Material on literature (8th grade) on the topic: Open lesson. A.T. Tvardovsky Vasily Terkin. Pictures of front-line life in A. Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin” (abstract)

“Vasily Terkin” is the best of all,

Written about war in war.

And to write the way this is written,

None of us have it.

K. Simonov

The Great Patriotic War. Terrible, difficult, destructive for everyone. She brings with her only death and nothing but death. How many crippled, broken lives! How many failed happinesses, how many unborn children, how many maternal, paternal, widow's, and orphan's tears were shed! Thousands, tens and hundreds of thousands of lives are cut short, dreams, hopes and plans are destroyed. All that remains is cruelty, violence and death. The war required millions of casualties and brought agony and suffering to every family and every person. But love for the Fatherland in this difficult time took on a different face, it turned into hatred for the enemy, for the invader, and doubled, uniting everyone who could stand up to defend the country.

On the eve of the 70th anniversary of the victory of our people in the Great Patriotic War, the choice of the topic of this work is relevant. We must not forget all the horrors of war, and most importantly, the great feat that our grandfathers and great-grandfathers accomplished for the sake of saving the country, for the sake of our bright future. Among the many works written about the war, special place occupied by A. T. Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin”.

The writer’s reflection of the war in the poem is unique, fascinating, and unusual. This poem is not only about the Great Patriotic War, but also about the Motherland, about love for the Motherland, about soldiers, about all those who knew and know about the war firsthand. The poem “Vasily Terkin” is full of optimism and imbued with faith in victory over fascism.

The purpose of this work: to examine the paintings front-line life in the poem “Vasily Terkin” by A. T. Tvardovsky.

To address the topic, the following tasks were set:

1) Study and briefly highlight the creative path of A.T. Tvardovsky;

2) Consider the ideological and artistic originality of the poem “Vasily Terkin”;

3) Determine the role of pictures of soldiers’ front-line life in the narrative.

PICTURES OF FRONTLINE LIFE IN A. T. TVARDOVSKY’S POEM “VASILY TERKIN”

The main place in the literature of the Great period Patriotic War takes the image of a Soviet soldier. Hundreds of books are dedicated to a man who survived the battles of Moscow and the Volga, who won the Kursk Bulge and on the Dnieper. IN heroic deeds And in the everyday life of the war at the front, the courageous and noble character of a person - a Russian soldier - was revealed.

Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky was always interested in the fate of his country at turning points in history. And, of course, during the Great Patriotic War, when the fate of the people was being decided, the writer could not stand aside.

“The depth of the national historical feat in the Patriotic War,” the poet noted, “from the first day distinguished it from any other wars and ... military campaigns,” and therefore he believed that his place was in the ranks, on the front line, “where they do the most important thing."

A.T. During the Great Patriotic War, Tvardovsky became an exponent of the spirit of soldiers, common people. From the first days of the Great Patriotic War, the poet was in the ranks Soviet army. He spent the entire war at the front, writing a large number of lyrical, epic, propaganda and satirical poems for Red Army newspapers.

In 1941, with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the poet began work on the poem “Vasily Terkin”. It became a soldier's poem. Many years have passed since that tragic and heroic time, but “Vasily Terkin” is still read with the same interest, because this work reflects the great feat of our people, who defeated German fascism. Such a poem could only be born in the poet’s heart during a war in which the author was a participant.

Knowledge of everyday life at the front (the poet was a war correspondent) resulted in collective image Russian soldier - Vasily Terkin, a cheerful joker who does not lose heart under any circumstances. The author wrote about the poem: “Whatever its actual literary significance, for me she was true happiness. She gave me a sense of the legitimacy of the artist’s place in the great struggle of the people, a sense of the obvious usefulness of my work... “Terkin” was for me in the relationship between the writer and his reader, my lyrics, my journalism, song and teaching. An anecdote and a saying, a heart-to-heart conversation and a remark to the occasion.”

The poem shows the main stages of the Great Patriotic War and describes the combat life of Soviet soldiers. This book conveys feelings and provides a deep philosophical understanding of the main human concepts - life and death, war and peace, homeland, honor, justice, friendship and love.

The poem “Vasily Terkin” helps people survive a terrible time, believe in themselves, because it was created during the war, chapter by chapter.

The poem consists of 25 internally complete chapters: “On vacation,” “Before the battle,” “Terkin is wounded,” “Two soldiers,” etc. “A certain chronicle is not a chronicle, a chronicle is not a chronicle,” he said about his poem Tvardovsky. The author himself indicated genre originality the poem is a “book about a fighter,” emphasizing the authenticity of what is depicted.

A broad picture of the war appears in the reader’s mind, created from small scenes, episodes, and details. A soldier's everyday life and a soldier's leisure time - all this has a place in the poem.

Of course, the poem “Vasily Terkin” was written about the war, but the main thing for Alexander Tvardovsky was to show the reader how to live in times of difficult trials. That's why main character his poem, Vasya Terkin, dances, plays musical instrument, preparing dinner, joking. The hero lives in war, and for the writer this is very important, since in order to survive, any person needs to love life very much.

The poet painted impressive pictures of the war years. In war, “you can live without food for a day, or more,” and all these hardships must be endured patiently and with dignity. And every day you need to be prepared for death.

Truth that hits right into the soul,

If only it were thicker

No matter how bitter it may be.

The main character of this book is a warrior people.

Another idea - national unity- the most important thing in the poem:

And trustingly at the sign,

Hurrying after a friend,

They rushed to attack

Forty souls - one soul...

