

Michelangelo (fragment of the sketch “Madonna Taddy”)

Hatching that maintains shape

Hatching that does not maintain shape

2. Cross

3. Contour

4. Spot

5. Random (zigzag)

Examples of poor-quality shading:

Lesson #2. 5 secrets of a beautiful touch.

Using this example, we will consider the features of beautiful shading. + Video - Lesson.

Yudaev-Racei Yuri, “Bananas”
Using this example, we will consider the features of beautiful shading.

5 principles of beautiful shading:

First, a beautiful stroke is made with confident and quick movements. I have already written about how to draw straight lines; they are needed not by themselves (“that’s how great I can draw a straight line without a ruler!”), but as an element of the stroke. In the figure these lines are very readable. To draw straight lines this way, you need to hold the pencil correctly. Lines drawn by a trembling, uncertain hand are unlikely to look impressive)

The tone is developed by cross-hatching, increasing pressure and more frequent strokes. But first of all, it is important to cross the lines - look, even in the darkest place the paper shines through the shading. This gives general impression cleanliness.

No shading is used. I'm not saying that you can't extinguish at all. You cannot mix cross-hatching and shading in one drawing; if you rub it, then the whole drawing. Because when the graphite is smeared only in a few places, it seems as if it is a consequence of general sloppiness. This happens, for example, when, while shading, your hand moves across the paper and rubs the finished areas - these stains are then difficult to get rid of. It’s easier to avoid them by placing a clean piece of paper under your hand.

The stroke is applied according to the shape. For example, in the figure you can see that bananas lie on a horizontal plane, and behind them there is a vertical plane. If a horizontal plane is hatched with vertical lines, it will rear up) Which, in general, is partly what happened in the lower right corner of the drawing.

What is most carefully studied is what is in the foreground - there are the strongest chiaroscuro contrasts. In the distance, the tonal transitions are smoother, everything seems to be shrouded in haze - this is how an aerial perspective is shown.

And most importantly, you don’t have to be afraid to draw the line incorrectly, go over the line, etc. Otherwise, you will feel constrained, and this feeling will certainly be transmitted to the viewer (if you decide to show someone a tortured drawing). To do well, you need to draw WITH PLEASURE and think less about the result).

Lesson #3. Practical part.

Shading may seem difficult. However, correct shading in itself is not simple; it takes years to perfect, and it can become the master’s personal style.

Tonal shading.

Draw a simple rectangle and try to shade it evenly using only one angle. The strokes should be light. Your strokes should start smoothly and then fade away just as smoothly. At the same time, the wrist should work very well, swinging like a conductor’s hand, and not your fingers.

1) Why do you start learning to draw with a pencil first? Not because it is a cheap material, but because errors are most noticeable in b/w color.
2) Before drawing an object, still life or portrait, lay out the layout from lightest to darkest. At the first stage, you can number and determine in the drawing where what color will be.

Continuous hatching:

For best practice, perform another continuous and gradual darkening from light to dark and vice versa. In this case, shading in different directions will help convey the gradient more smoothly. First use one medium soft pencil and see how it turns out. if the tone is not enough, then use pencils of greater softness. Never use finger blending or other special blending tools. Instead, try to create multi-layered shading with varying pressure on the stylus.

By training your hands, ensure that the shading is uniform and the lines are straighter. Practice as much as possible, in your free evenings or on weekends.

1 pic. What is a stroke? A stroke is one broken line drawn on a sheet of paper with one stroke of the brush. The line can be straight or round, depending on the shape we are hatching. The strokes are superimposed closely one after another. When shading, different hardness and softness of the pencil are used. If you don’t have any, then it’s important to learn how to press the pencil differently (if you press harder, you’ll get more dark shade, weaker - lighter). The stroke is applied according to the shape of the object or crosswise. It's important to remember this! So, we have a still life, where to start? In order to make it easier for us to understand how the stroke will be laid, we will make a grid of auxiliary lines for objects (I remind you, do not put pressure on the pencil), as in the figure. Thus, we will show how to cut objects. We draw the grid lines according to the shape of the lines of the objects.

2 fig. Before you start shading, you must understand that every object has a shadow side, and there is a light side, and there is also a falling shadow from objects! Pay attention to the picture. The light is indicated by an arrow in the upper right corner. Now look at how this light falls on objects - where is the shadow, and where is the light. And also in the direction of the incident rays of light, you will be able to see the shadow falling from objects. You can do some experiments with the mug at home. Very good! Now you can hatch. We will apply the stroke from top to bottom along the horizontal grid line on the left side of the light (see figure). Note that the shadow does not completely cover the shadow side, leaving the edge light. Be sure to place a sheet of paper under your hand, because... the pencil tends to rub with the back of the hand when applying a stroke. On the light part of the jug and mug at the edge of the line, use light pressure with a pencil to show a faint shadow.

