Chemical shop. Water treatment processes. Descaling. Descaler. Descaling. Hard water softening, water softener, water treatment, water treatment

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Branch of the federal state budgetary educational institution of higher education vocational education"South Ural State University"(national research

University) in Satka

Test

in the discipline "General Energy"

topic: “Chemical water treatment at thermal power plants”

INTRODUCTION

Energy consumption is a prerequisite for human existence. The availability of energy available for consumption has always been necessary to meet human needs, increase the duration and improve the conditions of his life. The history of civilization is the history of the invention of more and more new methods of energy conversion, the development of its new sources and, ultimately, an increase in energy consumption. The first leap in the growth of energy consumption occurred when people learned to make fire and use it for cooking and heating their homes. The sources of energy during this period were firewood and human muscle power. The next important stage is associated with the invention of the wheel, the creation of various tools, and the development of blacksmithing. By the 15th century medieval man using draft animals, water and wind energy, firewood and other a large number of coal, already consumed approximately 10 times more than primitive. A particularly noticeable increase in global energy consumption has occurred over the past 200 years since the beginning of the industrial era - it increased 30 times and reached 14.3 Gtce/year in 2001. A person in an industrial society consumes 100 times more energy than a primitive person and lives 4 times longer. In the modern world, energy is the basis for the development of basic industries that determine progress social production. In all industrialized countries, the pace of energy development has outstripped the pace of development of other industries. An electrical station is a power plant used to convert any energy into electricity. The type of power plant is determined, first of all, by the type of energy carrier. The most widespread are thermal power plants (TPPs), which use thermal energy released by burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas, etc.). Thermal power plants generate about 76% of the electricity produced on our planet. This is due to the presence of fossil fuels in almost all areas of our planet; the possibility of transporting organic fuel from the extraction site to a power plant located near energy consumers; technical progress at thermal power plants, ensuring the construction of thermal power plants with high power; the possibility of using waste heat of the working fluid and supplying consumers, in addition to electrical energy, also thermal energy (with steam or hot water) and so on.

Depending on the energy source, there are: - thermal power plants(TPPs) using natural fuel; - hydroelectric power plants (HPPs), using the energy of falling water from dammed rivers;

Nuclear power plants (NPPs) using nuclear energy; - other power plants using wind, solar, geothermal and other types of energy.

Our country produces and consumes a huge amount of electricity. It is almost entirely produced by three main types of power plants: thermal, nuclear and hydroelectric power plants.

In Russia, about 75% of energy is produced at thermal power plants. Thermal power plants are built in areas of fuel production or in areas of energy consumption. It is profitable to build hydroelectric power stations on deep mountain rivers. Therefore, the largest hydroelectric power stations are built on Siberian rivers. Yenisei, Angara. But cascades of hydroelectric power stations have also been built on lowland rivers: the Volga and Kama. heating power plant turbine water treatment

Nuclear power plants are built in areas where a lot of energy is consumed and other energy resources are scarce (in the western part of the country).

The main type of power plants in Russia are thermal power plants (TPP). These installations generate approximately 67% of Russia's electricity.

Their placement is influenced by fuel and consumer factors. The most powerful power plants are located in places where fuel is produced. Thermal power plants using high-calorie, transportable fuel are aimed at consumers.

1. COOPERATIONAL POWER PLANTS (CHP)

This type of power plant is intended for the centralized supply of thermal and electrical energy to industrial enterprises and cities. Being, like IES, thermal stations, they differ from the latter in the use of heat “spent” in steam turbines for the needs industrial production, as well as for heating, air conditioning and hot water supply. With such combined generation of electrical and thermal energy, significant fuel savings are achieved compared to separate energy supply, i.e., generating electricity at CPPs and receiving heat from local boiler houses. Therefore, thermal power plants have become widespread in areas (cities) with high consumption of heat and electricity. In general, thermal power plants produce up to 25% of all electricity generated in the country.

Parts of the circuit that are similar in structure to those for IES are not indicated here. The main difference lies in the specifics of the steam-water circuit and the method of generating electricity.

Rice. 1. Features of the technological scheme of a CHP plant:

1 -- network pump; 2 -- network heater

As can be seen from Fig. 1, steam for production is taken from the intermediate extractions of the turbine, after it has given off a significant part of the energy at a pressure of 10--20 kgf/cm2, while its primary parameters before the turbine are 90--130 kgf/cm2.

For heat supply, steam is taken at a pressure of 1.2-- 2.5 kgf/cm2 and supplied to network heaters 2 (Fig. 1). Here it gives off heat to the network water and condenses. The heating steam condensate is returned to the main steam-water circuit, and the water pumped into the heaters by network pumps 1 is sent for district heating needs.

It is clear that the greater the commercial heat supply (i.e., heat consumption) and the less heat is carried away uselessly by circulating water, the more economical is the process of generating electricity at a thermal power plant.

In general, the efficiency of CHP plants exceeds the efficiency of CES. Depending on the amount of heat consumption, it can be 50-80%.

If there is no heat consumption or it is small, the CHP plant can generate electricity in condensing mode. However, in this mode, CHP units are inferior in technical and economic indicators to CES units.

The specifics of the electrical part of a thermal power plant are determined by the position of the station near the centers of electrical loads. Under these conditions, part of the power can be supplied to the local network directly at the generator voltage. For this purpose, a generator switchgear (GRU) is usually created at the station. Excess power is supplied, as in the case of IES, to the system at increased voltage.

An essential feature of the CHP plant is also the increased power of the thermal equipment compared to the electrical power of the station, taking into account the output of thermal energy. This circumstance predetermines a higher relative consumption of electricity for own needs than in the case of IES.

2. CHEMICAL WATER TREATMENT AT CHPP

In thermal power engineering, the main coolant is water and the steam generated from it. The impurities contained in the water, entering the steam boiler with feed water, and into the hot water boiler with the network water, form low-heat-conducting deposits and scale on the heat exchange surface, which thermally insulate the surface from the inside and also cause corrosion. Corrosion processes, in turn, are an additional source of impurities entering water.

As a result, the thermal resistance of the wall increases, heat transfer decreases, and, consequently, the temperature of the flue gases increases, which leads to a decrease in boiler efficiency and excessive fuel consumption. When the temperature of the pipe metal increases excessively, their strength decreases, even leading to the creation of an emergency situation.

At low and medium pressures in drum boilers, impurities enter the steam only due to the entrainment of droplets of boiler water, i.e., if the drying of the apparatus is not effective enough. At high pressures, impurities begin to dissolve in steam, and the more intensely the higher the pressure, and, first of all, silicic acid.

