New youth trends. youth subculture

Top 10 youth subcultures, according to the American agency toptenz.net

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a youth subculture that emerged in the United States in the 1960s. The movement flourished in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Initially, hippies protested against the Puritan morality of some Protestant churches, and also promoted the desire to return to natural purity through love and pacifism.

,
stylistic direction in rock music (a variant of “new wave grunge metal”) and youth subculture, which became one of the most noticeable phenomena of alternative rock in the late 1980s - mid-1990s. The birthplace of grunge was the city of Seattle (USA, Washington state), the most prominent representatives of which are four Seattle bands: Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Nirvana and Soundgarden. These groups are known as the "Seattle Four". Grunge refers to heavy music along with heavy metal and hard rock.

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The emo subculture can be classified as the latest new style, although it is very similar in appearance to goth and glam rock. Inspired stripes with long names, such as The Day My Dog Went to Town, sickly young men everywhere decided to wear their hair slicked to the side, neckerchiefs, black eyeliner, and jeans hugging their legs.

,
a youth subculture that emerged in the mid-70s in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia, the characteristic features of which are a critical attitude towards society and politics. The name of the famous American artist Andy Warhol and the Velvet Underground group he produced. Their lead singer Lou Reed is considered the founding father of alternative rock, a movement that is closely related to punk rock.

Chik,
The style is revived every few years, with the last one still in full swing, with Johnny Depp and Justin Timberlake being prominent exponents, plaid trousers, sneakers and a T-shirt tucked into the trousers.

Rockers,
Rockers emerged in the mid-60s and reached their peak in the late 60s and early 70s, both in England and on the continent. Rockers come primarily from families of unskilled workers, without education, and often from single-parent and “problematic” families.
A rocker's clothes are a leather jacket, worn jeans, rough big shoes, long hair combed back, sometimes tattoos. The jacket is usually decorated with badges and inscriptions. The main element of the rocker subculture is the motorcycle, which is also decorated with inscriptions, symbols and images. The motorcycle is a symbol of freedom, power and intimidation, the main source of intense sensations. At the same time, rockers highly value technical knowledge and driving skills.

Gansta,
Gangsta Rap began its development in the late 80s. This trend originates in hardcore rap. The gangsta rap style featured a hard, noisy sound. Lyrically, it was as sharp as rappers' crude tales of urban unrest. Sometimes the texts were accurate representations of reality, and sometimes they were simply comics filled with exaggeration. This direction became the most commercially successful in the history of hip-hop from the late 80s to the early 90s. During its development, gangsta rap became the source of considerable controversy, as some conservative organizations tried to ban the distribution of albums by these musicians.

New Romantic (Glam Rock),
musical movement that emerged in Britain in the early 1980s and (as part of new wave) had a significant influence on the development of the English pop and rock scene. " New Romance" arose as an alternative to the asceticism of punk culture and not only did not carry in itself social protest, but also (according to the Virgin Encyclopedia of 80’s Music) “celebrated the glamor

Oiler,
an outgrowth of British Teddy Boy culture - can be described as: Skinny jeans, tight T-shirts and slicked back hair. Jukeboxes, cocktail bar and travel in cars.

Dandy Flapper,
Dandy Flapper girls prevailed. Red lipstick, hair stuck to the head with hairspray and sequined dresses were the order of the day for girls, and for men only a tweed suit with a bowler hat.

· Hipsters

Hipsters, hipsters (indie kids) is a term that appeared in the United States in the 1940s, derived from the slang “to be hip,” which roughly translates as “to be in the know” (hence the “hippie”). This word originally meant a representative of a special subculture formed among fans of jazz music; in our time it is usually used in the sense of “wealthy urban youth interested in elite foreign culture and art, fashion, alternative music and indie rock, arthouse cinema, modern literature, etc.”

Ideology:

Some call hipsters “anti-capitalists,” liberals with a socialist philosophy. The representatives of this subculture themselves do not openly promote anything; they are in every possible way for external and inner freedom people, which is why they support the movements for women's and gay rights. Hipsters, as a rule, do not belong to any religious denomination; most often they are agnostics or atheists.

