In what century did Turgenev live? Life and work of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. Brief biography of Turgenev I. N. Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich biography, interesting facts. Education. Beginning of literary activity

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born into a noble family on October 28, 1818. The writer's father served in a cavalry regiment and led a rather wild life. Because of his carelessness, and in order to improve his financial situation, he took Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova as his wife. She was very wealthy and came from the nobility.

Childhood

The future writer had two brothers. He himself was average, but became my mother's favorite.

The father died early and the mother raised his sons. Her character was domineering and despotic. In her childhood, she suffered from beatings from her stepfather and went to live with her uncle, who after his death left her a decent dowry. Despite her difficult character, Varvara Petrovna constantly took care of her children. To give them a good education, she moved from the Oryol province to Moscow. It was she who taught her sons to art, read the works of her contemporaries, and thanks to good teachers gave the children an education, which was useful to them in the future.

Writer's creativity

At the university, the writer studied literature from the age of 15, but due to his relatives moving from Moscow, he transferred to the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University.

Ivan already From a young age I saw myself as a writer and planned to connect his life with literature. During his student years, he communicated with T.N. Granovsky, a famous historian. He wrote his first poems while studying in his third year, and four years later he was already published in the Sovremennik magazine.

In 1938 Turgenev moves to Germany where he studies the work of Roman and then Greek philosophers. It was there that he met the Russian literary genius N.V. Stankevich, whose work had a great influence on Turgenev.

In 1841, Ivan Sergeevich returned to his homeland. At this time, the desire to engage in science cooled down, and creativity began to take up all my time. Two years later, Ivan Sergeevich wrote the poem “Parasha”, about which Belinsky left a positive review in “Notes of the Fatherland”. From that moment on, a strong friendship began between Turgenev and Belinsky, which lasted for a long time.

Works

The French Revolution made a strong impression on the writer, changing his worldview. The attacks and killings of people prompted the writer to write dramatic works. Turgenev spent a lot of time away from his homeland, but love for Russia always remained in the soul of Ivan Sergeevich and his creations.

• Bezhin meadow;
• Noble Nest;
• Fathers and Sons;
• Mu Mu.

Personal life

Personal life is replete with novels, but officially Turgenev never married.

The writer's biography includes a huge number of hobbies, but the most serious was romance with Pauline Viardot. She was a famous singer and the wife of a theater director in Paris. After meeting the Viardot couple, Turgenev lived in their villa for a long time and even settled his illegitimate daughter there. The complex relationship between Ivan and Polina is still not indicated in any way.

The love of the writer’s last days was actress Maria Savina, who very brightly played Verochka in the production of “A Month in the Country”. But on the part of the actress there was sincere friendship, but not love feelings.

last years of life

Turgenev gained particular popularity in the last years of his life. He was a favorite both at home and in Europe. The developing disease gout prevented the writer from working at full capacity. In recent years he lived in Paris in the winter and in the summer at the Viardot estate in Bougival.

The writer had a presentiment of his imminent death and tried with all his might to fight the disease. But on August 22, 1883, the life of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was cut short. The cause was a malignant tumor of the spine. Despite the fact that the writer died in Bougival, he was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovsky cemetery, according to his last will. There were about four hundred people at the farewell funeral service in France alone. In Russia there was also a farewell ceremony for Turgenev, which was also attended by a lot of people.

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1818 , October 28 (November 9) - born in Orel into a noble family. He spent his childhood on his mother’s family estate, Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, Oryol province.

1822–1823 – trip abroad of the entire Turgenev family along the route: p. Spasskoe, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Narva, Riga, Memel, Koenigsberg, Berlin, Dresden, Carlsbad, Augsburg, Konstanz, ... Kyiv, Orel, Mtsensk. The Turgenevs lived in Paris for six months.

1827 – The Turgenevs move to Moscow, where they buy a house on Samotek. Ivan Turgenev was placed in the Weidenhammer boarding house, where he stayed for about two years.

1829 , August - Ivan and Nikolai Turgenev are placed in the boarding house of the Armenian Institute.
november– Ivan Turgenev leaves the boarding school and continues his educational training with home teachers - Pogorelov, Dubensky, Klyushnikov.

