Who was the founder of the Tretyakov Gallery. State Tretyakov Gallery

Tretyakov Gallery- one of the most famous museums in Russia, and throughout the world. The extensive exhibition covers the period from the eleventh century to today. It is difficult to imagine that the Tretyakov Gallery, whose halls have become a reflection of Russian art from antiquity to modern times, began with a private collection.

Home collection

The Tretyakovs purchased the house on Lavrushinsky Lane in 1851. The head of the family, Pavel Mikhailovich, was a successful businessman, but at the same time he was a well-known philanthropist who invested in many charitable programs. He was a passionate collector, collecting paintings, sculptures, icons and other works of art.

He had a global goal - to create a national gallery, and not just a museum. The collection began with ten paintings painted by Dutch masters. Initially, the Tretyakov Gallery, whose halls were open only to family members and guests, was in the house where the Tretyakovs lived. But the collection grew very quickly, and there was not enough space for display. During the owner's lifetime, numerous reconstructions were carried out. And even under Pavel Mikhailovich, townspeople had the opportunity to visit such a cultural institution as the Tretyakov Gallery. The halls expanded, and the exhibition grew constantly. The popularity of the museum is evidenced by the fact that in the first four years its visitors exceeded 30 thousand people.

40 years after the collection was started, he donated it to Moscow. The collection was supplemented by works of art kept by the second brother, Sergei. This is how the “Paul and Sergei Tretyakov Gallery” appeared in Moscow. Another famous philanthropist Morozov donated masterpieces by Renoir, Van Gogh, and Monet. Despite the transfer to the city, both patrons continued to add to the collection. After the death of the Tretyakovs, the entire house in Lavrushinsky Lane came under the jurisdiction of the city.

New life for the collection

In 1913, I. E. Grabar was appointed trustee and director of the gallery. He was not only a talented artist, architect and art historian, but also an organizer. It was he who carried out the colossal work of systematizing the collection. He distributed the paintings by historical periods so that visitors had the opportunity to trace the development of Russian art. A restoration workshop was also founded under him. At the end of the year, the works hanging in the hall of the Tretyakov Gallery were available for viewing by the general public.

After the revolution, the entire collection was nationalized and transferred to the young republic. The State Tretyakov Gallery was created, the halls of which became accessible to all segments of the population. The collection has expanded significantly through mergers with other museums and the transfer of private collections that were nationalized during the years of Soviet power.

During the war, museum funds were taken to Novosibirsk. The Nazis bombed the capital mercilessly. In 1941, two high-explosive bombs landed directly on the Tretyakov Gallery, causing significant damage. But already at next year The restoration of the museum began, and by 1944 the doors of the gallery, beloved by the residents of the capital, were again opened to the public.

Halls of the Tretyakov Gallery

Since the gallery's founding, the building has been rebuilt many times. New passages and additional rooms were created so that the collection could be presented in all its glory. Today the exhibition is located in 106 halls. Most are located in a building on Lavrushinsky Lane, there are 62 of them. The complex also includes the museum-temple of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, the Golubkina workshop-museum, the Vasnetsov house-museum and the Korin house-museum. Each room in the Tretyakov Gallery is an opportunity to touch art and see brilliant masterpieces. The collection contains over 150 thousand exhibits, most of which are familiar to everyone from childhood. Reproductions of many paintings were included in school textbooks throughout the country. You can get to know Russia from these paintings. After all, our sea is like forests - like Shishkin’s, nature is like Levitan’s. Even the best portrait of Pushkin, known to every schoolchild, is exhibited here.

Hall of Icon Painting

In every corner of the Tretyakov Gallery there are canvases that will take your breath away. But perhaps one of the most mysterious halls is the hall of icon painting. When handing over the collection, Pavel Mikhailovich, along with the paintings, also handed over 62 icons from his collection. Now there are several hundred of them in the museum. Each of them reflects the path of Orthodoxy on Russian soil. Among them are works by Rublev, Theophanes the Greek and other famous icon painters. And in the Tretyakov house church one of the most revered and ancient images is exhibited - the Vladimir Mother of God. She is already more than 900 years old.

Exhibition in Lavrushinsky Lane

The building on Lavrushinsky Lane, with the famous Vasnetsovsky facade, houses the bulk of the collection. In 62 halls, divided into 7 zones, chronological order works exhibited the best masters Russia and not only. How large and diverse the Tretyakov Gallery is. A description of the halls would take several volumes of the printed publication. When going on an excursion, it is better to choose a specific artist or painting to devote most of your time to. Otherwise, your acquaintance with the galleries will be very superficial and incomplete. The names of the halls of the Tretyakov Gallery correspond to the collections exhibited in them.

Thus, ancient Russian art is represented by iconography.

And in the halls of the 18th-19th centuries, paintings by the great masters Levitsky, Rokotov, Ivanov, and Bryullov are exhibited. A special room was built to display Ivanov’s painting “The Appearance of Christ to the People.” And Rokotov became famous most big amount portraits of unknown people. It was important for him to capture and convey on canvas the features and character of a person, but at the same time he did not necessarily have to be famous. Among Bryullov’s works, one can note the masterfully executed work “Horsewoman,” where a young girl with amazing grace sits astride a magnificent stallion.

Also captivating is the hall where works by artists of the second half of the 19th century are presented. Here you can dive into Magic world realistic art, where every detail is executed with amazing care. In Repin’s paintings, you can physically feel how the sun is baking on the lawn, how every leaf is swaying in the wind. And Vasnetsov’s “Three Heroes” seem to be protecting the country’s borders from uninvited invaders even today. By the way, here you can also see the works of Vasnetsov Jr.

