Who are the Aryans, and how did Adolf Hitler interpret it. What is the Aryan race, the signs of its representative? What is Aryan appearance? Who is the true Aryan? History of the Aryan Race, Mein Kampf. Video

Khatuntsev S.V.

The "Aryan" problem - the problem of the origin and ancestral home, the cultural role and historical heritage of the Aryan tribes - has occupied world science for more than two centuries. Who are the Aryans-Aryans?

People who speak the languages of the Iranian and Indian groups of Indo-European are called Aryan. language family, as well as kafirs (Nuristanis) and Dards. Their ancestors had a common name - “arya”, “aryana”, similar culture and way of life, lived in the same territory, but several thousand years ago they left their cradle and began to move to lands far from each other; Gradually the Aryan unity disintegrated. Currently, the peoples of the Iranian group live in Ossetia, Tajikistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Pakistan, as well as in neighboring countries. Representatives of Indo-Aryan ethnic groups inhabit India - mainly its central and northern regions, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, the Maldives, eastern and southern Pakistan. Migrants, descendants of the Indo-Aryans, formed large colonies in Myanmar, Singapore, Malaysia, on the islands of Mauritius in the Indian and Fiji in the Pacific Ocean, in the West Indies (Caribbean Sea) and in Guiana, in South Africa and on the coast East Africa. A considerable number of them settled in North America and in Europe. The Dardis and Nuristanis live in Kashmir and the adjacent provinces of Afghanistan and Pakistan. The total number of Aryan-speaking peoples is about 1 billion people, they make up approximately a seventh of the total population of the Earth. Of this billion, there are approximately 900 million Indo-Aryans, more than 90 million Iranians, 5-6 million Dards and Nuristanis.

The ancient Aryans created three highly developed and unique civilizations - Persian, Indo-Gangetic and Turano-Scythian, and had a significant influence on the cultures of Western and Southeast Asia, the Caucasus, China, Turkic, Mongolian, Slavic and Finno-Ugric peoples. Their contribution to the treasury of spiritual values of humanity is of extraordinary weight. The Indo-Iranian Aryans burst into world history at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. - in an era when the great civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Harappa (Indus Valley) and the islands of the Eastern Mediterranean (Creto-Mycenaean world) were experiencing a deep internal crisis. Tribes of Aryan origin contributed to the renewal of ancient societies and gave a powerful impetus to the world cultural and historical process. For two millennia - up to the 3rd–4th centuries AD. - they were the main ones actors world history- until they grew old and gave way to younger peoples.

Among the Indo-Europeans, the "Aryans" were not isolated, deprived family ties group. Slavic, Baltic (Letto-Lithuanian), as well as Armenian and ancient Greek languages are close to their dialects. The speakers of these languages had many common ethnographic features, cult-mythological ideas, and psychological traits with the Indo-Iranians, going back to a single ancestral source. This indicates that the ancestors of the Greeks and Armenians, Balto-Slavs and Indo-Iranians constituted one cultural and historical bloc in ancient times. However, the proto-Greeks and proto-Armenians separated from this bloc very early and did not maintain such close family ties with the Indo-Iranians as the ancestors of the Balto-Slavs. Much further away than the listed peoples are the speakers of other Indo-European dialects, in particular the Germans and Celts, from the Aryans. Therefore, the Slavs and Balts (Lithuanians and Latvians) have much more reason to be called Aryans than the Germans, Scandinavians, French and other European peoples.

What was ancient Aryan society like? The study of various sources suggests that long before the start of large-scale migrations, the Indo-Iranians were pastoral tribes. Their cornerstone public life was a large patriarchal family, typical of pastoral peoples Eurasia. The basis of the economy was the breeding of large cattle and horses. The number of cows and bulls was the main measure of material well-being and wealth; a cow was considered the best sacrifice that the gods could wish for. The foundation of the military power of the Aryans was military cavalry and magnificent chariots. A thoroughbred horse was worth a whole herd of ordinary ones. All other animals were inferior in importance to cows and horses, and in addition to them, the Indo-Iranians bred goats, sheep, and Bactrian camels. Pig breeding was almost unknown to them; it was considered a lowly activity; pigs were not sacrificed to the gods. The Aryans were also engaged in agriculture, but it was a secondary occupation for them.