1833–1837 – studies at Moscow (faculty of literature) and St. Petersburg (philological department of the faculty of philosophy) universities.

1834 , December – finishes work on the poem “Wall”.

1836 , April 19 (May 1) – is present at the first performance of “The Inspector General” in St. Petersburg.
The end of the year– submits the poem “Wall” for consideration by P. A. Pletnev. After a condescending review, he gives him a few more poems.

1837 - A.V. Nikitenko sends his literary works: “The Wall”, “The Old Man’s Tale”, “Our Century”. He reports that he has three completed small poems: “Calm on the Sea”, “Phantasmagoria on a Midsummer Night”, “Dream” and about a hundred small poems.

1838 , beginning of April – the book is published. I of Sovremennik, in it: the poem “Evening” (signature: “---in”).
May 15 (27)- went abroad on the steamship "Nikolai". E. Tyutcheva, the first wife of the poet F.I. Tyutchev, P.A. Vyazemsky and D. Rosen left on the same ship.
Early October- the book comes out. 4 “Contemporaries”, in it: the poem “To the Venus of Medicine” (signature “---въ”).

1838–1841 – studies at the University of Berlin.

1883 , August 22 (September 3) - died in Bougival near Paris, buried in the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a Russian writer and poet, playwright, publicist, critic and translator. He was born on October 28, 1818 in the city of Orel. His works are remembered for their vivid descriptions of nature, vivid images and characters. Critics especially highlight the cycle of stories “Notes of a Hunter,” which reflects the best moral qualities of a simple peasant. There were many strong and selfless women in Turgenev's stories. The poet had a strong influence on the development of world literature. He died on August 22, 1883 near Paris.

Childhood and education

Turgenev was born into a noble family. His father was a retired officer. The writer's mother, Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova, was of noble origin. Ivan spent his childhood on her family's ancestral estate. The parents did everything to provide their son with a comfortable life. He was taught by the best teachers and tutors, and at a young age, Ivan and his family moved to Moscow to receive higher education. Since childhood, the guy studied foreign languages; he was fluent in English, French and German.

The move to Moscow took place in 1827. There, Ivan studied at the Weidenhammer boarding school, and he also studied with private teachers. Five years later, the future writer became a student in the literature department of a prestigious Moscow university. In 1834 Turgenev transferred to the Faculty of Philosophy in St. Petersburg, as his family moved to this city. It was then that Ivan began to write his first poems.

In three years, he created more than a hundred lyrical works, including the poem “Wall”. Professor Pletnev P.A., who taught Turgenev, immediately noticed the undoubted talent of the young man. Thanks to him, Ivan’s poems “To the Venus of Medicine” and “Evening” were published in the Sovremennik magazine.

In 1838, two years after graduating from university, he went to Berlin to attend philological lectures. At that time, Turgenev managed to receive his Ph.D. In Germany, the young man continues his studies; he studies the grammar of ancient Greek and Latin. He was also interested in studying Roman and Greek literature. At the same time, Turgenev makes acquaintance with Bakunin and Stankevich. He has been traveling for two years, visiting France, Italy and Holland.

Homecoming

Ivan returned to Moscow in 1841, at the same time he met Gogol, Herzen and Aksakov. The poet greatly appreciated getting to know each of his colleagues. Together they attend literary circles. The following year, Turgenev asks for admission to the exam for the degree of Master of Philosophy.

In 1843, for some time the writer went to work in the ministerial office, but the monotonous activity of an official did not bring him satisfaction. At the same time, his poem “Parasha” was published, which was highly appreciated by V. Belinsky. The writer also remembered the year 1843 for his acquaintance with the French singer Pauline Viardot. After this, Turgenev decides to devote himself entirely to creativity.

In 1846, the stories “Three Portraits” and “Bretter” were published. Some time after this, the writer created other famous works, including “Breakfast at the Leader’s”, “Provincial Girl”, “Bachelor”, “Mumu”, “A Month in the Country” and others. Turgenev published the collection of stories “Notes of a Hunter” in 1852. At the same time, his obituary dedicated to Nikolai Gogol was published. This work was banned in St. Petersburg, but published in Moscow. For his radical views, Ivan Sergeevich was exiled to Spasskoye.