Surikov’s paintings “Boyarina Morozova” or “Morning Streltsy execution"conveys the emotional intensity of each participant in those events. There is not a single indifferent face or random character here. Everything is described with an authenticity that boggles the imagination.

In the section reflecting painting turn of XIX-XX centuries, works by such geniuses as Serov, Vrubel, as well as representatives of the Union of Russian Artists are presented.

Treasures of Russian art

The Tretyakov Gallery is large and diverse. The halls, paintings, sculptures, graphics will not leave anyone indifferent. A separate part of the exhibition is the “Treasury”, where objects from precious metals and gems. The fine work of the jewelers is mesmerizing.

Graphic arts

A separate room is dedicated to graphic art. All works presented in this technique are very afraid of light; these are fragile creations. Therefore, special lighting, slightly dimmed, was installed to demonstrate them. The largest collection of Russian graphics is exhibited here. And also a small, but no less valuable collection of porter miniatures.

Modern Art

The building on the Tretyakov Gallery displays art from the Soviet period to the present day. Visitors observe with interest how ideology influences the artist.

Halls of Masters

The collection contains individual works, but there are also entire collections of paintings by one master. The hall dedicated to the artist in the Tretyakov Gallery accommodates only his works different periods. This is the exhibition of Shishkin’s works. But other masters of the brush received a similar honor.

Since its opening, the Tretyakov Gallery has become the richest collection of paintings and art objects. Even the Russian Museum, created at the state level, was inferior in popularity to this private collection.

The Tretyakov Gallery, as the museum is commonly called, has a rich collection and is famous for its many ideas and projects that have been embodied. That is why the Tretyakov Gallery has become so widely known and attracts the attention of true art connoisseurs from different parts of the world. Even people who seem to be far from such “high matters” strive to visit its halls in order to get acquainted with the work of great masters of the brush. Come to Moscow and not go to the Tretyakov Gallery? This is even difficult to imagine, since it is usually included in all excursion programs. Of course, you can visit here on an individual excursion.

The Tretyakov Gallery, as one of the most famous cultural institutions Russia, proclaims four main goals of its activities: to preserve, research, present and popularize domestic art, thereby forming a national cultural identity and instilling modern generations understanding the important role that art plays as the embodiment of achievement and expression of the civility of our society. And these goals are achieved through introducing our fellow citizens (we are not talking about foreign tourists) to genuine masterpieces - creations of Russian and world talents. Thus, as one of the grateful visitors to the Tretyakov Gallery noted in his review, people’s lives become brighter, more beautiful and better.

Who was the founder of the Tretyakov Gallery?

Let's start our excursion into the history of the Tretyakov Gallery with an acquaintance with its founder - an outstanding man, without exaggeration, whose name is forever inscribed in the tablets national culture. This is Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov, who belonged to a famous merchant family that had nothing to do with culture: his parents were engaged exclusively in commerce. But since Pavel belonged to a wealthy family, he received an excellent education for those times and began to develop a craving for beauty. Having become an adult, he became involved, as they would say now, in family business, helped his father in every possible way. When both parents died, the factory they owned passed to the young Tretyakov, and he thoroughly began developing it. The enterprise grew, bringing more and more income. However, despite being extremely busy, Pavel Mikhailovich did not abandon his passion for art.

Tretyakov often thought about creating the first permanent exhibition of Russian painting not only in the capital, but also in Russia. Two years before the gallery opened, he began acquiring paintings Dutch masters. Tretyakov’s legendary collection began in 1856. The young merchant was then only 24 years old. The very first novice philanthropist acquired the oil paintings “A Skirmish with Finnish Smugglers” by V. Khudyakov and “Temptation” by N. Schilder. Today the names of these artists are well known, but then, in the second half of the 19th century, the general public knew nothing about them.

P. M. Tretyakov expanded his unique and priceless collection over several decades. He collected paintings not only by outstanding painters, but also maintained friendly relations with beginning artists, not refusing to help those who needed it, and promoted their work in every possible way. If you give the names of everyone who should be grateful to the patron for his comprehensive help and support, then the scope of one article will not be enough for this - the list will be impressive.

History of the Tretyakov Gallery

Creator unique museum I saw my brainchild not just as a repository of the works of Russian artists, but specifically those of their canvases that would convey the true essence of the Russian soul - open, broad, filled with love for their Fatherland. And so in the summer of 1892, Pavel Mikhailovich donated his collection to Moscow. Thus, the Tretyakov Gallery became the first publicly accessible museum in Russia.

Project of the facade of the Tretyakov Gallery by V. M. Vasnetsov, 1900

"Boy in the Bath" (1858)

At the time of transfer, the collection consisted not only of paintings, but also of graphic works Russian painters: the first there were 1287 copies, the second – 518. Separately, it should be said about the works of European authors (there were over 80 of them) and a large collection Orthodox icons. In addition, there was a place in the collection for sculptures, there were 15 of them.

The Moscow authorities also made their contribution to the replenishment of the museum collection, purchasing real masterpieces of the world at the expense of the city treasury. visual arts. By 1917, which became fatal for Russia, the Tretyakov Gallery already had 4 thousand storage units. A year later, already under the Bolshevik government, the museum received state status. At the same time, the Soviet government nationalized many private collections.

The Tretyakov collection, in addition, was replenished by including exhibits from small metropolitan museums: the Rumyantsev Museum, the Tsvetkov Gallery, the I. S. Ostroukhov Museum of Painting and Iconography. Thus, the beginning of the 30s of the last century was marked by a more than fivefold increase in the art collection. At the same time, the canvases Western European artists were transferred to other congregations. Founded by P. M. Tretyakov, the gallery became a repository of paintings that glorify the originality of the Russian people, and this is its fundamental difference from other museums and galleries.