Origin:

Hipsters are the most controversial subculture in terminology. There is still fierce debate about its appearance. It is usually dated to the late forties. Judging by the composition of the people drawn into this subculture, we can say with confidence: there were neither racial boundaries nor social restrictions for hipsterism.

Burroughs in “Junkie” wrote: “The hipster is the one who understands and speaks jive, who knows the trick, who has it and who has it.”

It is now known for certain that this subculture originated in New York. Moreover, just like the original concept, it is also modern.

A hipster listens only to trendy music. In the 40s he was drawn to jazz, in the 60s - to psychedelic rock. Hipsters of the 90s were the first to know what trip-hop was. The modern hipster listens to Americans Clap Hands Say Yeah and Arcade Fire, etc. Some people are seriously interested in collecting records and CDs of certain styles: jazz, noise or indie rock.

Attributes:

Skinny jeans.

T-shirt with print. The T-shirt usually features funny phrases, animals, sneakers, cars, chairs, Moleskins, Lomographs and London.

Glasses with thick plastic frames. They often have glasses without diopters.

Lomograph.

iPod/iPhone/MacBook.

Blog on the Internet.

Football hooligans

Football hooligans are representatives of one of the youth subcultures, characterized by the fact that they consider belonging to the category of football fans of a certain team (club) as a symbol of their association into certain groups within the subculture. Like any other subculture, football fanaticism has certain features that characterize it: “professional” slang, certain fashions in clothing, behavioral stereotypes, hierarchical societies, opposition to “opponents,” etc.

Origin:

Football hooliganism in the form in which it exists on currently, began to emerge in Great Britain in the late 1950s.

In Russia, the process of the emergence of a new subculture is directly related to the beginning of the away activities of a certain part of fans of Soviet clubs. Fans of Spartak were the first to attend away games of their club in the early 1970s; they were soon joined by fans of other Moscow teams, as well as fans of Dynamo Kyiv and Zenit Leningrad.

Currently:

Currently, Russian “near-football” can be called mature social phenomenon with pronounced features of the English style of supporting the club both at home and away matches. Almost all clubs of the Russian national football championship, right down to the teams of the second league, have their own gangs (in slang - “firms”). Among Russian hooligans, the ideas of Russian nationalism are very strong.

It is worth distinguishing between football hooligans and an organization such as ultras. Ultras are highly organized fans of a particular club. The Ultras group is, as a rule, an officially registered structure that unites from ten to several thousand of the most active fans engaged in all kinds of information promotion and support for their team - promotional attributes, popularization of their movement, distribution and sale of tickets, organization of special shows in the stands, organizing trips to away matches of your favorite team.

Signs:

· Lack of paraphernalia typical for ordinary fans (T-shirts, club-colored scarves and pipes).

· Jackets, T-shirts, polos, sweaters from Lonsdale, Stone Island, Burberry, Fred Perry, Lacoste, Ben Sherman and more.

· White sneakers with Velcro and straight soles.

· Rectangular shoulder bags pulled higher towards the back or kangaroo-type handbags worn over the shoulder and pulled closer to the neck.

Football hooligans have their own style and their own brands, their own pubs, their own music bands, their own feature films.

Some hooligan slang words:

Action is an operation carried out by a group of fans against another

Argument - stone, bottle, stick, iron buckle, etc.

Bamner is a banner (usually with the emblem of a club or fan group) placed by fans in the stands during a match. - As a rule, contains a concise, relevant statement that is directly related to the topic of the match

Departure - a trip of fans to another city/region/country for a match of their team

To endure - to win a fight with fans of another team

Glumam - active support of the team in the stands

Demrby (English Derby) -- 1. a meeting of two teams from the same city; 2. a meeting between two teams at the top of the standings

Zaryamd - chant

Lefty - fans who are not related to official fan associations

Myamchik - football match

Promvody - attack during departure of one fan group to another

Romza - scarf with club attributes

Scamut - scout

Trophy - a removed scarf, a taken away yarn or flag

Rastafarians

Rastafarians in the world are traditionally called followers of Rastafarianism.