Later he wrote four more works, which later became the largest in his work. In 1856, the book “Rudin” was published, three years after that the prose writer wrote the novel “The Noble Nest”. The year 1860 was marked by the release of the work “On the Eve”. One of the author’s most famous works, “Fathers and Sons,” dates back to 1862.

This period of his life was also marked by a break in the poet’s relationship with the Sovremennik magazine. This happened after Dobrolyubov’s article entitled “When will the real day come?”, which was filled with negativity towards the novel “On the Eve”. Turgenev spent the next few years of his life in Baden-Baden. The city inspired his most voluminous novel, “Nove,” which was published in 1877.

last years of life

The writer was especially interested in Western European cultural trends. He entered into correspondence with famous writers, among whom were Maupassant, Georges Sand, Victor Hugo and others. Thanks to their communication, literature was enriched. In 1874, Turgenev organized dinners together with Zola, Flaubert, Daudet and Edmond Goncourt. In 1878, an international literary congress was held in Paris, during which Ivan was elected vice-president. At the same time, he becomes a respected doctor at Oxford University.

Despite the fact that the prose writer lived far from Russia, his works were known in his homeland. In 1867, the novel “Smoke” was published, dividing compatriots into two oppositions. Many criticized it, while others were sure that the work opens a new literary era.

In the spring of 1882, a physical illness called microsarcoma first manifested itself, which caused Turgenev terrible pain. It was because of him that the writer subsequently died. He fought the pain to the last; Ivan’s last work was “Poems in Prose,” published a few months before his death. September 3 (old style August 22), 1883 Ivan Sergeevich died in Bougival. He was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovsky cemetery. The funeral was attended by many people who wanted to say goodbye to the talented writer.

Personal life

The poet's first love was Princess Shakhovskaya, who was in a relationship with his father. They met in 1833, and only in 1860 Turgenev was able to describe his feelings in the story “First Love.” Ten years after meeting the princess, Ivan meets Polina Viardot, with whom he falls in love almost immediately. He accompanies her on tour; it is with this woman that the prose writer subsequently moves to Baden-Baden. After some time, the couple had a daughter, who was raised in Paris.

Problems in the relationship with the singer began due to distance, and her husband Louis also acted as an obstacle. Turgenev starts an affair with a distant relative. They were even planning to get married. In the early sixties, the prose writer again became close to Viardot, they lived together in Baden-Baden, then moved to Paris. In the last years of his life, Ivan Sergeevich became interested in the young actress Maria Savina, who reciprocated his feelings.

TURGENEV Ivan Sergeevich(1818 - 1883), Russian writer, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1860). In the cycle of stories “Notes of a Hunter” (1847-52) he showed the high spiritual qualities and talent of the Russian peasant, the poetry of nature. In the socio-psychological novels “Rudin” (1856), “The Noble Nest” (1859), “On the Eve” (1860), “Fathers and Sons” (1862), the stories “Asya” (1858), “Spring Waters” (1872) ) images of the outgoing noble culture and new heroes of the era of commoners and democrats, images of selfless Russian women were created. In the novels “Smoke” (1867) and “Nov” (1877) he depicted the life of Russians abroad and the populist movement in Russia. In his later years, he created the lyrical and philosophical “Poems in Prose” (1882). A master of language and psychological analysis, Turgenev had a significant influence on the development of Russian and world literature.

TURGENEV Ivan Sergeevich, Russian writer.

On his father's side, Turgenev belonged to an old noble family; his mother, nee Lutovinova, was a wealthy landowner; On her estate, Spasskoye-Lutovinovo (Mtsensk district, Oryol province), the childhood years of the future writer passed, who early learned to have a subtle sense of nature and to hate serfdom. In 1827 the family moved to Moscow; At first, Turgenev studied in private boarding schools and with good home teachers, then, in 1833, he entered the literature department of Moscow University, and in 1834 he transferred to the history and philology department of St. Petersburg University. One of the strongest impressions of his early youth (1833), falling in love with Princess E. L. Shakhovskaya, who was experiencing an affair with Turgenev’s father at that time, was reflected in the story “First Love” (1860).

