The “people’s construction” method was born at the Automobile Plant. Shore of darkness. folk construction Houses with turf roofs

Hello, dear friends!

WITH Best wishes The NEKO company is contacting you!
From the very beginning of communication with you, our role was outlined as HELP at the request of the City Administration in the organization and construction of the Khimki Spikelet settlement. They planned the construction of an exhibition house, the organization of temporary warehouses on site for those who decide to build on their own, the creation of jobs for people with construction specialties, the provision of free services of specialists, the provision of their projects and prices for the construction of houses. At the same time, it has always been emphasized that the company does not have, does not want to have and will not have any monopoly rights - this is our principled position! And if we help even one family, we will be glad. Over the course of four months, several meetings were held, where the relevant structures of the Khimki urban district were tasked with preparing the site for construction:
1. prepare a draft territory layout for approval
2. conduct geological surveys
3. carry out the removal of boundaries in kind
4. temporary intra-village roads
5. construction.
Precisely in this sequence, and no other way. Everything else is a gamble. Yes, we were and are being offered, since there is no money, to start building without fulfilling the first 4 points. BUT! We cannot allow you to be drawn into this adventure by our actions, offering to start construction without documents. Moreover, they will be required by energy workers, gas workers, supervisory structures, road organizations, etc. Yes, it’s a pity, time and the season are running out, which is not unimportant, but this is not a reason for making the wrong steps, then we will lose more time and money.

Best regards, B. Biragov!

Everyone large families invited to take part in the construction of the cluster using the received land plots in the Klinsky district, i.e. everyone builds their own house independently or partially using services construction company NEKO, resorting to the help of friends and neighbors, the same parents with many children. And thus we will build the village in the same style. Official website of the company: www.neko-dom.ru

Each family will be asked to choose a house project of different sizes and architectural solutions with interior and exterior decoration, with a fence around the site, blind areas, paths, a bathhouse, and a gazebo. The goal of this stage is to present as much as possible a list of a set of items for a comfortable stay.

• Each family will have the opportunity to choose the foundation, walls, roofs, utilities of different construction technologies, finishing materials with appropriate quality certificates from manufacturing companies according to their capabilities and preferences.
• An architect and designer will work individually with each developer; an estimate and working documentation will be prepared for each selected and agreed upon project. At this stage, each family has the right to compare the proposed conditions with other companies operating in the market for these services.
• Already now everyone has the opportunity to work with an architect, draw up an estimate for the future home and compare the cost of the same house from another company.
• After all issues have been resolved, an agreement is concluded, the project is linked (planted) to the site and construction begins. Construction time is from 30 to 60 days depending on the area of ​​the house.
• The NEKO company will be as open as possible and will meet the developer’s wishes as much as possible, for example:
  • everyone who has construction professions, from workers of various specialties to engineers, will be involved in construction if desired and will receive an estimated salary.
  • if someone has a supply of building materials or can purchase them according to their capabilities, they will be used in agreement with the architect.
  • There will be a warehouse for construction and finishing materials at the construction site, and if during the construction process the developer has a desire to change or add something to the project, this will be possible.
• Boris Vladimirovich Biragov was appointed project manager from the NEKO company, contact phone: 8-965-204-01-46

Everyone who wants to participate in the construction of their home and help build a house for their neighbors is invited to the PEOPLE'S CONSTRUCTION!!!

We need workers of all specialties from simple workers to engineers.

Which is better: a skyscraper in the business center or a chalet on the river bank, a room in a five-story Khrushchev building or wooden house In the countryside?

Modern people tend to improve their living conditions. However, many nations are happy in their national huts.

Houses with turf roofs

Denmark, Iceland, Norway

Roofs overgrown with green grass are a picturesque feature of Scandinavian villages. However, picturesqueness is not the main thing here: the turf that seals the wooden frame (usually made of birch bark) is an excellent protection from the cold. In Iceland, until the middle of the 20th century, not only roofs, but also walls of houses with a stone foundation were built from turf.

Trulli

Italy

Unique houses with limestone cone domes in the Apulian town of Alberobello, skillfully built using the dry masonry method, are included in the list world heritage UNESCO. Historically, they were built by peasants or shepherds from stones found in the field. Such a dwelling could be quickly dismantled before the visit of royal inspectors in order to avoid paying taxes. Today, similar houses are built using mortar.

