Folk traditions of the Tatar people, household items. Traditions and customs of the Tatars

Students: Polina Bolshakova, Olga Zhuk, Elena Manyshkina

The work was completed for participation in the KTD. It contains material about the settlement of Tatars in the Samara region, about the life and traditions of the people.

Download:

Preview:

Tatars of the Volga region.

The second largest people in the region are the Tatars (127,931 people (3.949% of the population). Tatar rural settlements are located in a wide strip in the north, northeast and east of the region, on the border with the Republic of Tatarstan, Ulyanovsk and Orenburg region in Kamyshlinsky, Pokhvistnevsky, Elkhovsky, Krasnoyarsky, Shentalinsky, Koshkinsky, Chelnovershinsky districts and in Samara. The first Tatar settlements in the Samara Trans-Volga region appeared in the 16th century. Tatars are divided into four ethno-territorial groups: Volga-Ural, Siberian, Astrakhan and Crimean. Each ethnoterritorial group of Tatars has its own linguistic, cultural and everyday characteristics. Tatars belong to the ethnic groups professing Islam (with the exception of the Kryashens - baptized Tatars). On the territory of the Samara region there are many mosques located in Tatar settlements.

The traditional economic activity of the Samara Tatars wasarable farming combined with livestock farming. Along with agriculture, crafts developed:jewelry, leather, felt.

Housing Previously, it was mainly built from wood; today, brick is often used in construction. Inside the dwelling there were built-in benches, shelves, and chairs. Wide bunks along the front wall were universal furniture in the past - they were used as beds and seats. Bedding was stored in closets or chests.

And today the interior decoration of a Tatar house has retained many ethnic features. The bright colors of the paneling, the openwork carving of the window frames, colored fabrics of different tones - all this creates the unique appearance of the Tatar home. The walls are often decorated with embroidered tablecloths, prayer rugs, homespun towels, and a colorful saying from the Koran is hung under glass on the front wall.

Traditional costume set(male and female) consisted of a shirt, wide-legged trousers, a fitted velvet camisole, and a bishmet. The women's shirt was decorated with flounces, the chest part was decorated with an arched appliqué or a special bib - izu. Over the camisole, men wore a spacious robe with a shawl collar, and in winter, fur coats and sheepskin coats. The men's headdress was an embroidered skullcap with a flat top, over which a fur or quilted hat was worn in cold weather. Women's headdresses were distinguished by their originality different groups Tatars The small kalfak cap, sewn with pearls and gold embroidery, became widespread among many groups of Tatars; There were also towel-shaped tastars, and among the Kazan Tatars there were erpek bedspreads embroidered with a vestibule. A girl's headdress, takya, was a cap with a semi-rigid band and a soft flat top. It was sewn from blue, green, burgundy velvet and decorated with embroidery, beads, and coins.

Since the Tatar economy combined both agricultural and animal husbandry traditions,National cuisinepresented various dishes from flour, milk and meat. They baked bread and flatbreads from flour, prepared pies and pies from yeast, unleavened and butter dough (belesh, echpochmak) stuffed with potatoes, meat, carrots, beets, etc. Lamb, beef and poultry were used to prepare soups, broths and main courses; horse meat was salted and processed into sausage. The favorite drink of the Tatars is tea, which they drink hot, topped with milk or sour cream. Favorite sweet baked dishes -chuck – chuck , helpek, etc.

To the greatest extent Tatar culture represents the festival of the plow in honor of the end of the sowing of spring crops - Sabantui , which did not have an exact calendar date, but was celebrated depending on the readiness of the land for sowing. Now Sabantuy is usually celebrated in June in Samara, Togliatti and some others populated areas areas. During the holiday, sports competitions are organized: keresh - wrestling with sashes, short distance running, etc. Both pop and amateur Tatar groups perform, sounds national music and traditional and modern dances are performed. Participants in the events wear traditionally styled clothing, and thanks to the fair, spectators have the opportunity to try the dishes national cuisine.

Among the Tatar settlements, we note Old Ermakovo in the Kamyshlinsky district and Alkino in the Pokhvistnevsky district - in these settlements decorative folk art, features of the spiritual culture and life of the Tatar population of the region are clearly represented.

Tatar hospitality customs

The custom of meeting and receiving guests is common to people of any nationality. Legends are made about the hospitality of the Tatar people.

The Tatar family sees the very arrival of the guest in the house good omen, he is an honorable, respected, dear person. Tatars have long been very attentive, caring and polite towards guests. They try to set the table with taste and generously treat them with various dishes.

“If there is no treat, caress the guest with a word” and “If they offer you a treat, even drink water,” teach Tatar folk proverbs.

Hospitality of the Tatars According to the ancient Tatar custom, a festive tablecloth was laid out in honor of the guest and the best treats were put on the table: sweet chak-chak, sherbet, linden honey, and, of course, fragrant tea.

“An inhospitable person is inferior” was considered by Muslims.

It was customary not only to treat guests, but also to give gifts. According to custom, the guest responded in kind.

Ancient Tatar dishes
Tatars have long lived in different regions with different natural conditions. Therefore, the food of Siberian, Astrakhan, Kazan, Crimean and other Tatars has its own characteristics. For example, one traveler wrote almost 400 years ago that the Astrakhan Tatars eat vobla “instead of bread,” prepare sturgeon pilaf, eat a lot of vegetables, and love watermelons. For Siberian Tatars great importance had a hunt for taiga animals. The Volga Tatars extracted a lot of honey from wild bees and made many products from cow's milk- they even have a proverb: “He who has a cow has a treat.”
And yet, all Tatars have common national dishes, common culinary traditions. Therefore, looking at festive table, you can immediately say: this is a Tatar table!
From a long time ago and to this day, the Tatars consider bread to be sacred food. In the old days, they most often ate rye bread - ikmyok (only the rich ate wheat bread, and even then not always). There was even a custom of swearing with bread - ipider. From an early age, children learned to pick up every crumb. During the meal, the eldest member of the family cut the bread.
Especially famous Tatar dishes with meat:
Bishbarmak is boiled meat, cut into small flat pieces, which are lightly stewed in oil with onions, carrots and peppers. Coarsely chopped noodles serve as a side dish for the meat. Previously, bishbarmak was eaten with hands, which is why it received a second name - kullama from kul - hand.
Dried horse meat and goose, horse meat sausage - kazylyk.
Pelmeni-it pilmene made from young lamb or foal; they are eaten with broth.
Peremyachi-peremyoch - very juicy round pies baked in the oven with finely chopped meat; Ochpochmak-ichpochmak - triangles stuffed with fatty lamb, onions and potato pieces.
Belish-belesh is a tall pie with a large bottom and small top crust.
Ubadiya-gubadiya is a round pie with a “multi-story” filling: minced meat, rice, chopped hard-boiled eggs, raisins. This pie is one of the obligatory treats at celebrations.