In 1836, Turgenev showed his poetic experiments in a romantic spirit to the writer of Pushkin’s circle, university professor P. A. Pletnev; he invites the student to a literary evening (at the door Turgenev collided with A.S. Pushkin), and in 1838 he published Turgenev’s poems “Evening” and “To the Venus of Medicine” in Sovremennik (by this time Turgenev had written about a hundred poems, mostly not preserved, and the dramatic poem “Stheno”).

In May 1838, Turgenev went to Germany (the desire to complete his education was combined with rejection of the Russian way of life, based on serfdom). The disaster of the steamship “Nicholas I”, on which Turgenev sailed, will be described by him in the essay “Fire at Sea” (1883; in French). Until August 1839, Turgenev lived in Berlin, attended lectures at the university, studied classical languages, wrote poetry, and communicated with T. N. Granovsky and N. V. Stankevich. After a short stay in Russia, in January 1840 he went to Italy, but from May 1840 to May 1841 he was again in Berlin, where he met M. A. Bakunin. Arriving in Russia, he visits the Bakunins' estate Premukhino, meets with this family: soon an affair with T. A. Bakunina begins, which does not interfere with the connection with the seamstress A. E. Ivanova (in 1842 she will give birth to Turgenev's daughter Pelageya). In January 1843 Turgenev entered service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

In 1843, a poem based on modern material, “Parasha,” appeared, which was highly appreciated by V. G. Belinsky. Acquaintance with the critic, which turned into friendship (in 1846 Turgenev became the godfather of his son), rapprochement with his entourage (in particular, with N. A. Nekrasov) changed his literary orientation: from romanticism he turned to an ironic and morally descriptive poem (“The Landowner” , “Andrey”, both 1845) and prose close to the principles of the “natural school” and not alien to the influence of M. Yu. Lermontov (“Andrey Kolosov”, 1844; “Three Portraits”, 1846; “Breter”, 1847).

November 1, 1843 Turgenev meets the singer Pauline Viardot (Viardot-Garcia), whose love will largely determine the external course of his life. In May 1845 Turgenev retired. From the beginning of 1847 to June 1850, he lives abroad (in Germany, France; Turgenev is a witness to the French Revolution of 1848): he takes care of the sick Belinsky during his travels; communicates closely with P. V. Annenkov, A. I. Herzen, meets J. Sand, P. Mérimée, A. de Musset, F. Chopin, C. Gounod; writes the stories “Petushkov” (1848), “Diary of an Extra Man” (1850), the comedy “Bachelor” (1849), “Where it breaks, there it breaks,” “Provincial Girl” (both 1851), the psychological drama “A Month in the Country” (1855).

The main work of this period is “Notes of a Hunter,” a cycle of lyrical essays and stories that began with the story “Khor and Kalinich” (1847; the subtitle “From the Notes of a Hunter” was invented by I. I. Panaev for publication in the “Mixture” section of the Sovremennik magazine) ); a separate two-volume edition of the cycle was published in 1852; later the stories “The End of Chertopkhanov” (1872), “Living Relics”, “Knocking” (1874) were added. The fundamental diversity of human types, isolated for the first time from a previously unnoticed or idealized mass of people, testified to the infinite value of every unique and free human personality; the serfdom appeared as an ominous and dead force, alien to natural harmony (detailed specificity of heterogeneous landscapes), hostile to man, but unable to destroy the soul, love, creative gift. Having discovered Russia and the Russian people, laying the foundation for the “peasant theme” in Russian literature, “Notes of a Hunter” became the semantic foundation of all of Turgenev’s further work: from here the threads stretch to the study of the phenomenon of the “superfluous man” (the problem outlined in “Hamlet of Shchigrovsky District”) , and to the understanding of the mysterious (“Bezhin Meadow”), and to the problem of the artist’s conflict with the everyday life that stifles him (“Singers”).

In April 1852, for his response to the death of N.V. Gogol, which was banned in St. Petersburg and published in Moscow, Turgenev, by the highest command, was put on the congress (the story “Mumu” ​​was written there). In May he was exiled to Spasskoye, where he lived until December 1853 (work on an unfinished novel, the story “Two Friends”, acquaintance with A. A. Fet, active correspondence with S. T. Aksakov and writers from the Sovremennik circle); A.K. Tolstoy played an important role in efforts to free Turgenev.