Lepa

The Badjao “sea gypsies” spend almost their entire lives in the ocean, in floating houses. In one part of the house-boat they cook food and store gear, and in the other they sleep. Nomads go to land only to sell fish, buy rice, water and fishing gear, and also to bury the dead.

Fale

Samoa

The population of Samoan villages is not familiar with the concept of " private life" Houses without walls guarantee complete mutual understanding. The palm leaf roofs rest on pillars arranged in a circle and connected by coconut husk ropes. There are family fales for living, large ones for gatherings and small ones for relaxing.

Karaans

Iran

The whimsical streamlined shapes of the rock houses in the village of Kandovan in the north-west of Iran would be the envy of Gaudi, but they were created ordinary people, simply carved into volcanic rock. Each house is in a separate cone-shaped rock. The cones themselves were formed due to frequent eruptions of the Sekhend volcano in ancient times.

Dogon huts

Mali

The ideal Dogon village is built according to the principle human body. Mud houses vary in purpose and location. The head is a toguna, a house for men's gatherings. In the chest and belly are family houses with pointed roofs. In place of the genitals there are sacrificial altars. Hands are the houses where women go during menstruation.

Santana's Houses

Portugal

It is assumed that bright triangular houses with sloping roofs down to the ground once stood throughout the island of Madeira, but now, to admire them, you need to go to the village of Santana, and tourists do this with great pleasure. Now traditional houses Santanas are used for the most part not for housing, but as auxiliary buildings to house livestock or agricultural implements.

Yarangi

Russia

The portable dwelling of the Chukchi is more complex than a regular tent: the frame is made of long poles, tripods and poles, fastened with belts, covered with reindeer and walrus skins. The space inside is divided into two parts: a utility part (chottagin), where a fire is lit, the smoke from which comes out through a hole in the dome, and a sleeping area (canopy) - a warm tent.

Tongkonan

Indonesia

According to the myth of the Toraja people, the first tongkonan was built by God in heaven. According to an alternative legend, the first Toraja who sailed to Sulawesi from the north suffered a storm, and the damaged boats were used as roofs for their houses. Hence the supposedly amazing shape of the dwellings. Tongkonans are traditionally folded without a single nail.

Photo: Blend Images / Legion-media, Photononstop, Alamy, Hemis (x4), Age Fotostock / Legion-media, NaturePL / Legion-media

This article is about how the transition took place from the majestic architecture of Stalin's time to the minimalism of Khrushchev's Thaw.

Standard architecture has become defining for the modern Russian city. At the end of the 1950s there was a sharp turn towards this dubious ascetic style. How did this happen? Revolutionary changes in art do not occur instantly, even if they are dictated by the state.

During the change of course, with the beginning of the “thaw,” even the party did not know what it wanted, and the transition from the excesses of the Empire style to the simplicity of the Khrushchev style lasted about five years: after the abandonment of excesses in 1953, the first standard houses appeared only in 1959. They built whatever they wanted, they experimented, and Gorky set the fashion in this: they say that it was at GAZ that they conducted the first experiment in the construction of mass housing. 1953 IN year, immediately after the death of the Secretary General, the All-Union Plenum stated that standard design would become decisive. The regulation on excesses had not yet appeared, there was no understanding yet of what standard architecture was, but the vector had been set, and the search for a new construction standard for beauty began. The history of these searches is vague and not recorded by observers. It seems that the party, the architect and the factory were looking in

different directions
. The architects wanted to complete what they started under Stalin. Yuri Bubnov, Gorky architect:, they had already sent photographs, and then Khrushchev hit on the excesses... Well, then we began to work like Khrushchev. The chairman of the city executive committee once told me: “Bubnov, let’s go see how people live.” We went to the car factory, there were barracks, one room with six beds and curtains across them."

