Leonid Andreev artist. Portraits of Leonid Andreev, “before” and “after”. Biography of Andreev Leonid Nikolaevich. Mature years

"Andreev lived on Kamennoostrovsky, in a terribly gloomy house: A huge room - corner, with a lantern, and the windows of this lantern are located in the direction of the islands and Finland. You approach the window - and the lanterns of Kamennoostrovsky run away in a chain into the wet distance. Leonid Andreev, who lived in the writer Leonida Nikolaevich, was infinitely lonely, unrecognized and always facing the gap of a black window. The last guest in a black mask came to him through such a window - death.

Alexander Blok. In memory of Leonid Andreev

Andreev, Leonid Nikolaevich was born on August 9 (21) in Orel in 1871 on 2nd Pushkarnaya Street. His father, Nikolai Ivanovich, son by blood of the leader of the nobility and a serf girl; mother, Anastasia Nikolaevna, is from the family of a bankrupt Polish landowner. They had just gotten out of poverty: land surveyor Andreev got a job in a bank, bought a house and began to set up a household. Nikolai Ivanovich was a prominent figure: “gunners, broken heads”, he was respected for his extraordinary physical strength and a sense of justice that did not betray him even in his famous drunken antics and regular fights. Leonid Andreev later explained the strength of his character (as well as his craving for alcohol) by heredity on his father’s side, while his Creative skills attributed entirely to the maternal line. Anastasia Nikolaevna, née Patskovskaya, although she is believed to have come from a Russified and impoverished Polish noble family, was a simple and poorly educated woman. Her main advantage was her selfless love for children, and especially for her first-born Lenusha; and she also had a passion for inventions: in her stories no one could separate fact from fable.

Leonid remembers his childhood as “clear, carefree.” At the age of six he learned to read “and read extremely a lot, everything that came to hand.”

He studied at the Oryol classical gymnasium (1882-91) and, according to his own instructions in a short autobiography, " studied poorly, in seventh grade whole year bore the title of last student and received no more than four, and sometimes three, for his behavior". Opened at the gymnasiumat Andreev'sand a gift for words: copying problems from friends, he wrote essays for them in return, enthusiastically varying his manners. The penchant for stylization later manifested itself in literary experiments when, analyzing the works of famous writers, he tried to forge "like Chekhov", "like Garshin", "like Tolstoy". But during his high school years, Andreev did not think about writing and was seriously engaged only in... drawing. And since there were no opportunities to study painting in Orel, then " the whole matter was limited to fruitless amateurism"And more than once later I lamented famous writer about his undeveloped talent artist, talent, every now and then forcing him to drop his pen and take up a brush or pencil. I read a lot, mainly fiction. Made a huge impression on him " What is my faith? Tolstoy .

"Been biting" he is also into Hartmann and Schopenhauer; studied the latter very thoroughly, making extensive extracts from it and compiling lengthy notes, and “The World as Will and Representation” long years remained one of his favorite books and had a significant influence on his work.

Under these influences, from the age of 15 - 16, he began to be tormented by “damned questions” to such an extent that, wanting to test “fate,” he lay down on the rails. “Fate” turned out to be favorable. This time the locomotive had a high firebox, and the train rushing over the young man did not harm him.

At the age of seventeen, Andreev made a significant entry in his diary, known in the retelling of V.V. Brusyanin. The future fiction writer promised himself that " with his writings will destroy both morality and established human relations, will destroy love and religion and end his life in destruction".

In the senior classes of the gymnasium, Andreev’s love interests began. However, the word “passion” does not give an idea of ​​the fatal force that he had from his youth until his very last day felt in myself and around me. He felt love, like death, subtly and acutely, to the point of pain. " Just as some people need words, just as others need work or struggle, so love is necessary for me,- L. Andreev wrote in his diary.- Like air, like food, like sleep - love is necessary condition my human existence".

After graduating from high school, Andreev entered the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. By this time material conditions families have deteriorated extremely. My father died, and I had to be in great need, even starve. The first story was written on this topic - " about a hungry student. I cried when I wrote it, and the editors laughed when they returned the manuscript to me.". Literary debut - the story "In Cold and Gold".

In 1893, expelled from St. Petersburg University for non-payment, he transferred to the Faculty of Law of Moscow University, where “material life was better”: his comrades and the committee helped." But " in other respects" He " I remember St. Petersburg University with great pleasure." At the same time, according to the rules, he undertakes “not to take part in any communities, such as, for example, fraternities and the like, and also not to join even those permitted by law, without permission in each individual case from the nearest authorities.”