Important point The poem, in my opinion, is that the poet reflected the opposition to fascism of all the peoples inhabiting Russia, then still part of the Soviet Union. The unity of all nations and nationalities helped defeat a strong enemy. Everyone understood that their continued existence on earth depended on victory. Hitler wanted to destroy entire nations. Tvardovsky’s hero said this in simple, memorable words:

The battle is holy and just.

Mortal combat is not for glory,

For the sake of life on earth...

An expression of unity folk spirit it was precisely Tvardovsky’s poem that appeared. The poet specifically chose for the poem the simplest vernacular. He did this so that his words and thoughts would reach every compatriot. When, for example, Vasily Terkin told his fellow soldiers that

Russia, old mother,

There is no way we can lose.

Our grandfathers, our children,

Our grandchildren do not order.

These words could be repeated with him by a Ural steelworker, a peasant from Siberia, a Belarusian partisan, and a scientist from Moscow.

In the first chapters, a picture emerges of the first months of the war: retreat, captivity, injuries and deaths of soldiers remaining in the occupation of the village. The beginning coincides with the most difficult and tragic time- a period of retreat.

About the bitter days of retreat Terkin - main character– says in the chapter “Before the battle”:

Our brother walked, thin, hungry,

Lost connection and part,

He walked by company and platoon,

And free company

And one, like a finger, sometimes.

…They walked thin, they walked barefoot

To unknown lands.

What is it, where is it, Russia?

What is your line?

In this great national sadness of retreat, the firmness of the Russian character, the unshakable confidence that:

The time will come, we'll come back,

What we gave, we will return everything.

Another one bright picture created by the poet in the chapter “Before the Battle.” The commander’s native village appears on the fighters’ route, and his heart sank with melancholy. Sneak in native home he has to “along the wall” because there is war and Germans all around.

Ran in, took a quick nap,

Catch up with the war again...

This is how Tvardovsky describes this short stay. The soldier has no time to enjoy the joy of a short meeting, and for his wife this holiday is “bitter, sad,” because miserable hours, even minutes, are allotted to her for a meeting with the closest person and, perhaps, this is their last meeting. It is bitter for the commander to leave home, because “maybe today the Germans with guns will enter this hut.”

In his poem, the author does not draw at all favorable circumstances. The only way out in war - accept them without falling into despair. A few expressive lines describe these circumstances. You feel the heaviness of a wet overcoat, the cold coming from the heavenly roof, the scratching of pine needles across your face, the hard bumps of the night. But this ability to adapt to incredibly difficult conditions reveals the special physical and spiritual strength of the Russian man, the ordinary soldier.

A.T. Tvardovsky depicts many tragic episodes of the war, for example, in the chapter “Crossing”, where he remarkably manages to convey the growing anxiety and tension of events - unsuccessful attempt crossings. The tragedy of what is happening is emphasized by the landscape - the color black (the color of mourning) is mentioned twice: the forest turns black, the water is black; a comparison is used: “The right bank is like a wall...”, the epithet “a bloody trail” and, finally, repetitions enhance the tragedy of what is happening: “Warm, living people went to the bottom, to the bottom, to the bottom...” This is a sad story about how “ the crossing failed." It is worth noting that in this chapter the words “Crossing, crossing” are repeated four times, and they are accompanied by different signs punctuation and different words. This repetition enhances the feeling of the tragedy of the situation, divides the chapter into semantic fragments, leading to a climax.

Crossing, crossing!

Left bank, right bank.

The snow is rough, the edge of ice...

To whom is memory, to whom is glory,

Who wants dark water?

No sign, no trace.

The drama of the action intensifies when the author shows the death of people:

And I saw you for the first time,

It will not be forgotten:

People are warm and alive

We went to the bottom, to the bottom, to the bottom...

“There is confusion under fire”, artillery shelling, exploding shells - the situation in which events take place is conveyed by the poet in such a way that this appears before the eyes scary picture war, depicted truthfully and honestly.

Danger awaits them at any moment, because each of them could die.

Past their swirling temples,

Near their boyish eyes

Death whistled often in battle

And will there be a blowjob this time?

All these guys, not excluding Terkin himself, - simple people, and they are shown in the most everyday circumstances. The author specifically avoids describing heroic moments, because from his own experience he knows: war is hard work. In his case, “the infantry is dozing, huddled, with their hands in their sleeves” or “a rare rain is falling, an angry cough is tormenting the chest. Not a scrap of native newspaper—to wrap a goat’s leg.” The fighters' conversations are not at all about “high” topics - for example, about the advantage of a boot over a felt boot.

the main idea Chapter “Crossing” is that the path to victory is very far and lies through a bloody crossing, through cruel trials in which many will die.

They go the hard way.

Same as two hundred years ago

Walked with a flintlock gun

Russian toiler-soldier...

Crossing, crossing...

The guns fire in the pitch darkness.

The battle is holy and just.

Mortal combat is not for glory -

For the sake of life on earth...

The above verses indicate that memory and military glory always have their downside - oblivion, when thousands of living people sink into the black water without signs or traces. Thinking about the victorious heroes, hung with awards, we must not forget about those unknown soldiers who disappeared without a trace in a fierce battle. This battle is not fought for the sake of glory, not for the sake of admiration of descendants for the courage of the warriors; the price of battle is much higher - this is generally life on earth, the most sacred goal that can be. And the soldiers themselves are not at all epic heroes, but ordinary people, “workers”, who from time immemorial defended their homeland when there was a need for it. The very definition of “hard-working soldier” suggests that our soldiers treat the war as difficult, but, without trying to poeticize or elevate it in any way. On the contrary, the war is prosaic, full of hard life and bloody moments, which have also become familiar.

