1 Russian is the national language of the Russian people. Russian language as a national treasure. Basic linguistic dictionaries of the Russian language

National language- a means of written and oral communication of the nation. Along with the integrity of the territory, economic life and mental make-up, language is the leading indicator of the historical community of people, which is usually called the term "nation". National language- a historical category, it is formed during the formation of a nation, its development from a nationality.

Russian national language according to family ties that have arisen and formed in the process of historical development, belongs to the Slavic group of the Indo-European family of languages. In this group, there are three subgroups:

- East Slavic(Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian),

- West Slavic(Czech, Slovak, Polish, Kashubian, Serbo-Lusatian and dead Polabian languages),

- South Slavic(Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian, Slovene, Ruthenian and dead Old Church Slavonic).

In terms of prevalence, Slavic languages ​​​​rank fifth in the world (after Chinese, Indian, Germanic and Romance languages). Today they are spoken by 280 million people. The Russian literary language dominates among other Slavic languages ​​in terms of the number of speakers. Together with English, French, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic, it is recognized as the official and working language of the United Nations. More than 250 million people study the modern Russian literary language in almost 100 countries of the world.

Slavic languages ​​come from single Proto-Slavic language, separated from the Indo-European base language long before our era. During the period of existence of a single Proto-Slavic language, the main features inherent in all Slavic languages ​​developed. Approximately in the VI-VII centuries. n. e. Proto-Slavic unity broke up, and the Eastern Slavs began to use a relatively unified East Slavic (Old Russian or the language of Kievan Rus) language. With the strengthening of feudal fragmentation and the overthrow of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, the Great Russian, Little Russian and Belarusian nationalities are formed, and by the XIV-XV centuries the language of the Great Russian nationality is formed with the Rostov-Suzdal and Vladimir dialects at the core.

The Russian national language begins to take shape in the XVII century in connection with the development of capitalist relations and the development of the Russian people into a nation. The phonetic system, grammatical structure and basic vocabulary of the Russian national language is inherited from the language of the Great Russian people, formed as a result of the interaction of the North Great Russian and South Great Russian dialects. Moscow, located at the junction of the south and north of the European part of Russia, has become the center of this interaction. It was the Moscow business vernacular that had a significant impact on the development of the national language. During the period of its formation, firstly, the development of new dialect features in dialects stops, although the old dialect features turn out to be very stable. Secondly, the influence of the Church Slavonic language is weakening. Thirdly, a literary language of a democratic type is developing, based on the traditions of the business language of Moscow.

An important stage in the development of the Russian national language was XVIII century. The Slavic-Russian language - the Russian language with a large proportion of Old Slavonic and Church Slavonic elements - was then used in fiction, official business documents, and scientific treatises. required democratization of the language the introduction into its system of elements of the lively colloquial speech of the merchants, service people, the clergy and literate peasants. In society, there is an understanding of the role of the Russian language as a distinctive feature of the people, the desire to maintain its authority, to prove its viability as a means of communication, education, science and art. Played a significant role in this M. V. Lomonosov. He creates the "Russian Grammar", which has a theoretical (ordering the literary language) and practical (development of rules for the use of its elements) value. “All sciences,” he explains, “have a need for grammar. Stupid oratorio, tongue-tied poetry, unfounded philosophy, incomprehensible history, dubious jurisprudence without grammar.

Lomonosov pointed to two features of the Russian language that made it one of the most important world languages ​​- "the vastness of the places where it dominates" and "its own space and contentment." echoes him and VC. Trediakovsky, calling his article on eloquence "A word about rich, different, skillful and dissimilar ornate". In the era of Peter the Great, due to the appearance in Russia of many new objects and phenomena, the vocabulary of the Russian language is updated and enriched. This flow was so huge that even a decree was needed Peter I regulating the use of borrowings. By the end of the XVIII - beginning of the XIX century. the preferential use of primordially Russian elements in oral and written speech becomes a sign of respect for the Russian nation, and L.N. Tolstoy, who live at this time (“War and Peace”), mostly speak their native language. The Karamzin period in the development of the Russian national language is characterized by the struggle for the establishment of a single language norm in it. At the same time, he N.M. Karamzin and its supporters believed that it was necessary to focus on European languages ​​​​(French), free the Russian language from the influence of Church Slavonic speech, create new words, expand the semantics of already used words in order to denote new objects, phenomena, processes that appear in the life of society (mostly secular). . Opponent N.M. Karamzin became Slavophil A.S. Shishkov, who believed that the Old Slavonic language should become the basis of the Russian national language.