In the summer of 1894, during the holidays in Orel, the most difficult and lasting of the heart dramas Andreev experienced began. "July 22, 1894 is my second birthday,"- he wrote in his diary; but the reciprocity was short-lived. His beloved refuses Andreev's proposal to marry him, and again he tries to commit suicide.In 1894, he “shot unsuccessfully; the consequence of the unsuccessful shot was church repentance and heart disease, not dangerous, but stubborn and annoying.”

Leonid Andreev's brother recalls: " I was a boy, but even then I understood and felt what a great grief, what great melancholy he carried within himself."

In 1895, his widowed mother and Andreev’s 5 younger brothers and sisters also moved to Moscow, and a period of poverty and wandering from apartment to apartment began: August 1895 - Prechistensky Boulevard, 25 (the house has not survived); from January 1896 - Malaya Nikitskaya street, 2; spring 1896 - Spiridonyevskaya street, 2 (the house has not survived); autumn 1896 - Malaya Nikitskaya street, semi-basement floor no. 20; January 1897 - Granatny Lane, 20, apt. 5; December 1897 and January 1898 - corner of Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya street and Malaya Nikitskaya street, 136/41 (mezzanine above the warehouse).Andreev the student gave lessons, compiled advertisements about the work of Moscow museums for the newspaper " Russian word". Tendencies to political activity Andreev did not show it; He maintained relations with the Oryol community (for which he came under police surveillance): together with other “old men” who came to general secret meetings, he ridiculed the “reformists” who studied and propagated Marx. "Golden pastime"Oryol "old men"opposed to political self-education, described by Andreev in the plays “Days of Our Lives” and “Gaudeamus” (“Old Student”). The characters and events were almost never imagined.

Reading, in particular philosophical reading, further removed Andreev from the topic of the day. According to his brother, Leonid spent whole nights poring over the works of Nietzsche, whose death in 1900 he perceived almost as a personal loss.

Attempts to get into print still failed; But my painting classes went well. He “drew portraits to order for 3 and 5 rubles each. Having improved, he began to receive 10 and even 12 rubles for a portrait.”

In May 1897, Leonid Andreev unexpectedly successfully passed state exams at the university; and, although his diploma turned out to be only the second degree and gave the title not of “candidate”, but of “full student”, this was quite enough to start a lawyer’s career: he soon signed up as an assistant sworn attorney with the Moscow lawyer of the Moscow Judicial District. Livenson, acted as a defense attorney in court and took this activity very seriously.

“Contact with the printing press” initially consisted in the fact that Andreev supplied cheap materials in a few lines to the “Inquiry Department” of the newspaper “Russian Word”: “The Chamber of the Romanov Boyars is open on such and such days...”

Having unexpectedly received an offer from a lawyer friend for a position as a court reporter in the Moskovsky Vestnik newspaper to write essays “From the Courtroom,”AndreevA few days later he brings his first judicial report to the editorial office. "It was written well literary language, very lively... There was no template introduction about what a meeting was taking place at that time, but the indictment, presented in the form of a story, began directly“- recalled an employee of Moskovsky Vestnik.Andreevdefense in courtcombinedwith anonymous publication in the journal. HTwo months later he moved to give reports to the newly founded Moscow newspaper, the Kurier newspaper.There he begins to publish feuilletons, which he signs "James Lynch" and "L.-ev" and stories.Later, byWhen Andreev achieved fame, some publications, in order to at least give something from the worktions of a fashionable writer, James Lynch's feuilletons began to be reprinted.

For the Easter issue of 1898 at the request of the editors Adreev "influenced by Dickens", which I loved very much, re-read "ten times"; wrote the story "Bergamot and Garaska". It was he who decided Andreev’s fate, since Gorky drew attention to him. The young writers became close and, together with the aspiring writers Skitalets, Bunin, Teleshov, and the singer Chaliapin, formed a close literary and artistic community. Gorky helped Andreev with advice and deeds, and introduced him to the publishing partnership “Knowledge,” founded by a group of young writers with the goal of maintaining and developing the social-realistic traditions of Russian literature of the 19th century.

Since 1900, Andreev led the cycles of feuilletons “Impressions” and the every Sunday essay “Moscow. Little things in life” in “Courier”.Andreev attracted the attention of a large public to himself in “Life” in 1901 with the story “Once upon a time.” In the same year, in September, the first volume of stories was published in the St. Petersburg publishing house "Znanie" at the expense of Gorky, which included Little Angel, Grand slam, Lies, Silence and Once upon a time.

February 101902Andreev’s wedding took place in the Church of St. Nicholas Yavlensky on Arbat StreetAlexandra MikhailovnaWeligOrskaya - grandniece of T. G. Shevchenko.The Andreevs rented an apartment on Srednyaya Presnya (now Zamorenova Street, 34), in which literary “Mondays” were held.