The fate of an ordinary soldier, one of those who bore the brunt of the war on their shoulders, becomes the personification of the national fortitude and will to live. Terkin swims across the icy river twice to restore contact with the advancing units.

Crossing - ordeal strength, endurance, courage. The symbols of this test are the roar of water, and withered ice, and an alien night, and an inaccessible forest, “the right bank is like a wall.” All these images of the natural world turn out to be hostile towards humans. A.T. Tvardovsky in the poem does not embellish reality, does not hide victims and failures, but depicts military actions and losses in all their terrifying and tragic truth:

People are warm and alive

We went to the bottom, to the bottom, to the bottom...

The repetition enhances the depth of the tragedy experienced by the author and shows the scale of the “blood trail.”

The bitterness of the losses is enhanced by the picture depicting dead faces on which the snow does not melt. Further, the author mentions that rations are still issued to the dead, and old letters written by them are sent home by mail. These details also emphasize the irreplaceability of the loss:

From Ryazan, from Kazan,

From Siberia, from Moscow -

The soldiers are sleeping.

They said theirs.

And they are forever right.

The war is depicted by Tvardovsky in blood, labor and hardship. Endless night, frost. But a bit of a soldier’s sleep, not even a dream, but a heavy oblivion, bizarrely mixed with reality. In the minds of those who remained on this left bank, pictures of the death of their comrades arise. The lines expressing thoughts about the soldiers who died at the crossing, and not only about these soldiers, sound inescapably sad.

The theme of responsibility for the fate of Russia is also developed in the next chapter, “On War.” A.T. Tvardovsky emphasizes that sacrifices during war are inevitable, but they are made for the sake of common victory, so the soldier must forget about himself for a while: the main thing is to solve the combat mission, to fulfill his duty to his homeland, to his children.

The year has struck, the turn has come,

Today we are responsible

For Russia, for the people

And for everything in the world.

They are not afraid of death, because their duty to the Motherland and the people is higher than personal:

Since there's war, forget about everything

And you have no right to blame. Was going to,

long haul

The order was given: “Resign!”

They don't need rewards; that's not what they fight for.

I don’t need, brothers, orders,

I don't need fame

But I need, my Motherland is sick,

The poem contains descriptions of battles more than once, but the chapter “Duel” makes the most lasting impression. Terkin fights one-on-one, without weapons, with a German. In order to strengthen the difference between the two soldiers, Russian and German, the poet presents the German as a rather repulsive creature. By and large, it was not two separate soldiers who came together here, but two warring sides.

The German was strong and dexterous,

Well tailored, tightly sewn,

He stood as if on horseshoes,

Don't scare him - he won't run.

Well-fed, shaved, careful,

Fed with free goods,

At war, in a foreign land

Sleeping in the warmth.

This is the description fascist Germany, fully prepared for war, a strong and powerful power that mercilessly exploited the occupied territories. And then - Terkin:

You didn't know my nature

And nature is first grade.

Skin to shreds

Terkin churu

He won't ask. That's where the hell is!

Who alone is afraid of death,

Who doesn't care about a hundred deaths?

Damn you. Yes our devils

All devils

A hundred times the devil.

Terkin fights with the German fiercely and selflessly, and you especially need to pay attention to the fact that the fight takes place one on one, no one sees them. In such a situation, there is no point in showing your prowess or showing ostentatious heroism. Terkin fights because he sees this as his sacred duty:

You don’t go to death then.

For anyone to see.

Okay b. But no - well...

You need to forget your fear and pain, because the future of the Motherland depends on each of those at the front or in the rear:

Forget yourself in war,

Remember the honor, however,

Get to work - chest to chest,

A fight means a fight.

In this child, in the dirt and blood, that friendship was born that saved many lives. Unfamiliar soldiers covered each other, warmed each other with their breath, not hoping to see each other someday:

Walk through the world, you won’t find it anywhere,

I never happened to see

That friendship is holy and purer,

What happens in war.

In the chapter “General” Tvardovsky shows the unity of a common soldier and a general. The war became a common misfortune for them; grief alone separated them from their home. War also unites families:

Nowadays the wives are all kind,

Selfless enough

Even those that for the time being

There were just witches.

Love strengthens the fighters’ desire for victory, because “the love of a wife... in war is stronger than war and, perhaps, death.”

The poet paints a tragic picture in the chapter “About an Orphan Soldier.” The hero of this episode, passing by his native place, does not recognize his native village of Krasny Most, does not find his home:

There is no window, no hut,

Not a housewife, even a married man,

Not a son, but there was one, guys...

The soldier cried about all this, but there was no one left to cry about him.

In his work, Tvardovsky does not describe major military battles. His attention is focused on the workdays of ordinary soldiers. In the chapter “Who Shot?” "The main character unexpectedly shoots down a German plane with a rifle:

Three-line rifle

On a canvas belt

Yes, cartridges with that head,

What is terrible about steel armor?

The battle is unequal, the battle is short.

Alien plane, with a cross,

Rocked like a boat

Scooped up by the side.

The courage of a fighter is a matter of course in war. But there is also a joke nearby that supports, encourages comrades, and increases contempt for the Germans. Sergeant Terkin reassures Sergeant Jealous of him:

Don't worry, the German has this

Not the last plane.

In a one-minute war

Can't live without a joke

Jokes of the most unwise.

No matter how difficult the war was, it could not keep people in eternal tension. From time to time it was necessary to relax, throw off the burden of worries, just have fun and dance, bask in the cold.

Warm up, hang out

Everyone goes to the accordion player.

They are surrounding. - Stop, brothers,

Let me blow on your hands.