Therefore, with increasing pressure, the requirements for the quality of feed and make-up water increase significantly. Requirements for the reliability of the water regime are formulated in the form of water regime standards in the rules technical operation electrical stations and networks (PTE) and in the rules for the design and safe operation of steam and hot water boilers.

The presence of deposits makes it necessary to clean the equipment, which is a time-consuming and expensive operation. Thus, water treatment is a necessary attribute of any boiler room. Purity of water and steam in individual units and parts of boiler room ducts, combined general concept water regime of the boiler room has a significant impact on the efficiency and reliability of its operation.

2.1 Water treatment at thermal power plants

One of the most important issues in the energy sector has been and remains water treatment at thermal power plants. For energy enterprises, water is the main source of their work and therefore very high demands are placed on its maintenance. Since Russia is a country with a cold climate and constant severe frosts, the work of thermal power plants is what people’s lives depend on. The quality of water supplied to the heating plant greatly affects its operation. Hard water is poured into very serious problem for steam and gas boiler houses, as well as steam turbines of thermal power plants, which provide the city with heat and hot water. In order to clearly understand how and what exactly hard water negatively affects, it would not hurt to first understand what a thermal power plant is? And what do they “eat” it with? So, a combined heat and power plant (CHP) is a type of thermal station that not only provides heat to the city, but also supplies hot water to our homes and businesses. Such a power plant is designed like a condensing power plant, but differs from it in that it can take away part of the thermal steam after it has given up its energy.

Steam turbines are different. Depending on the type of turbine, steam with different indicators is selected. Turbines at the power plant allow you to regulate the amount of steam extracted. The steam that has been selected is condensed in a network heater or heaters. All energy from it is transferred to network water. The water, in turn, goes to peak water heating boilers and heating points. If the steam extraction paths at a thermal power plant are blocked, it becomes a conventional CPP. Thus, the combined heat and power plant can operate according to two different load schedules:

· thermal graph - directly proportional dependence of electrical load on thermal load;

· electrical graph - there is either no thermal load at all, or the electrical load does not depend on it. The advantage of CHP is that it combines both thermal energy, and electric. Unlike IES, the remaining heat is not lost, but is used for heating. As a result, the coefficient increases useful action power plants. For water treatment at thermal power plants it is 80 percent versus 30 percent for CES. True, this does not speak about the efficiency of the combined heat and power plant. Here other indicators are at stake - specific electricity generation and cycle efficiency. The peculiarities of the location of the thermal power plant include the fact that it should be built within the city. The fact is that heat transfer over distances is impractical and impossible. Therefore, water treatment at thermal power plants is always built near consumers of electricity and heat. What does water treatment equipment for thermal power plants consist of? These are turbines and boilers. Boilers produce steam for turbines, and turbines use steam energy to produce electrical energy. Turbogenerator includes steam turbine and a synchronous generator. Steam in turbines is obtained through the use of fuel oil and gas. These substances heat the water in the boiler. Steam under pressure rotates the turbine and the output is electricity. The waste steam is supplied to homes in the form of hot water for domestic needs. Therefore, waste steam must have certain properties. Hard water with many impurities will not allow you to get high-quality steam, which, moreover, can then be supplied to people for use at home. If the steam is not sent to supply hot water, then it is immediately cooled in cooling towers at the thermal power plant. If you have ever seen huge pipes at thermal stations and how smoke pours out of them, then these are cooling towers, and the smoke is not smoke at all, but steam that rises from them when condensation and cooling occurs. How does water treatment work using fuel cells? The turbine and, of course, the boilers that convert water into steam are most susceptible to the influence of hard water here. The main task of any thermal power plant is to produce clean water in the boiler. Why is hard water so bad? What are its consequences and why do they cost us so much? Hard water differs from ordinary water in its high content of calcium and magnesium salts. It is these salts that, under the influence of temperature, settle on the heating element and the walls of household appliances. The same applies to steam boilers. Scale forms at the heating point and boiling point along the edges of the boiler itself. Removing scale from the heat exchanger in this case is difficult, because scale builds up on huge equipment, inside pipes, all kinds of sensors, and automation systems. Flushing a boiler from scale using such equipment is a whole multi-stage system, which can even be carried out during disassembly of the equipment. But this is in the case of high scale density and large deposits. A regular descaling agent will certainly not help in such conditions. If we talk about the consequences of hard water for everyday life, it also affects human health and increases the cost of using household appliances. In addition, hard water has very poor contact with detergents. You will use 60 percent more powder and soap. Costs will grow by leaps and bounds. That's why water softening was invented to neutralize hard water; you install one water softener in your apartment and forget that there is a descaling agent, a descaling agent.

Scale also has poor thermal conductivity. This is her flaw main reason expensive breakdowns household appliances. The scale-covered thermal element simply burns out, trying to transfer heat to the water. Plus, due to the poor solubility of detergents, the washing machine must be turned on for rinsing. These are the costs of water and electricity. In any case, water softening is the surest and most cost-effective option for preventing scale formation. Now imagine what water treatment at a thermal power plant is like on an industrial scale? They use gallons of descaling agent there. The boiler is cleaned from scale periodically. There are regular and repair ones. To make descaling more painless, water treatment is needed. It will help prevent scale formation and protect both pipes and equipment. With it, hard water will not have its destructive effect on such an alarming scale. If we talk about industry and energy, hard water most of all brings trouble to thermal power plants and boiler houses. That is, in those areas where water is directly treated and heated and this warm water moves through water supply pipes. Water softening is necessary here, like air. But since water treatment at a thermal power plant involves working with huge volumes of water, water treatment must be carefully calculated and thought out, taking into account all sorts of nuances. From analysis chemical composition water and the location of one or another water softener. In a thermal power plant, water treatment is not only a water softener, it is also equipment maintenance afterward. After all, descaling in this production process will still have to be done at certain intervals. More than one descaling agent is used here. It can be formic acid, citric acid, or sulfuric acid. In various concentrations, always in the form of a solution. And one or another solution of acids is used depending on which of them components made the boiler, pipes, controller and sensors. So, what energy facilities require water treatment? These are boiler stations, boilers, this is also part of thermal power plants, water heating installations, pipelines. The weakest points, including thermal power plants, remain pipelines. The scale that accumulates here can lead to depletion of pipes and their rupture. When scale is not removed in time, it simply prevents water from flowing normally through the pipes and overheats them. Along with scale, the second problem with equipment in thermal power plants is corrosion. It also cannot be left to chance. What can a thick layer of scale cause in the pipes that supply water to a thermal power plant? This complex issue, but we will answer it now knowing what water treatment at a thermal power plant is. Since scale is an excellent heat insulator, heat consumption increases sharply, and heat transfer, on the contrary, decreases. The efficiency of boiler equipment drops significantly, all of which can result in rupture of pipes and explosion of the boiler.