Leonid Andreev with his wife, 1903

Since December 1902, Andreev has been editor of the fiction department of the Courier; with the help of Gorky, he attracts Serafimovich to cooperation, publishes the first works of Remizov, Zaitsev, Chulkov...

After marriage beganthe calmest and happiest period in Andreev’s life. However,it continuednot for long. In January 1903 he was elected a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature at Moscow University. Andreev continued his literary activity, and rebellious motives appeared in his work. After publicationin January 1904story “No Forgiveness,” which was directed against agents of the Tsarist secret police, the newspaper"Courier"closed.

An important event - not only literary, but also social - was Andreev’s anti-war story “Red Laughter”. The writer enthusiastically welcomes the first Russian revolution and tries to actively promote it: he works for the Bolshevik newspaper Borba, and participates in a secret meeting of the Finnish Red Guard. INFebruary 1905he gets into conflict againic with the authorities, advocating for the provision of an apartment for meetings of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. After which he is placed in solitary confinement. Only thanks to the bail provided by Savva Morozov, he manages to get out of prison.

Despite everything, Andreev did not stop his revolutionary activities: in July 1905, he and Gorky performed at a literary and musical evening, the proceeds of which went to the benefit of the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP and the families of the striking workers of the Putilov plant. From persecution by the authorities, he now had to hide abroad: at the end of 1905, the writer went to Germany.

In Germany, Leonid Andreev experienced one of the most terrible tragedies of his life - the death of his beloved wifeduring the birth of his second son Daniel. At this time, he was working on the play “The Life of a Man,” about which he later wrote to Vera Figner: “Thank you for your review of “The Life of a Man.” This thing is very dear to me; and now I see that they won’t understand her. And it hurts a lotpresses me, not as an author (I have no pride), but as a “Man.” After all, this thing was the last thought, the last feeling and pride of my wife - and when they take it apart coldly, scold it, then I feelThere is some kind of huge insult in this.Of course, why do critics care that “the man’s wife” died, but it hurts me. Yesterday and today the play is being staged in St. Petersburg, and it makes me sick to think about it.” In December 1907, Andreev met with Gorky in Capri, and in May 1908, having somehow recovered from grief, he returned to Russia.

Leonid Andreev continues to promote the revolution: he supports the illegal foundation of prisoners of the Shlisselburg Fortress, and hides revolutionaries in his house.The writer works as an editor in the anthology “Rosehip” and the collection “Knowledge”. He invites Alexander Blok to Znanie, whom he highly values. Blok, in turn, speaks of Andreev like this: “They find something in common with Edgar Allan Poe. This is true to a certain extent, but the huge difference is that in Mr. Andreev’s stories there is nothing “extraordinary,” “strange,” “fantastic,” or “mysterious.” All simple everyday incidents.”

However, the writer had to leavefrom "Knowledge": Gorky resolutely rebelled against the publications of Blok and Sologub. Andreev also broke up with Rosehipafter he rejected the printednovels by Savinov and Sologub.

Anna Andreeva, the writer’s second wife, Marseille, 1910. The photograph was taken by Andreev.

Perhaps the most significant work of this period was “Judas Iscariot”, in which Andreev reinterprets the famous biblical story. The disciples of Christ appear as cowardly ordinary people, and Judas appears as a mediator between Christ and people. The image of Judas is dual: formally he is a traitor, but in essence he is the only devoted to Christ Human. He betrays Christ in order to find out whether any of his followers are capable of sacrificing themselves to save their teacher. He brings weapons to the apostles, warns them of the danger threatening Christ, and after the death of the Teacher follows him. The author puts a very deep ethical postulate into the mouth of Judas: “Sacrifice is suffering for one and shame for all. You took on all the sin. You will soon kiss the cross on which you crucified Christ!.. Did he forbid you to die? Why are you alive when he is dead?.. What is truth itself in the mouths of traitors? Doesn’t it become a lie?” Andreev described this work as “something on the psychology, ethics and practice of betrayal.”

A photo that is listed as a self-portrait. Leonid Andreev in front of his own copy of a drawing by Francisco Goya. 1912, Vammelsuu

Leonid Andreev is constantly busy searching for style. He develops techniques and principles of expressive rather than figurative writing. At this time, such works as “The Tale of the Seven Hanged Men” (1908), which tells about government repressions, the plays “Days of Our Lives” (1908), “Anatema” (1910), “Ekaterina Ivanovna” (1913), and the novel “ Sashka Zhegulev" (1911).

After 1905 Andreev performsmainly in the genre of drama. His first play To the Stars appeared in 1905 and until 1917 he published at least one play a year.