Rastafarianism is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion that arose in Christian culture in Jamaica in the 1930s based on a mixture of Christianity, local Caribbean beliefs, the beliefs of blacks - descendants of slaves from West Africa and the teachings of a number of religious and social preachers (primarily Marcus Garvey ), which led to the formation musical style reggae in the 1960s.

The emergence of Rastafarianism in Russia:

In Russia, this youth subculture was formed in the post-Soviet space in the early 1990s. Moreover, its representatives are not true adherents of the original religious and political doctrine of African superiority, but consider themselves to be part of this group primarily based on the use of marijuana and hashish. Many people listen to Bob Marley and reggae music in general, use the green-yellow-red color combination for identification (for example, in clothing), and some wear dreadlocks.

One of the first representatives of the Rastafarian movement in Russia is a reggae artist musical group"Jah Division", which appeared in 1989.

Now in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities there are quite large Rastafarian communities that hold cultural events (usually concerts or festivals), maintain websites, and publish media materials. Almost all Russian reggae groups consider themselves Rastafarian - at least they use characteristic symbols and revere Bob Marley.

Ideology:

Usually Rastafarians advocate the legalization of marijuana, which is reflected in songs and paraphernalia.

Rastafarians have a positive attitude towards Jah and a negative attitude towards the so-called “Babylon” as a pragmatic socio-political system based on Western material culture.

Many Rastafarians also have a negative attitude towards taking opiates, amphetamines and alcohol, as well as a negative attitude towards taking psychedelics, which does not at all make them related to the hippie subculture, as is commonly believed, but on the contrary, repels them.

o Ultra-right. NS skinheads

Ultra-right, extreme right, radical right is a term for those with extreme right-wing political views. IN modern world used primarily to refer to racial supremacists, neo-fascists, neo-Nazis and ultranationalists.

NS skinheads (Nazi skinheads or National Socialist skinheads) are a youth far-right subculture, whose representatives adhere to National Socialist ideology, one of the directions of the skinhead subculture. The activities of NS skinheads are usually extremist in nature.

Origin:

Initially, the skinhead subculture arose in Great Britain in the late 60s of the 20th century. It was apolitical in nature and was closely associated with the English subculture of this period - mods, as well as with black Jamaican emigrant youth and the popular music of that time among them - reggae and, to a lesser extent, ska.

NS skinheads appeared towards the end of 1982, as a result of political agitation by the leader of the rock band Skrewdriver (which later became a cult for NS skinheads). Then, for the first time, the Celtic cross was borrowed as a symbol of their movement, and the image of the NS skinheads (in the image of the crusaders) was formed - soldiers of the Holy Racial War who fights against - not all Aryans, mainly numerous immigrants from third world countries, but also homosexuals, drug addicts and left-wing youth.

At the turn of the 1990s, after the collapse of the USSR, the NS skinhead subculture penetrated into Russia.

Ideology

NS skinheads position themselves as a national liberation movement and fight for the ideas of white supremacy, Aryan race, while striving for racial separatism.

NS skinheads are extreme racists, anti-Semites and xenophobes, opponents of illegal immigration, mixed marriages and sexual deviations, especially homosexuality.

NS skinheads consider themselves defenders of the interests of the working class, in some cases citing the fact that newcomers take jobs

A special cult among NS skinheads exists around the personality of Hitler and some other leaders of the Nazi movement.

Many NS skinheads are agnostics or even atheists. In Russia, there are groups of NS skinheads who profess Orthodoxy, while the rest are extreme opponents of Christianity and Orthodoxy in particular, since Jesus Christ is a Jew, and Christianity arose in the context of the messianic movements of Judaism.

As participants in right-wing radical movements, NS skinheads are supporters extreme measures with the use of violence, which is usually interpreted as extremism. Many of them are close to the idea of ​​revolution, that is coup d'etat with the aim of establishing a National Socialist regime.

