Essay: The Death of the Human Soul Based on the story of Chekhov Ionych. Methodological development "The Death of the Human Soul according to A.P. Chekhov"

In the stories of the 90s, Chekhov continues to explore life not in general phenomena, but in its particular expressions in the sphere of everyday life. At first glance, small and unimportant topics lead to sociohistorical generalizations. Chekhov writes about intellectuals, their illusions and delusions, about the inconsistency of their life programs. This was clearly manifested in his trilogy “Man in a Case”, “Gooseberry”, “About Love”. Its heroes are “connected by a hidden community”: the gymnasium teacher Belikov, with his motto “no matter what happens,” reduced his life to following instructions and decrees; The Chimsha-Himalayan official subordinated his life to the idea of acquiring property - an estate with gooseberries.

Alekhine, who loved, could not step over the usual ideas, and love itself perished. Each of the heroes subjugates life narrow program, encloses it in a case.

Teacher image Greek language Belikova (“Man in a Case”) is designed grotesquely. “Caseness” defines everything that surrounds him: all the furniture is in covers, he himself wears galoshes and an umbrella in any weather, wears dark glasses and has cotton wool in his ears. A case is a way to hide from life, to avoid making decisions. Belikov is weak, timid, lonely. He is pathologically fearful. That's why he teaches the dead ancient Greek language, so he follows decrees and instructions in everything. However, this “man in a case” strangely holds the entire city in moral subordination. His ominous appearance hovers over all the affairs and conversations of the townspeople. Belikov's death is the acquisition of an eternal case; it is not for nothing that he “lay in the coffin almost happy.” The image of the “man in a case” has become a symbol of the desire to hide from life. In the story, Chekhov gave a grotesque description of the behavior of the intelligentsia in the late 90s.

In the story “Gooseberry,” a Chimsha-Himalayan official fulfilled a fanatical life dream - he bought an estate in which he wanted to plant gooseberries. The little official, the soldier's son, is reborn. Having become an owner, he talks about the need for corporal punishment for peasants and turns into a stupid man in the street. Chekhov paints him grotesquely: he looks like a pig, and his fat dog and fat cook look like pigs. A fanatical idea to which a generally good person has subordinated life is also a case that fetters a free spirit.

The same case in the form of torn from real life conservative ideas about sin and virtue are destroyed by love in the story “About Love”.

In the trilogy main topic- these are the misunderstood meaning and purpose of life, which led to the vulgarization and moral degeneration of the heroes. Anatomy of devastation and death human soul Chekhov showed it especially clearly in the story “Ionych”.

The hero goes through three stages in his life, each of which is characterized by repeated but changing details.

Dmitry Ionych Startsev arrives as a doctor at the zemstvo hospital with high ideals of serving the people. He is not devoid of a romantic perception of life, loves music, dreams, falls in love. He can feel beauty moonlit night, acutely worry.

At first, he doesn’t even take money from the poor for treatment. He himself is not rich - he walks to the city. When Kotik refused Startsev, despite all the apparent ardor and depth of love, he suffered for three days, and then he was consoled and thought only that love brings unnecessary trouble.

Chekhov does not speak in detail about the years of Startsev’s life, but only outlines the main milestones.

The hero, who previously differed from the inhabitants of the city by his sublime dreams and ardent feelings, gets used to the measured, half-asleep life of the inhabitants. They no longer irritate Startsev. They haven't changed, but the hero himself is changing. He now takes money from all the sick, stops arguing, and buys a couple of horses. He is too lazy to love, and he thinks: “It’s good that I didn’t get married then.” Now they call him Dmitry Ionych.

The moral devastation ends with Doctor Startsev turning into Ionych - a lazy, overweight man in the street, devoid of living thoughts. He now takes not only money, but also everything that the sick bring; rides a troika with bells and a coachman on a box; in the evenings he counts money and looks at houses for sale. His circle of interests now is only wealth, although he himself does not know why he needs so much money alone. Ionych no longer has any desires or dreams. The process of personality degradation is complete.

Chekhov shows that the environment, surroundings, and philistine morals influence a person, but these are only aggravating factors. The main reason for the hero’s devastation is in himself, in his inability to resist, confront. M. Bakhtin wrote that “a person is either greater than his destiny, or less than his humanity.” Chekhov's heroes do not grow into themselves; they are unaccomplished people.

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Additional essays on this topic

"Portrait" tells us about the life and fate of two talented artists. The main character can be considered Andrei Petrovich Chartkov, since the only one the author gave him a name. His creative path is described in the first part of the work, and the fate of the second artist, described in the second part, sheds light on the circumstances associated with the portrait of one moneylender, both during his life and after bringing people only troubles.

In this short work, the author used his favorite elements of mysticism, and also revealed the theme of difficult life choice, which gets in everyone's way. Chartkov A.P. was a talented but poor artist who had difficulty making ends meet. Sometimes he didn’t have enough money for an extra candle so as not to sit in the dark in the evening, and his working conditions left much to be desired. In addition, Chartkov had to pay rent to the owner, which further complicated his situation.

