Problems in works. Arguments on the topic: human choice. The problem of character development in Kipling's cult work

additional information

Chingiz Torekulovich Aitmatov (1928-200 8) - Kyrgyz writer. People's Writer Kyrgyzstan. Winner of numerous not only state but also international awards.
Works:
Jamila (195 8)
My poplar in a red scarf (1961)
First Teacher (1961)
Goodbye Gyulsary (1966)
White Steamer (1970)
Early Cranes (1975)
Piebald Dog Running by the Edge of the Sea (1977)
Stormy stop (And the day lasts longer than a century); (1980)
Scaffold (1986)
and etc.

A private topic is BETRAYAL. Intersects with the theme of choice

A private topic is BETRAYAL. Intersects with the theme of choice

additional information

Vasil Vladimirovich Bykov (1924-2003) - Belarusian writer and public figure, participant in the Great Patriotic War. Most of his works are stories about the Great Patriotic War, which show a person’s moral choice in the most dramatic moments of life.

Works:

Crane Cry (1959)
Third rocket (1959(
Alpine Ballad (1963)
The Dead Don't Hurt (1965)
Kruglyansky Bridge (196 8)
Sotnikov (1970)
Obelisk (1971)
Until Dawn (1972)
Wolfpack (1974)
Go and never come back (197 8)
Sign of Trouble (1982)
Novels
Quarry (1986)
Roundup (1986)
Long road home (2002) – book of memories

The problem of human maturation has always worried not only psychologists, but also cultural figures: writers, artists, musicians, and so on. The period is considered almost the most difficult in life.

Literature and Arguments: The Problem of Growing Up in Popular Works

In his short story “The Catcher in the Rye,” which has become a classic work, he also raises this topic. He stipulates it in a rather unusual way: the main character of the story, Holden Caulfield, is the most natural nihilist, denying all the good that society can offer him. Because of his age, Caulfield makes some really funny arguments. The problem of the main character of the story growing up is the very notorious teenage crisis. Holden is only 17 years old, so the theater actors play “too well” for him, school disgusts him, and the people around him who try to contact him run into a solid wall of misunderstanding and rejection. The story, however, ends with Caulfield finally feeling happy.

The gap between generations or the stupidity of the young?

The problem of growing up in literature is revealed from different perspectives, but the concept of nihilism appears very often in such works. The fragile consciousness of a teenager denies absolutely everything, because in this way he wants to increase his importance and express a kind of protest. So, continuing the theme of nihilism, it is worth mentioning the famous novel by Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”. The main character of the work, because of whom the main external conflict develops, is Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov. He sees no meaning in love, despises any form of art and believes that the norms of morality and religion were invented out of nothing to do. Despite the outward “coolness”, this character evokes only a feeling of pity in a mature reader. A person who tries to completely oppose himself to society cannot command respect, because such behavior is called infantile. Bazarov boasts of his nihilism, of which not a trace will remain after a few years.

Code of Honor for a Deer: The Story of Bambi

The problem of early adulthood is touched upon in the well-known work of Felix Salten entitled “Bambi, Life in the Forest.” The little anthropomorphic fawn depicted in the book goes through all the stages of growing up. He understands that harsh life requires him to become strong and unshakable, but childhood does not let him go for a very long time. Little Bambi sees that his father is not very attentive to him, and therefore tries his best to become more independent. Tragic death The mother makes her contribution, and the fawn begins to become more courageous and serious, but at the same time it suffers from the fact that it cannot speed up this process in any way - this is its problem of growing up. Arguments from literature, even from children's literature, confirm that the period of adolescence leaves an indelible mark on our lives, and much depends on how successfully this period passes. In the book "Bambi, Life in the Forest" the main character turns out to be quite strong. But does this always happen in life?

Childhood, adolescence and youth

The famous writer Alexei Tolstoy also brought very weighty arguments to the problem of growing up. Having written your autobiographical novel three-part “Childhood. Adolescence. Youth”, he gave not only to the growing generation who considers this work in school, but also to adult readers. Tolstoy describes in great detail the formation of his still fragile personality, so that the reader “grows” along with little Lesha, who turns into a stately man, Alexei. The writer describes his life quite simply, but very interestingly. You can notice how the hero’s thinking changed, how his worldview became more and more mature, how his attitude towards his own family transformed. The older Lesha became, the more he noticed and understood, and none of this escaped the reader. Of course, Tolstoy probably invented or thought up some episodes, but this in no way detracts from the artistic value of the work.