dispute over language Slavophiles and Westerners was brilliantly resolved in the work of the great Russian writers of the early 19th century. A.S. Griboyedov and I.A. Krylov showed the inexhaustible possibilities of live colloquial speech, the originality and richness of Russian folklore.

The creator of the national Russian language was A.S. Pushkin. In poetry and prose, the main thing, in his opinion, is “a sense of proportion and conformity” - any element will be appropriate if it accurately conveys a thought or feeling. By the first decades of the 19th century the formation of the Russian national language was completed. However, the process of processing the national language continues in order to create unified grammatical, lexical, spelling and orthoepic norms, numerous dictionaries are published, the largest of which was a four-volume "Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language" V.I. Dahl.

After the October Revolution important changes are taking place in the Russian language. Firstly, a huge layer of secular and religious vocabulary that was very relevant before the revolution is “dying out”. The new power destroys objects, phenomena, processes, and at the same time the words denoting them disappear: monarch, gendarme, police officer, privatdozent, footman, heir to the throne, seminary, sexton, Eucharist, and so on. Millions of believing Russians cannot use Christian terminology without fear (Ascension, Mother of God, Savior, Assumption, etc.), and these words live secretly, implicitly among the people, waiting for the hour of their revival.

On the other hand, a huge number of new words appear (often these are complex abbreviations) reflecting changes in politics and the economy: food tax, cultural enlightenment, educational program, Soviets, Kolchak, Chekist, party fees, collective farm, Council of People's Commissars, commander, food requisitioning, etc.

As one of the most striking distinctive features of the Russian language of the Soviet period, researchers note interference of the opposite, renaming of the denotation(lat. denotare - mark, designate) - an object or phenomenon. The essence of the interference of the opposing lies in the fact that two opposing lexical systems are formed that positively and negatively characterize the same phenomena that exist on opposite sides of the barricades, in the world of capitalism and in the world of socialism: scouts and spies, liberators and invaders, partisans and terrorists.

Among the features of the language post-Soviet period the most important are: replenishment of the vocabulary with new elements (borrowed vocabulary); the return to use of words that seemed to have forever lost such an opportunity (religious vocabulary); the emergence of new meanings for well-known words; the disappearance, along with objects and phenomena, of words characterizing Soviet reality; the destruction of the system formed as a result of the interference of the opposite.

The Russian language has come a long way of historical development.

There are three periods of development of the Russian language:

Early period (VI-VII - XIV centuries).

Middle period (XIV-XV - XVII centuries).

Late period (XVII-XVIII - the end of the XX - the beginning of the XXI century).

I period (early) begins after the separation of the Eastern Slavs from the common Slavic unity and the formation of the language of the Eastern Slavs (Old Russian language) - the predecessor of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages. This period is characterized by the presence in the language of Old Slavonicisms, Church Slavonic vocabulary, and Turkic borrowings.

II period (middle) begins with the collapse of the language of the Eastern Slavs and the separation of the Russian language proper (the language of the Great Russian people). By the second half of the 17th century the Russian nation is taking shape and the Russian national language is being formalized, based on the traditions of Moscow dialect.

III period- this is a period of development of the Russian national language, design and improvement Russian literary language.

In the 18th century there is an update, enrichment of the Russian language at the expense of Western European languages; society begins to realize that the Russian national language is capable of becoming the language of science, art, and education. He played a special role in the creation of the literary language M.V. Lomonosov who wrote "Russian grammar" and developed the theory of three styles (high, medium, low).