At least something for these guys,

From place to water and fire,

Everything that can be in the world

At least something - the accordion is humming.

The heroes in Tvardovsky’s poem not only fight. They laugh, love, write letters, tell each other stories, sing, dance and, of course, dream about peaceful life.

CONCLUSION

The poem by A. T. Tvardovsky “Vasily Terkin” is an outstanding work. It became one of the most significant works about the Great Patriotic War. At first glance, it may seem that “Vasily Terkin” is simply a series of episodes from the life of one fighter. But, after carefully reading and comprehending the entire poem, the reader receives a fairly complete understanding of the course of the war - from the retreat in 1941 to the Great Victory.

Tvardovsky showed us the war from all its sides. You can immediately feel it when a person writes about what he himself has experienced, about what he has seen and felt. The truth is heard in such works. To the number similar books“Vasily Terkin” also belongs. This poem is not only about war. She about native land, where the town of Borki in the swamp is as valuable as the capital itself. It is about millions of Terkins who accomplished feats or simply fulfilled their sacred duty. It’s about how the Russian people know how to unite during testing years. Therefore, one can rightfully call “Vasily Terkin” an encyclopedia of war.

It is known that for works of art time is the most important critic, and many books do not withstand this cruel test. Our time is also not the last milestone on the path of Tvardovsky’s work. Perhaps the next generations of Russians will read it from a different angle. But I am sure that the poem will still be read, because the conversation in it is about the enduring values ​​of our life - homeland, good, true.

The poem has absorbed both the grief and joy of the people; it contains lines that are harsh, mournful, but even more filled with folk humor full of great love for life. It seemed incredible that it was possible to write about the most cruel and difficult war in the history of nations so life-affirmingly, with such light life philosophy, as Tvardovsky did in Vasily Terkin.

The story of a memorable time,

This book is about a fighter

I started from the middle

And ended without end.

With a thought, perhaps daring

Dedicate your favorite work

The fallen in sacred memory,

To all friends during the war,

To all hearts whose judgment is dear.

I believe that Tvardovsky is absolutely right - real poetry has neither an end nor a beginning. And if it was born from thoughts about the fate and military feat of an entire people, then it can even count on eternity.

LIST OF REFERENCES USED

1. A.V. Makedonov. Creative path Tvardovsky. - M.: Artist. lit., 1981. - 367 p.

2. A.T. Tvardovsky. Vasily Terkin: A book about a fighter / Reprint. - M.: Det. Lit., 1980.- 207 p.

3. V.A.Zaitsev. Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky.- M.: DROFA, 2003.- 400 p.

4. Methodological guide to the textbook " Native literature"for 7th grade. - 5th ed., revised. - M.: Education, 1986. - 255 p.

5. P. S. Vykhodtsev. A.T. Tvardovsky. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1960. - 251 p.

6. Russian literature of the twentieth century. Tutorial for students. In 2 vols. T. 2 / Ed. L. P. Krementsova.- M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2002.-

464 pp.

7. Russian literature. Soviet literature: Ref. materials: Book. for students of Art. classes/ L.A. Smirnova, S.A. Dzhanumov, L.M. Krupchanov and others; Comp. L.A. Smirnova.- M.: Education, 1989.-448 p.

8. Russian literature of the 20th century. Essays. Portraits. Essay. Book for 11th grade students. avg. school At 2 p.m. Part 2/ V.A. Chalmaev, V.G. Boborykin, A.I. Pavlovsky and others; Comp. E.P. Pronina; Ed. F.F. Kuznetsova.- M.: Education, 1991.- 351 p.

9. S. I. Khozieva. Russian writers and poets.- M.: “Ripol Classic”, 2002.-

576 pp.

10. Memories of Tvardovsky. - M.: Soviet writer, 1982. - p. 339-346.

Answer: Composition and language of the poem “Vasily Terkin”

The poem by Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky “The Book about a Soldier” is thirty parts of a front-line chronicle. It consists of separate chapters, each of which is a compositionally complete work and is built according to the laws of harmony. The poem, according to the author himself, is written:

...In a war under a shaky roof,

On the roads where I had to

Without leaving the wheels...

What is the motive of movement in this work? The poet realized it in episodes of retreat and then advance, moreover, along almost the same route.

The composition of Tvardovsky’s work is dictated by the archetypal travel scheme that underlies it.

Vasily Terkin begins a war on the Karelian Isthmus, this is the first information about Tvardovsky’s hero. Further in the work specific geographical names: Borki, Dnepr, Berlin, call sign Tula.

But Tvardovsky’s hero does not fight on the road “to Berlin.” He affirms peace: the Russian soldier loves to help “other flags are not a reproach” by word, deed, personal example.

How did a soldier live during the war?

In the chapters “At a Rest” and “Two Soldiers” Terkin talks about the harsh life.

At the halt, the entire company lost sleep, as the hero - an experienced fighter - was talking about “Sabantuy”. He does not emphasize his superiority, but simply argues.

In a conversation, suddenly a realization comes human life, the soldier is glad that he managed to avoid death, which means life goes on:

...But, however,

The warrior is alive,

To the kitchen - from the place, from the place - into battle.

Smokes, eats and drinks with gusto

For any position...

Terkin examines:

...But he stuck it somewhere with an awl,

I spotted something in the dust,

He blew somewhere inside, spat,

What do you think, let's go...

No, the war is not forever, time has passed, it has not stopped. The old soldier believes this nondescript fighter. Although later “the Germans took them down from the wall,” he could not stop the events.

Alexander Tvardovsky, of course, does not put Tyorkin in a situation of heroism; the soldier simply does everything that is supposed to be done in war.