It so happened that one day, with his last two kopecks, he purchased an unusual portrait of an old man of Asian appearance, who looked from the canvas as if alive. The portrait was unfinished, but unusually well painted. In the frame, the main character found a bag of money with the inscription “1000 chervonets” on it. This circumstance made him happy, as he was able to pay off his debts to the owner and move into luxurious apartments. Chartkov first bought brushes, paints, canvases and decent clothes to look appropriate.

Soon he began to be recognized in secular circles. The artist earned good money with a minimum of effort. His former talent was fading away before his eyes; he no longer needed it. And, as you know, for a creative person, the loss of skill is equivalent to the death of the soul. Therefore, Chartkov’s character became nasty and envious. We will learn about the reasons for such drastic changes and the unexpected profits that fell on the main character from the second part.

This happens after Chartkov’s death. During one of the St. Petersburg auctions, an unknown artist appears who wants to buy a portrait of the same moneylender. At the same time, he claims that he was personally acquainted with the master who painted the portrait and with the moneylender, from whom those around him had nothing but trouble. As it turned out, all the people to whom the moneylender lent money during his lifetime lost their human qualities and became envious, callous, jealous, and angry. Many, unable to bear this fate, committed suicide.

MBOU Erakhtur Secondary School

Methodological development open lesson on literature"The death of the human soul in the story “Ionych” by A.P. Chekhov"

using technology

"Development critical thinking through reading and writing"

Buryakov Oleg Nikolaevich,

teacher of Russian language

and literature

The death of the human soul in the story “Ionych” by A.P. Chekhov

Methodological development of an open lesson on literature “The Death of the Human Soul in the story “Ionych” by A.P. Chekhov” using the technology “Development of critical thinking through reading and writing”

Discipline: Literature

Number of hours: 2 hours

Lesson topic: The death of the human soul in the story “Ionych” by A.P. Chekhov.

Type of lesson: combined lesson using the technology “Development of critical thinking through reading and writing.”

Techniques used: “Writing in a circle”, “Mosaic”, “I know - I want to know - I found out”, “Double diary”, “Composing a syncwine”.

Goals: didactic (educational) - introduce the stages of the writer’s life and work, reveal artistic originality the story “Ionych”, the tragedy of everyday life - everyday existence and the spiritual impoverishment of the individual in the story;

developing – continue to develop analytical skills and abilities work of art, development of oral and writing, characterization skill development literary hero;

educational - moral education.

Method: commented reading in combination with the heuristic method, messages to schoolchildren, elements of linguistic analysis.

General competencies:

· ability to work with information flow;

· ability to ask questions;

· ability to solve a problem;

· ability to develop own opinion;

· ability to express one’s thoughts;

· ability to argue your point of view;

· Ability to collaborate and work in a group

Interdisciplinary connections: literature, Russian language, history.

Providing classes: visual aids, portrait of the writer A.P. Chekhov, text of the story “Ionych”, lesson presentation, interactive board, photographs documents

Handout: supporting logical diagram for the story “Ionych”, dictionary literary terms, illustrations for the story, felt-tip pens, pencils, notebooks, pens, drawings.

Literature: text of the story “Ionych”; textbooks: E.S. Rogover “Russian literature XIX century”, V.Yu. Lebedev “Russian literature of the 19th century”, dictionaries, “Russian writers in Tomsk”, according to A. Bychkov “The course of Melikhovo life”, etc.

Regulatory and technical documentation: KTP, lesson plan.

Stages of the lesson:

Name of the lesson stage

Name of technology elements

Student activities

Teacher activities

Time

Organizational moment

Preparation of the workplace

Checking the guys' readiness to work

2´

Motivation

Recording lesson topics and statements in notebooks

introduction teacher

3´

"Challenge" stage

Technique “I know - I want to know - I found out”

Work in groups

Activity correction

Stage "Implementation"

Vocabulary work

Recording dictionary words

Dictation from the teacher

Reception "Mosaic"

Answers to the questions asked

Teacher asks questions

"Writing in a Circle"

Group work

Help for students

3´

Problem situation

Analysis of the situation

Conversation

Analysis of Chapter I

Analysis of Chapter II

Question answer

Technique “Thin and thick questions”

Analysis of Chapter IV

The teacher edits the work

Reception "Cluster"

Scheme

Help with work

Stage "Reflection"

Technique "Essay - Sinkwine"

Review of used literature

Creative work(drawings)

Summarizing

Lesson Analysis

3´

Homework

The essay is a miniature.

Teacher's explanation

3´

Lesson scenario

Org moment.

Introductory speech by the teacher.

1.Message of the topic, purpose of the lesson.