Veresaev and L. Andreev, 1912

First world war L. Andreev welcomed as “the struggle of democracy throughout the world against Caesarism and despotism, of which Germany is a representative.” He expected the same from all figures of Russian culture. At the beginning of 1914, the writer even went to Gorky in Capri to convince him to abandon his “defeatist” position and at the same time restore shaken friendly relations. Returning to Russia, he began working for the newspaper Morning of Russia, the organ of the liberal bourgeoisie, and in 1916 became editor of the newspaper Russkaya Volya.

Andreev and the February Revolution enthusiastically welcomed him. He even tolerated violence if it was used to achieve “lofty goals” and served the public good and the triumph of freedom.

However, his euphoria waned as the Bolsheviks strengthened their positions. Already in September 1917, he wrote that “the conqueror Lenin” was walking “on puddles of blood.” An opponent of any dictatorship, he could not come to terms with the Bolshevik dictatorship. In October 1917, he left for Finland, which was actually the beginning of emigration (in fact, thanks to a sad curiosity: when the border between Soviet Russia and Finland, Andreev and his family lived in the country and, willy-nilly, ended up “abroad”).

On March 22, 1919, his article “S.O.S!” was published in the Parisian newspaper “Common Cause!”, in which aboutn turned to the “noble” citizens for help and called on them to unite in order to save Russia from the “savages of Europe who rebelled against herculture, laws and morality”, which turned it “into ashes, fire, murder, destructionchurch, cemetery, dungeons and insane asylums.”

Andreev exhibited in St. Petersburg in 1913 at the “Exhibition of Independents” and received the approval of Repin and Roerich.

Andreev. Artist Repin.

Troubled state of mind the writer also affected his physical well-being. On December 9, Leonid Andreev died of cardiac paralysis in the village of Neivala in Finland at the dacha of a friend, writer Valkovsky. His body was temporarily buried in a local church.

This is TVthe “rebel” period lasted until 1956, when his ashes were reburied in Leningrad on the Literary Bridge of the Volkov Cemetery.

leonidandreev.ru

“When thousands kill one, it means that one has won.”

“And what kind of great liar is he who only knows how to deceive others? Lie to yourself enough to believe it - that’s art.”

“But do pious people know how to distinguish the fake from the real? Only scammers can do this.”

“The wisdom of words is needed only by the poor in spirit, but the rich are speechless. s".

Released in 1930 latest collection stories by Leonid Andreev, and - for many yearss defaults.

The second “discovery” of Andreev’s work, as part of the pre-revolutionevolutionary literature, occurred in our country in 1956, with the release of the collection “Stories”. This discovery has been going on for more than thirty years, but the currentthis estimous collection of works is only a stage in understanding this wonderful writer.

At the “Moscow Premiere” they will present a film adaptation of Leonid Andreev’s story. Painting "Judas" young director Andrei Bogatyrev based on Leonid Andreev’s story “Judas Iscariot” was included in the main program of the Moscow Premiere festival - “ The Magnificent Seven"MK". A little earlier, she participated in the Moscow International Film Festival, where Alexei Shevchenkov, who played Judas, was awarded the “Silver George” for the best performance of a male role.

This is the second Russian film adaptation of Leonid Andreev’s work after “The Desert” by Mikhail Katz, filmed in 1991 with the participation of actors Sergei Russkin and Nikolai Pastukhov.

Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev is considered the great Russian writer of the Silver Age. This writer created not only in a realistic form, but also in a symbolic one. Despite the fact that this creator is considered mysterious man, he knew how to transform an ordinary character into a personality, forcing readers to think.

1. Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev loved the works of Hartmann and Schopenhauer.

2. Andreev is called the founder of Russian expressionism.

3.B school years this writer drew caricatures of students and teachers.

4. The paintings of Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev were at exhibitions and were appreciated by Repin and Roerich.

5.According to the writer, he inherited positive and negative traits. His mother gave him creative abilities, and his father gave him a love of alcohol and strength of character.

6. The writer managed to study at 2 universities: Moscow and St. Petersburg.

7. Having a diploma allowed Andreev to start a career as a lawyer.

8. The pseudonym of Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev was James Lynch.

9. For a long time the writer had to live at his dacha in Finland.

10. Until 1902, Andreev was an assistant to a sworn attorney, and also acted as a defense attorney in the courts.

11. Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev tried to commit suicide several times. The first time he lay down on the rails, the second time he shot himself with a pistol.

12.The first story that Andreev wrote was not recognized.

13. Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev was married twice.

14. Andreev’s first wife, whose name was Alexandra Mikhailovna Veligorskaya, was the great-niece of Taras Shevchenko. She died in childbirth.