Until July 1856, Turgenev lived in Russia: in the winter, mainly in St. Petersburg, in the summer in Spassky. His closest environment is the editorial office of Sovremennik; acquaintances took place with I. A. Goncharov, L. N. Tolstoy and A. N. Ostrovsky; Turgenev takes part in the publication of F. I. Tyutchev’s “Poems” (1854) and provides it with a preface. Mutual cooling with the distant Viardot leads to a brief, but almost ending in marriage, affair with a distant relative O. A. Turgeneva. The stories “The Calm” (1854), “Yakov Pasynkov” (1855), “Correspondence”, “Faust” (both 1856) were published.

“Rudin” (1856) opens a series of Turgenev’s novels, compact in volume, unfolding around a hero-ideologist, journalistically accurately capturing current socio-political issues and, ultimately, placing “modernity” in the face of the unchanging and mysterious forces of love, art, nature . Inflaming the audience, but incapable of action, the “superfluous man” Rudin; Lavretsky, dreaming in vain about happiness and coming to humble self-sacrifice and hope for happiness for the people of modern times (“The Noble Nest”, 1859; events take place in the context of the approaching “great reform”); the “iron” Bulgarian revolutionary Insarov, who becomes the chosen one of the heroine (that is, Russia), but is “stranger” and doomed to death (“On the Eve”, 1860); “new man” Bazarov, hiding a romantic rebellion behind nihilism (“Fathers and Sons”, 1862; post-reform Russia is not freed from eternal problems, and “new” people remain people: “dozens” will live, but those captured by passion or idea will die); the characters of “Smoke” (1867), sandwiched between “reactionary” and “revolutionary” vulgarity; revolutionary populist Nezhdanov, an even more “new” person, but still unable to answer the challenge of a changed Russia (“Nov”, 1877); all of them, together with minor characters (with individual dissimilarity, differences in moral and political orientations and spiritual experience, varying degrees of closeness to the author), are closely related, combining in different proportions the features of two eternal psychological types of the heroic enthusiast, Don Quixote, and the absorbed himself as a reflector, Hamlet (cf. programmatic article “Hamlet and Don Quixote”, 1860).

Having departed abroad in July 1856, Turgenev finds himself in a painful whirlpool of ambiguous relationships with Viardot and his daughter, who was raised in Paris. After the difficult Parisian winter of 1856-57 (the gloomy “Trip to Polesie” was completed), he went to England, then to Germany, where he wrote “Asya,” one of the most poetic stories, which, however, can be interpreted in a social way (article by N. G. Chernyshevsky “Russian man on rendez-vous”, 1858), and spends the autumn and winter in Italy. By the summer of 1858 he was in Spassky; in the future, Turgenev’s year will often be divided into “European, winter” and “Russian, summer” seasons.

After “On the Eve” and N. A. Dobrolyubov’s article dedicated to the novel, “When will the real day come?” (1860) Turgenev breaks up with the radicalized Sovremennik (in particular, with N.A. Nekrasov; their mutual hostility persisted until the end). The conflict with the “younger generation” was aggravated by the novel “Fathers and Sons” (pamphlet article by M. A. Antonovich “Asmodeus of Our Time” in Sovremennik, 1862; the so-called “schism in the nihilists” largely motivated the positive assessment of the novel in the article by D. I. Pisarev “Bazarov”, 1862). In the summer of 1861 there was a quarrel with L.N. Tolstoy, which almost turned into a duel (reconciliation in 1878). In the story “Ghosts” (1864), Turgenev condenses the mystical motifs outlined in “Notes of a Hunter” and “Faust”; this line will be developed in “The Dog” (1865), “The Story of Lieutenant Ergunov” (1868), “The Dream”, “The Story of Father Alexei” (both 1877), “Song of Triumphant Love” (1881), “After Death (Klara Milich )" (1883). The theme of the weakness of man, who turns out to be the toy of unknown forces and doomed to non-existence, to a greater or lesser extent colors all of Turgenev’s late prose; it is most directly expressed in the lyrical story “Enough!” (1865), perceived by contemporaries as evidence (sincere or flirtatiously hypocritical) of Turgenev’s situationally determined crisis (cf. F. M. Dostoevsky’s parody in the novel “Demons”, 1871).

