Commentary on the theme of courage and cowardice. Electronic textbooks on the Russian language

Final graduation essay.

FIPI commentary: “This direction is based on a comparison of opposite manifestations of the human “I”: readiness for decisive actions and the desire to hide from danger, to avoid resolving difficult, sometimes extreme life situations. The pages of many literary works present both heroes capable of courageous actions and characters demonstrating weakness of spirit and lack of will.”

As part of this section, you should reflect on such concepts as willpower, fortitude, the ability to say no, courage in defending your ideals. It is also worth talking about cowardice as the inability to defend one’s ideals and principles.

Courage - positive trait. It manifests itself as determination, will, fearlessness, courage when performing actions associated with risk and danger. Courage gives a person a sense of self-worth, a sense of responsibility, security, and reliability of life. Courage allows you to overcome the fear of the unknown, complex, new and achieve success in achieving your goal. It’s not for nothing that people say: “The city takes courage.”

Courage- this is the ability to tell the truth, to look “in the eyes.” Bravery and bravado have nothing to do with this. These concepts should not be confused and passed off as one another. Bravery is a deep, emotional experience that pushes a person to take actions worthy of respect and recognition, while bravado is just a desire to stand out, to show oneself in the eyes of others.

Unfortunately, people often misunderstand what true courage is and how courage differs from simple bravado, the desire to show oneself. Young people often confuse these concepts themselves, not realizing what true courage means. Each person's attitude towards this concept changes with age, at the same time as he grows, becoming wiser and more experienced.

True courage is backed by deep spiritual strength, experiences and even sacrifices, devotion to one’s country and a sense of duty to the people, a feeling of deep attachment to one’s work as an integral part of oneself.

As an example of real human courage, one can cite the battle on Kursk Bulge- the key battle of 1943 and the entire Great Patriotic War. During combat operations, fifty grueling days Soviet troops won a heroic victory that turned the historical course of the entire war.

In war, a person is able to display previously unknown character traits, often displays heroism and unprecedented fortitude, surprising those around him and himself. The concepts of “heroism”, “feat”, as well as “desertion” and betrayal are associated with courage and cowardice.” Even brave people, contrary to their expectations, can show cowardice and cowardice in war. War exposes all human fears.

Synonyms for the word “courage”: courage, determination, courage, heroism, enterprise, arrogance, self-confidence, energy, uplifting spirit, spirit, bravery, desire, decisiveness, determination to speak the truth, the truth, audacity, fearlessness, fearlessness, fearlessness, fearlessness, fearlessness, daring, heroism, risk, desperation, audacity, innovation, prowess, valor, novelty, courage, masculinity.

The problem of cowardice worried Socrates. Cowardice is an expression of cowardice; of course, this is a negative quality. A person cannot commit actions consistent with the morality of society or refrain from any bad actions due to the inability and unwillingness to overcome the fear of danger, the action of natural or social forces.

This phenomenon is considered unworthy of attention. Cowardice can be a result of selfishness. A person may also be afraid of incurring harmful consequences, the anger of others, the fear of losing his financial situation or position in society. Cowardice can also be subconscious, a manifestation of spontaneous fear of the unknown natural phenomena.

Cowardice is often associated with selfishness, powerlessness, a depressed state, and can be caused by a person’s alienation from the world. Fear develops into cowardice under certain conditions in accordance with a person’s upbringing; society plays an important role in this. It condemns cowardice, as it entails connivance with evil and injustice, dishonesty, opportunism, unprincipledness, and deprives a person of the ability to face the truth directly. These qualities need to be eradicated from your consciousness.

Cowardice is not just individual property psyche, this is social phenomenon. In our society, a coward and a traitor are equated. However, in Lately this concept has begun to blur, with its help it is very easy to manipulate the actions of people who cannot distinguish cowardice from a wise decision not to use force.

Synonyms for "cowardice": timidity, timidity, cowardice, suspiciousness, indecisiveness, hesitation, fear; apprehension, fear, shyness, cowardice, timidity, fearfulness, capitulation, cowardice, cowardice.

Problems

Courage and cowardice are abstract concepts and human properties.

Courage or cowardice when making decisions.

The courage to admit the truth or admit your mistakes.

Courage and cowardice when trying to go beyond the unusual.

The influence of courage and cowardice on the formation of a person. A contrast between two types of people - brave and cowardly.

Courage and risk.

True and false courage and cowardice.

The connection between cowardice and selfishness.

The difference between cowardice and natural fear.

The connection between courage and philanthropy, philanthropy.

Courage and cowardice of mind, soul, character.

Courage and cowardice in war and in extreme conditions.

Courage and cowardice in love.

Courage and cowardice in Everyday life.

Inability to show courage in a specific life situation.

Affirmative theses

Courage and cowardice are personality traits, two sides of the same coin.

Courage and cowardice are personality traits determined by reflexes.

Courage -* a manifestation of self-confidence.