During the change of course, with the beginning of the “thaw,” even the party did not know what it wanted, and the transition from the excesses of the Empire style to the simplicity of the Khrushchev style lasted about five years: after the abandonment of excesses in 1953, the first standard houses appeared only in 1959. They built whatever they wanted, they experimented, and Gorky set the fashion in this: they say that it was at GAZ that they conducted the first experiment in the construction of mass housing. crucial moment The architects had designs for several central squares on their desks. The early 50s were the best years of retro style, copying the classic heritage. Everything that was designed in 1952-53 and completed approximately until 1954 th - high-quality facilities, majestic buildings. Gorky Square (V. Ya. Fogel), Freedom Square (V. V. Voronkov), and the center of the Sormovo district were conceived to be just as thoughtful and solemn. At the same time, during the golden time of Stalinist architecture, the idea of ​​a monument to the most influential architect of that period, Alexander Yakovlev, was discussed.

"Chernoprudsky skyscraper" and the "Record" cinema center. Alexander Yakovlev, late 1920s. Photo - Googlestreetview 2016

A year and a half after the decision to change course was made in November 1954, at the next all-Union plenum, existing views on architecture were subjected to sharp, deafening and final criticism, and it became impossible to realize the plan. Exactly a year later, in November 1955, a decree “On the Elimination of Excesses” was issued.

Vadim Voronkov, Gorky architect, now a professor at NNGASU:
“The first objects I worked on in Gorky were a residential building and the administrative building of the Giproneftezavod on Freedom Square. We designed it in the classics. The object was fully approved, but then a 1955 decree on the fight against excesses followed. Only three years later, Lyubov Borisovna Rozhdestvenskaya designed it the way it was built."
(From the book by A. Gelfond “80 years of Nizhny Novgorod CitizenNIIproekt”)

Atomenergoproekt. Vadim Voronkov and Lyubov Rozhdestvenskaya, late 1950s. Photo - Googlestreetview 2016

Two years of doubts and searches for the norm. Following the ideology of total unification, it was necessary to develop a universal house. On January 1, 1955, the first building codes and regulations came into force, a collection of SNiPs on wall structures, room sizes, lighting and ventilation standards, how much land should be allocated per resident and how many garbage cans per person. For the first time and very fully, the rules were formulated fire safety: how to build, not what to extinguish. Those who had the opportunity to develop these norms felt like creators new era, and not at all by creators deprived of their profession.

In the year the legendary decree on excess was adopted, no standard housing was built in Gorky. And in next year Same. And even in the second year there was no mass construction of identical boxes. Nothing happened in architectural life. Porticoes, columns, pilasters and flowerpots were mechanically demolished. As the architect S. A. Novikov noted, “without proper rethinking,” the proletarians, alien to architectural discourse, liked to be heroes, to defeat excesses.

Photo - Newspaper "Gorkovskaya Pravda", 1957

In 1955, car manufacturers took the initiative to build housing on their own. A group of press shop workers erected a 24-apartment building during their free hours from materials provided by the company. This is the first urban legend: the workers themselves initiated the construction reform, and this happened in 1955, long before mass public construction.

“Isn’t this a handicraft? Should we trust the labor impulse of our fellow citizens?”

The story also tells about the party initiator, Comrade Ignatov, who proposed the original method in 1957. In Gorky he made a lot of noise, although he served here as the first secretary of the regional committee of the CPSU for only a few years. After the death of the leader, he, a man greedy for glory, was deprived of all ranks and expelled from Moscow, first to Leningrad, then even further, to Gorky. Ignatov hoped to curry favor with Khrushchev. In May 1957, he published an article in the Pravda newspaper in which he suggested that factories build houses by workers, and in early July organized a meeting to disseminate “his” initiative. The directive was accepted and sent throughout the USSR. Immediately, trusts appeared at factories and began to organize workers to build their own housing. The first standard projects are several compact planning solutions for 8-24 apartments, the same in all cities.

They say that public construction in other cities was called the “Gorky method.” They also called it “gorky”, but then they forgot, and “people’s construction” began to mean all plastered houses of 2-3 floors without any signs of style.

Photo - Newspaper "Gorky Worker", 1956

Newspapers circulated an example of people's initiative, and for the sake of credibility they even cast a little doubt: “Isn’t this a handicraft? Should we trust the labor impulse of our fellow citizens?” What kind of house was this without an address, I wonder. Contrary to the legends about, the people's construction project was a well-organized event. By 1957, a separate workshop was built on the territory of the Automobile Plant for the production of special cheap cinder blocks.