2. A few words about the author: Artistic talent A.P. Chekhov was formed in the 80s, in the era of revaluation of spiritual values. All of Chekhov’s work is a call for spiritual liberation and emancipation of man. The writer does not preach; the author's voice in his works is open. He knew how to grab big picture life down to its smallest details. His aphorism: “Brevity is the sister of talent.” His stories contain the theme of the spiritual impoverishment of man, especially in the story “Ionych.” We will try to make sure of this today. But first, let's talk about the author A.P. Chekhov and his work.

"Challenge" stage

Technique “I know - I want to know - I found out.” Take a piece of paper and write what you know, what you want to know (work in groups, fill out table 1, 2 columns). So, you know what? (students from each group say what they know about Chekhov). What do you want to know? (read out their notes from the 2nd column). And now I suggest you read the text, which contains biographical materials, as well as some information about the work of A.P. Chekhov (students get acquainted with the text, write down new information in column No. 3). At this time, the teacher corrects this stage of work.

What new things have you learned from Chekhov’s biography, name his works that you have not heard of before, listen to the message “Chekhov in Tomsk”

Passing through Tomsk. A.P. Chekhov.

Chekhov visited Tomsk during his trip to Sakhalin in 1890. The difficult and dangerous journey was undertaken in order to attract public attention to the “convict island”. But there was another goal. Chekhov felt the need for a qualitative update life experience, enriching the understanding of the world. Tomsk initially appeared in Chekhov's road plans. Tomsk residents also had an idea about him. The newspapers reported about the premiere of the play “Ivanov”. The newspapers reported: “On the morning of May 16, the famous Russian writer A.P. Chekhov, author of the drama “Ivanov,” arrived in Tomsk from Omsk. The meeting with Tomsk was not particularly joyful. The cold was terrible, it was freezing and snowing, so I had to take off my sheepskin coat and felt boots only at the Rossiya Hotel. Here the writer was much annoyed by visits from representatives of the local intelligentsia. As a result, a very unflattering opinion has developed about Tomsk residents: “Tomsk is a very boring city. Judging by those smart people, who came to my room to worship, the people here are the most boring,” “There is incessant dirt in Tomsk.” Chekhov's main occupation during his stay in Tomsk was processing road records. In Tomsk, 7 of the 9 essays that made up the cycle from “Siberia” were written. In general, Tomsk made a bleak impression on him: “Tomsk is a boring city, not sober, beautiful women Not at all, Asian lawlessness. It is remarkable because governors die in it.” “Tomsk is not worth a penny. In a letter to his family, Chekhov writes: “My God, how rich Russia is. good people! If it weren’t for the cold that robs Siberia of summer, then Siberia would be the richest and happiest land.”

Have you become interested in the life and work of A.P. Chekhov? Deserves attention?

Stage "Implementation"

So let's move on to creativity, i.e. to the topic of our lesson and we will try, using the example of the analysis of the story “Ionych,” to reveal moral issues works of an amazing writer.

Vocabulary work:

Moral - internal spiritual qualities that guide a person, ethical standards, rules of behavior determined by these qualities.

Degradation – gradual deterioration, decline of a person.

Reception "Mosaic" - knowledge of the text is tested.

Linguistic analysis text of the story “Ionych” (each group works on the issues that are indicated in the presentation on the next slide).

Questions. (Based on the text read in advance).

· What is the central theme of the story? (Protest against vulgarity, philistinism, spiritual philistinism, self-degeneration of man).

· What is the main idea(idea) of the work? (It consists of the call “Take care of the person within you!”)

3. “Writing in a circle” technique. (Each group member has a piece of paper and a pen, each writes down at least one sentence on a given topic, then passes the sheet to a neighbor, who must continue his thoughts).

Teacher's word.

It is necessary to analyze the first sentences with which the story begins, because... they carry the most weight in a given paragraph. Talented and intelligent family The Turkins are the decoration of the city of S. It would seem that this is so. But is it? Let's re-read the beginning of the text again. Parsing first sentence.

(When in provincial town S. visitors complained about boredom and monotony of life), [then local residents, as if justifying themselves, they said], (that, on the contrary, in S. it is very good), (that in S. there is a library, a theater, a club, there are balls), (that, finally, there are smart, interesting, pleasant families), (with whom you can make acquaintances). And they pointed to the Turkin family as the most educated and talented.

First the subordinate clauses, then the main clause. This construction is not accidental. It draws attention to the fact that life in the city of S. is boring and monotonous. Local residents also think so, “as if making excuses.” (IN literary work ideologically – moral value represent even such seemingly insignificant artistic elements, as the positions of the main and subordinate clauses, word order, use of introductory sentences),

We are presented with the situation in which the young doctor Startsev found himself (Chekhov’s surnames, as a rule, are “telling”).

Problem situation: What does the name of this hero make you think about?

What are the views and character of this person?

To solve this problem, turn to text analysis.

Analysis of Chapter I.