Water treatment at thermal power plants is something you cannot save on. If at home you still think about whether to buy a water softener or choose a descaling agent, then such bargaining is unacceptable for heating equipment. At thermal power plants, every penny is counted, so descaling in the absence of a softening system will cost much more. And the safety of devices, their durability and reliable operation also play a role. Equipment, pipes, and boilers that have been descaled work 20-40 percent more efficiently than equipment that has not been cleaned or operates without a softening system. The main feature of water treatment at thermal power plants is that it requires deeply demineralized water. To do this, you need to use precise automated equipment. In such production, reverse osmosis and nanofiltration, as well as electrodeionization units are most often used. What stages does water treatment include in the energy sector, including at thermal power plants? The first stage includes mechanical cleaning of all kinds of impurities. At this stage, all suspended impurities are removed from the water, including sand and microscopic particles of rust, etc. This is the so-called rough cleaning. After it, the water comes out clean for human eyes. Only dissolved hardness salts, ferrous compounds, bacteria and viruses and liquid gases remain in it.

When developing a water treatment system, you need to take into account such a nuance as the source of water supply. Is this tap water from centralized water supply systems or is it water from a primary source? The difference in water treatment is that water from water supply systems has already undergone primary purification. Only hardness salts need to be removed from it, and iron removed if necessary. Water from primary sources is absolutely untreated water. That is, we are dealing with a whole bouquet. Here it is necessary to carry out a chemical analysis of the water in order to understand what impurities we are dealing with and what filters to install to soften the water and in what sequence. After rough cleaning, the next stage in the system is called ion exchange desalting. An ion exchange filter is installed here. It works on the basis of ion exchange processes. The main element is an ion exchange resin, which includes sodium. It forms weak compounds with the resin. As soon as hard water at a thermal power plant enters such a softener, the hardness salts instantly knock sodium out of the structure and firmly take its place. This filter is very easy to restore. The resin cartridge is moved to the regeneration tank, which contains a saturated brine solution. Sodium takes its place again, and hardness salts are washed into the drainage. The next stage is obtaining water with the specified characteristics. Here they use a water treatment plant at a thermal power plant. Its main advantage is getting 100 percent clean water, with specified alkalinity, acidity, and mineralization levels. If an enterprise needs process water, then a reverse osmosis installation was created precisely for such cases.

Nanofiltration is essentially the same as reverse osmosis, only low-pressure. Therefore, the principle of operation is the same, only the water pressure is less. The next stage is the removal of gases dissolved in it from water. Since thermal power plants need clean steam without impurities, it is very important to remove oxygen, hydrogen and carbon dioxide dissolved in it from water. The elimination of liquid gas impurities in water is called decarbonation and deaeration. After this stage, the water is ready to be supplied to the boilers. The steam produced is exactly the concentration and temperature required.

As you can see, from all of the above, water treatment in a thermal power plant is one of the most important components production process. Without clean water, there will be no quality good couple, which means there will not be enough electricity. Therefore, water treatment in thermal power plants must be closely handled, and this service must be trusted exclusively to professionals. A properly designed water treatment system is a guarantee of long-term equipment service and high-quality energy supply services.

2.2 Chemical water treatment

Most modern enterprises use water treatment facilities to filter wastewater for subsequent use. Due to the presence of a large amount of harmful substances in them - remnants of man-made production, simple mechanical purification is not enough. For this reason, for complete chemical water purification, technologies and installations are used that purify the liquid using chemical reagents. Proper use of such methods allows you to achieve very high results and eliminate any type of contamination. Depending on the data of the chemical and biological analysis of the liquid, the appropriate types of chemical and biochemical substances are used for water purification, maximally satisfying all the requirements.

Using the data obtained on the composition of H2O, scientists establish in the laboratory what chemical reactions occur when purifying water with a particular concentration of reagents. Since the substance used as a reagent is active in this process, in order to avoid its overdose, the proportions suggested by experts should be strictly observed. In some cases, the use of such additives is impossible because the damage from them will be much greater than the benefit. In such situations, biological active substances are used that can oxidize almost all contaminants without harming the environment. Before using them, it would not be superfluous to find out in more detail what tests are performed during aerobic biochemical water purification. One of the most common studies is biochemical oxygen consumption, which indicates how much O2 microorganisms need for their normal functioning and oxidation of harmful substances. In addition to this indicator, chemical and biological analysis of the liquid is also taken into account.

You can often find chromium in wastewater, a toxic substance that causes allergic reactions and very dangerous for the human body. Its neutralization is as important as desalting and deferrization of H2O. To do this, it is necessary to chemically purify water from chromium using the electrocoagulation method. The liquid undergoes electrophoresis, as a result of which the chromium molecule is divided into anions and cations. Aluminum and iron hydroxides, which have a high sorption capacity, attract them, forming an insoluble flocculent sediment. The advantages of this method are the absence of reagents acting as salts.

Chemical purification of water from iron and calcium

One of the most common contaminants is iron oxide, which is characterized by a specific color and metallic taste. In cases where its amount is small, oxygen can be used as a reagent. Often this method is used to purify water from a well containing iron oxide. The essence of this method is that with the help of a H2O compressor, O2 is saturated. For the successful reaction between iron and oxygen, a catalyst is used - magnesium. The result of the reaction is the production of ferric iron, which is easily retained by mesh filters.

In cases where it is necessary to deferrize, soften, neutralize and chemically purify rusty water in a well, stronger reagents are used. These include sodium hypochlorite, which oxidizes almost all salts, metals and organic substances. If the liquid will not be used in production in the future, and its filtration is necessary to return it to the natural environment, it is worth using more gentle methods. The industrial purification of water from thermal power plants using chemical reagents to remove calcium, which protects pipes from the formation of limescale, deserves special attention. Even a small layer of scale on pipes helps reduce the heat transfer coefficient and increase fuel consumption. To solve this problem, the liming method can be used, when a slaked lime solution with a pH level of no more than 10 is added to the liquid. As a result, the following example of a chemical water purification reaction can be observed:

Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 = 2 CaCO3 + 2H2O Mg(HCO3)2 + 2 Ca(OH)2 = Mg(OH)2 + 2CaCO3 + 2H2O.