Appearance:

o Shaved head or very short haircut

o Lonsdale and Thor Steinar brand clothing

o Heavy high boots (Dr. Martens, Grinders, Steels, Camelot)

o Light blue jeans (Levi's, Wrangler) or boiled jeans

o White T-shirts, black or brown shirts, polos and T-shirts (Fred Perry, Ben Sherman)

o Short, black and dark green jackets with a zipper without a collar - “bombers”, or with a collar - “navigators”

o Nazi symbols

o Tattoos

· Hip-hop. Rappers

Hip hop is a cultural movement that originated among the working class of New York. November 12, 1974. DJ Afrika Bambaataa was the first to define the five pillars of hip-hop culture: emming, DJing, breaking, graffiti, and knowledge (a certain philosophy). Other elements include beatboxing, hip-hop fashion and slang.

Origin:

Originating in the South Bronx, hip-hop became part of youth culture in many countries around the world in the 1980s. Since the late 1990s, from a street underground with a strong social orientation, hip-hop has gradually become part of the music industry, and by the middle of the first decade this century the subculture has become “fashionable”, “mainstream”. However, despite this, many figures within hip-hop still continue its “main line” - protest against inequality and injustice, opposition to those in power.

Subculture aesthetics:

Despite the hip-hop fashion changing every year, in general it has a number of characteristic features. Clothes are usually loose, sporty: sneakers and baseball caps (usually with straight peaks) from well-known brands (e.g. KIX, New Era, Joker, Tribal, Reebok, Roca Wear, FUBU, Wu-Wear, Sean John, AKADEMIKS , ECKO, Nike, Adidas) T-shirts and basketball jerseys, jackets and hoodies, sock-like hats pulled down over the eyes, baggy pants. Hairstyles are short, although short dreadlocks are also popular. Massive jewelry (chains, medallions, keychains) is popular among rappers themselves, but wearing jewelry is more common among African Americans.

As examples, I looked at the most popular, in my opinion, youth subcultures in Russia today. But along with them, there are many other diverse youth subcultures and movements.

Social sciences understand a subculture as a part of a culture that differs from the generally accepted one: a system of values, the appearance of representatives, language. A subculture, as a rule, seeks to oppose itself to society and isolate itself from its influence.

The concept itself was formulated in the 1950s in America. The article will examine the youth subculture, its types, and ideology.

History and modernity

In the middle of the 20th century, the first informal youth associations appeared, based on musical preferences. The development of rock and roll and its new directions led to the emergence of such types of subcultures as beatniks, hippies, rockers, punks, goths and others. In one form or another, these movements have retained their relevance.

In the 21st century, the basis of informal movements is not only musical tastes, but also various types of art, sports hobbies, and Internet culture.

If several decades ago belonging to one single movement was unambiguous, now fragmentary entry into one or another informal society does not cause rejection and conflicts among young people.

Among modern species Subcultures are distinguished by the following areas:

• musical;
• sports;
• industrial;
• Internet cultural.

Art subculture

Art subculture refers to informal movements associated with creative self-expression and hobbies. This includes graffiti, underground art, role-playing games, and anime.

Graffiti is the most recognizable type of art subculture. It refers to inscriptions and drawings on the walls of buildings, entrances, and metro stations. The modern graffiti movement originated in New York.

Many street artists in their works reflect sensitive social or political issues, some create real masterpieces on the walls of houses, and popular last years 3D paintings on city streets amaze with their realism.

Graffiti as a type of subculture is quite popular among Russian youth. In the mid-2000s, St. Petersburg hosted international festival this direction.

Roleplayers are inhabitants of two worlds

Role-players or historical reenactors are another direction of the art subculture.

The role-playing movement is based on a passion for fantasy or history. Each participant in the role-playing game transforms into a specific character and acts according to the script. The game can be based on both historical events and plots of works in the fantasy style.

Participants try to replicate living conditions, costumes, crafts, and battles of a particular era as faithfully as possible. Vikings are popular among roleplayers, Ancient Rus' or medieval knightly battles.

A separate direction of the role-playing movement are Tolkienists - fans of J.R. Tolkien. Participants in this subculture transform into characters from his books: elves, orcs, gnomes, hobbits, acting out scenes from the universe invented by the writer.