In the 19th century Throughout the century, there have been disputes about what should be considered the basis of the grammar of the Russian literary language, what role should the Church Slavonic language play in the development of its styles, how to relate to the common language and vernacular? In this dispute, they are primarily involved N.M. Karamzin and his Westernizers and Slavophiles, led by A.S. Shishkov.

A decisive influence on the development of Russian norms literary language rendered creativity A.S. Pushkin, who in relation to language was guided by the principle proportionality and conformity: any word is acceptable in poetry, if it accurately, figuratively expresses the concept, conveys the meaning.

In general, in the process of synthesizing various elements (folk colloquial, Church Slavonic, foreign borrowings, elements of the business language), the norms of the Russian literary language are developed. It is believed that in general Russian national language system developed around the first half of the 19th century.

In the XX century, there are two periods in the history of the Russian language:

Period 1 (October 1917 - April 1985) is characterized by the presence of the following processes in the language:

1) the withdrawal into the passive reserve of a huge layer of secular and church vocabulary ( lord, king, monarch, governor, gymnasium; Savior, Mother of God, bishop, Eucharist and etc.);

2) the emergence of new words reflecting changes in politics and economics. Most of them were official abbreviations of words and phrases: NKVD, RSDLP, collective farm, district committee, tax in kind, educational program and etc.;

3) interference of the opposite.

The essence of this phenomenon is that two words are formed that positively and negatively characterize the same phenomena of reality that exist in different political systems. After the October events of 1917, two lexical systems gradually took shape in the Russian language: one for naming the phenomena of capitalism, the other for socialism. So, if it was about enemy countries, then their scouts were called spies, warriors - occupiers, partisans - terrorists etc.;

4) renaming the denotation. Denotation- an object of extralinguistic reality, to which a linguistic sign belongs as part of an utterance. So, not only the names of cities and streets are renamed (Tsaritsyn - in Stalingrad, Nizhny Novgorod - in Bitter; Large noble - in Revolution Avenue), but also social concepts (competition - in social competition, harvesting bread - in battle for the harvest, peasants - in collective farmers etc.). As a result of renaming, the authorities, firstly, managed to break the connection with the pre-revolutionary past, and secondly, to create the illusion of a general renewal. Thus, through the word, the party and government oligarchy influenced the public consciousness.

During 2 periods(April 1985 - present) there have been serious political, economic, ideological changes that have led to significant changes in the Russian literary language:

1) a significant expansion of the vocabulary due to:

a) foreign vocabulary (barter, business, legitimate);

b) the formation in the Russian language itself of a mass of new words (post-Soviet, denationalization, desovietization);

2) return to the active vocabulary of words that left the language during the Soviet period ( Duma, governor, corporation; communion, liturgy, vigil);

3) withdrawal into the passive stock of words-sovietisms (collective farm, Komsomolets, district committee);

4) change in the meanings of many words, occurring for ideological and political reasons. For example, in the dictionary of the Soviet period about the word God the following is written: "God - according to religious and mystical ideas: a mythical supreme being, supposedly ruling the world"(Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1953). The definition includes indicators of unreliability (particle supposedly and adjective mythical). The purpose of such an interpretation is to impose on the user of the dictionary an atheistic worldview, corresponding to a totalitarian ideology.

In the modern dictionary - " God is in religion: the supreme omnipotent being…”(Ozhegov S.I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: 80,000 words and phraseological expressions. - M., 2006);

5) vulgarization - the use of jargon, vernacular and other non-literary elements in the speech of seemingly educated people ( bucks, rollback, disassembly, chaos);

6) "foreignization" of the Russian language - that is, the unjustified use of borrowings in speech ( reception desk- reception, reception point; Ganges- criminal association, gang; show- spectacle, etc.).

The Russian language is the national language of the Russian people, the state language of the Russian Federation, which is used as a means of interethnic communication in Russia and in the near abroad. At present, the Russian language is one of the languages ​​of European and world significance. Together with English, French, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic, it is recognized as the official and working language of the United Nations. More than 250 million people study the modern Russian literary language in almost 100 countries of the world.