Adult children of America and their tragedies

Although the problem of early adulthood of children is most often addressed either psychologically or military literature, this theme can also be found in some works on abstract topics. For example, Theodore Dreiser in his “American Tragedy” very talentedly described what the early independence of a child who is forced to plan his life separately from his family can lead to. I was also very fond of this topic, whose fate turned out just like that. The author was forced to work from an early age to support his family and younger brothers and sisters. Dreiser revealed the essence of the concept of a “disliked” child, who is burdened by vanity and commercialism and believes that position in society is more important than honor. The main character of “An American Tragedy” is himself to blame for his own misfortunes, because resourcefulness and greed never bring a person happiness. Forced to think through his own business plan from a young age, Clyde Griffiths falls into the trap of early adulthood, when the basics have not yet been comprehended, but you have already learned how to make money.

Psychologism of characters from JK Rowling

Very often, women are affected by the notorious problem of growing up. Arguments from literature are taken into account even if the genre of this literature is fiction. The famous creator of the Harry Potter world, Joan Kathleen Rowling, followed this path. Over the course of seven books, her characters grow, and the reader watches with interest the changes in their psychology. At first, three friends - Ron, Harry and Hermione - are just friends, and from the fourth book, when they grow older, they begin to experience a feeling of affection for each other. Rowling masterfully describes their relationship - perhaps the decisive role in her amazing psychological technique was played by the fact that she is a woman. Some of the reasons for the conflicts between the characters may escape a less mature reader, but a more experienced reader will immediately notice that youthful experiences are to blame. Despite the fact that Harry Potter is a book about magical worlds And magical adventures, these youthful experiences are very life-like and realistic. As you know, you can’t erase words from a song.

Ray Bradbury's Angel Children

Sometimes it is very interesting how surprising the author's arguments can be. The problem of growing up is touched upon by them as if by chance, in passing, however literary critics still capture this theme in their works. Ray Bradbury, in his book Dandelion Wine, resorts to quite unusual technique. He narrates exactly the way he would describe events a little boy. This adds a certain charm to the book, because adult readers have long forgotten what they dreamed and thought about in childhood. Bradbury masterfully emphasizes the difference between a child's mind and an adult's, and this makes the book very light and sweet. This doesn’t make it any less interesting either - on the contrary, you can “choke” on a book while reading. Only in childhood can we dream of tennis shoes or fresh flowers. Children's emotions and thoughts are always very sincere and bright, and this is exactly what Bradbury shows in his work.

War and peace for fragile souls

The problem of growing up in war was also raised very often in classical literature. Leo Tolstoy did not devote an entire book to this problem, but intertwined it with many other topics and problems in his immortal work"War and Peace". An example of a fragile, still childish consciousness that becomes firmer and more mature is the image of Natasha Rostova, who is changed by the war. Tolstoy emphasizes how painful and wrong it is when growing up is, as it were, forcibly torn out of a child, when he is forced to grow up. Of course, war is not a time when you can allow yourself to be stuck in childhood for a long time, but how unfair it is to those who have not even had time to take a good look! The first experiences of love, trembling knees, excitement and stupid jokes with friends - teenage girls who have to live during the war are deprived of all this. Character hardens or breaks, and love either grows stronger and becomes flinty, or falls apart into pieces that are impossible to assemble.

Early adulthood that no one guessed about

It is noteworthy that Vladimir Nabokov gives very unchildish arguments on the topic of growing up. The problem of growing up in his scandalous work “Lolita” is touched upon a little indirectly, but still occurs. A young girl, more precisely, a girl who, for her own benefit or out of idle interest, considers it normal to start a relationship with an adult man - this is very interesting character, which Nabokov did not hesitate to describe. His Lolita at first seems to be a completely innocent, uncomprehending child who is being molested and does not realize it. However, as the work progresses, the reader learns that Lolita is not so simple, and she has matured for a very, very long time. It’s amazing how such a young girl can behave confidently and hypocritically with a man old enough to be her father. Perhaps this is precisely what drew the main character to her - adult woman in the body of a young girl. One thing remains clear: what happened to Lolita cannot be called anything other than a tragedy.