In 1863, a new rapprochement between Turgenev and Pauline Viardot took place; until 1871 they lived in Baden, then (at the end of the Franco-Prussian War) in Paris. Turgenev is closely associated with G. Flaubert and, through him, with E. and J. Goncourt, A. Daudet, E. Zola, G. de Maupassant; he assumes the function of an intermediary between Russian and Western literatures. His pan-European fame is growing: in 1878, at the international literary congress in Paris, the writer was elected vice-president; in 1879 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford. Turgenev maintains contacts with Russian revolutionaries (P. L. Lavrov, G. A. Lopatin) and provides material support to emigrants. In 1880, Turgenev took part in the celebrations in honor of the opening of the monument to Pushkin in Moscow. In 1879-81, the old writer experienced a violent infatuation with actress M. G. Savina, which colored his last visits to his homeland.

Along with stories about the past (“The Steppe King Lear”, 1870; “Punin and Baburin”, 1874) and the above-mentioned “mysterious” stories in the last years of his life, Turgenev turned to memoirs (“Literary and Everyday Memoirs”, 1869-80) and “Poems in Prose” (1877-82), where almost all the main themes of his work are presented, and the summing up takes place as if in the presence of approaching death. Death was preceded by more than a year and a half of painful illness (spinal cord cancer).

Biography of I.S. Turgenev

Film “The Great Singer of Great Russia. I.S. Turgenev"

Russian writer, corresponding member of the Puturburg Academy of Sciences (1880). In the cycle of stories “Notes of a Hunter” (1847 52) he showed the high spiritual qualities and talent of the Russian peasant, the poetry of nature. In the socio-psychological novels "Rudin" (1856), "The Noble Nest" (1859), "On the Eve" (1860), "Fathers and Sons" (1862), the stories "Asya" (1858), "Spring Waters" (1872 ) images of the passing noble culture and new heroes of the era - commoners and democrats, images of selfless Russian women were created. In the novels "Smoke" (1867) and "Nov" (1877) he depicted the life of Russian peasants abroad and the populist movement in Russia. In his later years he created the lyrical and philosophical “Poems in Prose” (1882). Master of Language and Psychological Analysis. Turgenev had a significant influence on the development of Russian and world literature.

Biography

Born on October 28 (November 9 n.s.) in Orel into a noble family. Father, Sergei Nikolaevich, a retired hussar officer, came from an old noble family; mother, Varvara Petrovna, from the wealthy landowner family of the Lutovinovs. Turgenev spent his childhood on the family estate Spasskoye-Lutovinovo. He grew up under the care of “tutors and teachers, Swiss and Germans, home-grown uncles and serf nannies.”

When the family moved to Moscow in 1827, the future writer was sent to a boarding school and spent about two and a half years there. He continued his further education under the guidance of private teachers. Since childhood, he knew French, German, and English.

In the fall of 1833, before reaching the age of fifteen, he entered Moscow University, and the following year he transferred to St. Petersburg University, from which he graduated in 1936 in the verbal department of the Faculty of Philosophy.

In May 1838 he went to Berlin to attend lectures on classical philology and philosophy. I met and became friends with N. Stankevich and M. Bakunin, meetings with whom were of much greater importance than the lectures of Berlin professors. He spent more than two academic years abroad, combining studies with extensive travel: he traveled around Germany, visited Holland and France, and lived in Italy for several months.

Returning to his homeland in 1841, he settled in Moscow, where he prepared for master's exams and attended literary clubs and salons: he met Gogol, Aksakov, and Khomyakov. On one of the trips to St. Petersburg with Herzen.

In 1842 he successfully passed his master's exams, hoping to get a position as a professor at Moscow University, but since philosophy was taken under suspicion by the Nicholas government, philosophy departments were abolished in Russian universities, and he did not succeed in becoming a professor.

In 1843, Turgenev entered the service as an official of the “special office” of the Minister of Internal Affairs, where he served for two years. In the same year, an acquaintance with Belinsky and his entourage took place. Turgenev's social and literary views during this period were determined mainly by the influence of Belinsky. Turgenev published his poems, poems, dramatic works, and stories. The critic guided his work with his assessments and friendly advice.