15. Andreev’s second wife is Anna Ilyinichna Denisevich, who lived abroad after his death.

16. Andreev had 5 children in marriages: 4 sons and 1 daughter.

17. All Andreev’s children followed in their father’s footsteps and were engaged in literature and creativity.

18.Leonid Nikolaevich greeted the February Revolution and the First World War with enthusiasm.

19. Andreev made a shelter for revolutionaries from his house.

20. Andreev became famous only after he wrote his collection “Stories” in 1901.

21. The great writer was buried in Finland, despite the fact that last years During his life he lived in Leningrad.

22.The death of the writer was caused by heart disease.

23. In his childhood, Andreev was fascinated by reading books.

24.Active literary activity Leonid Nikolaevich began with the publication “Courier”.

25. While studying at the university, Andreev had to go through love drama. His chosen one refused to marry him.

26. While a university student, Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev taught.

27. Andreev was able to get closer to Gorky.

28. Because Andreev had connections with the opposition, the police gave him a written undertaking not to leave.

29. Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev went to live in Germany due to the fact that the authorities controlled him through loyalty to the revolutionaries.

30. The writer’s second son was born in Germany.

31.In 1957, the writer was reburied in St. Petersburg.

32. The writer was fond of painting in his childhood, but in his city there were no special schools for education and therefore he did not receive such an education, remaining self-taught until the end of his life.

33. Andreev was published in modernist almanacs and magazines under the publishing house “Rosehovnik”.

34. Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev was inspired to write “Notes of Satan” by the revolution.

35. In Orel in 1991, a house-museum in memory of this writer was opened.

36. Andreev did not have “rainbow” works.

37.The writer was born in the Oryol province. Bunin and Turgenev also walked there.

38. Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev was a very handsome person.

39. Leonid Nikolaevich had less taste than talent.

40. In 1889, the most difficult year of his life began in the writer’s life, because his father died, as well as a crisis in his love relationship.

41. Many believe that Andreev had the gift of foresight.

42. Maxim Gorky was a mentor and critic of Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev.

43.B large family future writer became the firstborn.

44. The writer’s mother was from a family of poor Polish landowners, and his father was a land surveyor.

45. Andreev’s father died of apoplexy, leaving 6 children orphans.

46.The baby, at the birth of which Andreev’s wife died, he for a long time didn't want to see.

47.The writer was paid 5 rubles in gold per line.

48. Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev managed to build a house with a tower, which he called “Advance”.

49.Initially, the writer’s death was not even noticed in his homeland. For 40 years he was forgotten.

50. Leonid Nikolaevich died at the age of 48.

51. Andreev’s mother always spoiled him.

52. Throughout his life, Leonid Nikolaevich tried to fight the habit of alcohol abuse.

53. At school, Andreev constantly skipped classes and studied poorly.

54. The writer’s studies at Moscow University were paid for by the benefit society for those in need.

56.After the death of his father, the responsibilities of the head of the family fell on Andreev’s shoulders.

57. Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev worked for the newspaper “Russian Will” over the years of his life.

58. Andreev was fond of reading philosophical treatises.

59.In 1907, Andreev managed to get literary prize Griboyedov, after which not a single work of his was successful.

60. The plays of Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev were filmed.

61. The writer was never able to finish writing the novel “Satan’s Diary”. It was completed only after Andreev’s death.

62. Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev, despite his connections with the Bolsheviks, hated Lenin.

63. Andreev was admired by such contemporaries as: Blok and Gorky.

64.The works of Tolstoy and Chekhov had a huge influence on the development of Andreev as a creative personality.

65.The writer also created illustrations for his works.

66.Critics argued that Andreev’s works contain notes of “cosmic pessimism.”

67. The writer was expelled from St. Petersburg University for non-payment.

68. Andreev got married to his first wife in a church.

69. Leonid Nikolaevich was in prison for a short time.

70. Over the years of his life, Andreev wooed many women. At that time, there was even a joke that he “proposed to all the artists art theater one by one."

71. Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev even looked after the sisters of his two wives.

72. Before getting married to his second wife, Andreev asked her to return her name given at birth - Anna. This was due to the fact that only prostitutes were then called Matildas.

73. He left the child, because of whom the writer’s first wife died, to be raised by his mother-in-law.

74. Andreev’s daughter had to work as a cleaner, a nurse, and a servant. She ended up becoming a writer like her father.

75.Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev named his youngest son Valentin in honor of Serov.

76.In the last years of his life, Andreev thought a lot about the psychology of creativity.

77.The writer has never taken part in political life.

78. Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev is considered a Russian writer of the Silver Age.

79. Andreeva’s mother only graduated from parochial school.

80.After unsuccessful attempt suicide Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev repented in church.