The national Russian language is a means of written and oral communication of the Russian nation. Along with the integrity of the territory, economic life and mental make-up, language is the leading indicator of the historical community of people, which is usually called the term "nation". The national language is a historical category, it is formed during the formation of the nation, its development from the nationality.

The Russian national language, according to family ties that arose and formed in the process of historical development, belongs to the Slavic group of the Indo-European family of languages. By origin, it is associated with the common Slavic (Proto-Slavic), which stood out from the 3rd millennium BC. from the Indo-European base language and until the 2nd half of the 1st millennium AD. (until the 5th-6th centuries AD) served as a means of communication for all Slavic tribes. During the period of existence of a single common Slavic language, the main features inherent in all Slavic languages ​​developed. The long existence of the common Slavic (proto-Slavic) language (over three thousand years) as a single dialect of all Slavic tribes explains the high degree of closeness between modern Slavic languages.

Approximately in VI-VII AD. the common Slavic unity broke up, and on the basis of the common Slavic language, the East Slavic (Old Russian), West Slavic (Polish, Slovak, Czech, Serbal Luzhitsky, etc.) and South Slavic (Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian, Slovene, Rusyn and dead Old Slavonic) languages ​​were formed. The Old Russian language was spoken by the East Slavic tribes, which in the 9th century formed the Old Russian nationality within the boundaries of the Kievan state. With the strengthening of feudal fragmentation, the overthrow of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, and also as a result of the collapse of the Kiev state in the XIV-XV centuries, the Great Russian, Little Russian and Belarusian nationalities are formed, and on the basis of the once single Old Russian language, three independent languages ​​​​appear: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, which, with the formation of nations, took shape in national languages.

Ukrainian Russian Belarusian

The Russian national language begins to take shape in the 17th century in connection with the development of capitalist relations and the development of the Russian people into a nation. The phonetic system, grammatical structure and basic vocabulary of the Russian national language is inherited from the language of the Great Russian people, which was formed as a result of the interaction of the North Great Russian and South Great Russian dialects. The center of this interaction was Moscow, located at the junction of the south and north of the European part of Russia. It was the Moscow business vernacular that had a significant impact on the development of the national language. During this period, the development of new dialectal features of dialects stops, the influence of the Church Slavonic language weakens, a literary language of a democratic type develops, based on the traditions of the business language of Moscow.

In the 18th century, through the efforts of progressively minded circles of society, the creation of a single national Russian language began (until the 18th century, the so-called Slavic-Russian language, which absorbed the culture of the Old Slavonic language, was used in fiction, official business documents). There is a democratization of the language, i.e. its vocabulary, grammatical structure includes elements of lively oral speech, lively colloquial speech of the merchants, service people, clergy and literate peasants, there is a gradual liberation of the language from the Church Slavonic language, the formation of a scientific language, Russian scientific terminology. In all these processes, the great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov took an active part, who did immeasurably much to streamline the Russian language: he creates the first in Russian "Russian Grammar", in which for the first time he presents the scientific system of the Russian language, creates a set of grammatical rules, demonstrates the richest possibilities of the language, seeks permission from Catherine II to lecture at the university in Russian, creates Russian scientific and technical terminology (he owns the words atmosphere, degree, matter, electricity, thermometer, circumstance, ignition and etc.). Lomonosov pointed out two features of the Russian language that made it one of the most important world languages ​​- "the vastness of the places where it dominates" and "its own space and contentment." In the Petrine era, due to the appearance of many new objects and phenomena in the life of society, the vocabulary of the Russian language is updated and enriched. The influx of foreign words from Polish, French, Dutch, Italian, German into Russian was so huge that Peter I was forced to issue a decree regulating the use of borrowings and prescribing "to write everything in Russian, without using foreign words and terms", since from their abuses "the case itself is impossible to comprehend." By the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century, the preferred use of native Russian elements in speech and writing becomes a sign of patriotism, respect for one's nation, one's culture.