So, what is known about Startsev is that he was recently appointed as a zemstvo doctor.

Vocabulary work:

Zemsky - this means a local form of medical care for the population in pre-revolutionary Russia.

In the city of S. he was considered an intelligent and hardworking person. Pay attention to the artistic detail (reading the last sentence of paragraph 3 of the story). “He walked slowly (his

he didn’t have horses yet), and he hummed all the time.” What do you think our hero is like? (The hero is healthy, walking gives him pleasure and causes good mood. He is full of strength and cheerful). Does the introductory sentence alarm you, i.e. artistic detail: “He didn’t have his own horses”? This note is especially for you, the readers, and what will happen next.

Startsev, at the invitation of Ivan Petrovich Turkin, meets his family.

What novels does Vera Iosifovna Turkina write? (“When Vera Iosifovna closed her notebook, they were silent for about five minutes and listened to “Luchinushka,” which the choir sang, and this song conveyed what was not in the novel and what happens in life.”) How is Ekaterina Ivanovna’s playing the piano presented in the story? What special did you notice? (“Ekaterina Ivanovna sat down and hit the keys with both hands; and then immediately struck again with all her might, and again, and again”).

Give examples of Russian words that Ivan Petrovich distorts in his speech. What is he famous for? (“Bolshinsky, not bad, thank you.”)

He tells jokes, jokes, and offers his guests, including Startsev, funny tasks. What's the conclusion? (We see through artistic details that in the city of S. there is a boring, monotonous life. In the most “pleasant” family, the people are mediocre, untalented, and no different from the rest of the residents. Vera Iosifovna writes novels about what does not happen in life. Ekaterina Ivanovna does not invest a single drop into her game true feeling, Ivan Petrovich uses a long-memorized set of words).What about Startsev? (and he was pleased with the evening spent at the Turkins’, everything was “not bad”).

Analysis of chapter 2.

More than a year has passed.What has changed this year? (Startsev was in labor and loneliness. And here he is again with the Turkins, where he fell in love with Ekaterina Ivanovna).

Depict graphically: What kind of love it was.

Reckless Fake Frivolous

Feigned This is not love Ridiculous

Conclusion: “thanks to” such love, the heroes part. Kotik leaves for Moscow, and Startsev already “has a couple of horses and his coachman Panteleimon in a velvet vest.”

Analysis of chapter 4.

"Thick and thin questions" technique.

Each group in a chain asks questions. Thin questions - a one-word answer, thick questions require reflection. Sample questions:

How many years have passed? (4 years)

What changes have occurred in the Turkin family?

Has Dmitry Ionych's attitude towards them changed?

Continue the thought: “If the most talented people there are mediocre people in the whole city... then what should the city be like!”

Draw a conclusion from chapter 4. (Cut off last way to love. Nothing stops degradation ( vocabulary word), loss human personality, moral (dictionary word) values.

Analysis of chapter 5.

Reception "Double Diary"

The hero at the beginning of the story

The hero at the end of the story

Startsev loved to talk about the hospital, there was a noble goal - to help the sufferers, he served the people ideally, sublimely, humanity moves forward, abolishes the death penalty, you need to work, treated for free, kind to the sick, attentive, Doctor Startsev.

Just like everyone else, just Ionych, not a trace of love, the death of a person during his lifetime, spiritually and morally devastated, moral failure, put on weight, grew fat, sees patients in a hurry, suffered from shortness of breath, three with bells, counts yellow and green rubles in the evenings. puts 70 into the account, plump, red, has an estate, two houses, greed has overcome, throat is swollen with fat, irritable character, unpleasant voice, lonely, not interested in anything.

Creative work: draw Doctor Startsev and Ionych. Protection based on drawings.

Reception "Cluster"

To understand how the death of the human soul occurs, place the main milestones in Startsev’s life path

Draw graphically the logical connection between the main stages of life.

Life career evolution of tastes development and finale of his romance with Ekaterina Ivanovna life path those people who surround Startsev, the path from Startsev to Ionych.

Conclusion: Is Startsev's image typical? Is this topic topical – the degradation of a person’s personality? What happened to the hero? (the moral fall of a person. It all started with minor shortcomings of the hero: the desire for profit, insufficient sensitivity to people, laziness and unwillingness to fight vulgarity)

The soulless life to which Startsev condemned himself excluded him from the number of living people, depriving him of the ability to think and feel. If a person is not capable of resistance, the death of the human soul occurs - the most terrible retribution. Fencing from active life turns into a disaster for Startsev, he is equal to the Turkins, immoral and soulless people.

A person’s personal responsibility for his life, we must fight the mud environment, resist vulgarity, laziness, philistinism, selfishness.

Stage "Reflection".

Lesson summary. ("Reflection"). Technique “Composition of Cinquain” (Cinquain is a blank verse consisting of 5 lines in which students express their attitude).

I line

One keyword, offer.

II line

Adjectives characterizing line I.