Chakchak (chekchek): a delicious meal you can create yourself
Of course, it's better if adults help you. However, it all depends on whether you have cooking experience.
So, take five eggs, a quarter glass of milk, a little sugar, salt, soda, flour. We make soft dough, and from it small and necessarily identical balls - like pine nuts. Here, please show patience and diligence! And then pour a little vegetable oil into the pan and fry the “nuts”.
Now add sugar to the honey (in the proportion of 200 grams of sugar per kilogram of honey) and boil it. You will get a very sticky mass. Mix it with “nuts”. Finally, from this “building material” we construct a truncated pyramid. All! The miracle is ready. You yourself, of course, won’t be able to resist and will lick your fingers, because they are sticky and sweet, sweet. But everyone you treat with cut-off pieces of chakchak will also lick their fingers - it turned out to be so delicious!

What do Tatars drink?
The most popular Tatar drink is tea: Indian and Ceylon - merchants have brought it from the East since ancient times. In addition to sugar, milk or melted cream or butter is added to hot and strong tea. And the Astrakhan Tatars love brick large-leaf tea. It is poured into water boiled in a cauldron, milk is poured in and boiled for 5-10 minutes. They drink it hot, adding salt, butter and sometimes ground black pepper. This tea is often drunk with peppers.
In addition to ayran (diluted cold water Katyka) Tatars, according to an ancient custom, drink sherbet - water sweetened with honey. Previously, during the holidays they drank buza - a sweetish, intoxicating drink. The sourish kumiss is slightly intoxicating - it is made from mare's milk, yoche bal and kerchemyo are honey drinks. Drunkenness was despised by the Tatars for centuries.

What not to do
In addition to alcohol, Tatar folk tradition forbade eating burbot, because this fish was considered similar to a snake. It was forbidden to eat crayfish or the meat of predatory animals. Swans and doves were considered sacred and were not eaten either. They did not collect or eat mushrooms. Muslims should not eat pork: the Koran forbids it.

What are they rich in...
Like all peoples in the world, the Tatars lived and live differently: some are rich, others are poor. They also ate and eat differently: some eat “supermarkets”, and others eat what they grew in their garden.
Here is one family's menu:
In the morning - tea with peppers.
For lunch - dumplings with katyk.
For the second lunch - balish with tea.
For an afternoon snack - tea with apricots or chakchak.
For dinner - fried kaz (goose) or boiled meat and tea.
And in another family the food is like this:
In the morning - talkan (porridge made from flour and water) and it’s good if you have katyk or tea.
For lunch - salma (soup with pieces of dough), and in the summer - buckwheat porridge and katyk.
In the evening - again flour mash and tea.
But both poor and rich Tatars are always hospitable. True, the Tatar proverb says: “When a guest arrives, the meat is fried, but if there is no meat, it throws you into a fever.” And yet, a guest never leaves a Tatar house without a treat - at least a cup of tea with homemade marshmallow.

Ancient instructions
O my son, if you want to be revered, be hospitable, friendly, generous. Your good will not be diminished from this, and perhaps it will increase.

Tatar tea drinking - more than a tradition

“The tea table is the soul of the family,” the Tatars say, thereby emphasizing not only their love for tea as a drink, but also its importance in the table ritual. This characteristic feature Tatar cuisine. The ritual of tea drinking - “whose echa” - has become so integrated into Tatar life that it is impossible to imagine a single holiday without it: weddings, matchmaking, Sabantuy, the birth of a child... Tea is drunk strong, hot, often diluted with milk or cream. At dinner parties, dried apricots, apricots, raisins, and slices of fresh apples are added to tea at the request of the guests. Essentially, not a single feast is complete without tea, no matter whether with invited or uninvited guests.

Some groups of Tatars begin the ritual of treating guests with tea and numerous baked goods, and only then are the first and second courses served. For others, on the contrary, the tea table completes the meal. And this order is a stable ethnic tradition, although the set of dishes is largely the same.

They like to drink tea from small bowls so that it does not get cold. And if, during an interesting conversation, a guest struck up a conversation with the owner of the house, the hostess always served him a new bowl of freshly brewed tea.

Mandatory items for serving a tea table, in addition to cups, are individual plates, sugar bowls, milk jugs, and teaspoons. A highly polished samovar with a teapot on the burner should set the tone for a pleasant conversation, create a mood, and decorate the table on holidays and on weekdays.

Even during the times of Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde, the culture of feasting and preparing drinks from various herbs was characteristic of these places. In use were bowls and jugs made from a special composition “kashin”, covered with painted glaze. A new drink - tea - organically fit into the life of the local population.

In the 19th century, tea drinking entered every home in multinational Kazan. K. Fuchs, the first researcher of the life of the Kazan Tatars, wrote: “... a laid table with porcelain cups and a samovar by the stove were typical in the house of a Tatar tradesman of those years.”

Brewing Tatar tea

Pour 3 liters of water into a small saucepan and boil. After the water boils, add the tea leaves, boil for five minutes and then enrich the tea with oxygen (scoop it with a ladle and pour the tea leaves back into the pan in a small stream - and as Minem Apa advised, 100 times). Then add about 1 liter of milk. You can add butter. Let it sit for about 5-7 minutes. We pour tea into bowls. A bowl is a mandatory attribute of every tea party.