Throughout the 19th century, there were disputes about what should be considered the basis of the Russian national language, how to relate to the common language and vernacular. The famous Russian writer, the founder of Russian sentimentalism, the author of "Poor Lisa" and "The History of the Russian State" N.M. Karamzin and his supporters believed that the Russian language was too difficult to express thoughts and needed to be processed. The transformation of the language, in their opinion, should be guided by European languages, especially French, follow the path of liberating the language from the influence of Church Slavonic speech, creating new words, eliminating archaic and professional Slavonicisms, special terms of various crafts and sciences, and rude vernacular. Karamzin created and put into active use the word love, humanity, public, future, industry, general benefit and others that we still use today. Opponent N.M. Karamzin became the Slavophiles, headed by A.S. Shishkov, a writer, public figure, minister of education, who considered the Old Slavonic language the primitive language of all mankind and the basis of the Russian national language. The dispute about language between Slavophiles and Westernizers was resolved in the works of the great Russian writers of the 19th century A.S. Griboedov and I.A. Krylov, who showed what inexhaustible possibilities live folk speech has, how rich, original and original the language of folklore is.

A.S. Pushkin is rightly called the creator of the modern Russian literary language. It was he who introduced folk speech into his poetry, believing that any word is acceptable in poetry if it accurately and figuratively expresses the concept, conveys the meaning. The poet believed that "true taste does not consist in the unconscious rejection of such and such a word, such and such a turn, but in a sense of proportion and conformity." Nobody before Pushkin wrote in a realistic language and did not introduce ordinary everyday vocabulary into a poetic text. It was Pushkin who used the common language as a treasure trove of language.

In the first decades of the 19th century, the formation of the Russian national language was completed, but the process of processing the national language continued in order to create unified grammatical, lexical, spelling, orthoepic norms, which are theoretically substantiated in the works of Russian linguists Vostokov, Buslaev, Potebnya, Fortunatov, Shakhmatov, are described and are approved in the Russian grammars of Grech, Grot, Vostokov, etc.

In the 19th century, an unprecedented flourishing of Russian literature and the Russian language took place. The work of Gogol, Lermontov, Dostoevsky, L. Tolstoy, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Ostrovsky, Chekhov and other writers and poets, the achievements of Russian scientists Mendeleev, Dokuchaev, Pirogov, Klyuchevsky and others contributed to the further development and enrichment of the Russian national language. His vocabulary is replenished (worldview, humanity, lack of rights, serf-owner, etc.), phraseology is enriched, the stock of international terminology is expanding (intellectual, progress, international, communism, culture, civilization, etc.), scientific and journalistic functional styles are being formed. The richness and diversity of the Russian language is reflected in the historical, etymological, synonymous dictionaries that appeared in the 19th century, in the dictionary of foreign words.

In 1863-1866. the four-volume "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V.I.Dal was published, which included over 200 thousand words. Professor P.P. Chervinsky rightly called this dictionary an “eternal book”, since its content is not subject to time.

Interesting changes take place in the Russian language in the 20th century, which can be chronologically divided into 2 periods: 1 - from October 1917. to April 1985; 2 - since April 1985 to 2000 The first period is associated with the October Revolution, which introduced fundamental changes in all levels of life of Russian society and was reflected in the most interesting processes in the language: the departure into the passive stock of many words denoting concepts that had gone into oblivion, associated with the former political and economic way of life and Orthodoxy (tsar, province , volost, policeman, merchant, nobleman, pilgrimage, bishop, Mother of God, annunciation, twelfth holidays, Christmas Eve, Christmas time, etc.). During this period, many new words appeared denoting the realities of a new life (district committee, Komsomol member, propaganda team, Central Committee, Gorono, MTS, drummer, Stakhanovite, etc.). During the years of Soviet power, the main principle of the name was the renaming (Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad, Ekaterinodar - Krasnodar, Samara - Kuibyshev, Sobornaya street - named after Lenin, Bazovskaya street named after Zhdanov, Bursakovskaya street (named after F.Ya Bursak, ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army) - Krasnoarmeyskaya, etc.). Such a renaming reflected the desire of the party and government leaders through the language, the word to influence the public consciousness, trying to connect the name change with the illusion of constant qualitative change in society itself. In addition, new names appear associated with the desire to reflect a new ideology in the language: Ninel, Oktyabrina, Vladilena, Rem, Kim, Dazdraperma, etc. Ideologization in the language also manifested itself in the so-called “opposite interference”, which meant the perception of reality through constant contrast, the opposition of the perception of phenomena of reality in our country, in the socialist world, and in them, in the capitalist one, for example: we have democracy, brotherhood, peace , friendship, equality, brotherhood, a bright future, they have corruption, mafia, racketeering, genocide, drug addiction, exploitation, decaying capitalism, etc.