The brave in battle have immortality, they do not die.

Heroes don't die. The bullet is afraid of the brave. Cheek brings success.

Each of us may face difficult choices.

We will either face the future with courage and overcome obstacles, or we will be cowards who only set everyone up.

In order to fully and comprehensively reveal the topics related to the direction “Courage and Cowardice”, you need to read the following works:

A. S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit”

A. S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter", "Eugene Onegin".

A. N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”.

M. Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time.”

L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace.”

N. M. Karamzin “Poor Liza”

M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin “The Wise Minnow.”

1. P. Chekhov "Revenge".

M. A. Sholokhov “The Fate of a Man”, “ Quiet Don" M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita".

1. A. Zakrutkin “Mother of Man.” B. S. Zhitkov “Courage”.

V.V. Bykov “And the dawns here are quiet...”, “Obelisk”, “Sotnikov”.

Yu. V. Bondarev “The Shore”.

B. N. Polevoy “The Tale of a Real Man.” A. A. Fadeev “Young Guard”. B. L. Vasiliev “Not on the lists.”

1. T. Tvardovsky “Vasily Terkin”. Yu. V. Drunin “Margin of Safety”.

B. L. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet...”.

1. L. Kondratiev “Sashka”.

V. Hugo “Notre Dame Cathedral”.

K. M. Simonov “Wait for me...”, “Do you remember, Alyosha, the roads of the Smolensk region...”. E. Hemingway “The Old Man and the Sea.”

Stupid courage will not give you victory. But if you mix it with military cunning, then it can be called the art of war.
Alexander Suvorov

To become a man, it’s not enough for them to be born,
How to become iron - it is not enough to be ore.
You must melt down. To crash.
And, like ore, sacrifice yourself.
How difficult it is to walk in boots in July.
But you are a soldier and you can accept everything:
From a woman's kiss to a bullet,
And learn not to retreat in battle.
Willingness to die is also a weapon,
And you will use it once...
Men die if necessary
And that is why they live for centuries.
Mikhail Lvov

Captain Grivtsov, this is cowardice and betrayal, he told himself. You should be torn off your shoulder straps and shot by a field tribunal. Yes? Let those who shoot, first, drink war with me. Let fate give them five minutes of standing in the rain with the woman they love, so that they can then take her to almost certain death. How do you know what they drank and what fate gave? Everyone has favorite women, everyone is at war. Is it better for those who don’t have loved ones? Easier. But no better. And for those who no longer have them? They don't care. Still, it would be best if they didn’t find those fires today. And your conscience will be clear. But the point is not that you want to save Katya. You still can't save it. Tomorrow you will take it and drop it off yourself. You just want to stay with her for a day.
...
And Grivtsov realized that by morning they would return with their chilled native Katya in the bomb bay and hug, and the understanding Nikodimych would run up with a flask, and the whole day, from morning to night, would be theirs. And for the next day like this, we can fight for another two years. And then I realized that everyone understood this. And Pasha, lying in the tail with a machine gun, and Sashka in his plexiglass cap on top, and even the regiment commander probably understands this too. And everyone even sympathizes. And no one will dare to reproach with the slightest suspicion. And the entire regiment will understand perfectly well that the commander of the second squadron, Captain Grivtsov, spat on the combat mission in order to spend the day with the woman. And you won't dig it. He was sweating. He still has to send crews to their deaths many times. And they will look at him with understanding eyes: “You yourself, of course, played a great role once, but well, you’re a commander...” Worse than that. Even if they couldn't actually find the fires, no one would believe him. Sewn with white thread. Like, we know, we understand, we believe, we remain silent. You're in trouble, Captain Grivtsov. It’s both bad and bad. Eh, Grivtsov said to himself and ran his gaze over the dashboard. We will carry out the task conscientiously. What can you do, Katenka...
Mikhail Weller. Ballad of a bomber.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

FINAL ESSAY 2017/2018. THEMATIC DIRECTION “Courage and cowardice.” “The madness of the brave is the wisdom of life! M. Gorky

2 slide

Slide description:

Cowardice Cowardice is the oldest human vice, And you have to be especially wise here, To make a simple leap through fear And maintain the courage in everyday life! And envy has long since crept into the masses, But there is an unexpected turn - When in broad daylight, someone who has not been kindly treated, Spouts blind nonsense contemptuously! And smiling maliciously at himself, I’m glad to choke on my own sting, If only no one could see - The soul is empty, and there is discord in the heart! Courage It's good to be brave, but it's scary... A madman can't be afraid, And walk on the edge where it's dangerous, Is that really courage? Of course not. Fear is always present in us, in everyone, For someone closer or further, Having once overcome fear in yourself, You can live by honor and without falsehood. And stop a boor on the train, pull a drowning person to shore, save the weak from a bully, If a person believes in himself. Fear should not control the mind, So that later it can mock you, Therefore, every minute we need to remain human

3 slide

Slide description:

At the core this direction lies a comparison of opposite manifestations of the human “I”: readiness for decisive actions and the desire to hide from danger, to avoid resolving difficult, sometimes extreme life situations. The pages of many literary works present both heroes capable of bold actions and characters demonstrating weakness of spirit and lack of will.