Bagels and dishes of Tatar national cuisine go well with tea: kystyby, pәrәmәch, өchpochmak.

Hospitality

We love home
Where they love us.
Let it be cheese, let it be stuffy.
But just a warm welcome
It bloomed in the window of the owner's eyes.

And according to any tricky map
We will find this strange house -
Where is the long tea?
Where is the timid apron,
Where is it equal - in December and in March -
Meet
Sunny face!

Joseph Utkin

The customs of hospitality are passed down from generation to generation. They have become so firmly entrenched in our lives that in our consciousness different nations taken for granted, as an integral part of culture. Times are difficult now, but still, visit each other, be open, welcoming, and friendly. After all, the main thing when visiting is not the feast, but the joy of communicating with dear people, on which, as we know, the world rests.

Traditions of the Tatars Each nation has its own traditions and customs, rooted in the distant past and now resurrected in the form of national holidays. The Tatars have two words meaning holiday. Religious Muslim holidays are called the word newspapers.

Religious holidays Muslim holidays among the Muslim Tatars include collective morning prayer, in which only men participate. Then they go to the cemetery and pray near the graves of their relatives and friends. And at this time the women are preparing a festive dinner at home. As in Russian tradition, on holidays they went to the houses of relatives and neighbors with congratulations. On the days of Korban Bayram (the holiday of sacrifice), they tried to treat as many people as possible to meat from the killed lamb.

Ramadan RAMADAN (Ramadan) (in Turkic languages the name Eid is more common) is the ninth month of the Muslim calendar, the month of fasting. According to Islamic tradition, in this month the first divine revelation was transmitted to the Prophet Muhammad through the angel Jibril, which was subsequently included in the holy book of Islam - the Koran. Fasting during Ramadan is one of the main duties of every Muslim. It is prescribed to strengthen Muslims in self-discipline and faithful execution of Allah's orders. During the entire daylight hours (from sunrise to sunset) it is forbidden to eat, drink, smoke, enjoy pleasure and indulge in entertainment. During the day one must work, pray, read the Koran, engage in pious thoughts and actions, and charity.

KORBAN-BAYRAM KORBAN-BAYRAM or the holiday of sacrifice is an Islamic holiday of the end of the Hajj, celebrated on the 10th day of the twelfth month of the Islamic lunar calendar. According to the Koran, Jabrail appeared to the prophet Ibrahim in a dream and conveyed to him a command from Allah to sacrifice his first-born Ismail. Ibrahim went to the Mina valley to the place where Mecca now stands and began preparations, but this turned out to be a test from Allah, and when the sacrifice was almost made, Allah replaced the sacrifice of a son with a sacrifice of a lamb for Ibrahim. The holiday symbolizes mercy, the majesty of God and the fact that faith is the best sacrifice.

Celebrations of this day begin early in the morning. Muslims go to the mosque for morning prayer. The holiday ritual begins with a common prayer - namaz. At the end of the prayer, the imam who read the prayer asks Allah for his acceptance of fasting, forgiveness of sins and prosperity. After this, the believers, going through the tasbih (taspih), collectively read dhikr. Zikr is performed according to a special formula and in a special way, out loud or silently, and is accompanied by certain body movements. At the end of the morning prayer, believers return home. On this day, it is also customary to slaughter a ram, although previously they slaughtered a camel or a bull (with the words “Bismillah, Allah Akbar”), and it is also customary to give alms (share a lamb treat). According to established tradition, it is customary to use a third of the meat to treat your family, give a third to the poor, and give a third as alms to those who ask for it.

As in the cultures and traditions of all peoples, Tatar villages were located on the banks of rivers. Therefore, the first “spring celebration” (beyram) is associated with ice drift. This holiday is called boz guard, boz bagu - “watch the ice”, boz ozatma - seeing off the ice, zin kitu - ice drift. All the village residents came out to the river bank to watch the ice drift. Young people dressed up and played the accordion. Straw was laid out and lit on floating ice floes. Boz guard

Kyzyl yomorka A little later, the day of collecting colored eggs arrived. Housewives painted eggs in the evening - most often in broth onion peel and buns and pretzels were baked in a decoction of birch leaves. In the morning, the children began to walk around the houses, brought wood chips into the house and scattered them on the floor - so that “the yard would not be empty” and shouted such chants, for example, “Kyt-kityk, kit-kityk, are grandparents at home?” Will they give me an egg? Let you have a lot of chickens, let the roosters trample them. If you don’t give me an egg, there’s a lake in front of your house, and you’ll drown there!”

Sabantuy Perhaps the most widespread and popular holiday now, it includes folk festivities, various rituals and games. Literally, “Sabantuy” means “Plow Festival” (saban - plow and tui - holiday). Previously, it was celebrated before the start of spring field work in April, but now Sabantuy is celebrated in June - after the end of sowing. Sabantuy begins in the morning. Women put on their most beautiful decorations, ribbons are woven into the horses' manes, and bells are hung from the arc. Everyone dresses up and gathers on the Maidan - a large meadow. There is a great variety of entertainment on Sabantui. The main thing is the national struggle - kuresh. To win it requires strength, cunning and dexterity. There are strict rules: opponents wrap each other with wide belts - sashes, the task is to hang the opponent on your belt in the air, and then put him on his shoulder blades. The winner (batyr) receives a live ram as a reward (according to tradition, but now it is more often replaced with other valuable gifts). You can participate and demonstrate your strength, agility, and courage not only in Kuresh wrestling.