In the chapter “Crossing” a tense situation of expectation is created.

(The poem is ringed with crossings - these are chapters four and twenty-six).

The black color is repeated several times here, the roar of the pontoon and the terrible picture of the death of the “hair-cut guys”.

What's there on the other side?

...People, warm and alive,

We went to the bottom, to the bottom, to the bottom...

But all is not lost if there is a desperate fighter - “there was one in every company”:

- Allow me to report.

Platoon on the right bank

Alive and well in spite of the enemy!

The lieutenant is just asking

Throw some light there.

And after the fire

Let's get up and stretch our legs.

What is there, we will transform it,

We will provide the crossing...

Terkin appears precisely at the moment when thoughts about the fate of the platoon reach their climax.

This is not self-confidence, but the image of the Russian people, embodied in one simple fighter. Although, some critics argued that Tvardovsky’s hero has a flaw: he lacks the features of a Soviet man.

In the chapter "Accordion" chance meeting with the tankers showed all the delicacy of a simple soldier, his natural subtlety of feelings and tact.

Everyone suddenly becomes family when Terkin picks up the orphan accordion:

...And from that old accordion,

That I was left an orphan

Somehow it suddenly became warmer

On the front road.

From frost-covered cars

The people walked as if they were on fire.

And who cares

Who plays, whose accordion...

It became warmer and more comfortable on the winter road, from the familiar melodies of the accordion, from the brightened faces of my comrades.

Tvardovsky's entire poem is written in two syllables. poetic meter-trochee, and the chapter “Harmon”, probably not entirely by accident, was written in accented verse, common in folk poetry.

Here the meaning of what is happening is emphasized - the concept of common kinship.

And Tvardovsky leads his hero through battles and moments of rest, rest on land damaged by bombings and gunfire...

At such moments, the soldier’s heart suddenly aches and he remembers his mother, the nighttime warmth of his father’s home.

The chapter “Who Shot” describes just such a situation. The ground became silent, no shots were heard, but a subtle and annoying sound arose. The soldier’s soul could not stand it, he did not hide from the diving enemy, he only thought about death. I thought about it and realized that I didn’t want to die in the summer - too good. It’s very cold in autumn – you don’t want to go into damp ground. In winter, the earth is like stone - no. In the spring, my soul is torn, I don’t want to die.

Philosophical reflection lifts you out of the trench, puts you on one knee and forces you to shoot at the plane with a rifle.

Hero? He didn't think about it, he was just defending himself.

All chapters of the poem talk about the everyday life of war, but it was these everyday life that became the path of the fighter Tyorkin.

The chapter “In the Bath” talks about the outskirts of the war: just a little more - and that’s it. The bathhouse in the poem also has an abstract meaning of the end of the war, when the fighter washes off its bloody ashes.

A bathhouse is also a stop along the way, a reflection on what has been passed.

Alexander Tvardovsky does not indicate where and on which roads of the war the events related to the main character took place.

He does not limit the events of the poem to spatial and temporal boundaries. That is why it is generally accepted that in the image of Vasily Tyorkin the author portrayed a heroic people.

Subject: A.T. Tvardovsky “Vasily Terkin”. Pictures of front-line life in the poem. The theme of honest service to the Motherland.

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Open lesson in 8th grade.

Subject : A.T. Tvardovsky “Vasily Terkin”. Pictures of front-line life in the poem. The theme of honest service to the Motherland.

Educational goal: analyze the chapters devoted to pictures of front-line life (life n and in war, the military labor of soldiers saving the Motherland from invaders, their honest service to the Fatherland);

learn expressive reading, convey conversational intonations, dramatize what you read.

Educational purpose: cultivate a sense of patriotism, pride in heroic andtragic pages of the history of their people.

During the classes.

1. Organizing time.(The music sounds “Get up, huge country”)
2. Communicating the topic and objectives of the lesson.
3. Work on the topic.

Reading the epigraph for the lesson:

The battle is holy and just.

Mortal combat is not for glory,

For the sake of life on earth.

(A.T. Tvardovsky).

Teacher's word : - This is how the poet A.T. Tvardovsky defines the essence of the Great Patriotic War, the most tragic and heroic in the history of our country.

(Vocabulary work: life at the front, refrain, tragedy, heroism.)

How do you guys understand the words of A.T. Tvardovsky, taken as the epigraph to our lesson?

Writer Fyodor Abramov said about the poem “Vasily Terkin” like this: “ Russia alive people's faces, intonations, words."“The book about a fighter”, born in the atmosphere of the war years, inseparable from the real matter of the people’s defense of the Motherland, from their feats in the war, is a deep study of the Russian national character, a moving narrative about a soldier and his soldierly entourage.

Today we will be transported to the years of the Great Patriotic War, immersed in that heroic and tragic era of our country. Through Terkin's eyes, " an ordinary guy", we will see scenes of front-line life, we will touch the military feat of our people, who modestly called it “honest service to the Motherland.” Chapters “Before the battle”, “Crossing”, “Terkin is wounded”, “Two soldiers”, “About the hero”, “ Terkin’s Rest”, “Death and the Warrior”, “Terkin Writes”, “About an Orphan Soldier” is revealedsoldier level of war, the most difficult, the heaviest, expressing the people's view of its progress. The book talks abouthow did people live during the war?(in a difficult life in combat) and how he fought. Chapters tell how a man lived during the war“At a halt”, “Before the battle”, “Two soldiers", "Accordion". How “this shorn people” fought is discussed in the chapters “ Crossing", " Duel”, “Terkin is wounded”, “About the reward”.The poet is focused on everyday life at the front. The author reflects on what one cannot live without in war ("without the real truth, if only it were thicker"), glorifies the dugout, the soldier's overcoat, the accordion, the field kitchen. Drawing the everyday life of war, the poet shows soldiers at a halt, at the moment of a short sleep, a bitter retreat, at the beginning of a fighting day and at the moment of battle, at the joyful hour of the liberation of the homeland and the march to Berlin.