As a result, insoluble salts are formed, which are then removed from the tank. It is very important that the reactions of the chemical water purification system, as well as temperature and pressure control, are carried out constantly. Otherwise, difficulties may arise in the disposal of sludge and an increase in the turbidity of the liquid.

The choice of reagents for the chemical preparation of industrial water largely depends on the nature of the contaminants, as well as on the financial capabilities of the enterprise. Chemical water purification is combined by the efforts of many organizations with the use of sodium hypochlorite, which is explained by its high efficiency and low cost. Based on the results of filtration, it can compete with the ozonation method, which is absolutely harmless to humans, but its cost will be much higher. Many plants use boiler systems that require careful filtration of H2O before use. This need is due to protection against the formation of limescale and corrosion. Chemical purification of boiler water is carried out using electrochemical oxidation or adding a special anti-scale solution to the liquid. The first method is safer because it does not use reagents, and the removal of salts occurs due to exposure to them magnetic field. The second method is not used as often and is used for prevention.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST

1. Gitelman L.D., Ratnikov B.E. Energy business. - M.: Delo, 2006. - 600 p.

2. Fundamentals of energy saving: Textbook. allowance / M.V. Samoilov, V.V. Panevchik, A.N. Kovalev. 2nd ed., stereotype. - Mn.: BSEU, 2002. - 198 p.

3. Standardization of energy consumption - the basis of energy saving / P.P. Bezrukov, E.V. Pashkov, Yu.A. Tsererin, M.B. Pluschevsky // Standards and quality, 1993.

4. I.Kh.Ganev. Physics and calculation of the reactor. Tutorial for universities. M, 1992, Energoatomizdat.

5. Ryzhkin V. Ya., Thermal power plants, M., 1976.

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Water circulation in the operating cycle of thermal power plants

Water and water vapor are coolants in the water and water-steam paths of thermal power plants, thermal power plants and nuclear power plants.

When solving the water problem of thermal power plants, it is of great importance that the transition to high and supercritical pressure significantly changes the conditions of vaporization, heat exchange during boiling, the hydrodynamics of the steam mixture in the boiler pipes, as well as the properties of the working fluid itself.

For example, with increasing pressure, the density of water vapor sharply increases, the speed of the steam-water mixture in steam-generating pipes decreases, and the surface tension and viscosity of water decreases, which contributes to the formation of scale and corrosion.

As the density of water vapor increases, its ability to dissolve various chemical compounds contained in boiler water increases, which leads to a significant removal of inorganic impurities in the water.

Water at thermal power plants is used:

for steam production in boilers, evaporators;

for condensation of exhaust steam in condensers of steam turbines and other heat exchangers;

for cooling purge water and bearings of smoke exhausters;

as a working coolant in district heating networks and hot water supply networks.

Water vapor produced in boilers and then exhausted in turbines is condensed or used in the form of steam at reduced parameters in industrial and utility enterprises for technological processes, heating and ventilation.

Rice. 1.1. IES scheme:

1 - steam boiler; 2 - steam turbine; 3 - electric generator; 4 - water treatment plant; 5 - capacitor; 6 - condensate pump; 7 - condensate purification (CCP); 8 - HDPE; 9 - deaerator; 10 - feed pump; 11 - PVD.

D REF.V. - source water.

D D.V. - additional water is sent to the circuit to replenish the loss of steam and condensate after treatment using physicochemical cleaning methods.

d T.K. - turbine condensate contains a small amount of dissolved and suspended impurities - the main component of feed water.

D V.K. - return condensate from external steam consumers, used after cleaning in a return condensate purification unit (7) from introduced contaminants. It is a component of feed water.

Dp.v. - feed water is supplied to boilers, steam generators or reactors to replace evaporated water in these units. It is a mixture of D T. K , D D.V. , D V.K. and condenses in the elements of these units.

Rice. 1.2. TPP diagram:

1 - steam boiler; 2 - steam turbine; 3 - electric generator; 4 - capacitor; 5 - condensate pump; 6 - installation for cleaning return condensate; 7 - deaerator; 8 - feed pump; 9 - additional water heater; 10 - water treatment for boiler feed; 11 - return condensate pumps; 12 - return condensate tanks; 13 - production steam consumer; 14 - industrial steam consumer; 15 - water treatment for feeding the heating network.

D PR - blowdown water - is removed from the boiler, steam generator or reactor for cleaning or drainage to maintain specified concentrations of impurities in the evaporated (boiler) water. The composition and concentration of impurities in boiler and blowdown water are the same.

D O.V. - cooling or circulating water, used in steam turbine condensers to condense exhaust steam.

D V.P. - make-up water of the heating network to replenish losses.

Thermal power engineering in modern conditions cannot survive without water treatment. Lack of water purification and softening can lead to equipment breakdown, poor-quality steam or water, and as a result, paralysis of the entire system. Constant descaling cannot insure you against such troubles as increased fuel consumption, the formation and development of corrosion. Only water treatment at thermal power plants can solve the whole complex of problems in one fell swoop.

To better understand the problems of using this or that in thermal power plants, let's start by considering the basic concepts. What is a combined heat and power plant, and how can increased water hardness interfere with the normal operation of the system?

So, a thermal power plant or combined heat and power plant is one of the types of thermal power plants. Its task is not only to generate electricity. It is also a source of thermal energy for the heating system. These plants supply hot water and steam to provide heat to homes and businesses.

Now a few words about how a thermal power plant works. It works like a condensing power plant. The fundamental difference between water treatment at a thermal power plant is that it is possible to select some of the heat generated by a thermal power plant for other needs. The methods for collecting thermal energy depend on the type of steam turbine installed at the enterprise. Also at a thermal power plant you can regulate the amount of steam that you need to take away.

Everything that is separated is then concentrated in a network heater or heaters. They already transfer energy to water, which goes further through the system to transfer its energy in peak water boilers and heating points. If such steam extraction is not carried out at a thermal power plant, then such a thermal power plant has the right to qualify as a CPP.

Any water treatment at a thermal power plant operates according to one of two load schedules. One of them is thermal, the other is electrical. If the load is thermal, then the electrical load is completely subordinated to it. The thermal load has parity over the electrical load.

If the load is electrical, then it does not depend on the thermal load; perhaps there is no thermal load in the system at all.

There is also the option of combining water treatment at thermal power plants for electrical and thermal loads. This helps the residual heat to be used for heating. As a result, the efficiency factor in CHP plants is significantly higher than that of CPPs. 80 versus 30 percent. And one more thing - when building a thermal power plant, you need to remember that it will not be possible to transfer heat over long distances. Therefore, the thermal power plant must be located within the city it supplies.