Tatar rituals at the birth of a child Whole line obligatory rituals accompanied the birth of a child. Previously, births were attended by midwives - bala ibise (midwife). The occupation of midwives was called ebilek. The midwife cut and tied the umbilical cord, washed the baby, and wrapped him in his father's undershirt. Then the ritual avyzlandyru (“give a taste”) was performed. They wrapped a lump of bread chewed with butter and honey in a thin cloth, made something like a pacifier and gave it to the newborn to suck. Sometimes they simply coated the child’s mouth with oil and honey or a honey solution - zemzem su. The next day, the ritual of babyai munchasy (“children’s bath”) took place. The bathhouse was heated, and the midwife helped the woman in labor wash and bathe the baby. A few days later, the ceremony of isem kushu (naming) was held. They invited the mullah and guests - men from among the family's relatives and friends, and set the table with treats. The mullah read a prayer, then they brought the child to him, and he turned to Allah, calling on him to take the newborn under his protection. After this, he whispered his name in Arabic into the baby’s ear. Children's names were, as a rule, chosen by mullahs who had special calendars with names. It was believed that the future fate of the child depended on the name. The ancient traditions of the Tatars also include the ritual of treating babyai ashi. For several days, friends, neighbors and relatives of the woman in labor came to visit her and brought treats and gifts.

Wedding rituals of the Tatars Every marriage was preceded by a conspiracy, in which the Yauchs (matchmaker) and one of the older relatives participated on the part of the groom. If the bride's parents agreed to the marriage, during the course of the conspiracy, issues were resolved about the size of the bride price, the bride's dowry, the time of the wedding, and the number of invited guests. After the conclusion of the “marriage contract”, the bride was called yarashilgan kyz - the matched girl. Preparations for the wedding began. The groom collected the bride price, bought gifts for the bride, her parents and relatives, and bought things for the future home. The bride was completing the preparation of the dowry, which she had begun to collect at an early age. Mostly these were clothes for myself and my future husband. The wedding ritual and wedding feast took place in the bride's house. The groom was in his parents' house, and the bride, surrounded by her friends, spent the day in the so-called newlyweds' house (kiyau eye - literally the groom's house), which served as the house of the closest relatives. The girls wondered, trying to figure out the bride's fate in marriage. In the wedding meeting (tui), the mullah performed the wedding ritual, which opened with a prayer appropriate to the occasion. After reading the marriage prayer, the marriage was considered concluded. At this time, the bride saw off her friends and sisters, after which the urn kotlau ritual was performed - the consecration of the newlyweds' bed. Guests from the bride's side came to the kiyau eyye, each of them had to touch the feather bed with their hands or sit on the edge of the bed. Guests left several coins in a specially prepared saucer. In the evening, the groom, accompanied by his groomsmen (kiyau zhegetlere), went to the wedding venue. The groom and his entourage were greeted with a number of rituals, many of which were in the nature of practical jokes. After the ritual treat for the groom, the guests escorted him to the bride. To get into her house, he paid a ransom (kiyau akchasy)..

National costume The national costume of the Tatars embodies all the mastery of folk art and the endless desire of this people for perfection. A costume tells about a person’s individual traits, his character and aesthetic tastes. You can tell your age by looking at your clothes social status its owner. Folk costume is the most striking indicator of a person’s nationality. Tatar costume is a fairly broad concept. There is a considerable spectrum of Tatar subgroups. On Tatar costume were influenced by eastern traditions, Islam and the National Costume Volga Tatars. Like other national costumes, the Tatar complex of national clothing has gone through a long path of historical development. The national costume of the Tatars harmoniously combines fabrics of rich “oriental” colors, headdresses with complex and rich patterns, various types of shoes, and highly artistic jewelry, thus forming a unique system of folk art.

The next morning, the newlyweds were invited to the bathhouse (tui munchasy). Later, the groom's companions came to inquire about the health of the newlyweds (khil belerge). Guests were invited into the house and treated to dinner. In the afternoon, a ritual is performed - archa soyu (literally caressing the back). The bride was invited to the hut where the women feasted. She was sat on her knees facing the corner. The girl expressed her submission to fate with a lyrical song. The groom's mother (kodagiy), her sisters (kodagiylar), and the groom's older sister (olya kodagiy) took turns approaching the bride and stroking her on the back, saying kind words or instructing her on how to behave with her husband. After this, the kodagiylar (matchmakers) gave gifts or money to the bride. By evening the guests went home. After this stage of the wedding, the groom remained with the bride, but after a week he returned to his home. The young wife continued to live with her family. Her husband visited her every night. This was called kiyaulep yererge (groom). This is how time passed from six months to 2 years. At this time, the husband was either rebuilding new house for his family, or earned enough to pay the full amount of the dowry. The second wedding feast (kalyn, kalyn tui) began with the young woman moving. At the appointed hour, the groom sent a decorated carriage with horses for the bride. The young wife got into the cart and the dowry was packed. The wife's parents were seated in other carts, then the matchmakers and matchmakers, and the cortege set off. In the house of the kiyau (husband), his parents and relatives greeted guests. The elder sister (olya kodagiy) or the groom's mother held a freshly baked loaf of bread and a cup of honey in her hands. One of the men brought a calf to the cart - a symbol of prosperity. A pillow was placed on the ground. The daughter-in-law descended from the cart, leaning on the calf, and stood on the cushion. Then she broke off a piece of the loaf with her hands and, dipping it in honey, ate it. Then the young woman performed the ritual of consecrating the home, sprinkling the corners and foundation of her new home. It was assumed that after this she would get along better with her new parents and settle into the house faster. Sometimes a young wife was sent with a yoke through the water (su yula) to the nearest spring or river. At the same time, they monitored how much water would spill from the buckets: the less, the more respect for the daughter-in-law

Hats Men's hats were divided into home (lower) and weekend (upper). The home headdress was the skullcap - a small cap worn on the top of the head. Various fabric hats, felt hats, fur hats (burek), and ritual headdresses (turban) were worn over the skullcap. The skullcap was quilted and twisted horsehair or cord was placed between the lines. When sewing a skullcap, all kinds of fabrics and various ornamentation techniques were used, thanks to which endless variations of this headdress were created. The most brightly embroidered skullcaps were intended for young people; adult men and old people wore more modest, plain skullcaps. Age differentiation was clearly visible in women's hats. The most popular girls' headdress was the kalfak. It was put on the head with a special headband-decoration (uka-chachak), and the cone-shaped end with a tassel was thrown back. Among rural girls and Kryashens, the kalfak was knitted from white cotton threads. “City” kalfaks were knitted with stripes of colored silk threads. The headdresses of married women covered not only the woman's head and hair, but also her neck, shoulders and back. The Tatar headdress consisted of three obligatory parts. Lower headdresses (hairpieces) were used to collect and cover hair. Muslim women braided their hair in two braids that went down their backs, while Kryashen women put their braids in the same way as Russian women, around their heads and under their caps. Basic (medium) clothing - bedspreads - are more typical for older women. They were different in shape: triangular, square, towel-shaped. Outer headdresses were worn over the bedspreads, holding them firmly on the head. These were different headbands, scarves and hats.