The problem of character development in Kipling's cult work

Rudyard Kipling described this topic very subtly in his “The Jungle Book”. The topic of personal growth is touched upon in passing, but the author seems to present completely undeniable arguments. The problem of Mowgli growing up, although it occupies only one chapter in this work, becomes turning point books. It is precisely because Mowgli begins to become a man and develop feelings for opposite sex, the external conflict in the work comes to new level. If Mowgli had never felt or become interested in girls, he could have lived in the jungle all his life. But, of course, then readers would not receive classic work, which has been filmed more than once by different television studios. Mowgli can no longer live among the members of his former animal family. No matter how romantic this work may be, the reader still understands that this is the story of each person’s life, conveyed in the form of a very beautiful and unusual metaphor. Growing up, a person leaves his comfort zone, and therefore his soul cries like a newborn baby.

1. A. S. Pushkin."Eugene Onegin". A person sometimes passes by without noticing his happiness. When the feeling of love arises in him, it becomes too late. This happened with Evgeny Onegin. At first he rejected the love of a village girl. Having met her a few years later, he realized that he was in love. Unfortunately, their happiness is impossible.
2. M. Yu Lermontov."Hero of our time". True love Pechorin to Vera. His frivolous attitude towards Mary and Bela.
3. And S. Turgenev."Fathers and Sons". Evgeny Bazarov denied everything, including love. But life made him experience it true feeling to Anna Odintsova. The stern nihilist could not resist the intelligence and charm of this woman.
4. And A. Goncharov."Oblomov." Lyubov Oblomov Olga Ilyinskaya. Olga's desire to pull Ilya out of a state of indifference and laziness. Oblomov tried to find the purpose of life in love. However, the lovers' efforts were in vain.
5. A. N. Ostrovsky. It is impossible to live without love. Proof of this is, for example, the deep drama that Katerina experienced, main character plays by A. N. Ostrovsky “The Thunderstorm”.
6. I.A. Goncharov."Oblomov." The great power of love is a theme of many writers. Often a person is able to change even his life for the sake of his loved one. However, this is not always possible. For example, Ilya Ilyich, the hero of the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov", for the sake of love, abandoned many of his habits. Olga, having experienced disappointment, leaves Oblomov. The mutually enriching development of their relationship did not work out, because the desire to vegetate “creeping from one day to another” turned out to be stronger for Ilya.
7. L.N. Tolstoy. Love is a great feeling. It can change a person's life. But it can bring a lot of hope and disappointment. However, this condition can also transform a person. Such life situations were described by the great Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace". For example, Prince Bolkonsky, after life’s hardships, was convinced that he would never experience happiness or joy again. However, a meeting with Natasha Rostova changed his view of the world. Love is a great power.
8. A. Kuprin. Sometimes it seems that poetry and the magical beauty of love are disappearing from our lives, that people’s feelings are diminishing. The story of A. Kuprin still amazes readers with faith in love “ Garnet bracelet" It can be called a moving hymn of love. Such stories help to maintain the belief that the world is beautiful, and that people sometimes have access to the inaccessible.
9. I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". The influence of friendship on the formation of personality is a serious topic that worried I. A. Goncharov. The heroes of his novel, peers and friends, I. I. Oblomov and A. I. Stolts, are shown almost according to the same scheme: childhood, environment, education. But Stolz tried to change his friend’s sleepy life. His attempts were unsuccessful. After Oblomov’s death, Andrei took his son Ilya into his family. This is what real friends do.
10. I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". In friendship there is mutual influence. Relationships can be fragile if people are unwilling to help each other. This is shown in the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". The apathetic, difficult-to-rise nature of Ilya Ilyich and the young energy of Andrei Stolts - all this spoke of the impossibility of friendship between these people. However, Andrei made every effort to encourage Oblomov to do some kind of activity. True, Ilya Ilyich could not adequately respond to his friend’s concern. But Stolz’s desires and attempts deserve respect.
11. I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Friendship is not always strong, especially if it is based on the subordination of one person to another. A similar situation was described by Turgenev in the novel Fathers and Sons. Arkady Kirsanov was at first an ardent supporter of Bazarov's nihilistic views and considered himself his friend. However, he quickly lost his conviction and went over to the side of the older generation. Bazarov, according to Arkady, was left alone. This happened because the friendship was not equal.
12. N.V. Gogol “Taras Bulba” (about friendship, camaraderie). It is said in N. Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba” that “there is no holier bond than comradeship.”