It has a main drawback - it is an insoluble precipitate that forms as a result of heating such water. It's not that easy to remove. At a thermal power plant, you will have to stop the entire system and sometimes disassemble it in order to thoroughly clean the scale from all corners and narrow openings.

As we already know, the main disadvantage of scale is its poor thermal conductivity. Because of this feature, the main costs and problems arise. Even a light deposit of scale on the surfaces of heating surfaces or heating elements causes a sharp increase in fuel consumption.

It will not be possible to remove scale all the time; this can be done at least once a month. At the same time, fuel consumption will constantly increase, and the operation of the thermal power plant leaves much to be desired; all heating equipment is slowly but surely becoming covered with scale. To clean it later, you will have to stop the entire system. Suffer losses from downtime, but clean the scale.

The equipment itself will notify you that it is time for cleaning. The overheating protection systems will suddenly start to operate. If scale is not removed after this, it completely blocks the operation of heat exchangers and boilers, explosions and fistula formation are possible. You can lose expensive industrial equipment in just a few minutes. And it is impossible to restore it. Just buy new.

And then, any descaling always involves damaged surfaces. You can use water treatment at a thermal power plant, but it will not remove the scale for you, then you will still have to clean it off using mechanical equipment. Having such crumpled surfaces, we risk a sharp development of not only scale formation, but also corrosion. For thermal power plant equipment, this is a big minus. That's why we thought about creating water treatment plants at thermal power plants.

Water treatment at mini thermal power plants

Generally speaking, this composition will depend, first of all, on the chemical analysis of the water. It will show the volume of water that needs to be purified every day. It will show the impurities that need to be eliminated first. It is impossible to do without such an analysis when preparing water treatment for mini-CHP. It will even show the degree of water hardness. Who knows, suddenly the water is not as hard as you think, and the problem is in silicon or ferrous deposits, and not at all in hardness salts.

For the most part, the big problem for CHP equipment is the impurities that are in the make-up water. These are the same calcium and magnesium salts, as well as iron compounds. This means that it will be at least difficult to do without the iron remover and electromagnetic water softener AquaShield.

CHP, as is known, provides warm water and heating a house in the city. Therefore, water treatment at mini thermal power plants will always include not only standard ones. There is no way to do without auxiliary water filters. Approximately, the entire water treatment scheme can be represented in the form of such stages and the filters contained in them.

For thermal power plants, they use water from primary sources, which is very polluted, so the first stage of water treatment at a mini thermal power plant will be clarification. Here, in most cases, mechanical filters and settling tanks are used. I think the latter are understandable to everyone; the water is settled there so that solid impurities settle.

Mechanical filters include several stainless steel grids. They trap all solid impurities in the water. At first, these are large impurities, then medium-sized and finally very small, the size of a grain of sand. Mechanical filters can be used with coagulants and flocculants to purify water from harmful bacteriological impurities.

Restore mechanical filters using regular backwashing with plain water.

Next stage water treatment at mini thermal power plants- elimination of harmful bacteria and viruses or disinfection. To do this, they can use either cheap, but harmful bleach, or expensive, but harmless when completely evaporated. ozone.

Another option for water disinfection is the use of an ultraviolet filter. Here the basis is an ultraviolet lamp, which irradiates all the water passing through a special cuvette. Passing through such a filter, the water is irradiated, and all bacteria and viruses die in it.

After disinfection, the stage begins. A variety of water filters can be used here. These can be ion exchange units, an electromagnetic water softener Aquashield or its magnetic variation. We'll talk about the advantages and disadvantages of each installation a little later.

In addition to standard filters, you can also use reagent sedimentation. But the addition of various impurities can then result in the formation of insoluble deposits, which are very difficult to remove.

After the softening stage, it is time to desalt the water. For this, anion filters are used, it is possible to use a decarbonizer, an electrodiadizer, and standard reverse osmosis or nanofiltration.

After fine water purification, it is imperative to remove residual dissolved gases from the water. To do this, water is deaerated. Here thermal, vacuum, and atmospheric deaerators can be used. That is, we have done everything that is needed for make-up water. Now all that remains are general steps to prepare the system itself.

Then the stage of boiler purging comes into force; for this, wash filters for water and the last stage water treatment at mini thermal power plants is steam washing. To do this, use a whole range of chemical reagents for desalting.

In Europe, the use of high-quality water treatment at mini-CHPs helps to obtain a loss efficiency of only a quarter of a percent per day. Just a combination of traditional methods of water softening and purification with the latest technologies helps to achieve such high performance results of the water treatment system at mini thermal power plants. And at the same time, the system itself can serve uninterruptedly for up to 30-50 years, without radical replacements of stages.

And now let's return to the water treatment system for thermal power plants and to the water treatment plant for thermal power plants. The entire range of filters is used here; the main thing is to choose the right device correctly. Most often, the system requires the use of not one, but several filters connected in series so that the water goes through both the softening stage and the desalting stage.

The most commonly used is the ion exchange unit. In industry, such a filter looks like a tall cylinder-shaped tank. It is necessarily equipped with a smaller tank, this is a filter regeneration tank. Since CHP works with water all day long, then the ion exchange installation will be multi-stage and will include not one, but sometimes three or four filters. There is one control unit or controller for this entire system. Each filter is equipped with its own regeneration tank.

The controller carefully monitors how much water has passed through the installation. How much a particular filter has been cleaned, it clearly records the cleaning time, the speed of cleaning, and after a certain period of cleaning or a certain volume, it sends a signal to the installation. Hard water is redistributed to other filters, and the contaminated cartridge is sent for restoration. To do this, it is removed from the installation and transferred to a tank for regeneration.

The process itself water treatment systems for thermal power plants goes according to the following scheme. The heart of such an ion exchange cartridge is a resin enriched with weak sodium. When hard water comes into contact with it, metamorphosis occurs. Strong hardness salts replace weak sodium. Gradually, the entire cartridge becomes clogged with hardness salts. This is the time for recovery.

When the cartridge is transferred to the regeneration tank, salt tablets are already there in dissolved form high degree cleaning. The resulting brine solution is very saturated. The salt content is at least 8-10 percent. But only such a large amount of salts can remove strong hardness salts from the cartridge. As a result of washing, highly salted waste is formed, and the cartridge is again filled with sodium. He is sent to work, but a problem arises with waste. To dispose of them, they must be re-cleaned, that is, the salinity level must be reduced and a disposal permit must be obtained.

This is a big disadvantage of the installation, and the cost of salts is considerable, which also results in expensive maintenance for the installation. But this softener has the highest water purification speed.