Shoes The Tatars wore stockings. They were sewn from cloth or knitted from woolen threads. The most ancient and widespread stockings were cloth stockings (tula oek). They were made from homespun white cloth and worn with bast or leather shoes. The outer shoes were boots (chitek) and ichigs. High boots made of soft leather and with soft soles were made of morocco, yuft and chrome. Leather shoes were worn by wealthy townspeople and the clergy. Everyone wore black ichigs, only women had them shorter and without lapels. Festive shoes for women were patterned ekayuly chitek, made in traditional technique leather mosaic. Shoes made using the mosaic technique are specific to the Tatar people. When leaving the house, the ichigi wore short leather shoes. In winter they wore half felt boots. They also wore leather boots with hard soles. Galoshes were everyday shoes. Shoes were considered the go-to shoe. Women's shoes were patterned, often with heels. Shoes with a sharp, slightly raised toe were considered traditional. The work shoes were bast shoes (chabata), as they were lighter and more comfortable when working in the field. In winter they wore felt boots, short and high.

Jewelry Jewelry was worn by both men and women. Men wore rings, signet rings, and belt buckles. Women's jewelry was much more varied, due to the Muslim tradition of judging a man's condition by the wealth of clothing and jewelry of his women. A woman's head adornment was a braid. They were very diverse in shape, material, finishes and ways of wearing. A more ancient type of Tatar jewelry was earrings. They began to be worn early - at the age of three or four and continued to be worn until old age. Earrings with pendants are an integral part of the national costume of the Tatars. In addition to their own traditional earrings, Tatar women borrowed jewelry from Russian, Caucasian peoples, Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Astrakhan Tatar women wore ring earrings, three-bead earrings, and nose rings as facial adornment. Tatar women also wore neck-chest decorations, which, in addition to their decorative function, were a purely practical element of clothing. Such bibs fastened parts of clothing together, and also covered the traditionally deep neckline on the chest. Another unusual decoration was the baldric. This decoration, like a ribbon on a fabric base, was worn over the shoulder. For Muslim women, such a sling was usually equipped with special pockets where they hid texts from the Koran. In other regions, not so committed to Islamic canons, cowrie shells performed a protective function. Despite the only function of this decoration - security, they, like other decorations, were extremely varied in shape and decoration.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan

North Kazakhstan State Institute named after. M. Kozybaeva

Faculty of Music and Pedagogy

Department of Pedagogy

REPORT

On the topic: Customs and traditions of the peoples of Tatarstan

Subject: Ethnopedagogy

Performed by:

Student gr. zDOVII-v-12-2

Makhambetova I.

Checked by: Imanov A.K.

Petoropavlovsk, 2013

Customsand traditions of the Tatar people

Tatamry (self-name - Tat. Tatar, tatar, plural Tatarlar, tatarlar) - Turkic people, living in the central regions of the European part of Russia, in the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Xinjiang, Afghanistan and the Far East.

The population in Russia is 5310.6 thousand people (2010 census) - 3.72% of the Russian population. They are the second largest people in the Russian Federation after the Russians. They are divided into three main ethno-territorial groups: Volga-Ural, Siberian and Astrakhan Tatars, and occasionally Polish-Lithuanian Tatars are also distinguished. Tatars make up more than half of the population of the Republic of Tatarstan (53.15% according to the 2010 census). The Tatar language belongs to the Kipchak subgroup of the Turkic group of the Altai family of languages and is divided into three dialects: Western (Mishar), Middle (Kazan-Tatar) and Eastern (Siberian-Tatar). Believing Tatars (with the exception of a small group - the Kryashens, who profess Orthodoxy) are Sunni Muslims.

In the life and culture of every nation there are many phenomena that are difficult in their own way. historical origin and functions performed. One of the most brilliant and revealing phenomena of this kind are folk traditions and customs. In order to understand their origins, it is necessary, before anyone else, to comprehend the history of the people, their culture, to come into contact with their life and way of life, to try to understand their soul and character. All traditions and customs basically reflect the life of one or another group of people, and they appear as a result of empirical and spiritual knowledge of the surrounding reality. In other words, traditions and customs are those precious pearls in the ocean of people’s lives that they have collected over the centuries as a result of factual and spiritual comprehension of reality. Whatever tradition or tradition we take, having examined its roots, we, as usual, come to the conclusion that it is vitally justified and behind the form, which at times seems pretentious and archaic to us, hides a living, intelligent grain. The traditions and customs of any people are their “dowry” when introduced into the large family of society living on planet Earth. National culture- this is the national memory of the people, what distinguishes a given people from others, protects a person from depersonalization, allows him to feel the connection of times and generations, receive spiritual support and support in life.

All people have their own customs and traditions, rooted in the distant past and now resurrected in the form of national holidays. The Tatars have two words for the holiday. Religious Muslim holidays are called the word gaet (ayet) (Uraza gaete - a holiday of fasting and Korban gaete - a holiday of sacrifice). And all folk, non-religious holidays are called Beyram in Tatar. What does “spring beauty”, “spring feast” mean?

Like many other peoples, the rituals and holidays of the Tatar people largely depended on the agricultural cycle. Even the names of the seasons were indicated by a representation associated with one or another work: saban?ste - spring, preface to spring; pe?n?ste - summer, haymaking time. Ethnographer R. G. Urazmanova, based on extensive ethnographic material, divides the rituals of the Tatars into two unequal groups: spring-summer and winter-autumn cycles.