The Indo-Iranian tribes were semi-sedentary; every few years they moved their villages to a new place, which were, as a rule, not far from their previous camp. The Aryans did not know the potter's wheel; they sculpted ceramics “by hand” and fired it not in a forge, but in special pits or on a fire. Their ritual utensils were wooden.

The Indo-Iranians lived in large houses sunk into the ground, they also used dwellings on wheels - like vans or tents; they knew many metals and alloys - copper, gold, silver, bronze, and made weapons and utensils from them. The Aryans were good at the art of woodworking; it was they who perfected the technique of building chariots.

The Indo-Iranians were warlike people, and war booty - livestock, pastures, captives - was one of the most important sources of their well-being. Wars were fought almost constantly - both between the Indo-Iranians themselves, and between them and other peoples.

The Aryans were experienced collectors of wild honey, which was an essential element of their diet. The main food for them was fresh cow's milk and products obtained from it: spoiled milk and butter, as well as cereal dishes like porridge and boiled meat. For various rituals and religious celebrations, the Indo-Iranians made "sauma" - a drink that led to a state of sacred ecstasy. On secular holidays, public and family, the intoxicating “sura” was used. These holidays opened with equestrian competitions, followed by a collective feast.

The Aryans wore leather pants, boots and jackets, as well as a bashlyk - clothing that later became traditional for the masses of Eurasian nomads.

The Indo-Iranians either cremated their dead, buried them under burial mounds, or (much less often) left them to the elements and carrion eaters in the territory of burial grounds set aside for this purpose.

The most ancient Aryans did not know specialized, market-oriented crafts, monetary trade and cities, did not build any fortresses, palaces, or temples, and probably did not have any cult images or writing.

In their midst three emerged social groups, which were called "flowers". The most numerous of the “flowers” were community herders. The second group was represented by warriors, the third by priests. They were the most respected social stratum. The kings, the “sons of the Sun”, who crowned the entire system, were considered warrior-priests. social organization Aryans and heads of individual tribes and tribal unions.

Various branches of the Aryans created great monuments of ancient religious thought, Indo-Aryans - “Vedas”, southern Iranians - “Avesta”. Judging by these monuments, they worshiped a host of gods, believing, at the same time, that behind all the diversity of life phenomena lies a single and eternal Basic Principle, the spiritual and creative principle that created this world, God the Absolute. Each of their many gods embodied different aspects of this Absolute.

There were very few female deities in the Indo-Iranian pantheon, and a harsh patriarchy reigned in it. The Aryan gods were shepherd gods. Their most frequent epithets are “lord of vast pastures”, “sender of beautiful horse wealth”, etc. The gods were asked to irrigate pastures and give herds of horses and bulls. In the Indo-Iranian hymns, the gods were depicted riding on horse-drawn chariots; their most important function was to protect livestock from demons or their servants in the earthly world.

Sacrifice was the main element of the religious practice of the Aryans. Sacrifices were made not only to the gods, but also to the ancestors. In addition to animals, they sacrificed to the gods melted butter(“ghee”), saumu and milk. In honor of their ancestors, mounds with stone altars were built.

The cult of the horse was extremely developed among the Indo-Iranians, along with it there was probably a less widespread cult of the beaver.

An essential component of the Aryan religion was also the veneration of fire and the worship of the Sun. It is possible that the name “Arya” itself goes back to the ancient name of the Sun - Svar, Svara.

In the Indo-Iranian environment, a sacred mythopoetic language developed, which was used when performing rituals and addressing the gods. The poetics of the Aryans was based on pastoral terms. Images of a cow, a bull and a horse permeate the Indian Vedas and the Iranian Zend-Avesta. On their basis the entire symbolic system of religious texts is built, shimmering with alliterations and hidden meanings, using a large number of epithets and synonyms. Only in the "Rigveda" - the main one of the "Vedas" - to designate key images- horse, bull and cow, at least 10 - 15 different synonyms are used.