4 slide

Slide description:

It is not for nothing that courage is considered the highest virtue - after all, courage is the guarantee of others positive qualities. (W. Churchill) How can a tree bloom if its roots have dried up? So it is here: until there is proper order in the kingdom, where will military courage come from? If the leader does not constantly strengthen the army, then he is more likely to be defeated than victorious. You, having despised all this, praise only courage; and what courage is based on is not important to you. (Ivan groznyj)

5 slide

Slide description:

According to V.S. Bezrukova’s dictionary, COURAGE is a positive moral-volitional personality trait, manifested as determination, fearlessness, courage when performing actions associated with risk and danger. Courage allows a person to overcome, through volitional efforts, the fear of something unknown, complex, new and achieve success in achieving a goal. It is not for nothing that this quality is highly revered by the people: “God controls the brave,” “The city takes courage.” It is also revered as the ability to speak the truth (“Dare to have your own judgment”). Courage allows you to face the “truth” and objectively assess your capabilities, not to be afraid of darkness, loneliness, water, heights and other difficulties and obstacles. Courage provides a person with a sense of self-worth, a sense of responsibility, security, and reliability of life. Synonyms: courage, determination, courage, heroism, enterprise, arrogance, self-confidence, energy; presence, uplifting spirit; spirit, courage, desire (to tell the truth), audacity, boldness; fearlessness, fearlessness, fearlessness, fearlessness; fearlessness, determination, daring, heroism, courage, riskiness, desperation, audacity, innovation, daring, audacity, audacity, daring, poverty, valor, novelty, courage, masculinity.

6 slide

Slide description:

Cowardice is one of the expressions of cowardice; negative, moral quality, characterizing the behavior of a person who is unable to perform actions that meet moral requirements (or, conversely, refrain from immoral actions), due to the inability to overcome fear of natural or social forces. T. can be a manifestation of calculating selfishness, when it is based on fears of incurring unfavorable consequences, someone’s anger, or fear of losing existing benefits or social position. It can also be subconscious, a manifestation of spontaneous fear of unknown phenomena, unknown and uncontrollable social and natural laws. In both cases, T. is not just an individual property of the psyche of a particular person, but a social phenomenon. It is associated either with selfishness, rooted in the psychology of people over the centuries-old history of private property, or with the powerlessness and depressed position of a person generated by a state of alienation (even fear of natural phenomena develops into T. only under certain conditions of social life and the corresponding upbringing of a person). Synonyms: timidity, timidity, cowardice, suspiciousness, indecisiveness, hesitation, fear; apprehension, fear, shyness, cowardice, timidity, fearfulness, capitulation, cowardice, cowardice.

7 slide

Slide description:

In this area, we will talk about indifference and responsiveness from several perspectives. 1. Courage and cowardice as abstract concepts and properties of a person (in in a broad sense). Within this section, you can reflect on the following topics: Courage and cowardice as personality traits, as two sides of the same coin. Courage/cowardice as personality traits determined by reflexes. True and false courage/cowardice. Courage as a manifestation of excessive self-confidence. Courage and risk taking. Courage/cowardice and self-confidence. The connection between cowardice and selfishness. The difference between rational fear and cowardice. The connection between courage and philanthropy, philanthropy, etc. 2. Courage/cowardice in minds, souls, characters. In this section, you can reflect on the concepts of willpower, fortitude, the ability to say no, the courage to stand up for your ideals, the courage needed to stand up for what you believe in. You can also talk about cowardice, as the inability to defend one’s ideals and principles. Courage or cowardice when making decisions. Courage and cowardice when accepting something new. Courage and cowardice when trying to leave your comfort zone. The courage to admit the truth or admit your mistakes. The influence of courage and cowardice on the formation of personality. Contrasting two types of people.

8 slide

Slide description:

3. Courage/cowardice in life. Pettiness, inability to show courage in a specific life situation. 4. Courage/cowardice in war and in extreme conditions. War reveals the most basic human fears. In war, a person is able to display previously unknown character traits. Sometimes a person surprises himself by showing heroism and unprecedented fortitude. And sometimes even good people, contrary to his expectations, shows cowardice. The concepts of heroism, feat, as well as desertion, betrayal, etc. are associated with courage/cowardice within this section. 5. Courage and cowardice in love.

Slide 9

Slide description:

Sample list what does it mean to be brave? Why does a person need courage? What does cowardice lead to? What actions does cowardice push a person to do? Can we say that courage is the engine of progress? In what life situations Is courage best demonstrated? Do you need courage in love? Do you need to have courage to admit your mistakes? Courage is the beginning of victory Do you agree with the statement of O. de Balzac: “Fear can make a daredevil timid, but it gives courage to the indecisive”? As you understand stable expression"fear has big eyes"? How do you understand the words of Confucius: “Cowardice is knowing what you should do and not doing it”?