Separate workshop! Powerful preparation followed the initiative of the workers and preceded Ignatov’s innovation.

House of sand and deceit Cinder blocks , as many believe, is garbage mixed with a solution. The slag remains from coal when burned in a thermal power plant and just like clay, cement, sand and various small stones, it is good building material

. One should not think that construction from it is shamefully cheap - this material was first used for the Hermitage garage. In the industrial 50s, recycling was in fashion, the plant organizedly supplied the people with resource-saving materials. Unfortunately, this was not environmentally friendly; some slags contained harmful sulfur impurities, and they did not retain heat well. Newspapers wrote little about how the epic with small houses for workers ended, sluggishly referring to reserves of building materials.

It is believed that public construction ended when the supply of garbage was exhausted, but this is not entirely true.

They stopped making cinder blocks when thermal power plants switched to fuel oil, preferring it to medieval fossil fuels. True, we had to abandon fuel oil, because it turned out to be expensive, but that’s another story. Now cinder blocks are being produced again, but no longer on the scale of ideological choice of material. Sawdust and gypsum boards

, another invention, were praised for replacing interior decoration. - opening of a construction exhibition of the same landmark year 1957. They came up with the idea of ​​mixing reed stems with clay and gypsum in Astrakhan. The wetlands of the Volga delta are the largest in area within a radius of two thousand kilometers (larger only in Tyumen and somewhere far away in Siberia). Tall reeds were tied with wire and secured with mortar. The result was large slabs measuring 1.5 x 2.5 meters, from which walls can be assembled quickly and easily. We bought cheap material and brought it from Astrakhan. Then they said that “we definitely won’t need that much reed,” they bought it at a cheap price with a surplus and saved. Houses in Vysokovo were built from reed stone, for example, one house was erected in just two weeks, such a simple material - no cranes or equipment needed, just working hands. They laughed a little at the reeds, remembering the tents (yurts) of the nomadic Nogais, but natural material

more likely to be trusted than not. Nowadays, reed is considered an environmentally friendly material; small houses are built from it, away from urban technologies. Brick panels were used in the first multi-storey buildings

. To quickly build five-story buildings, the bricks were technically glued together at the factory. Examples can be seen in the area of ​​Gagarin Avenue and Tereshkova Street, but these are more recent experiments.

As you might guess, the area emerged after Soviet space flights in the early 60s. The first houses were erected on the former Arzamas highway in 1959, simultaneously with the last three-story buildings of public construction projects.

Brick panels on Tereshkova Street and a sign about the name of the street. Photo - Irina Maslova, 2016

Until 1960, it was planned to increase brick production, and it was especially noted that brick wall blocks had to be produced 15 times more than in the starting year of 1957. That's approximately 61 billion pieces per year! It was planned to increase the production of slate and even ordinary tiles made of cement and clay. Then plans changed: everyone was captivated by the concrete panels.

Staroe Knyazevo is an ordinary village in the Tver region. 200 kilometers from Moscow - no post office, no local administration, no first-aid post, no club.

15 people stay for the winter, there are no buses, the regional center of Mednoye is 20 kilometers away.
But there is a house in Old Knyazev that changed local life - the Sergei Lemeshev Museum. Here he grew up, fishing in the Tma River. Now his fishing rods are kept in the museum.

Actually, it was not the house that changed the life of the village. And the people who entered the house.

The museum was opened in 1991 as a public one. In 1992 it became state-owned. And to a museum, even if it is small, wooden and has a leaking roof, there is still a road. So they took her to Staroe Knyazevo.

And summer residents from the capital flocked to the tenor’s homeland and built elegant houses.

The neighboring village of Struzhnya, across the field from Knyazev, was less fortunate: Lemeshev did not live here, but only came to the river. They didn’t make it to Struzhna.

And that’s why it’s a different century in Struzna. The wind howls under the dome of the destroyed church. And about what was once here cultural life, resembles the ashes of a library that burned down last year.