Painting by Louis Caravaque "Portrait of Empress Anna Ioannovna". 1730

"A Peasant in Trouble" by sculptor M.A. Chizhov

Buildings of the Tretyakov Gallery

The main building of the Tretyakov Gallery at 10 Lavrushinsky Lane, in Zamoskvorechye, previously belonged to the family of the founder - his parents and he himself lived in this house. Subsequently, the merchant estate was rebuilt several times. The gallery also occupies buildings adjacent to the main building. The facade that we can see today was built at the beginning of the last century, the author of the sketches was V. M. Vasnetsov.

The style of the building is neo-Russian, and this is no coincidence: this was also intended to emphasize the fact that the museum is a repository of examples of Russian art. On the same main facade, visitors can see a bas-relief image of the capital's coat of arms - St. George with the serpent. And on both sides of it there is a ceramic polychrome frieze, very elegant. A large inscription made in script with the names of Peter and Sergei Tretyakov - both donors of the collection - forms a single whole with the frieze.

In 1930, an additional room was erected to the right of the main building according to the design of the architect A. Shchusov. To the left of the former merchant estate is the Engineering Building. In addition, the Tretyakov Gallery owns a complex on Krymsky Val, where, in particular, exhibitions are held contemporary art. Showroom in Tolmachi, the museum-temple of St. Nicholas, as well as the A.M. Vasnetsov museum, house-museum folk artist P. D. Korin and the museum-workshop of the sculptor A. S. Golubkina also belong to the Tretyakov Gallery.

What to see in the Tretyakov Gallery

IN present time The Tretyakov Gallery is more than just a museum; it is a center for the study of various trends in art. Gallery employees, who are high-class professionals, often act as experts and restorers, whose opinions and assessments are listened to. Another asset of the gallery can be considered a unique book fund, which stores over 200 thousand thematic publications on various directions in art.

Now about the exhibition itself. The modern collection includes more than 170 thousand works Russian art, and this is far from the limit: it continues to be replenished thanks to artists, donations from private individuals, various organizations and the heirs of prominent artists who donate various works. The exhibition is divided into sections, each covering a specific historical period. Let's call them: ancient Russian art, from the 12th to the 18th century; painting XVII- first half of the 19th centuries; painting of the second half of the 19th century; Russian graphics from XIII to XIX century, as well as Russian sculpture of the same period.

"Morning in pine forest"Ivan Shishkin, Konstantin Savitsky. 1889"Bogatyrs" Viktor Vasnetsov. 1898

Yes, in the section ancient Russian art The works of both famous icon painters and those who remain nameless are presented. Among the famous names we will name Andrei Rublev, Theophanes the Greek, Dionysius. In the halls reserved for masterpieces art XVIII– from the first half of the 19th century, paintings by such outstanding masters as F. S. Rokotov, V. L. Borovikovsky, D. G. Levitsky, K. L. Bryullov, A. A. Ivanov are exhibited.

Also noteworthy is the section of Russian realistic art dating back to the second half of the 1800s, presented in all its completeness and diversity. In this part of the Tretyakov Gallery you can see outstanding works by I. E. Repin, V. I. Surikov, I. N. Kramskoy, I. I. Shishkin, I. I. Levitan and many other masters of the brush. Among the most famous and discussed is the famous “Black Square” by Kazimir Malevich.

Turning to a vibrant collection of works late XIX- the beginning of the 20th century, you will see the immortal work of V. A. Serov and M. A. Vrubel, as well as the masters that existed at that time artistic associations: “Union of Russian Artists”, “World of Art” and “Blue Rose”.

Separately, it should be said about that part of the exhibition, which is known as the “Treasury”. Here is a literally priceless collection of art products from precious stones and precious metals made from the 12th to the 20th century.

Another special section of the Tretyakov Gallery displays examples of graphics, the peculiarity of which is that direct bright light should not fall on them. They are exhibited in rooms with soft artificial lighting, which makes them seem especially beautiful and enchanting.

Note to tourists: photography of temporary exhibitions in the Tretyakov Gallery may be prohibited (this will be reported separately).

Working hours

The Tretyakov Gallery is open on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Sundays from 10:00 to 18:00; on Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays - from 10:00 to 21:00. Day off is Monday. The excursion can be booked at the tour desk, which is located at the main entrance. It lasts from 1 hour 15 minutes to one and a half hours.

How to get there

You can get to the main building of the Tretyakov Gallery at 10 Lavrushinsky Lane by metro. Stations: “Tretyakovskaya” or “Polyanka” (Kalininskaya metro line), as well as “Oktyabrskaya” and “Novokuznetskaya” of the Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line and “Oktyabrskaya” of the Circle line.

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Introduction

The State Tretyakov Gallery is one of the largest museums peace. Her popularity is almost legendary. To see its treasures, hundreds of thousands of people come every year to the quiet Lavrushinsky Lane, which is located in one of the oldest districts of Moscow, Zamoskvorechye. The Tretyakov Gallery's collection is dedicated exclusively to national Russian art, to those artists who contributed to the history of Russian art or who were closely associated with it. This is how the gallery was conceived by its founder, Moscow merchant and industrialist Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov 1832-1898, and this is how it has remained to this day.

Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov

Pavel Tretyakov was born on December 15 (27), 1832 in Moscow, into a merchant family. He was educated at home and began a career in commerce, working with his father. Developing the family business, Pavel, together with his brother Sergei, built paper spinning factories that employed several thousand people. P. M. Tretyakov’s fortune at the time of his death was estimated at 3.8 million rubles.