10 slide

Slide description:

How do you understand the statement: “A timid dog barks more than it bites”? Is the saying “courage is half the battle” true? What actions can be called courageous? What is the difference between arrogance and courage? Who can be called a coward? Is it possible to cultivate courage in yourself? How do you understand M. Twain’s statement: “Courage is resistance to fear, not its absence.” Do you agree with L. Berne’s statement: “A coward is more dangerous than any other person, he should be feared most of all”? What are the causes of fear? Can a person with tall moral principles be a coward? Is cowardice a death sentence? Do you agree with B. Russell’s statement: “To be afraid of love is to be afraid of life, and to be afraid of life is to be two-thirds dead”? Is it possible to love someone you are afraid of? Can a brave person be afraid of anything? Is it possible to say that a person fears only what he does not know? Do you agree with the statement of D. Diderot: “We consider the one who allowed his friend to be insulted in his presence to be a coward. D. Diderot"

11 slide

Slide description:

How do you understand F. Cooper’s expression: “Fear makes the smart stupid and the strong weak”? What is the difference between true courage and false courage? Is courage always expressed in actions? How do you understand the expression: “The master’s work is afraid”? Is it a shame to be afraid? How do extreme conditions affect courage? How do you understand W. Shakespeare’s statement: “Cowards die many times before they die, the brave die only once”? Is it possible to say that courage and cowardice are two sides of the same coin? Why is it important to be brave in life? Do you agree with the statement of Zh.Zh. Rousseau: “You should not confuse courage with impudence and rudeness: there is nothing more dissimilar both in its source and in its result”? Do you agree with the statement of G.S. Crispa: “In battle, those most exposed to danger are those who are most possessed by fear; courage is like a wall”? What does it mean to be brave in everyday life? What's the difference between being bold and taking risks? What is the difference between fear and cowardice? Do you agree with Voltaire’s statement: “The success of science is a matter of time and courage of mind”? How is willpower related to courage? Do you need to have the courage to say no? Why is it important to have the courage to stand up for your ideals? Why is it important to have courage when making decisions? Does it take courage to embrace something new?

12 slide

Slide description:

How do you understand Helvetius’s statement: “To be completely devoid of courage, one must be completely devoid of desires”? Can cowardice hinder personal development? Do you agree with W. Churchill’s statement: “It is not for nothing that courage is considered the highest virtue - after all, courage is the key to other positive qualities”? How does courage influence the formation of personality? Confirm or refute Thucydides' statement: “Ignorance makes people bold, but reflection makes them hesitant.” How does cowardice influence the formation of personality? What is the difference between a coward and a daredevil? Do you agree with P. Holbach: “You can never live happily when you are always trembling with fear”? Why are people afraid to express their opinions? How is courage demonstrated in war? Do you agree with the statement of G.Yu. Caesar: “It is easier to find people who voluntarily go to death than those who patiently endure pain”? What qualities does a person show in war? Do you agree with G. Ibsen’s statement: “Cowardice in its prime turns into cruelty”? Why does creativity require courage? Why do people show cowardice in war? How do you understand F. Bacon’s statement: “Heroism is an artificial concept, because courage is relative”? Do you agree with S. Lagerlöf’s statement: “More soldiers always die when fleeing than in battle”? How is suspiciousness related to cowardice? Do you need courage in love? Can a coward be happy? Do you agree with the words of Plutarch: “Courage is the beginning of victory”?

Slide 13

Slide description:

List of references for preparing for the final essay. VC. Zheleznikov “Scarecrow” V.M. Garshin “Coward” M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", " White Guard» B.L. Vasiliev “Tomorrow there was a war”, “And the dawns here are quiet” A.S. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter” V.V. Bykov “Sotnikov” M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin " The wise minnow"E. Remarque "Three Comrades", "On Western Front without change" A. Dumas "The Count of Monte Cristo", "The Three Musketeers" E. Ilyin "The Fourth Height" J. London "White Fang", "Martin Eden" V. Nabokov "Invitation to an Execution" S. Collins "The Hunger Games" » A.I. Kuprin " Garnet bracelet", "Olesya" W. Golding "Lord of the Flies" R. Gallego "White on Black" F.M. Dostoevsky “The Idiot” V.G. Korolenko “The Blind Musician” J. Orwell “1984” V. Roth “Divergent” M.A. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”, “Nakhalenok” E. Hemingway “A Farewell to Arms!” M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”, “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov” N.V. Gogol “Taras Bulba”, “The Overcoat” M. Gorky “Old Woman Izergil” A.T. Tvardovsky “Vasily Terkin” B.N. Field "The Tale of a Real Man"

Slide 14

Slide description:

The pages of many literary works present both heroes capable of bold actions and characters demonstrating weakness of spirit and lack of will.

