The peasant world in I. Turgenev’s story “Bezhin Meadow. Images of peasant children in the story by I.S. Turgenev "Bezhin Meadow"

21. Topic: I. S. TURGENEV. THE SPIRITUAL WORLD OF PEASANT CHILDREN IN THE ESSAY “BEZHIN MEADOW”

Lesson objectives:

· educational: show Turgenev’s skill in creating the image of a hero (creating a training module);

· developing: develop text analysis skills, develop fluent reading skills, oral imagination, and student speech;

· educational: cultivate a desire for knowledge; promote the moral and spiritual education of students, love for their native people.

Lesson type: a lesson in analysis (in-depth study) of a work.

Methods and techniques: partially search (heuristic conversation with subsequent conclusion, selection of examples of evidence based on clarity);

Equipment: portrait, illustration.

During the classes:

1. Organizing time

2. Teacher's word

Today we have an unusual lesson - this is an image lesson. We will take a look into the world of childhood in the story “Bezhin Meadow”, the content of which you became acquainted with in the last lesson.

Imagine a quiet, dewy night, there is a river nearby, a fire is burning, and horses are nibbling the grass a little further away. Quiet, cozy. There are several guys at the fire. Guys, strangers to you and me. These are peasant children of the century before last. They graze horses and while away the time, telling each other horror stories. You and I will join them. Let's take a closer look at these faces.

3. Conversation(on completing homework)

For today's lesson you prepared elective assignments. They chose heroes based on their interests.

How many guys are in the night class today and what are their names?

[Plan (filled out as the lesson progresses):

1) Portrait characteristics. Appearance.

2) Behavior

4. Working with illustrations

Let's meet Fedya. Find and read an excerpt from the story about how Turgenev describes this hero.

What (what details) does the author draw our attention to in the appearance of this boy? (on the face, on clothes).

What is a description of a face or clothing called in literature? (appearance). [Recording the first point of the plan for revealing the image].

Find and read the description of Pavlusha (a group of children about Pavlusha).

Why does the writer pay attention to the eyes?

Ilyusha is depicted here. Prove with Turgenev's words that it is him. (“Dumb, painful solicitude…”)

What does a 12-year-old boy care about? (he, together with his brother Avdyushka and other guys, works at a paper factory).

The writer knew very well what work was like in the old paper mill. The paper pulp was boiled in vats, acrid fumes rose above them, and it was hot and humid in the roller. Let’s imagine what it means to work in such an atmosphere all day long, late into the night. It’s no wonder that the boy seemed to be pressed down by something; Is a teenager capable of such a life? Here is one of the components of the childhood world of peasant children of the 19th century.

What aroused Turgenev’s curiosity about the fourth boy, Kostya? (He has a thoughtful and sad look: his eyes wanted to express something). Why the sad look?

There is a mystery in every portrait. We feel that Turgenev seems to be calling us to peer and think, without stopping at the first impression.

And although he shows some shortcomings in their appearance, the writer is sympathetic to children.

So, the boys sit around the fire and tell scary stories.

Is it possible to recognize and reveal the image of a hero through speech? What have you learned? (The children's stories are colorful, bright, testify to the richness of their imagination, their ability to convey their impressions, but at the same time, to a greater extent, they speak about something else: about the darkness of children, about the fact that children are captive of the wildest superstitions.) Here is before You see another side of the world of childhood in the image of Turgenev.

Are children interesting to a hunter? (Despite the difference in age, education, upbringing, social status, children are interesting to Turgenev. He forgets about fatigue and listens carefully to all these stories. The hunter did not fall asleep by the fire, but watched the guys with undisguised curiosity).

Are you, modern children living in the 21st century, interested in stories told by peasant children of the 19th century?

Have the storytellers succeeded in conveying stories to us? Evaluate their stories. Whose story did you find more interesting?

What stories do you remember?

How many of them are there in the story? Have you ever thought about it?

Let's imagine that you and I are also next to these children. What story would you tell?

5. Table "Stories told by boys"

The author distributes “scary stories” among several boys. Turgenev skillfully shows that both the choice of belief and the coverage of it by one or another narrator each time depends on the characteristics of his character. Each story is not only a “scary story” inspired by the darkness of the night and mysterious sounds; this one is also inner world every child, a range of feelings, beliefs, experiences.

Who is the main authority on beliefs? (Ilyusha conveys the most terrible stories. All this is quite consistent with his character: fear, moral depression.)

And Kostya? He chooses the beliefs about the mermaid, and in the story he shows sensitivity and pity. This suits his character.