Unlike spring and summer, it does not have a clear division, because it is not tied to the folk calendar, but rather to agricultural life. R. G. Urazmanova highlights the following features of this season:

Help. Help with particularly complex work. This was especially noticeable during the processing of slaughtered geese - apparently, where people were invited, even if this was not necessary.

Christmas time. Winter solstice period. Nardugan.

Found everywhere in the Volga region, among the Tatars it was common among the Kryashens and Mishars. Fortune telling was a special element of these holidays.

Maslenitsa. One of the most common holidays among the Kryashens.

In Muslim society, marriage accompanied by the birth of children is a religious obligation, and celibacy is a sad state. The Koran allows a believer to have four wives at a time. In the sura of the Koran, which is called “Women,” it is said: “Marry those who are glorious to you, women - and 2, and 3, and four. And if you are afraid that you will not be objective, then on one...” Socio-economic needs occupy the main place in the legal norms of Shariah relating to marriage family relations. Tatar folk tradition custom

The wife must:

Live in your spouse's home;

Obey his orders, unless they are brainless;

Do not appear in public places without respectful reasons;

Without the permission of the husband, the wife has no right to acquire property or hire servants. It should be noted that an intractable wife cannot claim to be subjugated by her husband during each term so long as she does not submit to his freedom. If the wife fails to comply with these requirements, the husband may divorce her and deny her the title. The husband has the right to deprive a disobedient wife of her will and, after exhortations, to subject her to light corporal punishment.

The spouse is obliged:

If a spouse has more than one wife, then he is obliged to give each a separate sleeping area, which has its own separate exit to the courtyard, and, in all likelihood, equally divide his property between them, treating them identically in other respects.

If the husband refuses to cohabitate, the wife can turn to the people's judge, who, however, acts on husbands only with admonition.

The husband is obliged to allow his wife to visit her parents once a week, to visit their children from a previous marriage quite often, and also to allow her to visit and receive her own relatives who are in degrees of kinship.

The husband is not subject to punishment (neither civil nor criminal) for failure to fulfill marital fidelity, with the exception of the case of having a pagan concubine in the same house with his wife. This may be considered an insult religious feeling wife, constituting an act of “cruelty”, in the broad sense of the word, justifying the wife for her unwillingness to live with her husband and giving her the right to demand the table of contents from him, despite her refusal to live with him.

The husband must treat his wife well and address her in the manner required by tradition.

The husband is obliged to buy his wife different clothes for summer and winter, to wear day and night, as well as all the necessary linen, blankets, pillows, carpets, etc.

National holidays

Spring is the time of awakening of nature, a time of renewal and expectation. A great spring means an excellent harvest, and therefore a successful life.

Boz karau

As in the cultures and traditions of all peoples, Tatar villages were located on the banks of rivers. Consequently, the first “spring feast” (beyram) is associated with ice drift. This holiday is called boz karau, boz bagu - “look at the ice”, boz ozatma - seeing off the ice, zin kitu - drifting ice. All the inhabitants of the village came out to the river bank to watch the ice drift. Young people dressed up and played the accordion. Straw was laid out and lit on floating ice floes.

Another custom was when in early spring children went home to their villages to collect cereals, butter, and eggs. From the products they collected on the street, with the help of older cooks, the children cooked in big cauldron porridge and ate it.

Kyzyl yomorka

A little later, the day of collecting colored eggs arrived. The housewives painted eggs in the evening - often in a decoction of onion skins and a decoction of birch leaves - and baked buns and pretzels.

In the morning, the children began to walk around the houses, bringing wood chips into the house and scattering them on the floor - so that “the yard would not be empty” and shouting such chants, say, “Kyt-kytyk, kyt-kytyk, are grandparents home?” Will they give me an egg? Let you have a lot of chickens, let them be trampled by roosters. If you don’t give me an egg, there’s a lake in front of your house, and you’ll drown there!”

Sabantuy

Perhaps the most widespread and now famous holiday includes folk festivities, different rituals and games. Literally, “sabantuy” means “Plow Festival” (saban - plow and tui - holiday). Previously, it was celebrated before the start of spring field work in April, now Sabantuy is celebrated in June - after the end of sowing.

Sabantuy begins in the morning. Women put on their most beautiful jewelry, weave ribbons into the horses' manes, and hang bells from the bow. Everyone dresses up and gathers on the Maidan - a large meadow. There is a lot of fun on Sabantuy. The main thing is the national martial arts - Kuresh. To win it requires strength, cunning and dexterity. There are their own strict rules: opponents wrap each other with wide belts - sashes, the task is to hang the opponent on your belt in the air, and then put him on his shoulder blades. The winner (batyr) receives a live ram as a reward (according to custom, but now they are more often replaced with other expensive gifts). You can participate and demonstrate your strength, agility, and courage not only in Kuresh wrestling.

Posted on Allbest.ru

According to one scenario

In the vastness of our homeland, its representatives live almost everywhere. They are found from Tambov to Omsk, from Perm to Kirov, in Astrakhan. The religion of this people is Islam. Although there are also groups that have converted to Orthodoxy. The culture and traditions of the Tatar people are associated with both religion and social life. Usually religious holidays are very similar to each other. During their holding, the customs and traditions of the Tatar people are observed. Let's briefly list them:

morning prayer;
visiting a cemetery;
preparing food;
congratulations to all relatives and neighbors, paying special attention to parents;
distribution of gifts.

Religion and secular life

A famous religious holiday is Eid al-Adha. On this day, believers must sacrifice an animal, as well as visit the mosque and give alms there. The holiday in honor of Muhammad's birthday is called Mawlid. It is celebrated by all Muslims, so it has great significance for this religion. Tatars celebrate Navruz. This is a holiday in honor of the day spring equinox. On this day, it is customary to have fun from the heart, because the happier people are, the more gifts they will receive from nature. Another national holiday is the Day of the Republic of Tatarstan. Its celebration is similar to our celebrations dedicated to the city day, and ends with fireworks.