So, all the events in the poem have an objective chronological framework: from the retreat and defense of troops in the spring and summer of 1942 to the Victory in May 1945:

These lines and pages are

There is a special count of days and miles,

Like from the western border

To your home capital

And from that native capital

Back to the western border

And from the western border

All the way to the enemy capital

We did our own hike.

The poem represents the entire people who rose up to fight against German fascist invaders. Along with the lofty speech, there is a simple speech with jokes and jokes, with simple conversations of the soldiers about peaceful life. The dialogues of the characters reveal their characters. Therefore, readers of the poem call it “encyclopedia of the Great Patriotic War».

Our further work will take place in groups. Each group will receive a task to work with the poem: role-playing or a small dramatization of episodes of scenes from the poem about the tragic and heroic pages of the first months of the war, the retreat of our army until the turning point in the struggle for the liberation of their native land.

I hand out task cards.

You have 3 minutes to complete the tasks.

You need to choose a commander who is responsible for the group's answers and the choice of readers.

Groups receive tasks(task cards). Time is given to prepare. In groups, highlighted episodes are read, readers are selected, or a small scene is prepared for dramatization. Children answer the questions in the assignment.

- On your desks there are evaluation sheets by which you will evaluate your work and the work of your comrades according to the criteria specified in the table. Are you ready guys?

So, let's listen to the first group

1 group dramatizes (reading by roles) "Before the fight." Teacher's word.

Teacher. The plot of the chapter: a bitter story about how in 1941 a detachment emerging from encirclement passes through the village where the commander’s family lives. The soldiers feel humiliation and an acute sense of grief: their relatives remain behind the lines, and it is unknown what will happen to them, whether they will remain alive or not. The commander, the owner of this house, the father of the family, does not sleep all night. Until dawn, he chops wood, trying to somehow help the family remaining in the occupied territory.

Heroes: Terkin, commander.

The next stage is answering the questions from your cards. It is desirable that the text sound coherent.

After reading, role-play the children's answers.Dialogue form of learning.

Tasks in card No. 1.

How are the soldiers depicted? To what period of the Great Patriotic War does this chapter belong? What is the tragedy of the situation? What pictures of military life appeared before your eyes? What are the feelings of a commander, a father of a family, leaving his home, family in occupied territory? What are Terkin’s feelings? What kind of “political conversation” did Terkin repeat to the soldiers retreating before the onslaught of the enemy, leaving native side? ("Cheer up!")

2nd group. "Crossing". The sound of mines and guns.

Reading by role from the words “Long nights, hard dawns”

In November - gray by winter.”

Teacher's word. This chapter, like the previous one, tells about the tragic situation of 1942 on a specific section of the front. This is a sad story about how the crossing failed, “how warm, living people went to the bottom, to the bottom. To the bottom…".

Answers to questions from card No. 2. - Guys, I want it to sound coherent text .

Tasks in card No. 2.

How are young soldiers portrayed? Why does the poet compare them with the fathers and warriors of past centuries? What pictures of front-line life does Tvardovsky paint? (the war is depicted in blood, labor and hardship). What mood is this chapter permeated with (a feeling of bitterness at the loss of “our bobbed boys”, inescapable sadness). What words are the refrain in the chapter “Crossing”? How do you see Tyorkin in this chapter? What kind of Russians? folk proverbs, are the sayings consonant with this episode of the war? (perish yourself, but save your comrade, shot sparrow, grated roll)

3rd group. "Harmonic". Heroes: tankman, Terkin, driver, shooter, author. Teacher's word.

In the center of the chapter is one of the everyday military episodes: a chance meeting of Terkin, who is returning from the hospital, with tank crews on the front road.

Reading by roles.

Before reading music "Three Tankers"or a sad tune from a folk song, and then a ditty.

Answers to questions from card No. 3. -Guys, it would be desirable for it to sound connected text.

Tasks in card No. 3.

How does Terkin appear before you in this chapter? How do you see the life of fighters who meet by chance at a rest stop? What are they happy about? What assessment do tank crews give to Terkin’s accordion playing? How do you understand the word “master”? (Mustak is a colloquial word. This is a skilled and experienced person in some matter)

Group 4 “Fight in the swamp”" The sound of mines and guns. Heroes: Terkin, fighter, author. Reading by roles. Then the music "Near an unfamiliar village, at an unnamed height."

Teacher's word. “The book about a fighter” does not contain descriptions of great battles, but the “battle in the swamp” for the “now forgotten settlement of Borki” is described in detail. This tragic picture the first years of the war, 1941-1942. Later, our poets will sing about the battles “near an unfamiliar village on a nameless height.” At the end of the chapter, high words about historical memory. In the chapters “Crossing” and “Battle in the Swamp,” the poet talks about the price the people paid for victory. The merciless truth about the grueling battles, about the military work of our soldier.

Answers to questions from card No. 4. – was linked text.

Tasks in card No. 4.

What feeling is there in the chapter “Battle in the Swamp”? Which one settlement is there a fight going on? What is life like for fighters in the swamp? What do our soldiers look like? What do they dream about? What character traits help Terkin and his comrades, who have been hungry for “the third day”, lying wet in the swamp slurry, not to become limp, not to lose heart? What stage of the war does Terkin recall when answering a question from his comrades:

Agree, Vasily Terkin,

Isn't there a worse problem?