81.Andreev was inspired to create the work “Red Laughter” by the Russian-Japanese War.

82. Until the age of 12, Andreev was educated by his parents, and only at the age of 12 was he sent to a classical gymnasium.

83. Leonid Nikolaevich is considered one of the first writers of the 20th century.

84.The writer wrote his story “Judas Iscariot” in Capri.

85. Contemporaries called this writer “the sphinx of the Russian intelligentsia.”

86. At the age of 6, Andreev already knew the alphabet.

87. Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev was paid 11 rubles for a portrait.

88.During his life, Andreev worked in the legal profession for 5 years.

89. This man simply could not imagine his life without love.

90.Leonid Nikolaevich’s first and only secretary was his second wife.

91.The descendants of this writer live in America and Paris today.

92.Andreev was also considered a master of color photographs.

93. Approximately 400 Andreev color stereoautochromes are known today.

94. Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev had a passion for invention.

95.Nietzsche's death was perceived by this writer as a personal loss.

96. Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev was part of the commission for organizing literary “Tuesdays”.

Andreev Leonid Nikolaevich

Biography of Andreev Leonid Nikolaevich. Youth.

Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev was born on August 9, 1871 in Orel in the family of a land surveyor, the son of a leader of the nobility and a serf girl. Andreeva’s mother, née Patskovskaya, came from a family of Polish landowners.
Andreev’s childhood, in his words, was “clear, carefree.” At the age of six, he learned to read “and read extremely widely, everything that came to hand.”
In 1882-1891, Andreev studied at the Oryol classical gymnasium. Already during his years of study, he discovered his literary talent, which first manifested itself in writing essays for fellow students, and later - his first stories. Andreev grew up as an impressionable young man prone to expressive actions. At the age of seventeen, deciding to test his willpower, he lay down between the rails in front of an approaching locomotive; fortunately, the “experiment” did not lead to the death of the future writer. Andreev’s diary entry dates back to the same time, stating that “with his writings he would destroy both morality and established human relationships, destroy love and religion, and end his life in destruction of everything.”
After graduating from high school in 1891, Andreev entered the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. At this time, Andreev’s father dies, the family’s financial situation deteriorated so much that Leonid went hungry for some time. In St. Petersburg he creates his first stories ( literary debut- story “In Cold and Gold”, 1892), not accepted by the editors. For non-payment, Andreev was expelled, but, without losing his determination to continue his education, he entered the Faculty of Law of the now Moscow University. In Moscow it financial situation improved.
In 1894-1895, student and aspiring writer Leonid Andreev three times intended to put an end to his biography, attempting suicide due to unhappy love.
Having successfully graduated from the university in 1897, Andreev after some time got a job at the bar; He practiced law until 1902. At the same time, Andreev begins to work in journalism, collaborating with the newspapers Moskovsky Vestnik and Courier. His first works were feuilletons; Leonid Andreev signs under the pseudonym James Lynch. In 1898, his story “Bargamot and Garaska” was published in the Courier. This story attracted the attention of Maxim Gorky. The result of the rapprochement of young writers was creative association, which also included Ivan Bunin, Nikolai Teleshov and singer Fyodor Chaliapin, who were starting in those years. Since 1900, Andreev led the cycles of feuilletons “Impressions” and the every Sunday essay “Moscow. Little things in life” in “Courier”.

Biography of Andreev Leonid Nikolaevich. Mature years.