And Pavlusha? (He does not tell any superstitions. He talks about a real incident - about “foresight”, i.e. about a solar eclipse. Although he is ironic about superstitious people, but does this after the “foresight” has not come true. His mind still remains powerless against the fears instilled in him from childhood.)

So we met the children. But I want to know even more about them. What else reveals their character? (in actions - this is another way of revealing character).

What point did we not include in the characteristics of the heroes? (Speech of heroes).

Turgenev conveys the speech of his heroes very accurately and in detail. He not only uses “folk” words: dialectisms, colloquialisms, but also makes the characters’ speech individual. The peculiarities of each boy’s speech give readers the opportunity to better understand the characters’ characters.

Which of the characters resonated with you and why?

Pavlusha is the only boy whom Turgenev calls full name- Paul. Why?

What was the fate of Pavlusha? (killed by falling from a horse)

6. Work on comparative characteristics.

7. Summing up the lesson

What is the world of childhood in Turgenev's story? Choose from the proposed definitions those that, in your opinion, are suitable for defining the world of childhood. (Kindness, embitterment, wealth of the spiritual world, impressionability, inquisitiveness, impressionability, curiosity, aggressiveness, courage, responsiveness, lack of education, superstition).

The world of childhood in the story “Bezhin Meadow” is multicolored. This is happiness and sorrow, joy and sadness, ups and downs.

8. Homework

The author of the story “Bezhin Meadow” is an amazingly observant person. Having spent several hours with the peasant children, without even participating in their nightly conversation, but only observing the children from the side, he was able to accurately notice and guess the distinctive features of each, both external and internal.

The eldest of the boys, Fedya, handsome in appearance, was most likely from a wealthy family. Feeling his superiority, Fedya says little, “as if afraid of losing his dignity.”

On Kostya’s thoughtful face, huge eyes stood out, which “seemed to want to express something, for which there were no words in the language.”

Ilyusha’s hook-nosed face expressed “some kind of dull, painful solicitude.” Both he and Kostya seem cowardly. It’s not for nothing that they know ghost stories more than other boys, believe in the existence of evil spirits and are afraid of them.

The youngest among the children, Vanya, looks no more than six years old. Vanya is very kind. He refuses a gift offered by another boy in favor of his older, dearly beloved sister.

The fifth of the boys is Pavlusha. Outwardly, he is an ugly boy with a huge head and a pockmarked face and is clearly from a poor family. But what a smart guy he seemed to the author, and what a daredevil! Pavlusha watches the pot in which the potatoes are being cooked, and encourages his friends when they, having heard an incomprehensible rustling, fall silent in fear, and rushes to the horses, who, sensing something, begin to worry, and one goes to the river for water. Pavel can explain any sound that frightens his comrades. And even his story, unlike others, ends with laughter and the revelation of evil spirits - the peasants mistake the local cooper Vavil for Trishka. The author sympathizes with his hero, admires him and is very sorry, talking about the boy’s imminent death. And we so want to have such an intelligent, fearless, reliable comrade as the peasant boy Pavlusha was!

Essay on the topic: PEASANT CHILDREN IN I. S. TURGENEV’S STORY “BEZHIN MEADOW”

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To the galaxy of remarkable Russian writers of the 19th century who received global recognition and the love of readers during his lifetime, refers to Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. In his works, he poetically described pictures of Russian nature, the beauty of human feelings. The work of Ivan Sergeevich is complex world human psychology. With the story “Bezhin Meadow” the image was first introduced into Russian literature children's world and child psychology. With the appearance of this story, the theme of the world of Russian peasants expanded.

History of creation

Peasant children are depicted by the writer with tenderness and love, he notes their rich spiritual world, the ability to feel nature and its beauty. The writer awakened in readers love and respect for peasant children, made them think about their future destinies. The story itself is part of a large cycle under common name"Notes of a Hunter." The cycle is notable for the fact that for the first time in Russian literature, types of Russian peasants were brought onto the stage, described with such sympathy and detail that Turgenev’s contemporaries considered that a new class had emerged that was worthy of literary description.

In 1843 I.S. Turgenev met famous critic V.G. Belinsky, who inspired him to create “Notes of a Hunter.” In 1845, Ivan Sergeevich decided to devote himself entirely to literature. He spent the summer in the village, giving everything free time hunting and communicating with peasants and their children. Plans for creating the work were first announced in August September 1850. Then, notes containing plans for writing the story appeared on the draft manuscript. At the beginning of 1851, the story was written in St. Petersburg and in February it was published in the Sovremennik magazine.