Echoes of antiquity

Previously, when the Tatars had pagan beliefs, they had interesting rituals aimed at appeasing spirits and making natural forces manageable. One of them was Yangyr Teleu. It was carried out if there was a drought. For this purpose, ritual participants gathered near a water source. They turned to Allah, asked for rain and good harvest. Then they ate treats together and doused themselves with water. For more strong effect performed the ritual of sacrifice. Also in our time there is still a tradition of mutual assistance. Tatars get together to build or repair a house and participate in meat procurement. True, in our time there are fewer and fewer people willing to help unselfishly.

General joy

Probably the most famous is the holiday called Sabantuy. It is widely celebrated in cities where Tatars live, even in Moscow and St. Petersburg. It is associated with the beginning of agricultural work. When spring came, people rejoiced at the end of winter, at the fact that they could again start working on the land, growing crops that would feed their families during the cold season. If you translate the name of the holiday into Russian, you get “wedding of the plow.” After all, “saban” is a plow, and “tui” is a wedding. In our time, the customs and traditions of the Tatar people have undergone changes, so Sabantuy means the end of spring work, and not its beginning, and is held in the summer. This holiday consists of two parts. Although in big cities it takes place on one day. In the villages, first they collect gifts, and then comes the Maidan. The traditions and customs of the Tatar people in different regions have always been slightly different from each other. Therefore, in one area, gifts were collected by a young man on foot, in another by a young man on horseback, in a third by an elderly man.

Each woman who got married within a year after the previous Sabantuy prepared a richly embroidered and ornamented towel. It was considered the most valuable gift. On the second day, the Maidan was held. The traditions of the Tatar people suggest that various competitions will be held on this day: national wrestling Koresh, long and high jumps, running, horse racing. They were intended only for men; women remained outside observers. The customs and traditions of the Tatar people can be seen even in these sports competitions. The best horses take part in the races because this competition is considered very prestigious. Spectators and participants gather at a special place 5 kilometers from the village. Riders are usually boys 8-12 years old. The finish is traditionally located near the village, and the start is in the field. The prize was a towel sewn by a married woman, obtained during the collection of gifts.

Other competitions

According to the tradition of the Tatar people, they compete in running, divided into three age groups- from boys to old people. As you know, men do not compete just for fun. It is very important for them to determine who is the strongest. The best way to achieve this is to participate in the koresh fight. This type of competition very well illustrates the customs and traditions of the Tatar people. This is a national fight on sashes, instead of which towels are now used. Men of any age, starting from five-year-old boys, can take part in this type of strength competition. The only limitation is old age. The participants stood in pairs and began to fight, grabbing the opponent around the waist with a towel and trying to put him on his shoulder blades. The duel continued until one of the fighters was defeated or recognized himself as such. Then the winner was recognized as a hero and awarded one of the best prizes. The customs and traditions of the Tatar people, which make it possible to organize such a holiday, for which the whole world is preparing, are quite worthy of respect.

No one is offended

During Sabantuy, not only men should have fun, therefore, in addition to the main competitions, many others were held in which women could also take part. This is a tug of war, climbing a smooth pole for a gift, comic competitions. Many of them are familiar to other peoples. They are often used by toastmasters at weddings. For example, running with an egg on a spoon held in the mouth, running in bags, fighting with pillows or bags of straw. If we continue the description of the above-mentioned tradition of the Tatar people briefly, we can say that Sabantuy is a bright and cheerful folk festival, somewhat reminiscent of Maslenitsa. Dancing with round dances, competitions between singers and dancers, and at the end a treat with delicious dishes - this is what else awaits the participants of this holiday.

Customs and traditions of the Tatar people in family life

Such families are patriarchal. In them the main role reserved for men. In this area, the traditions of the Tatar people are briefly reduced to two holidays, such as weddings and the birth of a child. Marriage is a bright event that has its own rituals: bride price, dowry, Nikah and others.

Unit of society

This type of wedding has a number of features. During the event, the customs and traditions of the Tatar people are observed. Nikah is a Muslim ritual performed by a mullah in a mosque or home. In our time, this is a tribute to our ancestors. It has no legal force and requires official registration in the registry office. For it to take place, certain conditions must be met. The bride and groom should not have intimacy with him, much less live together. At such a wedding they do not drink alcohol or eat pork. Only freshly prepared dishes are eaten, including those that are customary to eat, observing the customs and traditions of the Tatar people. Briefly: peremyachi, gubadi, kaymak, tokmach ashi, belesh, ochpochmaki, court, katyk, chak-chak, kosh-tele, sour dough bread. In fact, there are much more treats on the table than those listed.

Men at the Nikah ceremony must wear skullcaps. The bride wears a closed dress with long sleeves and a scarf on her head. The ceremony itself is performed by a mullah. After he declares the bride and groom husband and wife, the parties exchange gifts. They go to each of the relatives, men are given skullcaps, and women are given scarves or shirts. Then a general feast begins, where all the guests eat and have fun.

When is the baby born

The traditions and customs of the Tatar people for children are associated with the ceremony during which the child receives a name. They have been going on for a long time, and their order has not changed to this day. At the celebration dedicated to the birth of a child, a mullah is always present. He must read a prayer and name the baby with the name chosen by the parents. After the end of this ceremony, guests are offered a treat on a tray. They should take the treat and instead put money towards a gift for the child.

How to become a man

If a boy is born, he will be circumcised at the age of 3-6 years. This tradition is associated with the requirements of Sharia and is carried out strictly in accordance with them. Probably, so that the boy would not feel so bitter, this day is celebrated very solemnly. The child’s relatives and friends prepare for it in advance. Previously, a special Sunnetchi person was invited home to carry out a mini-operation. Now the boy is taken to the surgical department, where the foreskin is circumcised under sterile conditions, which reduces the risk of postoperative complications. After everything is done, the child is put into a clean bed, putting a long shirt on him. After the wound has healed, a special celebration is held. Previously, such a celebration was held on the same day. There are two possible scenarios for the holiday. According to the first of them, men and women sit separately. There are no alcoholic drinks on the table. The second one is more fun. Guests are treated to sweets, musicians are invited, they sing and dance.