In 1847, Turgenev went abroad for a long time: his love for the famous French singer Pauline Viardot, whom he met in 1843 during her tour in St. Petersburg, took him away from Russia. He lived for three years in Germany, then in Paris and on the estate of the Viardot family. Even before leaving, he submitted the essay “Khor and Kalinich” to Sovremennik, which was a resounding success. The following essays from folk life were published in the same magazine for five years. In 1852 it was published as a separate book called “Notes of a Hunter.”

In 1850, the writer returned to Russia and collaborated as an author and critic with Sovremennik, which became a kind of center of Russian literary life.

Impressed by Gogol's death in 1852, he published an obituary, prohibited by censorship. For this he was arrested for a month, and then sent to his estate under police supervision without the right to travel outside the Oryol province.

In 1853 it was allowed to come to St. Petersburg, but the right to travel abroad was returned only in 1856.

Along with “hunting” stories, Turgenev wrote several plays: “The Freeloader” (1848), “The Bachelor” (1849), “A Month in the Country” (1850), “Provincial Girl” (1850). During his arrest and exile, he created the stories “Mumu” ​​(1852) and “The Inn” (1852) on a “peasant” theme. However, he was increasingly occupied by the life of the Russian intelligentsia, to whom the stories “The Diary of an Extra Man” (1850) are dedicated; "Yakov Pasynkov" (1855); "Correspondence" (1856). Working on the stories made the transition to the novel easier.

In the summer of 1855, the novel “Rudin” was written in Spassky, and in subsequent years the novels: in 1859 “The Noble Nest”; in 1860 “On the Eve”, in 1862 “Fathers and Sons”.

The situation in Russia was changing quickly: the government announced its intention to free the peasants from serfdom, preparations for reform began, giving rise to numerous plans for the upcoming restructuring. Turgenev took an active part in this process, became an unofficial collaborator of Herzen, sending incriminating material to the magazine Kolokol, and collaborated with Sovremennik, which gathered around itself the main forces of advanced literature and journalism. Writers of different directions initially acted as a united front, but sharp disagreements soon emerged. There was a break between Turgenev and the Sovremennik magazine, the reason for which was Dobrolyubov’s article “When will the real day come?”, dedicated to Turgenev’s novel “On the Eve”, in which the critic predicted the imminent appearance of the Russian Insarov, the approach of the day of revolution. Turgenev did not accept this interpretation of the novel and asked Nekrasov not to publish this article. Nekrasov took the side of Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky, and Turgenev left Sovremennik. His polemic with Herzen on the issue of further paths of development of Russia dates back to 1862 1863, which led to a divergence between them. Placing hopes on reforms “from above,” Turgenev considered Herzen’s faith in the revolutionary and socialist aspirations of the peasantry unfounded.

Since 1863, the writer settled with the Viardot family in Baden-Baden. At the same time he began to collaborate with the liberal-bourgeois “Bulletin of Europe”, which published all his subsequent major works, including his last novel “New” (1876).

Following the Viardot family, Turgenev moved to Paris. During the days of the Paris Commune he lived in London, after its defeat he returned to France, where he remained until the end of his life, spending the winters in Paris and the summer months outside the city, in Bougival, and making short trips to Russia every spring.

The writer met the social upsurge of the 1870s in Russia, associated with the Narodniks’ attempts to find a revolutionary way out of the crisis, with interest, became close to the leaders of the movement, and provided financial assistance in the publication of the collection “Forward.” His long-standing interest in folk themes was reawakened, he returned to “Notes of a Hunter,” supplementing them with new essays, and wrote the stories “Punin and Baburin” (1874), “The Clock” (1875), etc.

Social revival began among students and among broad sections of society. Turgenev's popularity, at one time shaken by his break with Sovremennik, has now recovered again and began to grow rapidly. In February 1879, when he arrived in Russia, he was honored at literary evenings and gala dinners, with strong invitations to stay in his homeland. Turgenev was even inclined to end his voluntary exile, but this intention was not carried out. In the spring of 1882, the first signs of a serious illness were discovered, which deprived the writer of the ability to move (cancer of the spine).

August 22 (September 3, n.s.) 1883 Turgenev died in Bougival. According to the writer's will, his body was transported to Russia and buried in St. Petersburg.