Analysis of the work

Plot

The story is told from the perspective of the author, who loves to hunt. One day in July, while hunting for black grouse, he got lost and, walking towards the fire of a burning fire, came out into a huge meadow, which local residents called Bezhin. Five peasant boys were sitting near the fire. Having asked them for an overnight stay, the hunter lay down by the fire, watching the boys.

In the further narrative, the author describes five heroes: Vanya, Kostya, Ilya, Pavlusha and Fyodor, their appearance, characters and stories of each of them. Turgenev was always partial to spiritual and emotionally gifted people, sincere and honest. These are the people he describes in his works. Most of them live hard lives, while they maintain high moral principles, are very demanding of themselves and others.

Heroes and characteristics

With deep sympathy, the author describes five boys, each of whom has his own character, appearance, and characteristics. This is how the writer describes one of the five boys, Pavlusha. The boy is not very handsome, his face is wrong, but the author notices a strong character in his voice and look. His appearance speaks of the extreme poverty of the family, since all his clothes consisted of a simple shirt and patched trousers. It is he who is entrusted with monitoring the stew in the pot. He speaks knowledgeably about a fish splashing in the water and a star falling from the sky.

It is clear from his actions and speech that he is the most courageous of all the guys. This boy evokes the greatest sympathy not only from the author, but also from the reader. With one twig, unafraid, at night he galloped alone towards the wolf. Pavlusha knows all the animals and birds very well. He is brave and not afraid of acceptance. When he says that it seemed to him that the merman was calling him, the cowardly Ilyusha says that this is a bad omen. But Pavel answers him that he does not believe in omens, but believes in fate, from which you cannot escape anywhere. At the end of the story, the author informs the reader that Pavlusha died after falling from a horse.

Next comes Fedya, a boy of fourteen “with beautiful and thin, slightly small features face, curly blond hair, light eyes and a constant half-cheerful, half-absent-minded smile. He belonged, by all signs, to rich family and went out into the field not out of necessity, but just for fun.” He is the oldest among the guys. He behaves importantly, according to the right of his elder. He speaks patronizingly, as if afraid of losing his dignity.

The third boy, Ilyusha, was completely different. Also a simple peasant boy. He looks no more than twelve years old. His insignificant, elongated, hook-nosed face had a constant expression of dull, painful solicitude. His lips were compressed and did not move, and his eyebrows were knitted, as if he was constantly squinting from the fire. The boy is neat. As Turgenev describes his appearance, “a rope carefully tied his neat black scroll.” He is only 12 years old, but he already works with his brother in a paper mill. We can conclude that he is a hardworking and responsible boy. Ilyusha, as the author noted, knew everything well folk beliefs, which Pavlik completely denied.

Kostya looked no more than 10 years old, his small, freckled face was pointed, like a squirrel’s, and his huge black eyes stood out on him. He was also poorly dressed, thin and short in stature. He spoke in a thin voice. The author's attention is drawn to his sad, thoughtful look. He is a slightly cowardly boy, but, nevertheless, he goes out with the boys every night to graze horses, sit by the night fire and listen to scary stories.

The most inconspicuous boy of all five is ten-year-old Vanya, who was lying near the fire, “quietly huddled under the angular matting, and only occasionally exposed his light brown curly head from under it.” He is the youngest of all, the writer does not give him portrait characteristics. But all his actions, admiring the night sky, admiring the stars, which he compares to bees, characterize him as an inquisitive, sensitive and very sincere person.

All the peasant children mentioned in the story are very close to nature, they literally live in unity with it. From the early childhood they already know what work is, they learn on their own the world. This is facilitated by working at home and in the field, and during night trips. That is why Turgenev describes them with such love and reverent attention. These children are our future.

The writer's story does not belong only to the time of its creation, to the 19th century. This story is deeply modern and timely at all times. Today, more than ever, a return to nature is required, to the understanding that we must protect it and live with it in unity, as a beloved mother, but not a stepmother. Raise our children on work and respect for it, on respect for the working person. Then the world around us will change, become cleaner and more beautiful.

I. S. Turgenev’s story about the beliefs of peasant children, who are the main characters of the story “Bezhin Meadow,” was first published in N. A. Nekrasov’s magazine “Sovremennik” in 1851.

Lost Hunter

Realizing that he had lost the right path, our hero wandered until the night, which descended to the earth, fragrant, warm and dark. Suddenly, in the distance, he noticed two small lights, and hurried towards their light, towards the people.

These turned out to be peasant boys who were released to graze horses at night. They are the main characters of the story “Bezhin Meadow”.