III line

Verbs, actions.

IV line

Students express their attitude to the information received in the lesson.

V line

Expressing your feelings and thoughts.

Review of literature used in the lesson.

Homework:

Write a miniature essay “Take care of the person in you.”

Literature

E.S. Rogover. Russian literature of the 19th century. Moscow, 2008

Yu.V. Lebedev. Russian literature of the 19th century. Moscow 2009

Russian literature of the 19th century. Ed. G.N. Ionina. Moscow 2003

M.P. Gromov. Chekhov. Moscow, 1993 (ZhZL Series)

G.A. Bialy. Chekhov and Russian realism. Leningrad, 1999

Topic: “The Death of the Human Soul”

(Based on the story “Portrait” by N.V. Gogol)

Literature lesson in 8th grade.

Lesson objectives:

Identify the main idea of the story;

Learn to see creative method artist, understand and feel him worldview;

Instill interest in Gogol the writer, Gogol the personality in Russian history culture.

Methodological goal:demonstration of the method of text analysis as a means of developing and improving the ability to perceive, interpret and evaluate a work.

Equipment: portrait of N.V. Gogol, multimedia support, work by N.V. Gogol.

During the classes:

Teacher: "Portrait" - fantastic story. We have already read “The Picture of Dorian Gray” (O. Wilde) and “Shagreen Skin” (O. De Balzac). These works are similar in many ways. But our task today is to comprehend the influence of art on humans. The writer believed that art is called upon to serve man, turning his heart to God. But art must simultaneously fight against Evil, against forces hostile to God. The question that tormented Gogol sounds something like this: “Is an artist capable of doing everything for the victory of Good over Evil in the human soul?”

"Portrait" is not just one of the " Petersburg stories", which talks about the purpose of the writer and his creation, is a work where Gogol’s view of the meaning and tasks of art and the Artist himself is most fully expressed. What seems fantastic, supernatural to Gogol himself?

Teacher: In "Portrait" the power of money is embodied in the image of the moneylender Petromichali, his money, his terrible portrait. The fantastic becomes ordinary.

When we read the second part of the story, we see Chartkov and his way of life more clearly; he seems to rise above the space where the events take place.

(Students easily navigate Chartkov’s environment, identifying more and more new sides of his personality.)

Student Assistant:The young artist Chartkov finds a mysterious portrait in which part of the life of the devil himself is retained, and the image of this devil-usurer appears against the backdrop of real St. Petersburg.

Teacher: The devil and "diabolism" in Gogol's works. This topic is already familiar to us. It happened in “Evenings...”, in “May Night...”, in “Vie”. We are now concerned about something else: the devil - devil - devilry - Chartkov's character traits (Chartkov - Chertkov - facial features - devil - devilish trait). Please comment on this thread. What associations do you have as you comprehend it?

Student Assistant:We see Chartkov, who found a bundle of money and began to change before our eyes. Let's look at the text:

“Now he had in his power everything that he had previously looked at with envious eyes, which he had admired from afar, swallowing his saliva. Oh, how zealous began to beat within him when he just thought about it! Dress in a fashionable tailcoat, break his fast after a long fast, hire get yourself a nice apartment, go straight away to the theatre, to the pastry shop, to... and so on..."

After all, “he went out into the street alive, lively, in Russian expression: line not brother. He walked around with a gogol, pointing his lorgnette at everyone."

Then he's the same damn slipped past his professor, “to which the stunned professor stood motionless on the bridge for a long time, depicting a question mark on his face.”

Teacher: Why did Chartkov “sneak” past the teacher?

Student Assistant:Chartkov remembered the professor’s instructions: “Look, brother, you have talent; it would be a sin if you ruin it... Be careful that you don’t become a fashionable painter...”

Teacher: How else does he use the money?(He succumbs to their evil charm, betrays his art, begins to please rich customers, and loses his moral purity.)

Teacher : How do you understand the expression “moral purity”? (Chartkov becomes a “practical” person.)

Teacher: Is "practical man" a bad thing? (Yes, for Chartkov this is death, because the artist must be free, he must be a dreamer, a visionary, perhaps, in the opinion of those uninitiated in art, somewhat frivolous. He begins to worship mammon (the Syriac word is “wealth.” Gospel of Luke, Chapter 24).)

Teacher:

- How was the portrait of the moneylender painted?

By whom?

How does the fall of an artist who painted a portrait of a moneylender happen? (He is overcome by envy of his student.)

Why is there no holiness in his paintings? (All figures have devilish eyes.)

How does he relate to his family?

Why didn't he burn the portrait?

(Students retell in detail how the artist experienced the death of his wife, daughter, and young son. The episode of the artist’s “resurrection” after many years of suffering is especially interesting. The images of the baby and the Most Pure Mother created by the artist lead students to understand Gogol’s thoughts:“Whoever has talent within himself must have a purer soul than anyone else. Much will be forgiven to others, but it will not be forgiven to him.”)