IN ordinary life Participants in the role-playing movement may not stand out from the crowd, but many prefer unusual jewelry and clothing that is stylistically close to the character’s costumes; many create accounts on social networks in the name of their hero.

Role-playing games are a form of escapism, a way to escape reality. For some it is a break from the daily routine, for others it is an alternative and more preferable reality. Among role players you can find both teenagers and older people.

Anime fans and cosplayers

Another type of youth subculture is otaku. It is based on a love of Japanese animation and manga (Japanese comics). Participants in this movement not only passively watch cartoons, but also create their own, organize festivals and cosplay competitions.

Cosplay - transformation into a specific character from an anime, manga, film or computer game. This is not only an authentic costume and hairstyle; many people use art makeup to achieve a complete resemblance to the chosen hero.

Representatives of this type of subculture can be recognized by their bright hair and paraphernalia with their favorite characters. But again, not everyone copies the appearance of their favorite heroes in everyday life.

The otaku movement in Russia is characterized by specific slang based on the use of Japanese words. These can be both common phrases - “arigato” - “thank you”, “sayonara” - “goodbye”, and specific ones: “kawaii” - “cute”, “lovely”, or “nya” - expressing a huge range of emotions.

The age composition of anime fans is diverse - these include 15-year-old teenagers and people 20-30 years old.

Musical subcultures

In the concept of subculture, types are inextricably linked with the development of musical genres. The first musical movement is considered to be rock and roll fans of the 50s of the 20th century - rockabilly. Bright and daring, they challenged social norms, winning their right to self-expression.

With the development of rock music in the 60s, hippies appeared, advocating a world without wars, for love of nature and harmony with it. “Flower children” preferred to live in communes, wore long hair, indulged in soft drugs and studied Eastern philosophy. Self-knowledge and the discovery of one's mental abilities, love of nature and non-violence form the basis of the hippie subculture.

In the 70s, a variety of rock music genres gave the world punks and metalheads. In the 80s, the goths appeared. In the 90s of the 20th century, the development of electronic music led to the emergence of ravers.

What various musical subcultures have in common is a love for a particular genre, an appearance that copies popular musicians, and the philosophy and values ​​inherent in a particular genre of music.

Punks are anarchists who challenge social norms

In the mid-70s of the 20th century, the punk movement was born. Its participants opposed themselves to society and expressed dissatisfaction with the political system.

The flagships of punk rock are the Sex Pistols, The Stooges (Iggy Pop), Ramones. The music is characterized by dirty guitar sound, provocative lyrics and outrageous behavior of the musicians on stage, bordering on and even beyond the bounds of decency.

Iggy Pop, one of the brightest representatives of the punk scene, largely laid down the behavior of the musicians of this genre.

Punk as a subculture declares complete personal freedom, rejection of generally accepted rules, the desire to rely on own strength and not to be influenced.

Nihilism, nonconformism and outrageousness are the features that define representatives of the punk movement.

You can recognize a punk by torn jeans, an abundance of metal jewelry, pins, rivets, chains, hair dyed in bright color, mohawk or shaved temples, leather biker jacket.

Despite the fact that the punk movement originated in the distant 70s, it remains relevant in modern realities. Protest against social injustice, a call for personal freedom is what makes punk popular among young people.

Gothic - aestheticization of death

In the 80s of the 20th century, on the wave of post-punk, a new musical direction appeared - gothic rock. It gives rise to a new type of subculture.

Goths do not protest so vehemently against social injustice; they move away from an imperfect world, plunging into mystical romance and the aestheticization of death. They can be compared with adherents of the decadence of the literary and artistic movement in turn of XIX-XX centuries.

Melancholic, dressed, as a rule, in all black, Goths see beauty where ordinary people do not notice it. Cemeteries and ancient cathedrals, grotesque graphics filled with mystical meaning, poems glorifying decline, thrillers and horror films are an incomplete list of hobbies of representatives of this type of subculture.

Goths are distinguished by their refined taste and high level of aesthetic needs. They can be called rock music snobs.