15 slide

Slide description:

Quotes for the final essay on “Courage and Cowardice.” Be bold in truth. He who dared ate (and mounted a horse) Courage is the beginning of victory. (Plutarch) Courage, bordering on recklessness, contains more madness than perseverance. (M. Cervantes) When you are afraid, act boldly, and you will avoid the worst troubles (G. Sachs) To be completely devoid of courage, you need to be completely devoid of desires (Helvetius K.) It is easier to find people who voluntarily go to war. death than those who patiently endure pain. (Y. Caesar) He who is courageous is courageous. (Cicero) One should not confuse courage with arrogance and rudeness: there is nothing more dissimilar both in its source and in its result (J.J. . Rousseau) Excessive courage is the same vice as excessive timidity (B. Johnson)

16 slide

Slide description:

Courage, which is based on prudence, is not called recklessness, but the exploits of a reckless person should rather be attributed to mere luck than to his courage. (M. Cervantes) In battle, those most exposed to danger are those who are most obsessed with fear; courage is like a wall. (Sallust) Courage replaces fortress walls. (Sallust) To be brave means to consider everything that is terrible as distant and everything that inspires courage as close. (Aristotle) ​​Heroism is an artificial concept, because courage is relative. (F. Bacon) Others show courage without having it, but there is no person who would demonstrate wit if he were not naturally witty. (J. Halifax) True courage rarely comes without stupidity. (F. Bacon)

Slide 17

Slide description:

Ignorance makes people bold, but reflection makes people indecisive. (Thucydides) Knowing in advance what you want to do gives you courage and ease. (D. Diderot) It is not for nothing that courage is considered the highest virtue - after all, courage is the key to other positive qualities. (W. Churchill) Courage is resistance to fear, not its absence. (M. Twain) Happy is he who boldly takes under his protection what he loves. (Ovid) Creativity requires courage. (A. Matisse) It takes considerable courage to bring bad news to people. (R. Branson)

18 slide

Slide description:

The success of science is a matter of time and courage of mind. (Voltaire) To use your own reason requires remarkable courage. (E. Burke) Fear can make a daredevil timid, but it gives courage to the indecisive. (O. Balzac) A person fears only what he does not know; knowledge conquers all fear. (V.G. Belinsky) A coward is more dangerous than any other person, he should be feared most of all. (L. Berne) There is nothing worse than fear itself. (F. Bacon) Cowardice can never be moral. (M. Gandhi) A coward sends threats only when he is sure of safety. (I. Goethe)

Slide 19

Slide description:

You can never live happily when you are always trembling with fear. (P. Holbach) Cowardice is very harmful because it keeps the will from useful actions. (R. Descartes) We consider a coward the one who allowed his friend to be insultingly spoken about in his presence. (D. Diderot) Cowardice in its heyday turns into cruelty. (G. Ibsen) Whoever fearfully worries about losing his life will never rejoice in it. (I. Kant) The difference between a brave man and a coward is that the first, aware of the danger, does not feel fear, and the second feels fear, not realizing the danger. (V. O. Klyuchevsky) Cowardice is knowing what you should do and not doing it. (Confucius) Fear makes the smart stupid and the strong weak. (F. Cooper) A timid dog barks more than it bites. (Curtius) More soldiers always die in flight than in battle. (S. Lagerlöf) Fear is a bad mentor. (Pliny the Younger) Fear arises due to the powerlessness of the spirit. (B. Spinoza) Frightened - half defeated. (A.V. Suvorov) Cowards speak most about courage, and scoundrels speak most about nobility. (A.N. Tolstoy)

20 slide

Slide description:

A.S. Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter” As an example, we can take the comparison of Grinev and Shvabrin: the first is ready to die in the battle for the fortress, directly expresses his position to Pugachev, risking his life, under pain of death remained faithful to the oath, the second was afraid for his life and went over to the side of the enemy. The daughter of Captain Mironov turns out to be truly courageous. The “coward” Masha, who flinched from shots during a training exercise in the fortress, shows remarkable courage and firmness, resisting Shvabrin’s claims, being in his complete power in the fortress occupied by the Pugachevites. Behind main character novel by A.S. Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin” essentially turned out to be a coward - he completely subordinated his life to the opinion of society, which he himself despised. Realizing that he is to blame for the impending duel and can prevent it, he does not do this, because he is afraid of the opinion of the world and gossip about himself. To avoid accusations of cowardice, he kills his friend.