Sad ritual

Not all rituals among the Tatars are associated with triumph and celebration. If a sad event occurs in a family, then farewell to a deceased relative takes place according to a long-established tradition. First you need to wash the deceased. This is done by people of the same sex. Then they dress in special clothes - kaphenleu. It is a cloth hand-sewn onto the body of the deceased. To do this, take white fabric, the length of which for men is 17 meters, for women - 12 meters.

They are usually buried immediately on the day of death. Only men are present at the funeral. It is not customary for Muslims to bury in a coffin, so in order to carry the deceased to the cemetery, they use a special stretcher. In Muslim churchyards, graves are directed from north to south; they are dug strictly on the day of the funeral. The tradition of placing the deceased with his head to the north and his feet to the south is associated with a similar location of the Muslim holy places - Mecca and Medina. A depression is made in the grave, into which three close male relatives place the body. According to tradition, soil should not fall on it. Funeral services are held on the 3rd, 7th, 40th day and year. On the first date there are few guests. These are mostly older men; on the seventh day they invite women. On the fortieth anniversary and one year from the day of death, everyone comes to remember the deceased.

What traditions still exist among the Tatar people?

The main custom is respect for elders, especially parents. Also, from childhood, Tatars are taught to help the younger ones and not to offend the disadvantaged. The mother enjoys special honor in the family, but the father’s requests must be fulfilled unquestioningly, because he is the head of the family and all household members obey him. Tatars know how and love to receive guests. If a person is in their house, then he will not be denied anything, even if he is an enemy of their family. According to tradition, the guest is first given water, then offered to wash, and then treated. In Tatar families, modesty and decency are held in high esteem, especially among young girls. Women prepare for the wedding in advance, learn to cook and run the house.

Tasty food

In Tatar families, her recipes for national cuisine are kept and passed on from generation to generation. Best dishes They are made from meat, so they are filling and tasty. It is mainly used in lamb, beef and poultry. The Tatars are former nomads, so they learned to prepare livestock products for future use - katyk, ertek, eremchek, kurut, kumis are prepared from the milk of goats, cows, camels and goats. Tatars also love various broths seasoned with herbs. As for drinks, they prefer tea, both green, black and herbal. Many plants are collected and dried for it: rose hips, currants, linden, thyme, oregano, St. John's wort and others.

Soup is usually cooked as a first course. For example, kullamu. A meat broth is prepared for it from three types of meat: goose, beef and lamb. When it is ready, it is strained and onions, potatoes and noodles are added to it. Boil until done and season with chopped meat. Served with kurut and greens. For tea they bake pies, both sweet and with meat, and also serve sweets, chak-chak, honey, and candies.

Nice clothes

The culture of any nation cannot be imagined without a special feature among the male part of the Tatars is the skullcap. This headdress can be used for home or holiday purposes. It is customary to lay a cord or horsehair between the lines of the skullcap. Various fabrics are used for it, as well as decorations. Usually, skullcaps of bright colors are sewn for young people, and for the elderly they choose material in calm tones.

Women's hats make it possible to determine the age and status of their owner. Girls wear a kalfak with a tassel decoration. Married ladies cover not only their hair with a headdress, but also their head, neck, shoulders and back. Older women usually wear veils under their outer hats. The traditions and customs of the Tatar people oblige them to be worn on holidays. Photos of these hats can be seen in this article. In addition, the national costume of the Tatars is distinguished by bright colors, rich ornaments, high-quality jewelry, variety of shoes. It depends on which national subgroup the person wearing it belongs to.

In this article we looked at the customs and traditions of the Tatar people. Briefly, of course. Because it is impossible to talk about all the features, rich culture and identity of the Tatars in one article.

Tatiana Litvinova

The idea of creating an ethnographic museum came to me a long time ago, but was realized only a few weeks ago. My entire team worked on its creation. I present to you the result of our creativity.

main idea museum- developing children's respect for the historical past Tatarstan.

Museum has its own program and is designed for 3 age groups.

Upon entering museum The children are greeted by the stove. on which they see national dishes and utensils.

Chicken is being cooked in a cauldron.

Next to the stove, on the bench - Tatar accordion and spinning wheel.

A boy in national clothes sits on a homespun carpet and leafs through a book by G. Tukay.

Table set for dinner. Knitted Tatar I have already shown you the kitchen more than once.

Bed with many embroidered pillows Tatar ornament.

National clothes Tatar woman.

In the chest, children can see scarves, embroidered towels, homemade tablecloths, shoes and jewelry.

At the exit from the hut, we organized a small barnyard, in which a small bull and a chicken stand on real hay.

Laying hen is one of my latest knitted projects.

We have not forgotten that in the old days there was no running water. and children will be very interested to learn about how and with what help they used to carry water into the house.

There are vegetables in a box in the corner. Each family had its own supplies!

We really wanted that in our museum children were not passive observers, but would become curious “why” students.

Publications on the topic:

Our children live in the twenty-first century. This is the time of the advanced innovative technologies and computerization. As they say now - “a step.

With the goal of educating preschoolers as socially and culturally adapted citizens who love and know their land and are great patriots.

Each nation has its own cultural traditions that are honored and passed on from generation to generation. We must not forget about the past: about our own.

Our group has organized a special corner (mini-museum) to introduce people to the origins of Russian folk culture. To replenish the mini-museum widely.

As part of the project of the entire complex "Culture and Traditions of the Peoples of Russia", we chose the culture of the Tatar people for our senior group, as...

Scenario of the Tatar folk holiday “Goose Festival” Municipal budget preschool educational institution Child Development Center - Kindergarten No. 242 “Sadko” Goose Festival “Kaz.

Poems for children from the Russian-Tatar collection “Otrada” (Kazan, 2005) The poems presented in this book were written by me at the age of 13-16 years. ELEPHANT Once upon a time there lived a fat elephant. He kept a fashionable salon. They came.