Group No. 5. Let's turn to the "Duel" chapter.

Here Terkin alone “holds the front”: he fights with the fascist, defeats a strong, healthy opponent, and leads him into captivity. Now we will watch a fragment from a cartoon based on Tvardovsky’s poem. 09:43-11:33.

Answers to questions from card No. 5. – Guys, it is desirable that your answerwas linked text.

Questions:

1. What associations did you have when viewing this passage?
2. What heroes of folklore or history of our Motherland is Vasily Terkin likened to?
3. Do you think the authors of the cartoon succeeded in bringing Tvardovsky’s idea to life on the screen?
4. Can we call Tyorkin a folk hero?

Teacher's word -There is a heroic theme in Tvardovsky’s poem. Yes, in the chapter"Duel" the confrontation between the protagonist of the poem and the German is shown in such a way that associations with ancient poems, folklore and literary, arise in the reader’s mind, associations supported by the author himself, who introduces the following comparison into the text of the work:

Like on an ancient battlefield,

Chest on chest, like shield on shield, -

Instead of thousands, two fight,

As if the fight would solve everything.

- Thank you guys for your work, now let's summarize. I ask the commanders to come with evaluation sheets.

- Each group member will receive a grade for the lesson corresponding to the points scored by the group.

Teacher's word. Thanks to our imagination, you and I can roughly imagine the situation at the front, understand how scary it is when mines are exploding overhead, shells are hitting the ground next to us, and there’s no hiding from it, it’s impossible not to run away, because the Motherland must be defended. This terrible reality of war did not break our fighters, because they are strong in spirit, because in any difficult situation they remain human.

Summarizing.

“A book about a fighter without beginning or end” was addressed to a soldier wearing the same “salted gymnast” as the hero. It was written and reached the reader “from a piece of a small army newspaper.” Finishing it after the Victory, the poet admitted (live voice of the poet from the music library 03:40-05:24)

I dreamed of a real miracle:

So that from my invention

Living people at war

It might have been warmer...

And a miracle happened: Tvardovsky’s book entered the everyday life of the war, and the words spoken in it were not at all boasting, that “Terkin” was read at leisure.” Its hero was liked by millions. He lived the same life, the same worries as all the trench people. Many chapters of the poem were written on behalf of the hero, Tyorkin. This confidential tone made the soldiers feel that Tyorkin was an ordinary living person who knew how to soften the drama of front-line life with “the most unwise joke "

The miracle of this book is also that in the seemingly unpretentious form of soldier’s “tales” (“without beginning, without end, without a special plot”) the highest human feelings are embodied: unostentatious patriotism, the ability to achieve feat, compassion for the grief of others. In short, all the best there is in national character. During the difficult years of the war, soldiers, warriors, fighters felt like a people. And this is the main point.

From Ivan to Thomas,

Are they dead or alive?

All of us together are us,

That people, Russia.

Courage, heroism, self-sacrifice for the sake of high Victory, the mighty, indestructible spirit of the people, their moral superiority over the enemy - this is what inner strength, which helped to survive and win. This is the artistic logic of the entire poem as a whole.

Reflection on the work.

Tvardovsky will write :

And we have been given lessons of courage

In the immortality of those who have become a handful of dust.

Let's see what lessons you learned from the poem.

Children's answers. 1. What pictures of life at the front made a big impression on you?

• What episodes resonated with you?
• What does the poet see as the military feat of the people?
• Why does he call the fighters “Russian toiler-soldier”, “Russian miracle man”? Which commander in Russian history called his soldiers “miracle heroes”?
• Homework.

Give a detailed answer to the questions:

1. How does Tvardovsky, depicting the everyday life of soldiers at the front, show the hardships of war?

2. What helped our soldiers survive during the most difficult period of the Great Patriotic War, 1941-1942?

Reflection on my lesson.

It was interesting for me to get to know you during the lesson, to find out your opinion about the poem “Vasily Terkin”, to feel your response to the work.

Our whole life is a palette of colors. Even at the front, where our compatriots died, there were moments of joy, because you can’t always be in a depressed state, you have to believe, you have to see the beautiful in the everyday. . Let's create a palette of colors for our lesson today. Before you are stars of red, green, blue colors. You need to choose one star that matches your feelings.

Red star– I understood the meaning of the wartime burden that fell on the shoulders of our soldiers, and felt the pain of the losses of my people, the holiness of the Victory, which was achieved at such a terrible price.

Green star- I understood the meaning of the severity of wartime, but did not feel the pain of the losses of my people.

Blue star – I understood the meaning of the poem, but left me indifferent.

Name symbolism. The real, non-feuillet Terkin, the hero of “The Book about a Fighter,” appeared in the first two chapters of Tvardovsky’s book in September 1942. Terkin’s front-line “biography” is as follows: he begins to fight during the Finnish campaign, re-enters service in June 1941, retreats along with the entire army, finds himself surrounded several times, then goes on the offensive and ends his journey in the depths of Germany.

Vasily Terkin is a multi-dimensional image. He is a symbolic image, a people-man, a collective Russian type. It's no coincidence that personal biography nothing is said: they are, as it were, average. He is “a great hunter of living until he is ninety years old,” a peaceful, civilian man, a soldier by necessity. His usual life on the collective farm was interrupted by the war. War for him - disaster, hot job. The entire poem is permeated with a dream of a peaceful life.