By the fire

There was gloomy darkness all around. The hunter quietly lay down under a bush. The kids, and there were five of them, decided that he had dozed off and began to carry on an interrupted conversation. Meanwhile, our hero took a closer look at everyone. Fedya, about 14 years old, Pavlusha and Ilyusha, about 12 years old, Kostya, about 10 years old, and the youngest, who looked to be about seven years old, Vanyusha, are the main characters. The Bezhin meadow where they grazed their horses was located near the river and very far from the hunter’s house.

Fedya and Pavlusha

Fedya is the oldest boy, slender and handsome, with blond curly hair and light eyes, obviously growing up in a rich family. His clothes were beautiful and new, and the boots belonged to him, not his father. He went out at night for fun.

His position obliged him to hold on significantly. Pavlusha with tousled hair and gray eyes he was squat and awkward. His pockmarked face was intelligent, and his voice sounded significant. He couldn’t boast of clothes, but that wasn’t the main thing about him.

This is what the main characters looked like. The Bezhin meadow they were on became mysterious at night. Special role Pavlusha will play in the story. I. Turgenev characterizes the four other boys (they are also the main characters, “Bezhin Meadow”) not as brightly as Pavlusha.

Ilyusha, Kostya and Vanya

Ilyusha had an insignificant face; he constantly squinted into the fire and pulled a cap over his almost yellow hair. He was neatly dressed in new bast shoes and onuchi and a black scroll. Kostya, sad and thin, seemed to want to tell something, but it seemed that he lacked words. Vanya, lying on the ground and covered up to his curly head with a matting, as it later turns out, was a poetic and kind boy. Here are all the main characters. Bezhin Meadow united different boys that night. Every single one of them loved listening to scary stories, which Ilyusha told more than anyone else. The main characters of Turgenev's "Bezhin Meadow" are children with different characters. Now we will look at each of them in detail.

The main characters (“Bezhin Meadow”), their characteristics

Fedya - his position obliges him to behave taciturnly and it is important not to lose his dignity. He tries to maintain a patronizing air towards all the boys.

Pavlusha is the brightest of all the guys, despite his ugliness. Scary stories that take everyone's breath away pour out of him. Pavlusha can tell an endless number of scary stories. He is the only one who has heard the brownie walking around at night, rearranging objects at night in an old paper mill. He meaningfully explains to those present that the brownie cannot be seen.

On a dark night, his tales become completely believable. Pavlusha himself is not afraid of anything. When it seemed to him that the herd was attacked by wolves, he jumped onto his horse, the dogs flew after him, and only he was seen. When he returned, saying that, fortunately, there were no wolves, everyone was amazed at his courage and determination. No less bravely, he went to the river for water. Everyone was afraid that the merman might drag him away. But Pavlusha returned as if nothing had happened, bringing water. His entire behavior shows the reader an intelligent boy with a strong character. At the end, the author says that Pavlusha died that same year. He fell from his horse and died.

Characteristics of Ilyusha

Ilyusha is the same age as Pavel, he also knows local beliefs well, but tells them in a hoarse, weak voice. Ilyusha's story about the drowned man also captures the imagination of the boys, and they listen to him with unflagging attention, because the story turns into the appearance of a werewolf who can speak human language. Ilyusha is happy to tell a story about a risen dead man who searches for the gap-grass at night.

They ask him with surprise about this story and in general when they can see the dead. He even knows how to scout out who will die this year. Everyone is amazed. In fact, Ilyusha, unlike all the kids, already works with his brother at the factory. This earns the children's respect, as does his deep knowledge. These are the main characters (“Bezhin Meadow”) by Turgenev.

Kostya and Vanya

Kostya, a weak and thin boy, even looking sickly, in a thin voice told the story with the mermaid, which he had heard from his father. A carpenter from the settlement of Gavrila got lost in the forest, and he met a wondrous wonder: a silver mermaid with green hair was swinging on a branch and calling him to her.

Gavrila really wanted to approach her, but gave up on himself. And the hand was heavy, it could barely rise. The little mermaid became sad and told Gavrila that he too would now always be gloomy, and disappeared. So Gavrila walks around forever sad. But in general Kostya is a coward. He would not have dared, like Pavel, to go to disperse the wolves, and the cries of a heron over the river scared him.

The youngest and most inconspicuous is curly-haired Vanya. He lay there all night without getting up, so that the author did not see him at first.

He speaks with a slight burr, in a very childish voice. He only listens to his older comrades, and does not say anything. When he is offered a gift, he, a kind and caring boy, asks to give it to his sister, because Anyuta is a good girl.

So all the main characters of the story “Bezhin Meadow” are described. The characterization shows us the spiritual beauty of children with their little weaknesses. I. Turgenev is probably the first Russian writer to dwell in such detail on the topic of child psychology.