21 slides

Slide description:

A striking example true courage - the main character of the novel M.A. Sholokhov “Quiet Don” Grigory Melekhov. First World War grabbed Gregory and spun him in a whirlwind of stormy historical events. Grigory, like a true Cossack, devotes himself entirely to battle. He is decisive and brave. He easily captures three Germans, deftly recaptures a battery from the enemy, and saves the officer. Evidence of his courage - St. George's crosses and medals, officer rank. Gregory shows courage not only in battle. He is not afraid to radically change his life, to go against his father’s will for the sake of the woman he loves. Grigory does not tolerate injustice and always speaks openly about it. He is ready to radically change his destiny, but not to change himself. Grigory Melekhov showed extraordinary courage in his search for the truth. But for him she is not just an idea, some idealized symbol of the best human existence. He seeks its embodiment in life. Coming into contact with many small particles of truth and ready to accept each one, he often discovers their inconsistency when faced with life, but the hero does not stop in search of truth and justice and goes to the end, making his choice at the end of the novel.

22 slide

Slide description:

The young monk, the hero of the poem by M.Yu., is not afraid to completely change his life. Lermontov "Mtsyri". The dream of a free life completely captured Mtsyri, a fighter by nature, forced by force of circumstances to live in a gloomy monastery that he hated. He, who has not lived a day in freedom, independently decides to take a brave action - escaping from the monastery in the hope of returning to his homeland. Only in freedom, in those days that Mtsyri spent outside the monastery, all the richness of his nature was revealed: love of freedom, thirst for life and struggle, perseverance in achieving his goal, unbending willpower, courage, contempt for danger, love for nature, understanding of its beauty and power. Mtsyri shows courage and the will to win in the fight against the leopard. In his story about how he descended from the rocks to the stream, one can hear contempt for danger: But free youth is strong, And death seemed not terrible. Mtsyri failed to achieve his goal - to find his homeland, his people. “The prison left its mark on me,” this is how he explains the reason for his failure. Mtsyri fell victim to circumstances that turned out to be stronger than him (a stable motif of fate in Lermontov’s works). But he dies adamant, his spirit is not broken. Great courage is required to preserve oneself, one's personality in conditions totalitarian regime, do not give up your ideals and ideas, including in creativity, do not submit to the situation.

Slide 23

Slide description:

Many works of classical Russian literature raise the issue of fear of life in its various manifestations. In particular, many works by A.P. are devoted to the theme of fear and cowardice. Chekhov: “Fears”, “Cossack”, “Champagne”, “Beauties”, “Lights”, “Steppe”, “Man in a Case”, “Death of an Official”, “Ionych”, “Lady with a Dog”, “Chameleon” , “Ward No. 6”, “Fear”, “Black Monk”, etc. The hero of the story “Fear” Dmitry Petrovich Silin is afraid of everything. According to the author of the story, he is “sick with the fear of life.” The hero, according to Chekhov, is frightened by the incomprehensible and incomprehensible. For example, Silin is afraid of terrible events, disasters and the most ordinary events. He is afraid of life itself. Everything that is incomprehensible in the world around him is a threat to him. He reflects and tries to find answers to questions that concern him about the meaning of life and human existence. He is convinced that people understand what they see and hear, but he poisons himself daily with his own fear. The hero of the story is constantly trying to hide and retire. He seems to be running away from life: he leaves his service in St. Petersburg because he experiences feelings of fear and apprehension, and decides to live alone in his estate. And then he receives a second strong blow when his wife and friend betray him. When he finds out about the betrayal, fear drives him out of the house: “His hands were shaking, he was in a hurry and looked back at the house, he was probably scared.” It is not surprising that the hero of the story compares himself to a newborn midge, whose life consists of nothing but horrors.

24 slide

Slide description:

In the story “Ward No. 6” the theme of fear also comes to the fore. The hero of the story, Andrei Efimovich, is afraid of everything and everyone. Most of all, he is wary of reality. Nature itself looks scary to him. The most ordinary things and objects seem frightening: “This is reality!” thought Andrei Efimovich. The moon, and the prison, and the nails on the fence, and the distant flame in the bone plant were scary.” The fear of the incomprehensibility of life is presented in the story "The Man in the Case." This fear forces the hero to move away from reality. The hero of the story, Belikov, is always trying to “hide from life” in a case. His case is made of circulars and instructions, the implementation of which he constantly monitors. His fear is vague. He is afraid of everything and at the same time nothing specific. The most hated thing for him is failure to follow the rules and deviations from the regulations. Even insignificant little things plunge Belikov into mystical horror. “Reality irritated him, frightened him, kept him in constant anxiety, and, perhaps, in order to justify this timidity of his, his aversion to the present, he always praised the past and what never happened; and the ancient languages ​​that he taught , were for him, in essence, the same galoshes and umbrella, where he hid from real life"If Silin, out of fear of life, tries to hide in his estate, then Belikov's fear of life forces him to hide in a case of rules and strict laws and, in the end, to hide underground forever.