The field between Struzhnya and Stary Knyazev is like a time machine. On the one hand, there is a completely modern Moscow region, on the other, a village forgotten by God, where milkmaids on a collective farm receive 500 - 600 rubles a month.

The road and gas will be built faster for the Great Shadow than for a living village. The ghosts remained something of a genius loci. And the “museum workers” are something like a volost zemstvo.

Zurab Sotkilava, Vladimir Zeldin, soloists came to Knyazevo for the 100th anniversary of Lemeshev Bolshoi Theater and Mariinsky Theater. Several thousand people gathered for the last Lemeshevsky holiday.

During the change of course, with the beginning of the “thaw,” even the party did not know what it wanted, and the transition from the excesses of the Empire style to the simplicity of the Khrushchev style lasted about five years: after the abandonment of excesses in 1953, the first standard houses appeared only in 1959. They built whatever they wanted, they experimented, and Gorky set the fashion in this: they say that it was at GAZ that they conducted the first experiment in the construction of mass housing. common days Summer residents organize concerts at the Lemeshevsky Museum. Irina Tselina, a piano teacher from Moscow, comes from Struzhnya to play the piano. And in winter, the director of the Lemeshevsky Museum and his only guide Larisa Pashchenko travels around music schools and talks about Lemeshev and the museum.

The singer has been dead for 30 years, but the “sharemen” are still coming to him. They created the museum.

Organized by the singer’s widow Vera Nikolaevna Kudryavtseva and musician Viktor Dmitrievich Vasilyev, the museum was built with money from fans. In addition to posters, photographs and memorial exhibits, their satin stitch embroideries and poems addressed to Lemeshev are kept here.

"Lemeshisti" did not play last role and in the life of Larisa Pashchenko.

Larisa and her future husband Sergei Abovyan worked as builders in Moscow.

Sergei liked Lemeshev - from childhood, when he was still broadcast on the radio. Sergei grew up, became a photographer, then volunteered for the war in Karabakh, and was a photojournalist there. When he returned, he began to do repair work. Then I met Larisa.

One day Sergei showed her the film “ Musical history", and Larisa fell in love with Lemeshev. It was in 2002 that his 100th anniversary was celebrated.

On Lemeshev’s birthday, Larisa and Sergei went to the singer’s grave, where they met his fans and his widow. There we also learned how to get to Stary Knyazev and went to the Lemeshevsky holiday.

Larisa liked Knyazevo so much that she wanted to leave Moscow and move there to live.

The museum was then on the verge of closing - almost no one came.

They made up their minds. We've arrived. Forever.

They were given a house where the funds were kept, and they began to live in it.

In the summer, an apple orchard and flower beds were planted near the museum. The Oktyabr animal farm donated six seedling machines for the museum. The chairman of the collective farm brought fertilizers from Struzhnya. Employees of a Tver company came on the excursion - it was on Monday, and on Wednesday they brought a computer. Other good people They gave us wrought iron railings and a canopy over the entrance.
...That’s how the museum grew, using the method of people’s construction, stem by stem, brick by brick.

Larisa began to negotiate with Tver travel agencies. People flocked to the museum.

And everything was very good: this spring Larisa and Sergei had a son - also Sergei, Sergei Sr. began taking photographs again.

But on July 6, the house with the funds burned down. The short circuit happened at night. When Sergei and Larisa woke up, the roof was already cracking. They only managed to take the child out of the house.

And they continue to work in the museum.

We live well,” says Larisa. - Only the house burned down. Problems? Eat. Firstly, the roof of the museum leaks, and this causes damage to memorial items. Secondly, the bark beetle eats the exhibit.

Now Larisa and Sergei are registering ownership of a plot of land in the field behind the museum. Here they will build a house. How they will do this with a salary of 4,000 rubles is unclear. But they will definitely build it.

After all, life has always been difficult for the residents of Knyazev. As a boy, Sergei Lemeshev, for example, did not go to auditions in Tver, but ran to avoid freezing. 50 kilometers in six hours.

And if you remember that the house with three windows, which Sergei Yakovlevich Lemeshev bought in Knyazev for his mother Akulina, was exchanged for a bag of flour and a goat in 1933, then we can safely say: it will not be worse than it was.