Genuine fame came to Leonid Andreev after the publication of the story “Once upon a time” in 1901 in the magazine “Life”. In the same year, the publishing house “Znanie” published the first book of Andreev’s stories. At this time, he created new works - “Laughter”, “Wall”, “Abyss”, “Thought”, “In the Fog”, the story “The Life of Vasily of Fiveysky” - an appeal to the biography of a priest, revealing the depths of human psychology, the short story “Red Laughter” "Based on the events of the Russian-Japanese War.
The beginning of the century gave the writer not only the realization of his talent, but also new love. In 1902 he married A.M. Veligorskaya, grandniece of Taras Shevchenko.
In 1905, Andreev took part in revolutionary activities for the first time, sheltering members of the RSDLP in his apartment. On February 10, 1905, he was arrested, but released from prison on bail provided by Savva Morozov. In connection with these events, Andreev left for Germany in 1906. Here Andreev’s son Daniel is born (later the author of the treatise “Rose of the World”), but the writer’s wife dies from childbirth. Andreev moves to Italy and settles in Capri with Gorky.
His passion for the revolution gives way to disappointment; since 1907, Leonid Andreev breaks with revolutionary circles. His first experiments as a playwright date back to the same period of time (Andreev’s first play “To the Stars” was created in 1905). In 1907, Leonid Andreev created the story “Judas Iscariot and Others.” This is a free presentation of the Gospel events, one of the first attempts in the literature of the 20th century to read the “biography” of Jesus Christ and the apostles in a new way, to give new interpretation
events set forth in Holy Scripture. In 1907-1910, Andreev actively collaborated with the modernist almanacs of the Rosehip publishing house. Since 1908 he has lived in own house in Vammelsu (Finland) - the Advance Villa, which received its name due to the fact that it was built with funds from a publishing advance. Leonid Andreev welcomes the beginning of the First World War; A number of his statements of this time in an anti-German spirit are known. Shortly before the February Revolution of 1917, he became a member of the editorial board of the newspaper “Russian Will”. Andreev does not accept the October Revolution; his latest works , such as the unfinished story "Satan's Diary" show Soviet power in a negative way. He continued to live with his family in Finland, in the village of Neivala near Mustamäki; after Finland left the Russian Empire
ended up in exile.
On September 12, 1919, Leonid Andreev died suddenly from a heart defect. The writer was buried in Marioki. In 1956, his remains were reburied in Leningrad at the Volkov cemetery. Bright representative Silver Age , Leonid Andreev in his work reflected both the light and dark sides of this period of Russian culture. Nikolai spoke positively about Andreev’s work, Ilya Efimovich Repin (he created a portrait of Leonid Andreev), Vikenty Vikentyevich Veresaev, Alexander Alexandrovich Blok, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov.

Andreev, despite the suicidal tendencies of his youth, praised life in his works: “Even if all-conquering life is an illusion, but I believe in it, and the misfortunes of this day will not take away my faith in the day to come,” he wrote. “Life will win - no matter how many hands are laid on it, no matter how many madmen try to stop it. And isn’t it smarter: to live praising life rather than scolding it - and still live!”

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Biography Andreev Leonid Nikolaevich. Biography of the writer Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev. Biography of the poet Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev

The Silver Age gave Russian literature many bright names. One of the founders of Russian expressionism, Leonid Andreev, with his unique style, rightfully takes his place in the galaxy of talents at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. Childhood and youth.

On August 9, 1871, a boy was born into the family of land surveyor Nikolai Ivanovich and the daughter of a Polish landowner Anastasia Nikolaevna, née Patskovskaya. The baby was named Leonid, and it was he who was destined to write works in the future that still touch hearts and touch hidden strings

human soul

The Andreevs lived in the city of Orel on 2nd Pushkarnaya Street - the one on which the writer later settled the characters of one of his first stories, “Bargamot and Garaska.” By the time the child was born, the land surveyor's family had finally gained at least some kind of financial stability.

Leonid's father was respected by his neighbors for his strong character and love of justice. Unfortunately, Nikolai Ivanovich liked to drink, and when he drank, he liked to fight. Leonid Andreev later said that he inherited his craving for alcohol and his character from his father. And from the mother, albeit poorly educated, but with a rich imagination, a creative gift. At the Oryol classical gymnasium, the future prose writer studied carelessly and even stayed for the second year. What he was good at was essays, which he often wrote for his classmates. Then Leonid showed a talent for imitation - he could easily “fake” a style, for example, or. During his school years, Leonid was fond of drawing. Alas, in

Writing grew out of a passion for reading. Leonid read a lot: Tolstoy, Hartmann, . The latter had a great influence on the writer’s work, especially the book “The World as Will and Representation,” one of Andreev’s favorite books. Under the influence of his favorite authors, at the age of 15-16, the young man began to suffer from “damned questions.”

At the same time, Andreev promised himself to destroy love, morality, religion with his own works and “end his life with the destruction of everything.” This phrase became known to descendants thanks to the Russian writer, Andreev’s contemporary Vasily Brusyanin.

Andreev did not know how to live in peace; his biography has many sharp corners - suicide attempts, long binges, endless love interests. In general, the word “hobby” cannot fully characterize the painful and subtle feelings of a writer. There was love for him driving force, a natural necessity.

While a student at the Faculty of Law at St. Petersburg University, Leonid was forced to drop out of his studies due to a failed suicide due to non-reciprocal feelings. Another reason for leaving the university was the death of his father. Sharply shaken financial position families, and, as a result, the opportunity to pay for studies disappeared. Then Andreev began to drink - and write. The first story about a hungry student appeared then, but the editors did not accept it.

The writer continued his studies at the Faculty of Law of Moscow University. Leonid earned a living for himself and his orphaned family by teaching. He also painted portraits to order. As a student, the young man was not interested in politics, unlike the youth of those years, but was imbued with philosophy.