Pavel Mikhailovich did not marry for a long time. Only in August 1865 did his wedding take place with Vera Nikolaevna Mamontova, cousin famous philanthropist Savva Ivanovich Mamontov. Born in 1866 eldest daughter Vera (1866--1940), then Alexandra (1867--1959), Lyubov (1870--1928), Mikhail (1871--1912), Maria (1875--1952), Ivan (1878--1887). In 1887, Ivan, everyone’s favorite and his father’s hope, died of scarlet fever complicated by meningitis. Pavel Mikhailovich's grief knew no bounds. The eldest son, Mikhail, was born sick, weak-minded and never brought joy to his parents.

In the 1850s, Pavel Tretyakov began collecting a collection of Russian art, which almost from the very beginning he intended to give to the city. It is believed that he acquired his first paintings in 1856 - these were the works “Temptation” by N. G. Schilder and “Skirmish with Finnish Smugglers” (1853) by V. G. Khudyakov. Then the collection was replenished with paintings by I. P. Trutnev, A. K. Savrasov, K. A. Trutovsky, F. A. Bruni, L. F. Lagorio and other masters. Already in 1860, the philanthropist drew up a will, which stated: “For me, who truly and ardently loves painting, there cannot be better wishes how to start a public repository accessible to all fine arts bringing benefit to many and pleasure to all.”

In the 1860s, Tretyakov acquired the paintings “The Prisoners’ Halt” by V. I. Jacobi, “The Last Spring” by M. P. Klodt, “Grandmother’s Tales” by V. M. Maksimov and others. Pavel Mikhailovich highly appreciated the work of V. G. Perov, to whom he wrote in October 1860: “Take care of yourself for the service of art and for your friends.” In the 1860s, such works by Perov as “Rural Procession at Easter”, “Troika” and “Amateur” were acquired; Subsequently, Tretyakov continued to acquire paintings by Perov, commissioned portraits from him, and actively participated in organizing a posthumous exhibition of the artist’s works.

In 1864, the first painting based on the plot of Russian history appeared in the collection - “Princess Tarakanova” by K. D. Flavitsky. At the end of the 1860s, Pavel Mikhailovich commissioned F.A. Bronnikov to paint a work that later became Vera Nikolaevna Tretyakova’s favorite painting, “The Pythagorean Hymn to the Rising Sun.”

In 1874, Tretyakov built a building for the collected collection - a gallery, which in 1881 was open to the public. In 1892, Tretyakov transferred his collection, along with the gallery building, to the ownership of the Moscow City Duma. A year later, this institution received the name “City Art Gallery of Pavel and Sergei Mikhailovich Tretyakov.” Pavel Tretyakov was appointed lifelong trustee of the gallery and received the title Honorary Citizen Moscow. Shareholder of the Moscow Merchant Bank.

By the end of his life, Tretyakov received the title of commerce advisor, was a member of the Moscow branch of the Council of Trade and Manufactures, and also a full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts (since 1893). He died on December 4 (16), 1898 in Moscow. Last words his relatives were like: “Take care of the gallery and be healthy.” He was buried at the Danilovskoye Cemetery in Moscow next to his parents and brother Sergei, who died in 1892. In 1948, the ashes of the Tretyakov brothers were reburied at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Tretyakovsky gallery history art Russian

Gallery history

Pavel Tretyakov began collecting his collection of paintings in the mid-1850s. The year of foundation of the Tretyakov Gallery is considered to be 1856, when Pavel Tretyakov acquired two paintings by Russian artists: “Temptation” by N. G. Schilder and “Skirmish with Finnish Smugglers” by V. G. Khudyakov, although earlier in 1854-1855 he bought 11 graphic sheets and 9 paintings by old Dutch masters. In 1867, the “Moscow City Gallery of Pavel and Sergei Tretyakov” was opened to the general public in Zamoskvorechye on Lavrushinsky Lane in Zamoskvorechye, in the house that the Tretyakov family bought in 1851. The collection in the gallery included 1276 paintings, 471 drawings and 10 sculptures by Russian artists, as well as 84 paintings by foreign masters.

In August 1892, Pavel Mikhailovich transferred his art gallery as a gift to the city of Moscow. By this time, the collection included 1,287 paintings and 518 graphic works of the Russian school, 75 paintings and 8 drawings of the European school, 15 sculptures and a collection of icons. On August 15, 1893, the official opening of the museum took place under the name “Moscow City Gallery of Pavel and Sergei Mikhailovich Tretyakov.”

Since the growth of the collection constantly exceeded the exhibition capabilities of the Gallery, new premises were gradually added to the residential part of the mansion, necessary for storing and displaying works of art. Similar extensions were made in 1873, 1882, 1885, 1892 and finally in 1902-1904, when the famous facade appeared, designed by the architect V. N. Bashkirov based on the drawings of the artist V. M. Vasnetsov. The construction was managed by the architect A. M. Kalmykov. This facade became the emblem of the Tretyakov Gallery.

On January 16, 1913, Ilya Repin’s painting “Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan on November 16, 1581”, located in the Tretyakov Gallery, was damaged by a vandal’s knife. The artist had to virtually recreate the faces of those depicted. The curator of the Tretyakov Gallery E. M. Khruslov, having learned about the damage to the painting, threw himself under the train.