Conclusions:

A true artist, talent is from God.

The power of money that corrupts the soul, the doom of art where the cult of profit triumphs - this is the main theme of the story.

The moneylender is a product of the banker century, the 19th century; he knows no other subject than money. He lends money on interest, he sells money, receiving money for money.

People go to him in the hope that gold will bring happiness (“you cannot believe in God and mammon”).

I realized the terrible cost of losses old master: “Whoever has talent within himself must have the purest soul of all”...

Teacher: What does Gogol teach?(A spiritually pure person can create beautiful and good art, a kind person. Gogol seems to be reading a sermon about purification, about devotion to the great.)

Yes, that's right. Nikolai Vasilyevich always spoke about the role of asceticism. An ascetic is a person who has taken upon himself hard labour, often ungrateful, deprivation in the name of a great goal, or in the name of loyalty to one’s dream, a noble idea.

The artist - the author of the portrait of a moneylender - dreamed of a portrait as a model of the “spirit of darkness”, in which he reflected “all the most difficult things that oppress a person”... Did he have the right to the image similar phenomena in the world around us? We know what came of it.

Student Assistant:Every a real artist must have freedom of choice. Gogol, apparently, himself believes that the artist has the right to depict everything as he sees,understands, feels. But at the same time the writer says:“Whoever has talent within himself must be purest in soul.”

Teacher: What about Chartkov?(He is pitiful. Gogol says about him: “all his feelings and impulses turned to evil.” The “merchant” age, the banker age generously pays Chartkov for his services, rewards him with gold and a uniform. He is rich, famous, they write about him in the newspapers there are corrupt scribblers, he is in office... But particle by particle, Chartkov is losing his talent and soul in return.)

Quote:

“Glory cannot give pleasure to those who stole it and did not deserve it; it produces constant awe only in those worthy of it. And therefore his [Chartkov’s] feelings and impulses turned to gold. Gold became his passion, ideal, fear, pleasure, goal ... He began to become boring, inaccessible to everything except gold, a causeless miser, a dissolute collector..."

Teacher: But something had to wake him up if there was anything human left in him?(Yes, there was one event. He came to the Academy of Arts to give his opinion on a painting by a Russian artist sent from Italy.)

Teacher: Let's look at the text.

Quote:

“Pure, immaculate, beautiful as a bride, the artist’s work stood before him... Involuntary tears were ready to roll down the faces of the visitors surrounding the painting... Chartkov stood motionless with his mouth open in front of the painting... The whole composition, his whole life was awakened in in one moment, it was as if youth had returned to him, as if the extinguished sparks of talent had flared up again. The blindfold suddenly fell off his eyes, and destroy him so mercilessly! best years of my youth..."

Teacher: So, what feelings does Chartkov experience?(Gogol first speaks of emotional excitement, of the terrible torment that the hero experiences. But he is already spoiled by money, “freedom” and, as the writer notes, “he was overcome by terrible envy, envy to the point of rage, bile appeared on his face... ")

Teacher: But why does Chartkov need a “fallen angel”? (Probably, Chartkov compares himself with a humiliated angel cast down from heaven, without admitting to himself that there is more demonic in him than angelic. Perhaps Chartkov is given his last attempt to remain a human in this world... “The fallen angel” is a symbol of the fall of not only the hero, but also the death of his soul.)

Teacher: What associations do you have with the image of an angel? (Of course, with the demon portrayed by A. Pushkin, and Gogol himself speaks about this.)

The assistant student reads A. Pushkin’s poem “Demon”:

In those days when I was new

All the impressions of life -

And the glances of the maidens, and the noise of the oak trees,

And at night the nightingale sings, -

When elevated feelings

Freedom, glory and love

And inspired arts

The blood was so excited, -

Hours of hope and pleasure

With melancholy suddenly autumn,

Then some evil genius

He began to visit me secretly.

Our meetings were sad:

His smile, wonderful look,

His sarcastic speeches

Cold poison was poured into the soul. Inexhaustible slander

He tempted Providence;

He called with a beautiful dream;

He despised inspiration;

He did not believe in love, freedom;

Looked at life mockingly-

And nothing in all of nature

He didn't want to bless.(l823)

Teacher: The word can not only destroy, but also protect. Gogol's entire philosophy is in his Words. And they are next to us, we just have to listen by opening the book. Gogol is an artist, Gogol is a personality, and life has confirmed this. Learning patience and work from Gogol is learning to live. So what, according to Gogol, is the great power of art and the purpose of the Artist?

(An evil soul cannot bring beauty into the world, because Good and Evil are incompatible. After his death, the moneylender received a material shell in the form of a portrait and continued his dark deeds among people - this was the terrible crime of the artist who created this image. Gogol believes, that the Artist does not dare to betray his calling for the sake of money, wealth, if he wants his art to serve man.“But someone who has talent within himself must have a purer soul than anyone else. Much will be forgiven to another, but it will not be forgiven to him.”)