Where is the ancestral home of the Aryans, which the peoples of the Indian branch called “Arya Varta”, the peoples of the Iranian branch called “Aryana Veja”, i.e. "Aryan space"?

As already mentioned, the search for it has continued for more than two centuries, but there is still no consensus in science about where it is located. The Aryan cradle was searched for in the Himalayas and in India, in the Middle East and in Central Asia, in Europe and the Caucasus, in the Arctic and in Tibet. Supporters of the most authoritative and well-founded point of view believe that it was located in the strip from the Carpathians to the Volga.

It is known that the ancestral home of the Aryans occupied eastern part common Indo-European focus, was located in a zone of temperate, relatively dry and continental climate, and abounded in open, extended spaces. All this seems to indicate in favor of the localization of the Aryan ancestral home precisely in the steppes and forest-steppes of the Great Russian Plain, but many facts suggest that it was located further east - on the slopes of the Urals and in the Trans-Urals.

In his Essay on Inequality human races"(1855). Gobineau defined with this term the fair-haired and blue-eyed representatives of the white race, whom he considered as the highest level of this race and, therefore, of all humanity.

IN scientific literature the term fell out of use in the first half of the 20th century and is no longer used. The pseudoscientific nature of the term is derived from the confusion of linguistic and anthropological characteristics, since in linguistics Indo-Iranian languages are now called Aryan, and at the time the term arose - Indo-European languages in general; but the carriers of both those and others do not have common physical properties and do not form any race. Thus, the speakers of Aryan languages are such anthropologically different peoples as Ossetians, Persians, Tajiks, Gypsies, Indians and Veddas (the latter are generally Australoids). Anthropological diversity among speakers of all Indo languages European languages much higher.

According to fashionable turn of XIX-XX centuries, theories that later formed the basis of Nazi ideology, the ancestral home of the “Aryans” (Indo-Europeans) is Northern Europe, and it was there that the most “pure Aryan” was preserved racial type", while the inhabitants of other countries are the result of a mixture of "Aryans" with aborigines. This led to the conclusion about the racial superiority of the inhabitants Northern Europe, supposedly the purest and most perfect bearers of the “Aryan spirit” (to which, in turn, all achievements were attributed European culture). Thus, Adolf Hitler said:

The “Aryan race” was opposed to the “Semitic race” represented primarily by the Jews, hence the term anti-Semitism. At the same time, the “Semitic race” was attributed purely negative qualities, which made it, in the minds of racists, the direct opposite of the “Aryan race”.

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Arik Benado

See what the “Aryan race” is in other dictionaries: ARYAN RACE - a term used in racist concepts to designate the highest racial type of blond Aryans (Aryans), the founders of a great civilization (see Racism) ... Big

encyclopedic Dictionary Aryan race - a term used in racist concepts to designate the “superior” racial type of blond Aryans (Aryans), the founders of a great civilization (Racism). Political science: Dictionary reference book. comp. Prof. Science Sanzharevsky I.I.. 2010 ...

Political science. Dictionary. Aryan race - a term used in racist concepts to designate the "superior" racial type of Aryans (Aryans) (see Racism). * * * ARYAN RACE ARYAN RACE, a term used in racist concepts to designate the “superior” racial type of blond... ...

encyclopedic Dictionary encyclopedic Dictionary - A pseudoscientific term coined in mid-19th century by the authors of reactionary racial theories. The falsity of the term lies in the confusion of the concepts of linguistic and racial classification. In linguistics, Indo-Iranian languages were called Aryan. But their carriers do not... ...

encyclopedic Dictionary Encyclopedia of the Third Reich - a pseudoscientific term put forward in the mid-19th century. authors of reactionary racial “theories.” The falsity of the term lies in the confusion of the concepts of linguistic and racial classification. In linguistics, Indo-Iranian languages are called Aryan. But their carriers... ...