On April 2, 1913, the Moscow City Duma elected Igor Emmanuilovich Grabar, a prominent artist, architect and art historian, as a trustee of the Tretyakov Gallery. The main thing that marked Grabar’s activity was the reforms that turned the Tretyakov Gallery into a European-style museum with an exhibition organized according to a chronological principle. In early December 1913, on the fifteenth anniversary of the death of the Gallery's founder, the reformed museum was opened to the public.

On June 3, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars issued a Decree that declared the Tretyakov Gallery the state property of the Russian Federative Soviet Republic. From that moment on, the museum began to be called the State Tretyakov Gallery. After nationalization, Igor Emmanuilovich Grabarm was appointed director of the Gallery. During the first years of Soviet power, the Gallery's collection increased significantly, which again raised the question of expanding its space. With his active participation, the State Museum Fund was created in the same year, which until 1927 remained one of the most important sources of replenishment of the museum’s collection.

Academician of architecture A.V. Shchusev, who became director in 1926, did a lot to expand the existing premises and add a new one. In 1927, the Gallery received a neighboring house on Maly Tolmachevsky Lane ( former house Sokolikov). After reconstruction in 1928, it turned into an office building, housing the administration of the Gallery, scientific departments, a library, a department of manuscripts, and graphic collections. This building was connected to the Gallery by a special extension. In 1928, heating and ventilation were radically re-equipped. In 1929, the Gallery was electrified (previously it was open to visitors only during the daytime).

In 1929, the Church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi was closed, and in 1932 its building was transferred to the Gallery and became a repository of paintings and sculpture. Later it was connected to the exhibition halls by a newly built two-story building, the upper floor of which was specially designed for exhibiting the painting by A.A. Ivanov “The Appearance of Christ to the People (The Appearance of the Messiah)” (1837-1857). A passage was also built between the halls located on both sides of the main staircase, which ensured continuity of view. As a result of these changes, the exhibition area of the museum increased and work began on creating a new concept for displaying works.

In 1936, the construction of a new two-story building on the northern side of the main building was completed - the so-called “Shusevsky building”, whose spacious halls were first used for exhibitions, and since 1940 have been included in the main exhibition route.

From the first days of the Great Patriotic War The dismantling of the exhibition began in the Gallery - like other museums in Moscow, it was preparing for evacuation. The canvases were rolled onto wooden shafts, covered with tissue paper, and placed in boxes lined with waterproof material. In mid-summer 1941, a train of 17 carriages departed from Moscow and delivered the collection to Novosibirsk. The evacuation of works of art continued until September 1942; part of the exhibition was evacuated to the city of Molotov. Only on May 17, 1945, the Gallery was reopened in Moscow. .

The Gallery building was noticeably damaged by bombing during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945): two high-explosive bombs that fell as a result of a German air raid in several places destroyed the glass roof covering, the interfloor covering of some halls, and the main passages were damaged.

The restoration of the Gallery began already in 1942 and by 1944, 40 of the 52 halls had been renovated, which made it possible to return exhibits from evacuation. In honor of the 100th anniversary of the Tretyakov Gallery, celebrated in 1956, the A.A. Ivanov Hall was completed. By this time the collection consisted of more than 35,000 works of art.

By the mid-1980s, the increased number of visitors, excursions, and school groups could hardly fit into the museum’s halls. The need to expand the exhibition area once again arose. This issue was taken up by Yu.K. Korolev (1929-1992), who headed the Tretyakov Gallery for a decade and a half (1980-1992).

Construction work began in 1983. Two years later, a depository was put into operation - a repository of works of art, where restoration workshops were also located.

Later, in 1985-1994, the administrative building was built on 2 floors according to the design of the architect A.L. Bernstein and was equal in height to the exhibition halls.

In 1986, reconstruction of the main building of the Tretyakov Gallery began (architects I.M. Vinogradsky, G.V. Astafiev, B.A. Klimov and others), based on the idea of preserving the historical appearance of the building.

In 1989, a new building was built on the south side of the main building, housing a conference room, information and computing center, children's studio and exhibition halls. In 1992-1994, they hosted an exhibition of masterpieces from the Gallery’s collection. Most of the engineering systems and services were concentrated in this building, which is why it was called the Engineering Building.

A fundamental feature of the reconstruction plan was the inclusion of the Church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi (an architectural monument of the 17th century) into the museum ensemble after its restoration and consecration. The temple was approved as a house church-museum at the Tretyakov Gallery.

From 1986 to 1995, the Tretyakov Gallery on Lavrushinsky Lane was closed to visitors due to major reconstruction. The only exhibition area of the museum for this decade was the building on Krymsky Val, 10, which in 1985 was merged with the Tretyakov Gallery.

Construction on Lavrushinsky Lane took almost ten for long years: from 1985 to 1995.

Nowadays, the Tretyakov Gallery building complex, located between Lavrushinsky and Maly Tolmachevsky lanes, is a favorite place not only for Muscovites, but also for many guests of the capital.

Composition of the All-Russian Museum Association "State Tretyakov Gallery". Gallery Managers

· Tretyakov Gallery in Lavrushinsky Lane, 10

· Museum-Church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi

· Tretyakov Gallery on Krymsky Val, 10

· Museum-workshop of A. S. Golubkina

· House-museum of V. M. Vasnetsov

· Museum-apartment of A. M. Vasnetsov

· House-Museum of P. D. Korin.

In 1985, the State Art Gallery, located on Krymsky Val, 10, was merged with the Tretyakov Gallery into a single museum complex under the general name “State Tretyakov Gallery”. The building now houses a renovated permanent exhibition"Art of the 20th century."