The second period of the twentieth century is associated with perestroika, which also made its own adjustments to the development of the modern Russian language. The change in the political and economic way of life, the fall of the "Iron Curtain" affected, first of all, the vocabulary of the language. Vocabulary reflecting all spheres of society's life has come into active use: politics, economics, culture, medicine, religion, everyday life, etc., for example: inauguration, post-Soviet, impeachment, clearing, barter, manager, image, clip maker, hospice, immunodeficiency , Jehovist, karmic, cheeseburger, yogurt, case, etc. Many words returned to the active vocabulary that were either not used during the years of Soviet power or were in the passive vocabulary: city hall, rent, governess, police, lord, vigil, communion and many others.

The modern Russian language of the 21st century is characterized by the following trends:

1. In modern Russian society, the type of communication has changed: monologue communication (one speaks, and everyone listens and performs) has been replaced by dialogic communication. The change in the communicative type of communication is a consequence of the socio-political orientation of society.

2. As a result, the role of oral speech and its dialogization has significantly expanded, i.e. increase in the dialogue of various types of communication, expansion of the functions of dialogic speech in the structure of communication, development of new types and forms of dialogue, formation of new rules for dialogic communication.

3. Pluralization of communication: the formation of traditions of coexistence of different points of view when discussing various, especially acute problems; development of a democratic, tolerant (that is, tolerant) attitude towards opposing views, opponents, points of view.

4. Personification of communication, that is, the development of individual uniqueness of those who communicate, the formation of dissimilarity in the expression and design of ideas and thoughts by different people, an increase in the number of unique personal "communicative images".

5. The prevailing changes in vocabulary and phraseology: the growth of the vocabulary of such thematic areas as "market economy", "politics", "show business", "household appliances", etc.

6. Increase in borrowed vocabulary in all areas of communication.

7. Restructuring in the system of forms of existence of the Russian language: intensive development of the oral form of the language and expansion of its functions; differentiation of the written form by communicative spheres, formation of the specifics of the written text in various professional fields, especially in the field of business commercial correspondence.

8. Activation of minor forms of language existence - jargons (youth, computer, criminal, musical, sports, etc.).

9. Formation in the stylistic system of the language of a new functional subsystem - national slang, which occupies an intermediate place between colloquial and reduced vocabulary, which is understood as national jargon, that is, a set of lexical and phraseological units that are well-known and used regardless of age, profession and social status, bearing reduced stylistic character and having expressiveness (for example, bucks, blockage, zadolbat, hangout, unfasten, disassembly, indifference, alignment, for free, dead number, etc.).

In general, analyzing modern processes and trends in the Russian language, they can be considered as the development and evolution of the language, occurring within the language according to its own laws and reflecting the adaptation of the language to the changing conditions of its functioning under the influence of external factors.

Control questions

1. Christianization of Rus' and its role in the development of the language.

2. Eternal truths: winged words, proverbs and sayings of biblical origin.

3. The theory of "three calms" by M.V. Lomonosov and its role in the development of the national Russian language.

4. The reformatory nature of A.S. Pushkin's creativity in the process of creating the modern Russian literary language.

5. Features of the development of the Russian language of the Soviet period (1917 - April 12985).

6. Features of the development of the Russian language at the end of the twentieth century (April 1985 - the end of the twentieth century).