The next popular option for a water treatment system for thermal power plants is the electromagnetic water softener AquaShchit. Here the main work is performed by the electrical processor, board and powerful permanent magnets. All this together creates a powerful electromagnetic field. These waves enter the water through wiring wound on both sides of the device. Moreover, you need to remember that you need to wind the wires in different sides from each other. Each wire must be wrapped around the pipe at least seven times. When operating this device, you must ensure that water does not get on the wiring.

The ends of the wires themselves must be covered with insulating rings or regular electrical tape. So, water passes through a pipe and is irradiated by electromagnetic waves. Many people think that the influence of this is mythical. However, under its influence, hardness salts begin to transform, lose their former shape and turn into thin and sharp needles.

Having received new uniform, sticking to equipment surfaces becomes inconvenient. The thin narrow body of the needle does not stick to surfaces. But it does an excellent job of removing old scale from the walls of equipment. And he does it subtly and efficiently, without using any auxiliary means. This kind of work is the main trump card of the AquaShield electromagnetic water softener. It will do its job, that is, it will soften the water and remove old scale very efficiently. And for this you don’t have to buy descaling products. Everything will be provided by powerful permanent magnets made of rare earth metals and electric current.

This device has a large number of advantages over other installations. You don't need to look after him, he does everything himself. It will completely remove the concept of descaling from your everyday life. It is able to work with any surface, the main thing is to mount it on a clean piece of pipe.

Then the electromagnetic device can operate without replacement for a quarter of a century. Such long-term use is guaranteed precisely by rare earth metals, which over time do not lose practically their magnetic properties. There is not even any adaptation of water to magnetic influence. True, such a device does not work with standing water. Also, if water flows in more than two directions at the same time, the magnetic field also does not work.

And finally, a few words about reverse osmosis as a water treatment system for thermal power plants. It is impossible to manage the production of make-up water without this installation. Only it guarantees almost one hundred percent water purification. There are replaceable membranes that allow you to obtain water with the specified characteristics. However, the device cannot be used independently. Only in combination with other softeners, which makes installation more expensive. But one hundred percent compensates for all the disadvantages of high cost.

We examined in detail all water treatment systems for thermal power plants. We became familiar with all possible softeners that can be used in this system. Now you can easily navigate the world of softening.

13.08.2012

One of the most important issues in the energy sector has been and remains water treatment at thermal power plants. For energy enterprises, water is the main source of their work and therefore very high demands are placed on its maintenance. Since Russia is a country with a cold climate and constant severe frosts, the work of thermal power plants is what people’s lives depend on. The quality of water supplied to the heating plant greatly affects its operation. Hard water results in a very serious problem for steam and gas boiler houses, as well as steam turbines of thermal power plants, which provide the city with heat and hot water.
In order to clearly understand how and what exactly hard water negatively affects, it would not hurt to first understand what a thermal power plant is? And what do they “eat” it with?
So, a combined heat and power plant (CHP) is a type of thermal station that not only provides heat to the city, but also supplies hot water to our homes and businesses. Such a power plant is designed like a condensing power plant, but differs from it in that it can take away part of the thermal steam after it has given up its energy.

Steam turbines are different. Depending on the type of turbine, steam with different indicators is selected. Turbines at the power plant allow you to regulate the amount of steam extracted.
The steam that has been selected is condensed in a network heater or heaters. All energy from it is transferred to network water. The water, in turn, goes to peak water heating boilers and heating points. If the steam extraction paths at a thermal power plant are blocked, it becomes a conventional CPP. Thus, the combined heat and power plant can operate according to two different load schedules:

thermal graph - directly proportional dependence of electrical load on thermal load;
electrical graph - there is either no thermal load at all, or the electrical load does not depend on it.

The advantage of CHP is that it combines both thermal and electrical energy. Unlike IES, the remaining heat is not lost, but is used for heating. As a result, the efficiency of the power plant increases. For water treatment at thermal power plants it is 80 percent versus 30 percent for CES. True, this does not speak about the efficiency of the combined heat and power plant. Here other indicators are at stake - specific electricity generation and cycle efficiency.
The peculiarities of the location of the thermal power plant include the fact that it should be built within the city. The fact is that heat transfer over distances is impractical and impossible. Therefore, water treatment at thermal power plants is always built near consumers of electricity and heat.
What does water treatment equipment for thermal power plants consist of? These are turbines and boilers. Boilers produce steam for turbines, and turbines use steam energy to produce electrical energy. The turbogenerator includes a steam turbine and a synchronous generator. Steam in turbines is obtained through the use of fuel oil and gas. These substances heat the water in the boiler. Steam under pressure rotates the turbine and the output is electricity. The waste steam is supplied to homes in the form of hot water for domestic needs. Therefore, waste steam must have certain properties. Hard water with many impurities will not allow you to get high-quality steam, which, moreover, can then be supplied to people for use at home.
If the steam is not sent to supply hot water, then it is immediately cooled in cooling towers at the thermal power plant. If you have ever seen huge pipes at thermal stations and how smoke pours out of them, then these are cooling towers, and the smoke is not smoke at all, but steam that rises from them when condensation and cooling occurs.
How does it work water treatment at thermal power plants We figured it out, the turbine and, of course, the boilers that convert water into steam are the ones most susceptible to the influence of hard water. The main task of any thermal power plant is to produce clean water in the boiler.
Why is hard water so bad? What are its consequences and why do they cost us so much?
Hard water differs from ordinary water in its high content of calcium and magnesium salts. It is these salts that, under the influence of temperature, settle on the heating element and the walls of household appliances. The same applies to steam boilers. Scale forms at the heating point and boiling point along the edges of the boiler itself. Removing scale from the heat exchanger in this case is difficult, because scale builds up on huge equipment, inside pipes, all kinds of sensors, and automation systems. Flushing a boiler from scale using such equipment is a whole multi-stage system, which can even be carried out during disassembly of the equipment. But this is in the case of high scale density and large deposits. A regular descaling agent will certainly not help in such conditions.
If we talk about the consequences of hard water for everyday life, it also affects human health and increases the cost of using household appliances. In addition, hard water has very poor contact with detergents. You will use 60 percent more powder and soap. Costs will grow by leaps and bounds. That's why water softening was invented to neutralize hard water; you install one water softener in your apartment and forget that there is a descaling agent, a descaling agent.