Composition

(1 option)

IN mid-19th century I.S. Turgenev creates his famous collections of hunting stories, Notes of a Hunter. At the center of the collection is the fate of the Russian peasantry, which so worried the progressive intelligentsia of that time. Ivan Sergeevich also took a fresh look at the life of a simple Russian peasant. In the story “Bezhin Meadow” the peasant world is shown with all its simplicity, spirituality, spiritual beauty.

The very action of the story is reliably accurately indicated by the writer: Bezhin Meadow was located just a few kilometers from Spassky-Lutovinov, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev’s own estate. The main characters of the story are peasant boys from neighboring villages who guard the herd. Their life is given through the perception of the narrator - a hunter who accidentally got lost one July day. A picture of the life of peasant children unfolds before the reader. summer evening. The boys are talking quietly around the fire. Listening to the boys' stories, observing their clothes, behavior, and actions, the narrator makes up general idea O peasant life. The guys are dressed simply: patched pants, bast shoes and onuchi, canvas shirts. Only one boy, Fedya, who looks older, according to the author, “belonged, by all accounts, to a rich family and went to the field not out of necessity, but just for fun.”

Peasant children tell each other scary stories. And through their attitude to what they heard, the author reveals all the charm of their world. For example, the boy Ilyusha describes a brownie who lives in an old roller at a factory and scares the workers. Kostya talks about Gavrila, a suburban carpenter who once met a forest mermaid and has been “walking around sadly” ever since. Pavlusha speaks of a “heavenly foresight” that frightened everyone, even the master. The guys believe in evil spirits, evil spirits, witches and sorcerers. And in this faith of theirs one can trace the desire of people for mystery, unknown things, unexplained phenomena. Belief in miracles, ghosts, good and evil spirits has been preserved among people since ancient times. Therefore, in the stories boys tell, there are many folklore images: brownies, mermaids, devilry. The power of rural beliefs is enormous. The boys talk about people who did not die their own deaths; these stories both fascinate and frighten children.
The life of peasant children is devoid of prosperity and material well-being. But it is filled with real spiritual beauty, spiritualized. At the end of the story there is an indication from the author of Pavel’s death in the same year: “he killed himself by falling from a horse.” This fact forces the reader to take a closer look at peasant life.

(Option 2)

Peasant world in the story “Bezhin Meadow” is the world through the eyes of children. One of the guys is older and richer, he can give gifts, he, “as the son of a rich peasant, had to be the lead singer” in the conversation (“he himself spoke little, as if afraid of losing his dignity”). Other guys are easier. They have a serious, nocturnal conversation: about goblin, mermaids, brownies, a solar eclipse, appropriate to the situation. Twelve-year-old Ilyusha is already a factory worker, working as a fox worker, but, of course, that’s not what he’s talking about, it’s not interesting. But from the story about the coughing brownie, it turns out that they spent the night at the factory because there was a lot of work and the overseer did not let the guys go home, that the guy already knows what a role, a shift, a palace, a uniform are. It’s not this that scares, however, but the steps of the brownie. Ten-year-old Kostya knows exactly why the suburban carpenter Gavrila is always sad. And he didn’t come up with it himself, but his father told others about the mermaid and Gavril.

In the children's stories there are two closely connected worlds: the world of brownies, mermaids, drowned people, dead people, Trishkas and the world of the factory overseer Nazarov, the suburban carpenter Gavrila, the hound Ermila, grandfather Trofimych, woman Ulyana, the bar, old and young, those who have lived little and who are afraid solar eclipses, elders, cooper of Vavila. There is a lot in their stories that is scary, funny, and also sad: the stories of Akulina, who went crazy, throwing herself into the river because her lover abandoned her, and Theoklista, who could not save her drowned son, are quite real, although here, according to the guys, there is no there was no mysticism. An interesting image is of Pavel, an independent peasant who is not afraid of wolves, who laughs at the stupidity of his fellow villagers, who knows how to tame dogs, cook potatoes, and calm down boys who have frightened themselves with fables and stories. Some of the children have parents, some have brothers and sisters. Ilyusha knows all the rural beliefs better than others, and seven-year-old Vanya knows how not only to admire nature himself, but also to draw the attention of older adults to its beauty: “Look, look, guys,” he suddenly heard child's voice Vanya, look at God’s stars, bees are swarming!” ...The eyes of all the boys rose to the sky and did not fall soon.”

The world of reality and the world of superstition coexist in the minds and souls of not only children, but also adults, whom they copy and whose habits they adopt. The source of inspiration for adults and children is Russian nature.

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