25 slide

Slide description:

The fairy tale by M.E. is dedicated to the problem of fear of life. Saltykova-Shchedrin"The wise minnow." The life of a minnow flashes before the reader, simple in its structure, based on fear of the potential dangers of the world order. The hero's father and mother lived long life and died a natural death. And before leaving for another world, they bequeathed their son to be careful, since all the inhabitants water world, and a person, can destroy him at any moment. The young minnow mastered his parents' science so well that he literally imprisoned himself in an underwater hole. He came out of it only at night, when everyone was sleeping, he was malnourished and all day long“trembled” - just so as not to be grabbed! He lived in this fear for 100 years, truly outliving his relatives, even though he was a small fish that anyone could swallow. And in this sense, his life was a success. His other dream also came true - to live in such a way that no one would ever know about the existence of wise minnow. Before his death, the hero thinks about what would happen if all the fish lived the same way as he does. And he begins to see the light: the race of minnows would cease! All possibilities passed him by - making friends, starting a family, raising children and passing on his life experience. He clearly realizes this before his death and, deep in thought, falls asleep, and then involuntarily violates the boundaries of his hole: “his snout” appears outward from the hole. And then there is scope for the reader’s imagination, because the author does not say what happened to the hero, but only states that he suddenly disappeared. There were no witnesses to this incident, so not only the task of living at least unnoticed was achieved by the minnow, but also the “ultimate task” - to disappear unnoticed as well. The author bitterly sums up the life of his hero: “He lived and trembled, and he died – he trembled.”

26 slide

Slide description:

Often anxiety and caring for loved ones help you become brave. Shows remarkable courage a little boy from the story of A.I. Kuprin " White poodle".In the story all the most important events related to the white poodle Artaud. The dog is one of the artists of the traveling troupe. Grandfather Lodyzhkin values ​​him very much and says about the dog: “He feeds, waters and clothes the two of us.” It is with the help of the image of a poodle that the author reveals human feelings and relationships. Grandfather and Seryozha love Artoshka and treat him as a friend and family member. That is why they do not agree to sell their beloved dog for any money. But Trilly’s mother believes: “Everything that can be bought is sold.” When her spoiled son wanted a dog, she offered the artists fabulous money and didn’t even want to hear that the dog was not for sale. When they couldn’t buy Artaud, they decided to steal it. Here, when grandfather Lodyzhkin showed weakness, Seryozha shows determination and takes a brave action worthy of an adult: return the dog at any cost. At the risk of his life, almost getting caught by the janitor, he frees his friend.

Slide 27

Slide description:

True courage and courage in war can be shown not only by a soldier, a warrior, but also by an ordinary person, drawn by the forces of circumstances into a terrible cycle of events. Such a story of a simple woman is described in the novel by V.A. Zakrutkina “Mother of Man”. In September 1941, Hitler's troops advanced far into Soviet territory. Many regions of Ukraine and Belarus were occupied. What remained on the territory occupied by the Germans was a farm lost in the steppes, where a young woman Maria, her husband Ivan and their son Vasyatka lived happily. Having captured the previously peaceful and abundant land, the Nazis destroyed everything, burned the farm, drove people to Germany, and hanged Ivan and Vasyatka. Only Maria managed to escape. Alone, she had to fight for her life and for the life of her unborn child

28 slide

Slide description:

V. Bykov’s story “Sotnikov” emphasizes the problem of real and imaginary courage and heroism, which is the essence storyline works. The main characters of the story - Sotnikov and Rybak - behaved differently in the same circumstances. The fisherman, cowardly, agreed to join the police, hoping to return to the partisan detachment. Sotnikov chooses a heroic death because he is a man with a heightened sense of responsibility, duty, and the ability not to think about himself, about his own fate, when the fate of the Motherland is being decided. Sotnikov’s death became his moral triumph: “And if anything else cared about him in life, it was his last responsibilities towards people.” The fisherman discovered shameful cowardice and cowardice and, for the sake of his salvation, agreed to become a policeman: “The opportunity to live has appeared - this is the main thing. Everything else will come later.”

Slide 29

Slide description:

Courage and cowardice are topics that have long been raised in literary works(remember greatest monument ancient Russian literature"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"). The relevance of these topics is due to the fact that these qualities are inherent in every person, and in a situation of choice, he manifests himself either as brave and strong-willed, or as a coward who does not want to decide anything, putting everything on the shoulders of others. The relevance of these concepts for every person is confirmed by the abundance of proverbs and sayings dedicated to cowardice and courage, aphorisms and catchphrases.