Teacher: The question of the purpose of the Artist greatly tormented Gogol. All his life this writer was looking for an opportunity to serve the Fatherland and more than once doubted the choice of his destiny. There were several reasons for this: the writer’s responsibility for his work, faith in the powerful forces of art’s influence on people and, of course, Gogol’s deep religiosity. However, we will talk about this in more detail in high school. Now let's turn our attention to homework.

Homework. The teacher offers several topics for elective essays:

- “Gogol’s word in the story “Portrait”;

- "Chartkov - hero or anti-hero?";

- “The image of a moneylender in N.V. Gogol’s story “Portrait”;

- "Antithesis as literary device in creating the image of Chartkov."

Lesson objectives:

Identify the main idea of the story;

Learn to see the artist’s creative method, understand and feel his worldview;

To instill interest in Gogol the writer, Gogol the personality in the history of Russian culture.

Methodological goal: demonstration of the method of text analysis as a means of developing and improving the ability to perceive, interpret and evaluate a work.

Equipment: portrait, multimedia, work.

During the classes:

Teacher: "Portrait" is a fantastic story. We have already read “The Picture of Dorian Gray” (O. Wilde) and “Shagreen Skin” (O. De Balzac). These works are similar in many ways. But our task today is to comprehend the influence of art on humans. The writer believed that art is called upon to serve man, turning his heart to God. But art must simultaneously fight against Evil, against forces hostile to God. The question that tormented Gogol sounds something like this: “Is an artist capable of doing everything for the victory of Good over Evil in the human soul?”

“Portrait” is not just one of the “Petersburg Stories”, which talks about the purpose of the writer and his creation, - it is a work where Gogol’s view of the meaning and tasks of art and the Artist himself is most fully expressed. What seems fantastic and supernatural to Gogol himself?

Teacher: In "Portrait" the power of money is embodied in the image of the moneylender Petromichali, his money, his terrible portrait. The fantastic becomes ordinary.

When we read the second part of the story, we see Chartkov and his way of life more clearly; he seems to rise above the space where the events take place.

(Students easily navigate Chartkov’s environment, identifying more and more new sides of his personality.)

Student Assistant: The young artist Chartkov finds a mysterious portrait in which part of the life of the devil himself is retained, and the image of this devil-usurer appears against the backdrop of real St. Petersburg.

Teacher: The devil and "diabolism" in Gogol's works. This topic is already familiar to us. It happened in “Evenings...”, in “May Night...”, in “Vie”. We are now concerned about something else: the devil - devil - devilry - Chartkov's character traits (Chartkov - Chertkov - facial features - devil - devilish trait). Please comment on this thread. What associations do you have as you comprehend it?

Student Assistant: We see Chartkov, who found a bundle of money and began to change before our eyes. Let's look at the text:

After all, “he went out into the street alive, lively, in Russian expression: line not brother. He walked around with a gogol, pointing his lorgnette at everyone."

Then he's the same damn slipped past his professor, “to which the stunned professor stood motionless on the bridge for a long time, depicting a question mark on his face.”

Teacher: Why did Chartkov “sneak” past the teacher?

Student Assistant: Chartkov remembered the professor’s instructions: “Look, brother, you have talent; it would be a sin if you ruin it... Be careful that you don’t become a fashionable painter...”

Teacher: How else does he use the money? (He succumbs to their evil charm, betrays his art, begins to please rich customers, and loses his moral purity.)

Teacher : How do you understand the expression “moral purity”? (Chartkov becomes a “practical” person.)

Teacher: Is "practical man" a bad thing? (Yes, for Chartkov this is death, because the artist must be free, he must be a dreamer, a visionary, perhaps, in the opinion of those uninitiated in art, somewhat frivolous. He begins to worship mammon (the Syriac word is “wealth.” Gospel of Luke, Chapter 24).)

Teacher:

- How was the portrait of the moneylender painted?

How does the fall of an artist who painted a portrait of a moneylender happen? (He is overcome by envy of his student.)

Why is there no holiness in his paintings? (All figures have devilish eyes.)

How does he relate to his family?

Why didn't he burn the portrait?

(Students retell in detail how the artist experienced the death of his wife,daughter, young son. Particularly interesting is the episode of the artist’s “resurrection” after many years of suffering. The images of the baby and the Blessed Mother, created by the artist, lead students to understand the thoughtGogol: “Whoever has talent within himself must have a purer soul than anyone else. Much will be forgiven to another, but it will not be forgiven to him.")

Conclusions:

A true artist, talent is from God.

The power of money that corrupts the soul, the doom of art where the cult of profit triumphs - this is the main theme of the story.

The moneylender is a product of the banker century, the 19th century; he knows no other subject than money. He lends money on interest, he sells money, receiving money for money.

People go to him in the hope that gold will bring happiness (“you cannot believe in God and mammon”).