Already at the first mention, the surname Terkin clearly outlines the boundaries of character: Terkin means an experienced, seasoned man, “a seasoned kalach,” or, as the poem says, “a seasoned man.” Compare, for example, with the Russian proverb: “Patience and work will grind everything down,” etc. This core of the name, the core of the image varies several times and is played out in the poem:

Terkin's image is a generalized image, for all its realism and ordinariness. Tvardovsky endows his hero with an “all-Russian” appearance, avoids portrait marks (this would make him overly individualized): “Endowed with beauty / He was not excellent. / Not tall, not that small, / But a hero-hero.” Terkin is a bright, unique personality, and at the same time he includes the traits of many people, he seems to be repeated many times in others 1. See, for example, the chapter “Terkin - Terkin”: it turns out that there are two Terkins in the book. This is the hero of the book Vasily Ivanovich and his namesake Ivan. Duality emphasizes the general character of the main character. But their duality is not absolute: the second Terkin turns out to be red-haired, does not smoke, and his front-line profession is an armor-piercer. The situation is resolved by a “strict foreman”:

According to the regulations, each company will be given its own Terkin.

And in his mint overcoat, thin and bearded, he looks just like a Russian soldier of all campaigns and times. 2 Tvardovsky depicts the life of war in general, but the war consists of individual, very vivid and precise details of the war. The concreteness and tangibility of the pictures drawn by Tvardovsky are extremely enhanced by the numerous and precise details of front-line life: in the parking lot “water with ice rattled from a bucket into a smoky tank”; the telephone operator “blew into the receiver for order”; soldiers write letters “at a rest stop, under fire, on each other’s backs, taking off a glove with their teeth, in the wind in any frost,” etc. Pictures of war in the poem are always dynamic, alive, and visually perceptible.

The system of rhymes used in relation to the hero’s first and last name also contributes to the generalization of the image of the main character. Tvardovsky uses rhymes that characterize army life and the mood of the hero (“Terkin” - “bitter”, “shag”, “sayings”, “in a tunic”, “in a kapterka”, etc.). The most important rhyme in the poem is “Vasily - Russia”, repeated several times in the text, that is, it is emphasized that the hero is the embodiment of the heroism of the Russian people, representing all of Russia, all the people.

The poem “Vasily Terkin” consists of 25 internally complete chapters: “On vacation,” “Before the battle,” “Terkin is wounded,” “Two soldiers,” etc. “A certain chronicle is not a chronicle, not a chronicle,” he said about his poem Tvardovsky. This is an integral poetic work, connected externally and internally by ideological unity. Everything in it is in its place: the beginning, development, completion of the action; different faces the broadest multi-colored picture - the life of the people during the war. The heroes in Tvardovsky’s poem, however, do more than just fight. They laugh, love, write letters, tell each other stories, dream of a peaceful life, sing, dance.

Tvardovsky the realist organically unites everyday life and the high flight of dreams, tragedy and humor, battles and rest, death and life, reckless courage and horror before death. Next to the fighters, although in the deep rear, old men and women live and work for victory, inspiring soldiers to courage with their love and loyalty: Yes, friends, the love of a wife, - Those who didn’t know, check it out, - In war, stronger than war And, to be maybe death. The life of the people in the harsh years is encyclopedically illuminated in a historically consistent movement. In the development of the plot, determined by military events, three stages can be distinguished. The beginning coincides with the most difficult and tragic time - the period of retreat. Not for a single moment did either the hero or the author lose confidence that

The time will come, we'll come back,

What we gave - we will return everything

The nature of the heroic events begins to change noticeably around the chapters “Accordion” and “Two Soldiers”. Here the border of the second part of the work emerges - a new breath appears “in the battle with the invaders. Although the enemy is still strong and dangerous, his offensive has been stopped completely. This idea is most clearly expressed in one of the best chapters- "Duel". Terkin’s fight with the fascist is multi-valued, concrete and generally symbolic, since it personifies the clash of two hostile forces and anticipates the final outcome of the battle: As on an ancient battlefield, Chest to chest, shield to shield, - Instead of thousands, two are fighting, As if the fight will decide everything. Philosophical understanding the fight against fascism continued until about the chapter “About Love”. What follows is a poetic response to the most joyful stage of the war - the expulsion of Hitler’s troops from Russia and the liberation of Europe: “On the offensive”, “On the road to Berlin” In the poem “Vasily Terkin”, which A. T. Tvardovsky called “A Book about a Soldier” , the image of a Russian man at war was created.

This is not only the image of a hero - a front-line soldier, it is first of all an image an ordinary person, which embodied the mass heroism of the Russian people during the Great Patriotic War. Terkin is a soldier, but not a soldier by vocation, a professional military man, he is an ordinary Russian person, faced with the need to defend his homeland from the enemy. For him, war is work, military labor. He is the most mortal and the most earthly man: “He contains the pathos of the infantry, the army closest to the earth, to hunger, to fire and death.” By the nature of his service and his spirit, Vasily Terkin is most sensitive to the laws of war and life. Everything is handy for him, he is comfortable everywhere - especially in the circle of comrades. He is always needed and loved by everyone. In every task he is a master, a craftsman, he can set up a saw, play the accordion, fix a watch, he is ready to build a house, build a stove; but now the hero fights and fights just as efficiently, calmly and confidently. With a sincere joke, sensible advice, and his own behavior under fire, the hero shows how to take care of life.

His optimism and moral health come from the consciousness of rightness, a sense of reality, duty to people, to his native land, to all generations of compatriots. This is the “Russian miracle man” - national type, which traces its ancestry to an everyday soldier's tale.

In war, Vasily Terkin is at one with life, and that is why he is so brave, invulnerable, free and charming.