Great Soviet Encyclopedia Indigenous race

- This article should be completely rewritten. There may be explanations on the talk page... Wikipedia Mediterranean race - the currently accepted designation for those tribes that, according to Blumenbach’s terminology, belonged to the Caucasian race (see). All Europeans belong to the S. race, to the extent that they are not Mongol-like, all North Africans, to the extent that they are not part of... ...

Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron- (or anthroposociology) one of the influential schools in sociology and anthropology. 19 n. 20th century; basic the idea of the decisive influence of the racial factor on history. And cultural development peoples R. a. w. formed in conditions of growth... ... Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies

Vril Society- Check neutrality. There should be details on the talk page... Wikipedia

Mein Kampf- (Mein Kampf My Struggle), a book by Hitler in which he outlined his political program in detail. In Hitler's Germany, Mein Kampf was considered the bible of National Socialism, it gained fame even before its publication, and many Germans believed... century by the authors of reactionary racial theories. The falsity of the term lies in the confusion of the concepts of linguistic and racial classification. In linguistics, Indo-Iranian languages were called Aryan. But their carriers do not... ...

Books

Aryan Hyperborea. Cradle of the Russian World, Pavlishcheva Natalya Pavlovna. A new book from the author of the best-selling books “10 thousand years of Russian history. Forbidden Rus'” and “Veles’s Rus'. Chronicle of Ice and Fire”. New evidence of the antiquity and primogeniture of our Fatherland...

Undoubtedly, the question of who the Aryans are and how this nation appeared is of interest to many, although it requires the most careful study and detailed analysis.

The Aryans are a people who spoke languages belonging to the eastern branch of the Indo-European family and belonged to the northern racial type.

Who were the Aryans, and where did they actually live? According to legend, the ancient Aryans migrated from Hyperborea, a state that was formed in a territory dominated by a harsh northern climate. At the same time, five decades ago, European scientists were absolutely sure that the Aryans had Asian roots. Subsequently, it was accepted to consider the northwestern part of Europe to be the homeland of the Aryans, and the original racial type of the Aryans was defined as Nordic (northern). From Irish “aire” is translated as “leader”, “to know”, from Old Scandinavian - “the most noble”. And yet who are the Aryans? The superior race, the demigods? This is the interpretation of only Adolf Hitler and no one else.

First of all, they are bearers of religious texts, which were called Avesta and Rigveda - they give an understanding of who the Aryans really are. It should be recognized that the “fifth race” left behind a colossal legacy.

It must be emphasized that the concept of “Aryan race” was first introduced by J. A. Gobineau, who in the 19th century published his work entitled “An Essay on the Inequality of Human Races.” At the same time, he has superiority over others. After his works were published, soldiers began to call themselves Aryans. Moreover, as a “noble” race, Aryans should have Blue eyes and blond hair.

The Hitlerites viewed the Aryan race as a specific gene pool, which was represented exclusively by the Germans, since they were superior to other peoples in mental, moral and physical qualities. In addition, all Aryans must be tall, have impeccable health and be in excellent physical shape.

The “Fuhrer” liked the theory of a perfect race. In his book "Main Kampf" he emphasized that the history of the Aryans deserves comprehensive study by every soldier fascist Germany. According to Adolf Hitler, every " true Aryan"must take care of the "purity of blood", and, in his opinion, it is criminal to marry a representative of an inferior race. At the same time, the fascist dictator had no doubt at all that it was necessary to strictly monitor the level of demographics in the country, and people who had “poor” health were forbidden to have children.

For his country, Hitler wanted to prepare the role of a world leader who would rule all nations. According to the “chief” Nazi, the Aryan (Germanic) race “gives birth” to exclusively brilliant people who are destined to rule the world. Others must do their will and obey them unquestioningly, since they are untalented and have absolutely no talent. The Fuhrer defined all peoples without exception from the position of their similarity to the Aryan race.