Part of the Tretyakov Gallery is the Museum-Church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi, which represents a unique combination of a museum exhibition and a working temple. The museum complex on Lavrushinsky Lane includes the Engineering Building and the Exhibition Hall in Tolmachi intended for temporary exhibitions. The museum offers audio guide services.

Gallery Managers

· Tregulova, Zelfira Ismailovna (2015-present)

· Lebedeva, Irina Vladimirovna (2009--2015)

· Rodionov, Valentin Alekseevich (1993--2009)

· Korolev, Yuri Konstantinovich (1980--1992)

· Lebedev, Polikarp Ivanovich (1954--1979)

· Zamoshkin, Alexander Ivanovich (1941--1951)

· Lebedev, Polikarp Ivanovich (1939--1941)

· Christie, Mikhail Nikolaevich (1930--1939)

· Shchusev, Alexey Viktorovich (1926--1929)

Shchekotov, Nikolai Mikhailovich (1925-1926)

· Grabar, Igor Emmanuilovich (1913--1925)

· Ostroukhov, Ilya Semenovich (1905 - 1913)

Faith in the school of Russian painting

Tretyakov's enormous historical merit is his unshakable faith in the triumph of the Russian national school of painting - a faith that arose in the late 50s of the last century and carried through his entire life, through all the difficulties and trials. It is safe to say that in the triumph of Russian painting that came at the end of the 19th century, P.M. Tretyakov’s personal merit was exceptionally great and invaluable.

Tretyakov’s letters preserve evidence of this ardent faith of his. Here's one of them. In a letter to the artist Rizzoni dated February 18, 1865, he wrote: “In the last letter to you, my expression may seem incomprehensible: “Then we would talk with non-believers” - I will explain it to you: many positively do not want to believe in the good future of the Russian art and they assure that if sometimes one of our artists writes a good thing, it is somehow by accident, and that he will then increase the number of mediocrities. You know, I have a different opinion, otherwise I would not have collected a collection of Russian paintings, but sometimes I could not help but agree with the facts presented; and every success, every step forward is very dear to me, and I would be very happy if I waited for a holiday on our street.” And about a month later, returning to the same thought, Tretyakov writes: “I somehow involuntarily believe in my hope: our Russian school will not be the last - it was indeed a cloudy time, and for quite a long time, but now the fog is clearing.”

This faith of Tretyakov was not a blind premonition; it was based on thoughtful observation of the development of Russian painting, on a deep, subtle understanding of national ideals being formed on a democratic basis.

So, back in 1857, P.M. Tretyakov wrote to the landscape artist A.G. Goravsky: “About my landscape, I humbly ask you to leave it and write me a new one someday instead. I don’t need rich nature, no magnificent composition, no spectacular lighting, no miracles.” Instead, Tretyakov asked to depict simple nature, even the most inconspicuous, “so that there is truth in it, poetry, and there can be poetry in everything, this is the work of the artist.”

This note expresses the same aesthetic principle formation of the gallery, which arose as a result of thinking through the ways of development of Russian national painting, guessing its progressive trends long before the emergence of Savrasov’s painting “The Rooks Have Arrived”, landscapes by Vasiliev, Levitan, Sery, Ostroukhov and Nesterov - artists who managed to convey the inherent poetry in a truthful depiction of the nature of Russia and charm.

Tretyakov - the collector was in famous family phenomenon. Contemporaries were quite surprised at the natural intelligence and impeccable taste of this hereditary merchant. “I must admit,” wrote the artist I. N. Kramskoy in 1873, “that this is a man with some kind of devilish instinct.” Having never studied anywhere, he nevertheless possessed broad knowledge, especially in the fields of literature, painting, theater and music. “Tretyakov was a scientist by nature and knowledge,” the artist and critic A. N. Benois said in 1902 in his “History of Russian Art.”

Tretyakov never worked with "prompters". Being closely acquainted with a huge number of artists, writers, musicians and very friendly with many, Tretyakov willingly listened to their advice and comments, but he always acted in his own way and, as a rule, did not change his decisions. He did not tolerate interference in his affairs. Kramskoy, who undeniably enjoyed Tretyakov’s greatest favor and respect, was forced to remark: “I have known him for a long time and have long been convinced that no one has influence on Tretyakov either in the choice of paintings or in his personal opinions... If there were artists, those who believed that it was possible to influence him, they had to then abandon their delusion." Over time, high taste, strict selection and, of course, nobility of intentions brought Tretyakov well-deserved and undeniable authority and gave him “privileges” that no other collector had: Tretyakov received the right to be the first to view new works of artists either directly in their studios, or at exhibitions, but, as a rule, before their public opening.

Pavel Mikhailovich’s visit to the artists was always an exciting event, and not without trepidation, all of them, venerable and beginners, waited from Tretyakov for his quiet: “I ask you to consider the painting for me.” What was the same for everyone public recognition. “I confess to you frankly,” I. E. Repin wrote to P. M. Tretyakov in 1877, “that if we sell it (we were talking about Repin’s painting “Protodeacon.” - L. I.), then only into your hands, I don’t mind going to your gallery, because I say without flattery, I consider it a great honor for me to see my things there.” Artists often made concessions to Tretyakov, but Tretyakov never bought without haggling, and lowered their prices for him, thereby providing all possible support for his endeavor. But the support here was mutual.