Scale also has poor thermal conductivity. This shortcoming is the main reason for breakdowns of expensive household appliances. The scale-covered thermal element simply burns out, trying to transfer heat to the water. Plus, due to the poor solubility of detergents, the washing machine must be turned on for rinsing. These are the costs of water and electricity. In any case, water softening is the surest and most cost-effective option for preventing scale formation.
Now imagine what water treatment at a thermal power plant is like on an industrial scale? They use gallons of descaling agent there. The boiler is cleaned from scale periodically. There are regular and repair ones. To make descaling more painless, water treatment is needed. It will help prevent scale formation and protect both pipes and equipment. With it, hard water will not have its destructive effect on such an alarming scale.
If we talk about industry and energy, hard water most of all brings trouble to thermal power plants and boiler houses. That is, in those areas where water is directly treated and heated and this warm water moves through water supply pipes. Water softening is necessary here, like air.
But since water treatment at a thermal power plant involves working with huge volumes of water, water treatment must be carefully calculated and thought out, taking into account all sorts of nuances. From analyzing the chemical composition of water and the location of a particular water softener. In a thermal power plant, water treatment is not only a water softener, it is also equipment maintenance afterward. After all, descaling in this production process will still have to be done at certain intervals. More than one descaling agent is used here. It can be formic acid, citric acid, or sulfuric acid. In various concentrations, always in the form of a solution. And one or another acid solution is used depending on what components the boiler, pipes, controller and sensors are made of.
So, what energy facilities require water treatment? These are boiler stations, boilers, this is also part of thermal power plants, water heating installations, pipelines. The weakest points, including thermal power plants, remain pipelines. The scale that accumulates here can lead to depletion of pipes and their rupture. When scale is not removed in time, it simply prevents water from flowing normally through the pipes and overheats them. Along with scale, the second problem with equipment in thermal power plants is corrosion. It also cannot be left to chance.
What can a thick layer of scale cause in the pipes that supply water to a thermal power plant? This is a difficult question, but we can answer it now that we know what it is water treatment at thermal power plants. Since scale is an excellent heat insulator, heat consumption increases sharply, and heat transfer, on the contrary, decreases. The efficiency of boiler equipment drops significantly, all of which can result in rupture of pipes and explosion of the boiler.

This is something you can't skimp on. If at home you still think about whether to buy a water softener or choose a descaling agent, then such bargaining is unacceptable for heating equipment. At thermal power plants, every penny is counted, so descaling in the absence of a softening system will cost much more. And the safety of devices, their durability and reliable operation also play a role. Equipment, pipes, and boilers that have been descaled work 20-40 percent more efficiently than equipment that has not been cleaned or operates without a softening system.
The main feature of water treatment at thermal power plants is that it requires deeply demineralized water. To do this, you need to use precise automated equipment. In such production, reverse osmosis and nanofiltration, as well as electrodeionization units are most often used.
What stages does water treatment include in the energy sector, including at thermal power plants?
The first stage includes mechanical cleaning of all kinds of impurities. At this stage, all suspended impurities are removed from the water, including sand and microscopic particles of rust, etc. This is the so-called rough cleaning. After it, the water comes out clean for human eyes. Only dissolved hardness salts, ferrous compounds, bacteria and viruses and liquid gases remain in it.

When developing a water treatment system, you need to take into account such a nuance as the source of water supply. Is this tap water from centralized water supply systems or is it water from a primary source?
The difference in water treatment is that water from water supply systems has already undergone primary purification. Only hardness salts need to be removed from it, and iron removed if necessary.
Water from primary sources is absolutely untreated water. That is, we are dealing with a whole bouquet. Here it is necessary to carry out a chemical analysis of the water in order to understand what impurities we are dealing with and what filters to install to soften the water and in what sequence.
After rough cleaning, the next stage in the system is called ion exchange desalting. An ion exchange filter is installed here. It works on the basis of ion exchange processes. The main element is an ion exchange resin, which includes sodium. It forms weak compounds with the resin. As soon as hard water at a thermal power plant enters such a softener, the hardness salts instantly knock sodium out of the structure and firmly take its place. This filter is very easy to restore. The resin cartridge is moved to the regeneration tank, which contains a saturated brine solution. Sodium takes its place again, and hardness salts are washed into the drainage.
The next stage is obtaining water with the specified characteristics. Here they use a water treatment plant at a thermal power plant. Its main advantage is the production of 100 percent pure water, with specified alkalinity, acidity, and mineralization levels. If an enterprise needs process water, then a reverse osmosis installation was created precisely for such cases.

The main component of this installation is the semi-permeable membrane. The selectivity of the membrane varies; depending on its cross-section, water with different characteristics can be obtained. This membrane divides the tank into two parts. In one part there is a liquid with a high content of impurities, in the other part there is a liquid with a low content of impurities. Water is introduced into a highly concentrated solution and it slowly seeps through the membrane. Pressure is applied to the installation, under its influence the water stops. Then the pressure is sharply increased, and the water begins to flow back. The difference between these pressures is called osmatic pressure. The output is perfectly clean water, and all sediments remain in a less concentrated solution and are discharged into drainage. The disadvantages of this method of drinking water treatment include high water consumption, hazardous waste and the need for pre-treatment of water.
Nanofiltration is essentially the same as reverse osmosis, only low-pressure. Therefore, the principle of operation is the same, only the water pressure is less.
The next stage is the removal of gases dissolved in it from water. Since thermal power plants need clean steam without impurities, it is very important to remove oxygen, hydrogen and carbon dioxide dissolved in it from water. The elimination of liquid gas impurities in water is called decarbonation and deaeration.
After this stage, the water is ready to be supplied to the boilers. The steam produced is exactly the concentration and temperature required. No additional cleaning is required.
As can be seen from all of the above, water treatment in thermal power plants- one of the most important components of the production process. Without clean water, there will be no high-quality good steam, which means there will be no electricity in the required volume. Therefore, water treatment in thermal power plants must be closely handled, and this service must be trusted exclusively to professionals. A properly designed water treatment system is a guarantee of long-term equipment service and high-quality energy supply services. Now you know that NPI GENERATION LLC in Ufa knows how to carry out water treatment at thermal power plants.
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Water treatment is the most important question in thermal power engineering. Water is the basis for the operation of such enterprises, so its quality and content are carefully controlled. CHP are very important for the life of the city and its inhabitants, without them it is impossible to exist in cold period of the year. The operation of thermal power plants depends on the quality of water. Thermal power engineering today is impossible without water treatment. Due to the paralysis of the system, equipment breakdown occurs, and as a result, poorly purified, low-quality water and steam. This may occur due to poor water purification and softening. Even if you constantly remove scale, this will not protect you from excessive consumption of fuel materials, the formation and spread of corrosion. The only and most effective solution All subsequent problems involve careful preparation of water for use. When designing a treatment system, the source of water must be taken into account.