The main character of a brilliant novel F.M. Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment” Rodion Raskolnikov wonders whether it is allowed to commit a small evil for the sake of great good, does a noble end justify a criminal means? The author portrays him as a magnanimous dreamer, a humanist, eager to make all humanity happy, who comes to the realization of his own powerlessness in the face of world evil and in despair decides to “transgress” the moral law - to kill out of love for humanity, to commit evil for the sake of good. However to a normal person, which, undoubtedly, is the hero of the novel, is alien to bloodshed and murder. To understand this, Raskolnikov had to go through all the circles of moral hell and visit hard labor. Only at the end of the novel do we see that the hero realizes the absurdity of his crazy idea and gains peace of mind.

In contrast to the doubting and rushing Raskolnikov, Dostoevsky paints in his novel the image of Svidrigailov, a man who does not think about the means of achieving his goals. Sinking into the abyss of depravity, losing faith, Svidrigailov commits suicide, thereby showing the dead end of Raskolnikov's theory.

Based on real story novel American writer T. Dreiser's "American Tragedy" tells the story of the fate of an ambitious young manClyde Griffiths, who dreams of breaking out of the confines of his environment, quickly and persistently walking up the steps of his career, upward to the world of money and luxury. Having seduced an honest girl and being confident in his love for her, the hero soon realizes that this connection is the main obstacle on the way to high society. A classic is formed love triangle, the third “corner” of which is a girl from high society, who opens for Clyde all sorts of exits to material benefits. Unable to resist such a temptation, the young man carefully considers the possibility of getting rid of his first love, which interferes not only with his ambitious plans, but also simply interferes with living for his own pleasure. This is how a crime is committed - thoughtful, seriously prepared and cowardly. After the girl's death, the police trace Clyde and accuse him of premeditated murder. The jury sentences him to death and Clyde spends the rest of his life in prison." In the end, he confesses and admits his guilt. He is executed in the electric chair.

Good, kind, talented person Ilya Oblomov was unable to overcome himself, his laziness and promiscuity, did not reveal his best features. The absence of a high purpose in life leads to moral death. Even love could not save Oblomov.

In his late novel The Razor's Edge, W.S. Maughamdraws life path young American Larry, who spent half his life reading books, and the other half in travel, work, search and self-improvement. His image stands out clearly against the background of young people of his circle, wasting their lives and extraordinary abilities on the fulfillment of fleeting whims, on entertainment, on a carefree existence in luxury and idleness. Larry chose his own path and, not paying attention to the misunderstanding and reproach of loved ones, sought the meaning of life in hardships, wanderings and wanderings around the world. He devoted himself entirely to the spiritual principle in order to achieve enlightenment of the mind, purification of the spirit, and discover the meaning of the universe.

Main character novel of the same name American writer Jack London Martin Eden, a working guy, a sailor, coming from the lower classes, about 21 years old, meets Ruth Morse, a girl from a wealthy bourgeois family. Ruth begins to teach the semi-literate Martin the correct pronunciation. English words and awakens his interest in literature. Martin learns that magazines pay decent fees to the authors who publish in them, and firmly decides to make a career as a writer, earn money and become worthy of his new acquaintance, with whom he has fallen in love. Martin is putting together a self-improvement program, working on his language and pronunciation, and reading a lot of books. Iron health and unbending will move him towards his goal. In the end, having gone through a long and thorny path, after numerous refusals and disappointments, he becomes famous writer. (Then he becomes disillusioned with literature, his beloved, people in general and life, loses interest in everything and commits suicide. This is just in case. An argument in favor of the fact that fulfilling a dream does not always bring happiness)

If a shark stops moving its fins, it will sink to the bottom like a stone; a bird, if it stops flapping its wings, will fall to the ground. Likewise, a person, if his aspirations, desires, goals fade away, will collapse to the bottom of life, he will be sucked into the thick quagmire of gray everyday life. A river that stops flowing turns into a stinking swamp. Likewise, a person who stops searching, thinking, striving, loses the “beautiful impulses of his soul”, gradually degrades, his life becomes aimless, miserable vegetation.