Artists and art historians have long noticed that “if P. M. Tretyakov had not appeared in his time, he would not have surrendered himself entirely to a big idea, he would not have begun to piece together Russian Art, his fate would have been different: perhaps we would not have known either “Boyaryna Morozova”, or “The Procession of the Cross...”, or all those large and small paintings that now adorn the famous State Tretyakov Gallery. (M. Nesterov). Or: “... Without his help, Russian painting would never have taken an open and free path, since Tretyakov was the only one (or almost the only one) who supported everything that was new, fresh and practical in Russian art” (A. Benoit)

Gallery today

In April 1995, an updated exhibition of classical Russian art opened for visitors in the main building on Lavrushinsky Lane. The exhibition area has increased. In the reconstructed main building of the Tretyakov Gallery, it became possible to significantly expand the exhibition of ancient Russian art, to allocate halls for sculptures XVIII

- the first half of the 19th century and the turn of the 19th-20th centuries.

Graphics that require a special lighting regime are now exhibited in specially equipped halls; a “Treasury” has appeared, where you can see works of applied ancient Russian art, miniatures, and icons in precious frames.

The construction of the courtyards made it possible to create new halls for paintings by the greatest masters of painting of the 19th century - K.P. Bryullov, A.A. Ivanov, I.N. Kramskoy, A.I. Kuindzhi. The largest of them was specially designed for the huge decorative panel “Princess of Dreams” by M.A. Vrubel (1896). Back in 1953, from Grand Palace

In order to show the art of the 20th century as fully as possible, corresponding to the scale and level of the museum’s collection, it was decided to divide the exhibition into two buildings and in the Gallery building located on Krymsky Val, to create a general exhibition of art of the 20th century, from the avant-garde to the latest movements.

On December 16, 1998, on the 100th anniversary of the death of P.M. Tretyakov, the first permanent exhibition of twentieth-century art, built according to historical, chronological and monographic principles, opened on Krymsky Val. For the first time, it became possible to see the work of major artists as a whole, unbroken for the period before 1917 and after. In the anniversary year of 2006-2007, viewers were offered a new version of the exhibition.

The main emphasis is now on the diversity of stylistic trends in painting in the first half of the twentieth century. The non-objectivity and neoclassicism of the 1910s, monumentalism and chamber lyricism of the 1920s, socialist realism and post-avant-garde painting of the 1930s form an expressive contrast and enrich the idea of artistic process and the evolution of masters in Soviet times. For the first time in line with the works Soviet artists From the 1930s to the 1950s, works by artists from the Russian diaspora are shown. In addition to traditional exhibits, the new exhibition includes reconstructions. Viewers can see the famous counter-reliefs of V.E. Tatlin, “spatial objects” of the constructivists, that have not survived to this day; The image of the 20s is complemented by photographs of A. Rodchenko.

The exhibition activities of the Gallery are becoming more and more diverse and interesting. Every year, exhibitions are organized that arouse great public interest, including the exhibitions “Revived Treasures of Russia” (1995), “To the 150th Anniversary of I.E. Tsvetkov” (1995), “Treasures of Museums of the Moscow Region” (1996), “ Unforgettable Russia. Russia and Russians through the eyes of British artists. XVIII - first half of the XIX century" (1997), "M. Larionov - N. Goncharova. Masterpieces from the Parisian heritage. Painting" (1999), "K.P. Bryullov. To the 200th anniversary of his birth" (2000), "Western European art of the 16th-18th centuries from the collection of the Tula Museum of Fine Arts" (2000), "Let's return the museum to Grozny" (2002), works by N.N. Sapunov (2003) , “Prophet and dreamer. M.A.Vrubel, V.E.Borisov-Musatov. Graphics" (2005).

Works from the Gallery's collection are regularly exhibited at both international and domestic exhibitions in different cities.

Since the mid-1990s, the Tretyakov Gallery has been conducting serious research work to prepare and publish a consolidated catalog of the collection. This is a scientific and most complete multi-volume publication representing the entire collection of the Gallery.

The Tretyakov Gallery carries out extensive publishing and popularization work: books, albums, and other printed materials are published. In 2004, an innovative department of multimedia and Internet projects was created, working to create a modern website for the Tretyakov Gallery and publish electronic catalogs of exhibitions.

The Tretyakov Gallery's collection now includes more than 170 thousand works.

Conclusion

Addressing the situation modern Russia, it’s hard to imagine a person who could do something like create a gallery. And the point is not even that this, as many will say, is “not really necessary,” but that now is simply a different time, different problems, different tasks that need to be solved. Although this statement is not indisputable.

In respect of cultural heritage, scientific and technical progress Every day it reveals to us more and more new forms and results of human activity in the field of culture and art. And we, in our time, need to take care of them, preserve and increase them, while at the same time not forgetting about the past, in order to leave to our descendants our vision of the world, our life, as he truly did great person- Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov.

Bibliography

1. Botkina, A.P. Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov / A.P. Botkin - M: State Tretyakov Gallery, 1951. - 310 p.

2. [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/ - Access date: 10/30/2015

3. [Electronic resource] - Access mode: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Tretyakov_Gallery - Access date: 10/29/2015.

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Tretyakov Gallery

State Tretyakov Gallery(Moscow city). Lavrushinsky Lane, 10) is an art museum containing one of the world's largest collections of Russian fine art. The gallery was founded by merchant and philanthropist Pavel Tretyakov in 1856. During the Soviet period it expanded into a large museum complex. Currently, in addition to the museum complex in Lavrushinsky and Maly Tolmachevsky lanes, the All-Russian museum association "State Tretyakov Gallery" includes the large exhibition complex Tretyakov Gallery on Krymsky Val (Krymsky Val, 10), the museum-apartment of A.M. Vasnetsov (Furmanny lane, 6), house-museum of V.M. Vasnetsov (Vasnetsova lane, 13).