There are two types of load: thermal and electrical. If there is a thermal load, the electrical load is subordinated to the first. With an electrical load, the situation is the opposite; it is not dependent on the second one and can work without its presence. There are situations in which both types of load are combined. During water treatment, this process completely uses all the heat. The conclusion can be drawn that the efficiency at CHP plants is significantly higher than at CPPs. As a percentage: 80 to 30. Another important point: it is almost impossible to transfer heat over long distances. That is why the thermal power plant must be built near or on the territory of the city that will use it.

Disadvantages of water treatment at thermal power plants

A negative aspect of the water treatment process is the formation of insoluble sediment that forms when water is heated. It is very difficult to remove. While getting rid of plaque, the entire process is stopped, the system is disassembled, and only after that can hard-to-reach areas be properly cleaned. What harm does scale cause? It interferes with thermal conductivity and, accordingly, costs increase. Be aware that even with a small amount of flying time, fuel consumption will increase.

It is impossible to remove scale continuously, but it must be done every month. If this is not done, the scale layer will constantly increase. Accordingly, cleaning equipment will require much more time, effort and material costs. In order not to stop the entire process and not incur losses, it is necessary to regularly monitor the cleanliness of the system.

Signs of need for cleaning:

sensors will operate to protect the system from overheating;
heat exchangers and boilers are blocked;
explosive situations and fistulas arise.

All these are negative consequences of scale not removed in time, which will lead to breakdowns and losses. In a short time, you can lose equipment that costs a lot of money. Descaling results in deterioration of surface quality. Water treatment does not remove scale, only you can do this using special equipment. With damaged and deformed surfaces, scale forms faster in the future, and a corrosive coating also appears.

Water treatment at mini thermal power plants

Preparation of drinking water includes a lot of processes. Before starting water treatment, a thorough analysis of the chemical composition should be carried out. What is he like? Chemical analysis shows the amount of liquid that needs to be cleaned daily. Indicates those impurities that must be eliminated first. Water preparation at mini thermal power plants cannot be carried out in full without such a procedure. Water hardness is an important indicator that must be determined. Many water condition problems are associated with its hardness and the presence of deposits of iron, salts, and silicon.

A big problem that every thermal power plant faces is the presence of impurities in the water. These include potassium and magnesium salts, iron.

The main task of a thermal power plant is to provide residential facilities in a populated area with heated water and heating. Water preparation at such enterprises involves the use of softeners and additional filter systems. Each stage of purification involves passing water through filters; without them, the process is impossible.

Water treatment stages:

The first stage is clarification. First of all, the water is clarified, since it enters the mini-CHP system very dirty. At this stage, settling tanks and mechanical filters are used. The principle of operation of settling tanks is that solid impurities fall downwards. The filters consist of stainless steel grids and come in different sizes. Large impurities are caught first, followed by medium-sized gratings. The smallest impurities are caught last. Also important is the use of coagulants and flocculants, with the help of which various types of bacteria are destroyed. By rinsing with clean water, these filters can be ready for next use.
The second stage is disinfection and disinfection of water. At this stage, an ultraviolet lamp is used to ensure complete irradiation of the entire volume of water. Thanks to ultraviolet light, all pathogenic microorganisms die. The second stage also includes disinfection, during which bleach or harmless ozone is used.
The third stage is water softening. It is characterized by the use of ion exchange systems and electromagnetic softeners at home. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Reagent settling is popular, the disadvantage of which is the formation of deposits. These insoluble impurities are very difficult to remove in the future.
The fourth stage is water desalination. At this stage, anion filters are used: decarbonizers, electrodiadizers, reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. The desalting process is possible by any of the above standard methods.
The fifth stage is deaeration. This is a mandatory step that follows fine cleaning. Systems for purification of gas impurities are of the vacuum type, as well as atmospheric and thermal. As a result of the action of deaerators, dissolved gases are eliminated.

Perhaps these are all the most important and necessary processes that are carried out for make-up water. The following are general processes for preparing the system and its individual components. After all of the above, the boiler is purged, during which wash filters are used. At the end of the water treatment of the mini-CHP, it includes steam flushing. During this process, chemical reagents are used to desalinize the water. They are quite diverse.

In Europe, water treatment at mini-CHPs has found very wide application. Thanks to the high-quality implementation of this process, the efficiency increases. For better effect it is necessary to combine traditional, proven cleaning methods and new, modern ones. Only then can high results and high-quality water treatment of the system be achieved. With proper use and constant improvement, the mini-CHP system will serve for a long time and with high quality, and most importantly, without interruptions or breakdowns. Without changing elements, and without repairs, the service life is from thirty to fifty years.

Water treatment systems for thermal power plants

Some more important information, which I would like to convey to the reader about the water treatment system at thermal power plants and their water treatment plants. IN this process Different types of filters are used, it is important to take a responsible approach to the choice and use the appropriate one. Often several different filters are used, which are connected in series. This is done so that the stages of softening the water and removing salts from it go well and efficiently. The use of an ion exchange unit is most often carried out when purifying water with high hardness. Visually, it looks like a tall cylindrical tank and is often used in industry. This filter includes another, but smaller one, called a regeneration tank. Since the operation of a thermal power plant is continuous, the installation with an ion exchange mechanism is multi-stage and includes up to four different filters. The system is equipped with a controller and one control unit. Any filter used is equipped with a personal regeneration tank.

The controller's task is to monitor the amount of water passing through the system. It also monitors the volume of water purified by each filter, records the cleaning period, the volume of work and its speed over a certain time. The controller transmits the signal further through the installation. Water with high hardness goes to other filters, and the used cartridge is restored for subsequent use. The latter is removed and transferred to the regeneration tank.

Scheme of water treatment at the thermal power plant

The basis of the ion exchange cartridge is resin. It is enriched with mild sodium. When water comes into contact with sodium-enriched resin, transformations and transformations occur. Sodium is replaced by strong hard salts. Over time, the cartridge fills with salts, and this is how the restoration process occurs. It is transferred to a recovery tank where the salts are located. The solution containing salt is very saturated (≈ 10%). It is thanks to this high salt content that hardness is eliminated from the removable element. After the rinsing process, the cartridge is again filled with sodium and is ready for use. Waste with a high salt content is re-purified and only then can it be disposed of. This is one of the disadvantages of such installations, since it requires significant material costs. The advantage is that the speed of water purification is higher than that of other similar installations.

Water softening requires special attention. If you do not prepare water efficiently and save money, you can lose much more and get costs that are not commensurate with the savings on water treatment.

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