The old master realized the terrible cost of losses: "Who has talent within himself.he must have the purest soul of all."

Teacher: What does Gogol teach? (A spiritually pure, kind person can create beautiful and good art. Gogol, as it were, reads a sermon about purification, about devotion to the great.)

Yes, that's right. Nikolai Vasilyevich always spoke about the role of asceticism. An ascetic is a person who has taken on hard work, often thankless, and hardships in the name of a great goal, or in the name of loyalty to his dream, a noble idea.

The artist - the author of the portrait of a moneylender - dreamed of a portrait as a model of the “spirit of darkness”, in which he reflected “all the most difficult things that oppress a person”... Did he have the right to depict similar phenomena in the world around us? We know what came of it.

Student Assistant: Every true artist should have freedom of choice. Gogol, apparently, himself believes that the artist has the right to depict everything as he sees, understands, feels. But at the same time the writer says: "Who has concluded within himselftalent, he must have the purest soul of all."

Teacher: What about Chartkov? (He is pitiful. Gogol says about him: “all his feelings and impulses turned to evil.” The “merchant” age, the banker age generously pays Chartkov for his services, rewards him with gold and a uniform. He is rich, famous, they write about him in the newspapers there are corrupt scribblers, he is in office... But particle by particle, Chartkov is losing his talent and soul in return.)

Quote:

Teacher: But something had to wake him up if there was anything human left in him? (Yes, there was one event. He came to the Academy of Arts to give his opinion on a painting by a Russian artist sent from Italy.)

Teacher: Let's look at the text.

Quote:

"Pure, immaculate, beautiful like a bride stood before hima work of the artist... Involuntary tears were ready to roll down the faces of the visitors surrounding the painting... Chartkov stood motionless with his mouth open in front of the painting... The whole composition, his whole life was awakened in an instant, as if youth had returned to him, like as if extinguished sparks of talent flared up again. The bandage suddenly came off his eyes. God! And so mercilessly destroy the best years of your youth..."

Teacher: So, what feelings does Chartkov experience? (Gogol first speaks of emotional excitement, of the terrible torment that the hero experiences. But he is already spoiled by money, “freedom” and, as the writer notes, “he was overcome by terrible envy, envy to the point of rage, bile appeared on his face... ")

Teacher: But why does Chartkov need a “fallen angel”? (Probably, Chartkov compares himself with a humiliated angel cast down from heaven, without admitting to himself that there is more demonic in him than angelic. Perhaps Chartkov is given his last attempt to remain a human in this world... “The fallen angel” is a symbol of the fall of not only the hero, but also the death of his soul.)

Teacher: What associations do you have with the image of an angel? (Of course, with the demon portrayed by A. Pushkin, and Gogol himself speaks about this.)

The assistant student reads A. Pushkin’s poem “Demon”:

In those days when I was new

And the glances of the maidens, and the noise of the oak trees,

And at night the nightingale sings, -

When elevated feelings

Freedom, glory and love

And inspired arts

The blood was so excited, -

Hours of hope and pleasure

With melancholy suddenly autumn,

Then some evil genius

He began to visit me secretly.

Our meetings were sad:

His smile, wonderful look,

His sarcastic speeches

Cold poison was poured into the soul.Inexhaustible slander

He tempted Providence;

He called with a beautiful dream;

He despised inspiration;

He did not believe in love, freedom;

Looked at life mockingly-

And nothing in all of nature

He didn't want to bless. (l823)

Teacher: The word can not only destroy, but also protect. Gogol's entire philosophy is in his Words. And they are next to us, we just have to listen by opening the book. Gogol is an artist, Gogol is a personality, and life has confirmed this. Learning patience and work from Gogol is learning to live. So what, according to Gogol, is the great power of art and the purpose of the Artist?

(An evil soul cannot bring beauty into the world, because Good and Evil are incompatible. After his death, the moneylender received a material shell in the form of a portrait and continued his dark deeds among people - this was the terrible crime of the artist who created this image. Gogol believes, that the Artist does not dare to betray his calling for the sake of money, wealth, if he wants his art to serve man. "But someone who has talent within himself is purer than allmust be a soul. Much will be forgiven to another, but it will not be forgiven to him.")

Teacher: The question of the purpose of the Artist greatly tormented Gogol. All his life this writer was looking for an opportunity to serve the Fatherland and more than once doubted the choice of his destiny. There were several reasons for this: the writer’s responsibility for his work, faith in the powerful forces of art’s influence on people and, of course, Gogol’s deep religiosity. However, we will talk about this in more detail in high school. Now let's turn our attention to homework.

Homework. The teacher suggests several topics for essays on choice:

- “Gogol’s word in the story “Portrait”;

- "Chartkov - hero or anti-hero?";

- “The image of a moneylender in the story “Portrait”;

- "Antithesis as a literary device in creating the image of Chartkov."