Especially close to him were the ideas of the meaninglessness of life and the value of the individual in itself. While at home on vacation in 1894, Leonid fell in love again, and again unsuccessfully. Another suicide attempt followed. After this, Andreev received a chronic disease (heart disease), which ultimately killed him.

Having successfully graduated from the university in 1897, the writer practiced law until 1902. At the same time, Andreev worked as a journalist in Moscow publications - “Courier” and “Moskovsky Vestnik”.

Literature

In 1898, Andreev’s story “Bargamot and Garaska” was first published in Courier. And fame came to the writer in 1901, after the publication of the story “Once Upon a Time” in the magazine “Life”. Soon Leonid Andreev left the legal profession and became closely involved in literature.

Visited literary evenings, made acquaintance with , and other writers, absorbed criticism and advice like a sponge. He noted the writer’s creativity and helped him publish the first collection of stories, and in large quantities. It was reprinted four times due to its popularity.

“Once upon a time,” “Angel,” “Valya,” “Kusaka” – simple and at the same time vivid sketches surrounding reality, inspiring compassion, written in living language. The heroes of the stories live nearby - yes, on the same 2nd Pushkarnaya in Orel.

The stories, published in 1902, caused heated debate. The author talked about what is customary to remain silent about - about the dark side of the human soul, about fear, about instincts that in a stressful situation easily prevail over the human mind, as, for example, in the story “The Abyss”.

The famous “Red Laughter” by Andreev, depicting events Russo-Japanese War 1904, is especially scary. The writer himself did not fight, but there were enough newspaper reports and eyewitness accounts for the rich imagination of the writer and artist to generate scary pictures madness of war.

At the next stage creative life Andreev created voluminous works - plays, novels, stories: “The Diary of Satan”, “The One Who Gets Slapped”, “Judas Iscariot”, etc. “Judas Iscariot” caused a lot of controversy and discontent among believers, because in this story the apostles - ordinary people, not alien to vices, but an unhappy person. The story was published in German, English and French, has gone through several film adaptations.

A peculiarity of Leonid Andreev’s work from the point of view of literary scholars is the impossibility of attributing the writer’s works to a certain direction in literature. The ones used by the writer vary too much artistic methods, the style is too unusual.

Personal life

In 1902, Andreev married Alexandra Veligorskaya, a great-niece, and in the same year the couple had their first child, Vadim. In 1906, a son was born, and Alexandra died of postpartum fever.

In 1908, Leonid Andreev married for the second time - to Anna Ilyinichna Denisevich (Karnitskaya). From his second marriage, sons Savva (1909) and Valentin (1912) and daughter Vera (1910) were born. All five children, like their father, were creative people.

Not many people know interesting fact from the life of the writer: Leonid Andreev was seriously interested in color photography. He is still considered one of the the best masters in the world who worked using the autochrome technique. This technique was invented, and until 1935 it was the only affordable way get color photos.

Death

October Revolution The writer did not accept 1917; the Bolsheviks evoked a sharply negative attitude in him. In the year that Finland gained independence, Leonid Andreev lived in this country and thus found himself in forced emigration. There, in the town of Mustamaki, on September 12, 1919, Leonid Andreev died. Reason sudden death became a heart defect. The writer was buried nearby, in Marioki.

In 1956, Andreev’s ashes were reburied in Leningrad at the Volkov cemetery. The writer, undeservedly forgotten in his homeland, was remembered, and since 1956 he selected works often reprinted. The legacy that the writer left includes 89 stories, 20 plays, 8 novellas and novels. Thoughts put by the author into the mouths of the characters or written in the first person were divided into quotes. Since 1991, the Leonid Andreev House Museum has been operating in Orel.

Bibliography

Plays

• 1906 - To the stars
• 1907 - Life of a Man
• 1907 - Savva
• 1908 - Tsar Hunger
• 1908 - Black masks
• 1909 - Anathema
• 1909 - Days of Our Lives
• 1910 - Anfisa
• 1910 - Gaudeamus
• 1911 - Ocean
• 1912 - Ekaterina Ivanovna
• 1912 - Professor Storitsyn
• 1913 - Beautiful Sabine Women
• 1913 - Thou shalt not kill
• 1914 - Thought
• 1914 - Samson in chains
• 1915 - The one who gets slapped
• 1915 - Requiem
• 1917 - Lovely Ghosts
• 1922 - Dog Waltz

Novels and stories

• 1903 - Life of Vasily Fiveysky
• 1904 - Red Laughter
• 1907 - Judas Iscariot
• 1908 - My notes
• 1908 - The Story of the Seven Hanged Men
• 1911 - Sashka Zhegulev
• 1916 - Yoke of War
• 1919 - Satan's Diary