Official website of the Tretyakov Gallery:

1874- Vereshchagin is holding an exhibition of paintings of the Turkestan campaign and travel across Central Asia. Pavel Tretyakov admires Vereshchagin’s work and seeks to purchase the entire exhibition (the entire series of paintings) for his gallery for mandatory permanent display. Tretyakov bought the exhibition for 92,000 rubles, which was a very high price for that time.

1874- The construction of the first two museum halls of the gallery has been completed and they are open to permanent visitors.

1876 - Pavel Tretyakov becomes a supporter of the “Peredvizhniki” (Partnership of Mobile art exhibitions- TPHV) and begins to patronize their creativity, buying and ordering a large number of paintings by I.N. Kramskoy, I.I. Shishkina, A.K. Savrasova, N.N. Ge et al.

1882- 6 new halls have been added to the gallery.

1885- 7 more rooms are being added to the house. paintings by V.I. were purchased Surikov, paintings by I.E. Repin, works by V.M. Vasnetsova, I.I. Shishkin, I.N. Kramskoy, I.I. Levitan, V.D. Polenova and others.

1892- Pavel Tretyakov transfers the gallery with the building and the entire collection to the ownership of the Moscow City Duma. Tretyakov himself received the title of Honorary Citizen of Moscow and was appointed a lifelong trustee of the gallery.

December 4 (16), 1898 Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov died in Moscow. His last words to his relatives were: “Take care of the gallery and be healthy.”

1904- construction of the famous facade of the Tretyakov Gallery, designed according to the drawings of the artist V. M. Vasnetsov, has been completed.

January 16, 1913- a tragic event occurred in the gallery. Ilya Repin’s painting “Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan November 16, 1581” was attacked by a vandal with a knife. Having learned about the damage to the painting, the curator of the Tretyakov Gallery (E.M. Khruslov) committed suicide by throwing himself under a train. Ilya Repin restored the painting with his own hands, practically re-drawing the faces.

1913- the Moscow City Duma elects Igor Grabar as a trustee of the Tretyakov Gallery.

1918 - after the revolution, the gallery was declared “state property of the Russian Federative Soviet Republic” and became state owned.

1926- Academician A.V. Shchusev became the director of the museum.

1928- major repairs were made to the building, the heating system, ventilation was organized, and electricity was installed.

1932- the building of the closed church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi was transferred to the Tretyakov Gallery for storage.

1936- a new two-story building was opened, work is underway to organize a continuous visiting route. The gallery is popular, and some paintings by the Wanderers are used Soviet power for ideological education.

1941- in the summer, an urgent evacuation of the exhibition to Novosibirsk begins. A train of 17 wagons was required.

1956- the 100th anniversary of the Tretyakov Gallery was celebrated.

1985- the depository has been completed - restoration workshops and storage of works.
The building at 10 Krymsky Val was combined with the Tretyakov Gallery into a single museum complex.

1989- a new “Engineering building” was added to the main building of the gallery (to the left of the front facade). It houses most of the museum's modern engineering systems.

The State Tretyakov Gallery is one of the largest art museums Russia and the world, named after the founder - merchant and philanthropist Pavel Tretyakov. P. Tretyakov began collecting paintings in 1850, and 17 years later he opened a gallery, the collection of which included about two thousand works of fine art and several sculptures. In 1893, the collection, previously donated to Moscow, became known as the Moscow City Tretyakov Gallery and was maintained with money bequeathed by the founders.

In 1918, the Tretyakov Gallery was nationalized and became “state property of the RSFRS”; its first directors were the art critic and artist I. Grabar, and then the architect A. Shchusev. Under them, the Museum's holdings grew, several new buildings were added, and new exhibitions were actively developed.

During the Great Patriotic War, all paintings and sculptures were exported to Novosibirsk and Molotov. The evacuation continued for more than a year, but already on May 17, 1945, the exhibitions were again open to residents and guests of Moscow.

In the following decades, the Museum continuously grew, and today it includes the Gallery on Krymsky Val, the Gallery in Lavrushinsky Lane, the house-museum of V. M. Vasnetsov, the Church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi and other branches.

The museum's collections include works of art XI-XXI, including Russian painting, sculpture, and graphics. The most famous works The icons kept in the Museum are considered to be from the 11th to 17th centuries, and the face of Vladimirskaya is especially valuable among them. Mother of God, Rublev’s “Trinity” and icons painted by Dionysius, Theophan the Greek, Simon Ushakov.

The basis of the Tretyakov Gallery's collections is Russian painting, most of which dates back to the second half of the 19th century. The collection includes works by Kramskoy, Perov, Vasnetsov, Savrasov, Shishkin, Aivazovsky, Repin, Vereshchagin and other famous Russian artists. In the 20th century, the Gallery was replenished with works by Vrubel, Levitan, Serov, Malevich, Roerich, and Benois. During the Soviet period, Deineka, Brodsky, Kukryniksy, Nesterov and others appeared in exhibitions. In addition to painting, the Museum stores and exhibits works by Antokolkolsky, Mukhina, Shadr, Konenkov and other famous sculptors.

Currently, the Tretyakov Gallery is developing new displays and exhibitions, actively collaborating with many museums around the world and Russia, providing them with collections for temporary exhibitions, and also carrying out restoration and research papers, replenishes funds, develops cultural and educational programs, participates in major museum, film and music festivals.

In 1995, the Tretyakov Gallery was recognized as one of the most valuable cultural objects for its activities in the field of preserving art objects and promoting museum values.

Tretyakov Gallery Address: 119017, Moscow, Lavrushinsky Lane, 10
Directions: Metro “Tretyakovskaya” or “Polyanka”

Tretyakov Gallery brief information.