In addition to the inhabitants of Scandinavia, Hitler believed that the Japanese, although different in appearance, but are close in spirit to the Aryans. At the same time, he considered representatives of other peoples inhabiting Southeast Asia “almost monkeys.”

Many European and Oriental languages are close to each other. They all belong to a single “Aryan” or Indo-European language family. However, historians still debate whether the “Aryans” actually existed.

Aryan etymology

Aryans are the ancient peoples of India and Iran who spoke Aryan languages, part of the Indo-European language family. The etymology of their self-name is very mysterious. In the 19th century, a hypothesis was put forward that the ethnonym “Aryan” came from the words “nomad” or “farmer.” Already in the 20th century, scientists believed that the Indo-European ar-i̯-o- means “one who is hospitable to ari,” and “ari” can be translated from ancient Indian as “friend” or, conversely, “enemy” (the opposite meaning of one and the same the same words or related words are characteristic of ancient languages).

The unifying meaning could also be “a fellow tribesman from another clan,” since he could be both a friend and an enemy. Thus, the concept of “Aryan” meant a person who was part of the ethnic totality of various Aryan tribes. The hypothesis is confirmed by the presence in the Vedic pantheon of the god Aryaman, who is responsible for friendship and hospitality.

Another vector of etymological research leads us to a different meaning of the word “Aryan” - “freeborn” and “noble”, which came from Semitic languages. It is possible that rudiments of this word survive in Old Irish, in which "aire" is translated as "noble" or "free", as well as in some others.

Where did the Aryans come from?

Recent studies show that the ancient ancestors were originally a single people, and only in the second millennium BC they divided into two branches - Iranian and Indo-Aryan. The word “Iran” itself has a connection with the word “Aryan”, and means “land of the Aryans”. It is important to take into account that modern Iran is only a small area on the map of those vast territories occupied by the ancient Iranian peoples: the Iranian plateau, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, the steppes north of the Caucasus and the Black Sea and others. In addition, the commonality of the Indo-Aryan and Iranian branches proves the similarity of the sacred texts - the Iranian Avesta and the Indian Vedas. Today, there are several versions about where the Aryans came from.

According to the linguistic hypothesis, the Aryans migrated to India and settled there around 1700-1300. BC. The version is based on the study of ancient languages and customs reflected in historical sources. Linguistics shows that India was not the homeland of the Aryans - as a rule, in the region of origin of any language family there are many different languages and dialects of the same family, and in India there is only one Indo-Aryan branch of languages. In Central and Eastern Europe In contrast, there are hundreds of varieties of Indo-European languages. It is logical to assume that it was here that the Indo-European family of languages and peoples originated. In addition, having come to India, the Aryans encountered its indigenous population, speaking languages of another family, for example, Munda (Austroasiatic family) or Dravidian - languages from which archaic borrowings in Sanskrit were taken.

Most Recognized this moment - mound hypothesis. According to it, the ancestral homeland of the Indo-Europeans was the Volga and Black Sea lands, where archaeologists recorded the Yamnaya culture. Its representatives were the first to build war chariots, which allowed them to capture everything large areas and spread its influence over the entire Eurasian continent.

Pseudoscientific speculation

In addition to academic versions, there are dozens of fantastic ones: that the Aryans are, in fact, inhabitants of the mythical Hyperborea, who came from the Arctic; that they are the direct ancestors of the Germans, Russians or anyone else. As a rule, such theories are in demand among nationalistically minded communities for building a pseudo-history of a certain people. The main goal is to “extend” the history of their country.

Aryan culture

The Aryans or Indo-Iranians left a rich cultural heritage. In addition to the most important written heritage, such as the Vedas and Avesta, the later Mahabharata and Ramayana, the Aryans also left monuments material culture. Originally a semi-nomadic people, they focused on breeding cows and horses. The main weapon of the Aryans were arrows. These peoples were familiar with irrigation systems and forging copper and gold products.