7. How do you understand the term "language" and what are the points of view on the issue of the origin of the language?

8. Analyze the units and levels of the language.

9. What is the systematic nature of the language? Justify your answer.

10. What functions does the language perform in society?

11. Prove that language is historically changeable and socially conditioned.

12. Tell us about the origin of the Russian language and the stages of its development.

13. What is the role of M.V. Lomonosov in the history of the development of the Russian language?

14. Why is A.S. Pushkin considered the creator of the modern Russian literary language?

15. What is the role of the Bible and Old Slavonicisms in the formation of the modern Russian language?

16. Name the features of the Russian language of the Soviet period.

17. What features are characteristic of the Russian language at the end of the 20th century?

18. Name the trends in the modern Russian language at the beginning of the 21st century.

The Russian language is the national language of the Russian people, the language of the Russian nation. The Russian language is included in the Slavic group of languages, which also includes Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Czech, Slovak, Macedonian, Slovenian and other languages. All of these languages ​​originated from the common Slavic language.

Russian language refers to Slavic group Indo-European family of languages. Within the Slavic group, in turn, three groups are distinguished - branches: eastern(languages ​​Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian), southern(languages ​​Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian) and western(Polish, Slovak, Czech and others).

Russian is one of the richest languages ​​in the world. It has a large vocabulary, has developed expressive means used to denote all the necessary concepts in any field of human activity.

On the territory of the Russian Federation, Russian is the state language. The state language of the Russian Federation can be considered as a system-forming factor in maintaining the integrity of the Russian Federation, as a tool for expressing the will of the people and every citizen of the country, as a necessary element for implementing the uniformity of state administration and understanding the state will, as a mechanism for realizing the rights and obligations of the population of Russia, as a national sign in international legal relations. Due to the fact that people of different nationalities live in the Russian Federation, the Russian language serves for productive interethnic communication. With the help of the Russian language as a means of communication, many problems of national importance are solved. In addition, the Russian language helps to join the riches of Russian and world scientific thought and culture. The Russian language is one of the universally recognized world languages ​​and one of the most developed languages ​​in the world.

Language in its specificity and social significance is a unique phenomenon: it is a means of communication and influence, a means of storing and assimilating knowledge, the focus of the spiritual culture of the people.

The Russian language is the language of culture, science and technology. The Russian language is the primary element of great Russian literature. The works of outstanding Russian writers - A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontova, N.V. Gogol, F.I. Tyutcheva, I.S. Turgenev, S.A. Yesenina, M.I. Tsvetaeva, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov, I.A. Bunin, M. Gorky, V.V. Mayakovsky, B.L. Pasternak, M.A. Bulgakov and other writers. Literature is unthinkable outside of language. Literature is the art of depiction in words, and Russian literature is the art of depiction in Russian words.

The connection of language with the national character, mentality, with national self-consciousness and its expression in literature was an obvious truth for all Russian writers. I.A. Goncharov wrote that "... connects us with his nation, most of all, the language." The impact on the reader from the side of the author of a work of art is connected, first of all, with the figurativeness and emotional richness of the word.

The Russian language is a huge element that maintains a relative, but still, ecological purity. The ocean of words is boundless, it is fraught with unpredictable processes and stability thanks to the immunity of colossal strength, the unique property of self-purification. The famous philologist and literary critic M.M. Bakhtin said: “A person is first of all a word, and then everything else. The word is a tool for the realization of a person, it provides him with vital energy. Possession of a word - an instrument of communication, thinking - is the fundamental principle of human intelligence. A person who has few words in his stock is lost, complex, does not find a common language with the people around him. Academician D.S. Likhachev wrote about language: “... Our language is the most important part of our general behavior in life. And by the way a person speaks, we can immediately and easily judge who we are dealing with ... It is necessary to learn good intelligent speech for a long time and carefully - listening, remembering, noticing, reading and studying. But even though it’s difficult, it’s necessary.”