30 slide

Slide description:

Courage

• Courage is the ability of a person, overcoming fear, to perform desperate acts, sometimes risking his own life.
• A person shows courage in war when he bravely fights the enemy, does not allow fear to overcome him, and thinks about his comrades, loved ones, people, and country. Courage helps him overcome all the hardships of war, emerging victorious or dying for his homeland.
• Courage is a quality of a person, expressed in the fact that he always defends his views and principles to the end, and can openly express his position to people if he does not agree with them. Courageous people are able to defend their ideals, move forward, leading others, transforming society.
• Professional courage pushes people to take risks; people strive to realize their projects and dreams, sometimes overcoming obstacles that government officials may put in their way.
• Courage may not manifest itself in a person for a long time. On the contrary, he is sometimes outwardly very modest and quiet. However, in Hard time It is brave people who take responsibility, saving others, helping them. And often these are not only adults, but children who amaze with their determination and courage, for example, saving a drowning friend.
• Brave people are capable of doing great things. And if there are many of these people or the entire nation, then such a state is invincible.
• Courage is also manifested in the fact that a person is irreconcilable to any injustice both in relation to himself and in relation to other people. A brave person will not look indifferently or indifferently at how others, for example, colleagues, are humiliated and insulted. He will always stand up for them, as he does not accept any manifestation of injustice and evil.
• Courage is one of the highest moral qualities person. It is necessary to strive to be truly courageous in everything in life: deeds, actions, relationships, while thinking about those around you.

Synonyms for the word “courage”:

• courage
• determination
• bravery
• courage
• determination
• valor
• heroism
• fearlessness
• prowess
• heroism

Cowardice

• Cowardice is a state of a person when he is afraid of literally everything: a new environment, changes in life, meeting new people. Fear fetters all his movements, preventing him from living with dignity and joy.
• Cowardice is often based on a person’s low self-esteem, fear of appearing funny, or being in an awkward position. A person would rather remain silent and try to be invisible.
• A cowardly person will never take responsibility and will hide behind other people’s backs so that, if something happens, he will not be to blame.
• Cowardice interferes with career advancement, in realizing your dreams, in achieving your goals. The indecision characteristic of such a person will not allow him to reach the end along the intended path, since there will always be reasons that do not allow him to do this.
• A cowardly person makes his life joyless. He always seems to be envying someone and something, and lives with caution.
• However, a coward is terrible during difficult trials for the people and the country. It is cowardly people who become traitors, because they think first of all about themselves, about their lives. Fear pushes them to crime.
• Cowardice is one of the most negative character traits of a person; you must try to overcome it in yourself.

Synonyms for "cowardice"

• indecisiveness
• hesitation
• timidity
• fright
• timidity
• apprehension

Courage. What it is? I think that courage is decisiveness in thoughts and actions, the ability to stand up for yourself and for other people who need your help, overcoming all sorts of fears: for example, fear of the dark, of someone else's brute force, of life's obstacles and difficulties. Is it easy to be brave? Not easy. This quality probably needs to be cultivated from childhood. Overcoming your fears, moving forward despite difficulties, developing willpower, not being afraid to defend your opinion - all this will help cultivate in yourself such a quality as courage. Synonyms for the word “courage” are “courage”, “determination”, “courage”. The antonym is “cowardice.” Cowardice is one of the human vices. We are afraid of many things in life, but fear and cowardice are not the same thing. I think that out of cowardice comes meanness. A coward will always hide in the shadows, remain on the sidelines, fearing for his own own life, will betray to save himself.

The theme of courage and cowardice is also reflected in fiction, in particular in the works of the Russian writer Maxim Gorky.

“We sing glory to the madness of the brave!” - wrote M. Gorky in his “Song about the Falcon”. This work is a hymn to courage and courage. In a battle with enemies, Falcon received his mortal wounds and is bleeding. Already, for whom the main thing is that it is “warm and damp”, does not understand what heaven, battle, real life, not a miserable existence. A Sokol and last minutes in his life he thinks not about pain and wounds, but about a bold flight in the sky, about the battle with the enemy. Courage lives in Gorky's hero. The falcon does not want to die, lying on the rocks, bleeding. On the advice of the snake, he approaches the edge of the cliff and rushes down, making his last flight. “The madness of the brave is the wisdom of life!” - exclaims the author. Without people like Falcon, life would be dull and joyless.

In M. Gorky's story “The Old Woman Izergil” there is a legend about Danko. The image of his burning heart has long become a symbol of love for people, readiness to give his life for them. Danko's courage is manifested in the fact that he was not afraid to take responsibility for the lives of other people who had a choice: either die or go through dense forest to be saved. Danko stood at the head of these people. The path was difficult, many died in the forest. And when they lost faith that they would come out of the thicket, the brave Danko illuminated the path for them with his heart and led the people to freedom. But the writer is not only talking about courage. He talks about Danko's compatriots who were afraid to die so as not to lose their traditions. I think they were simply cowardly, afraid of their enemies, and who needs the traditions of cowards. After all, they did not fight for their land, but left, giving it to the enemy. Gorky calls the one who steps on Danko’s heart so that it doesn’t shine a cautious person more people. I would call such a coward. A “cautious person” is afraid of the brave, because it is easier to live without them.

In conclusion, I would like to say that this topic of the essay made me think about what role courage and cowardice play in our lives, how to cultivate the best in ourselves. human qualities, become brave and strong, don't be a coward.