The Aryan family was patriarchal; in addition to the head of the family, each family had other members, slaves and livestock. Families united into clans, communities and tribes, sometimes at war with each other. That three-class social system, which became widespread in ancient Iranian and Indian societies, was not as strongly developed among the Aryans, however, its main features were present. The top of the hierarchy consisted of priests, future brahmins, and kshatriya aristocrats who commanded common people. There were arias warlike people mining land in search of new lands and pastures.

Origin of the "Aryan Race"

The origin of races was a historical mystery before the 19th century. However, at the beginning of the century, scientists discovered the commonality of many European languages with the languages of India and Iran. All these languages were called the Aryan language family - later it would be called Indo-European. The self-name of the peoples of ancient India and Iran - Aryans, was mistakenly understood as common name all Indo-European tribes, and archaeologists soon found the so-called Yamnaya culture, which, thanks to the construction of war chariots, quickly expanded its linguistic, cultural and political influence from a small area within the borders of some lands of modern Poland, Ukraine and southern Russia to the scale of an entire empire - from Portugal to Sri Lanka.
Despite the fact that no separate race of Aryans existed, and the confusion of physiological characteristics with linguistic ones was pseudoscientific (speakers of Indo-European languages included the very different peoples of Tajikistan, Persia, Gypsies and even Veddas, who are Australoids), scientists began to believe that the community of languages is equal to the community of race. The famous mistake of the German philologist Max Müller, who accidentally referred to the non-existent “Aryan race”, led to the spread in scientific world opinions about the existence of the Aryan race, and later the emergence of Nazi racial theories.

From the title of this rating one might think that we'll talk about the fair-haired and blue-eyed beauties of the Nordic race (like Anita Ekberg or women from the paintings of Wolfgang Willrich), which Nazi theorists called Aryan. However, the rating will focus on the most beautiful, according to the rating of the Top Anthropos website. girls and women of peoples speaking Aryan languages.

Until the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. e. The Aryans were a single people who roamed the steppes of Siberia and Central Asia. Then a split occurred within the Aryans. Some of the Aryans moved to the southeast and reached India, while the other part populated the Iranian plateau. Perhaps the reason for the split of the Aryans was a religious conflict, traces of which are visible in the difference between the names of good and evil beings in Hinduism (the religion of the Indian Aryans) and Zoroastrianism (the now almost extinct religion of the Iranians). For example, gods in Hinduism are called devas, and in Zoroastrianism devas are evil spirits. In Hinduism, demons and opponents of gods are called asuras, and in Zoroastrianism, ahuras are gods; the supreme deity of Zoroastrianism is called Ahura Mazda.

Until the 19th century, it was assumed that there were only two groups of Aryan peoples ( Indo-Aryans And Iranian arias), but then it turned out that in the mountain valleys of the Hindu Kush there has been a third branch of the Aryans for several millennia - Nuristanis, representing several peoples living an archaic life. Until the 19th century, they successfully fought with the surrounding Muslims, preserving their ancient beliefs, but a little over 100 years ago, having lost the war to the Pashtuns, they finally converted to Islam.

Dardy(the peoples inhabiting the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region) are often considered as the fourth branch of the Aryans, and one can often find information that the Dards are Indo-Aryans.

Currently, there are 313 Aryan languages, which is 2/3 of the total number of Indo-European languages. More than 1 billion people speak Indo-Aryan languages, about 200 million speak Iranian languages, 5.5 million speak Dardic languages, and about 130 thousand speak Nuristani languages. In total, Aryan languages are spoken by approximately 1.2 billion people, accounting for half of the number of speakers of the languages of the Indo-European language family (which also includes Slavic, Germanic, and Romance languages).

The most beautiful women of Iranian peoples

The most beautiful Persian- model and actress Claudia Lynx / Claudia Lynx. She was born on June 8, 1982 in Tehran (Iran) into a Persian family. When the girl was 5 years old, her family moved to Norway. Claudia Links currently lives in the USA. Real name and surname - Shagayegh Samen. At the same time, Azerbaijani sources indicate that her real name- Alizadeh, and her family belongs to Iranian Azerbaijanis. Claudia Links herself does not comment on these rumors.