3 fig. Well done, let's move on! Now I will tell you about the gradation between shadow and light. There is such a concept as half-shade and half-light, pay attention to the picture. In other words, it is a smooth flow from shadow to light. There is one more concept that needs to be remembered - “reflex”. Reflex is the reflection of light rays. There is a reflex under the shadow itself (see figure). Speaking of a falling shadow, it has the property of dissipating, i.e. at the beginning of the object it is darker and the further from it, the lighter. So let's continue shading. Next, we continue to apply strokes along the vertical grid lines. Please note that the pressure of the pencil on the stroke depends on what? You draw light, half-light or shadow, if the shadow is stronger; half-light, reflex - weaker.

4 fig. This final stage, you're almost done! Here our task is to ensure that our still life is not transparent and rough! It is important to add density and realism to objects. How do we do this? Before this, we used a stroke along the grid (shape), now to compact it we can add a diagonal smooth stroke with pestles, as well as along the grid (if it’s missing somewhere). We shade the reflex like a half-light. Add a shadow from the handle of the mug and shade the surface of the table. For realism, you can more clearly outline the contours of the visible ellipse on the dishes and other lines (see figure). The still life is ready!

We will need 2H, HB, 2B, 4B and 6B pencils, an eraser and drawing paper. This article is recommended for artists of all ages and backgrounds.

Basics of smooth shading (gradient shading).
In this section, you will use a 2B pencil to draw a very simple gradient, drawing strokes of varying lengths either far apart or close together. Gradient shadow creation is a transition from dark to light or from light to dark. Hatching refers to lines that are drawn close together to create the illusion of shadow. Shading means various shades, with the help of which the drawing is given a three-dimensional appearance.
1. Before you start drawing, take a few minutes to find natural hand movements. Make a few parallel lines. As you draw, pay attention to how to make these lines. Try it different variants moving your pencil, turning the paper or changing the angle of your lines, do this until you find a position and movement that is comfortable for you.
2. Draw the first set of lines, with the shading taking up a little more than half of your paper horizontally. On the left side of the paper, press lightly with your 2B pencil to draw light lines far apart and in small quantities. Closer to the middle there are fewer small lines, more long ones and they are a little closer to each other. By using hatching lines of different lengths, you can make a subtle transition from a shadow of one intensity to a shadow of another intensity.

3. Draw more lines darker and closer together until you reach the end of the paper (horizontally). Add a few more short lines between your individual lines if the transition between tones is not very smooth.

4. Draw more lines closer together, all the way until the end result is dark. Start making your lines closer together with 2/3 of the paper. Notice that the lines that make up the dark areas are very close together and the paper is very difficult to see, but is still visible.

Gradient shading.
Before you start this part of the tutorial, draw a line with each pencil and see how they differ. 2H is the lightest (hard) and 6B pencil is the darkest (soft). 2H is ideal for creating light tones, HB and 2B are good for medium tones, 4B and 6B are good for creating dark shades. You will use them for a smooth transition, and pressing on the pencil will also change the color.

5. On the left side of the paper, using light pressure with a 2H pencil, draw light lines. As you move closer to the middle, make your lines closer to each other and press a little more on the pencil. Use an HB and/or 2B pencil to achieve a medium-tone shading in your work. Continue to darken your tone as you move to the right.

6. Using the HB and/or 2B pencil(s), make dark shading almost to the end of your sheet.

7. Using 4B and 6B pencils, draw the most dark colors. Make sure your pencils are sharp. Draw the lines close together. 6B will create a very dark shade. If you notice that the transition between your tones is abrupt, you can make it smoother by adding a few more short lines between your lines.

Look at the smooth transition between tones in the picture below. The individual lines are barely noticeable because they are so close to each other. No smudging was used here, although it looks almost like a continuous gradient. Patience and a lot of practice and you will be able to do this later. Try it!

8. Use curved lines to draw the transition of 10 different tones from light to dark, the drawing shows the texture of the hair. The author divided the sheet width into 10 parts so that you understand how the tone changes, with each subsequent one darker than the previous one. Curves are drawn with the letters C and U. When drawing human hair and animal fur, curved hatching lines should follow the contour of the shape of the head and body.

9. In practice, use more different tones, drawing from light to dark. Your pencils play an important role in creating your shading. Beginners can use three or four pencils. Most often the author uses 2H, HB, 2B, 4B and 6B pencils. With a full range of pencils from 6H-8B, the potential range of tones that can be made is endless.