I. Bunin in the story “Mr. from San Francisco” showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.

Romance of the famous English writer W. S. Maugham's "The Burden of Human Passions" touches on one of the most important and burning questions for every person - is there meaning in life, and if so, what is it? The main character of the work, Philip Carey, painfully searches for the answer to this question: in books, in art, in love, in the judgments of friends. One of them, the cynic and materialist Cronshaw, advises him to look at Persian carpets and refuses further explanation. Only years later, having lost almost all his illusions and hopes for the future, Philip understands what he meant and admits that “life has no meaning, and human existence is purposeless. Knowing that nothing makes sense and nothing matters, a person can still find satisfaction in choosing the various threads that he weaves into the endless fabric of life. There is one pattern - the simplest and most beautiful: a person is born, matures, gets married, gives birth to children, works for a piece of bread and dies; but there are other, more intricate and amazing patterns, where there is no place for happiness or the desire for success - perhaps some kind of alarming beauty is hidden in them.”

Love to motherland

1) Ardent love for the Motherland, We feel pride in its beauty in the works of the classics.
The theme of heroic feat in the fight against the enemies of the Motherland is also heard in M. Yu. Lermontov’s poem “Borodino”, dedicated to one of the glorious pages of the historical past of our country.

2) The theme of the Motherland is raised in the works of S. Yesenin. Whatever Yesenin wrote about: about experiences, about historical turning points, about the fate of Russia during the “harsh terrible years", - every Yesenin image and line is warmed with feeling boundless love to the homeland: But most of all. Love to native land

3) Famous writer told the story of the Decembrist Sukhinov, who, after the defeat of the uprising, was able to hide from police bloodhounds and, after painful wanderings, finally made it to the border. Another minute - and he will find freedom. But the fugitive looked at the field, the forest, the sky and realized that he could not live in a foreign land, far from his homeland. He surrendered to the police, he was shackled and sent to hard labor.

4) Outstanding Russian singer Fyodor Chaliapin, forced to leave Russia, always carried a box with him. No one had any idea what was in it. Only many years later did relatives learn that Chaliapin kept a handful of his native land in this box. No wonder they say: the native land is sweet in a handful. Obviously, the great singer, who passionately loved his homeland, needed to feel the closeness and warmth of his native land.

5) The Nazis, having occupied France, offered General Denikin, who fought against the Red Army during the Civil War, to cooperate with them in the fight against Soviet Union. But the general responded with a sharp refusal, because his homeland was more valuable to him than political differences.

6) African slaves, taken to America, yearned for native land. In despair, they killed themselves, hoping that the soul, having thrown off the body, could fly home like a bird.

7) The most terrible Punishment in ancient times was considered to be the expulsion of a person from a tribe, city or country. Outside your home there is a foreign land: a foreign land, a foreign sky, a foreign language... There you are completely alone, there you are nobody, a creature without rights and without a name. That is why leaving one’s homeland meant losing everything for a person.

8) To an outstanding Russian hockey player V. Tretyak was offered to move to Canada. They promised to buy him a house and pay him a higher salary. Tretyak pointed to the sky and earth and asked: “Will you buy this for me too?” The famous athlete's answer confused everyone, and no one else returned to this proposal.

9) When in the middle In the 19th century, an English squadron besieged the capital of Turkey, Istanbul, and the entire population stood up to defend their city. Townspeople destroyed their own houses if they prevented Turkish cannons from conducting aimed fire at enemy ships.

10) One day the wind decided to fell the mighty oak tree that grew on the hill. But the oak only bent under the blows of the wind. Then the wind asked the majestic oak tree: “Why can’t I defeat you?”

11) Oak answered that it’s not the trunk that’s holding him up. Its strength lies in the fact that it is rooted in the ground and clings to it with its roots. This simple story expresses the idea that love for the motherland, a deep connection with national history, with the cultural experience of their ancestors makes the people invincible.

12) When over England When the threat of a terrible and devastating war with Spain loomed, the entire population, hitherto torn apart by enmity, rallied around its queen. Merchants and nobles equipped the army with their own money, and people of ordinary rank enlisted in the militia. Even the pirates remembered their homeland and brought their ships to save it from the enemy. And the “invincible armada” of the Spaniards was defeated.

13) Turks during During their military campaigns they captured boys and young men as prisoners. Children were forcibly converted to Islam and turned into warriors called Janissaries. The Turks hoped that the new warriors, deprived of spiritual roots, having forgotten their homeland, brought up in fear and obedience, would become a reliable stronghold of the state.