Black clothing of the Victorian era or more modern looks made of latex and leather, makeup, the basis of which is a bleached face, on which black-painted eyes and lips stand out brightly - distinctive features goth

Gothic rock underwent changes, branching into several directions, and the entire subculture changed and expanded along with the musical genre. From the classic The Sisters Of Mercy, Bauhaus, The Cure to London After Midnight, Dead Can Dance, Clan of Xymox, Lacrimosa.

In countries such as Great Britain, Germany, the USA, and Latin America, gothic has remained popular for several decades; in Russia, the peak of popularity of this subculture occurred in 2007-2012.

Industrial subcultures

Industrial subculture, its types and their characteristics are discussed below.

Industrial subcultures include:

• diggers;
• stalkers.

Diggers are explorers of underground military or civil structures, abandoned or active. These can be either bomb shelters or abandoned bunkers inaccessible to metro station passengers.

This subculture is characterized by its own slang, which will be difficult for the uninitiated to understand.

Stalkers prefer to explore all sorts of abandoned objects, both civilian and military, and ghost towns. The object of their interest may also be existing industrial zones that are closed to citizens.

Stalkers are attracted industrial landscapes, the special atmosphere of abandoned buildings. Many people combine their passion for stalking with photography or graphic art.

Representatives of this subculture are particularly secretive; most do not advertise the exact coordinates of the objects they visit, and try not to post personal photos of objects on the Internet.

Internet subculture

The spread of the Internet has led to the emergence of such subcultures as “bastards” and the blogosphere.

The emergence of such an Internet phenomenon as “bastards” is associated with the site “Udaff.ru”. It was its founder who first began to promote communication on the Internet using specially distorted, misspelled words. Expressions such as “aptar zhot” quickly spread throughout the Runet.

“Bastards” are characterized not only by violating the norms of the Russian language, but also by a particularly cynical attitude towards everything that happens, ridiculing and devaluing even significant events.

The blogosphere as a direction of Internet subculture brings together people running various blogs. These could be YouTube channels, LiveJournal diaries, and partly public pages and communities on social networks. Bloggers cover a variety of topics: some cover the latest in cinema, music, literature, some write about politics, some write a beauty blog.

A short list of subcultures

List of types of subcultures most common in Russia:

Musical subcultures:

• punks;
• metalheads;
• Goths;
• rappers;
• folkers;
• skinheads.

Art subcultures:

• graffiti;
• role players;
• otaku;
• underground.

Industrial subcultures:

• diggers;
• stalkers;
• cyber goths;
• rivetheads.

Internet subcultures:

• "bastards";
• blogosphere;
• demoscene.

Subcultures allow a teenager to find like-minded people and better understand his inner world, but at the same time it is a kind of escape from reality.

Subculture(English)sub – under andculture - culture)- a group of people united by a common system of values, behavior patterns and lifestyles that differ from dominant culture to which they belong.

Subculture- part of public culture that differs from the prevailing one. In a narrower sense, the term means social groups people - carriers of the subculture.

From the point of view of cultural studies, a subculture is such associations of people that do not contradict the values ​​of traditional culture, but complement it.

A subculture may differ from the dominant culture in language, behavior, attributes, clothing, etc. The basis of a subculture may be musical genres and styles, lifestyles, certain Political Views. Some subcultures are extreme in nature and demonstrate protest against society or certain social phenomena. Other subcultures are closed in nature and strive to isolate their representatives from society. Developed subcultures have their own periodicals, clubs, public organizations.

The youth subculture is created by young people themselves for young people, it is esoteric, its specific variants are understandable only to those in the know and initiated. Youth subculture is an elitist phenomenon, few young people go through it and, deviating from traditional culture, is actually aimed at including young people into society.

In 1950, the American sociologist David Reisman, in his research, came up with the concept of a subculture as a group of people who deliberately choose the style and values ​​​​preferred by a minority. A more thorough analysis of the phenomenon and concept of subculture was carried out by Dick Habdige in his book “Subculture: The Meaning of Style.” In his opinion, subcultures attract people with similar tastes who are not satisfied with generally accepted standards and values.

The Frenchman Michel Mafessoli in his writings used the concept of “urban tribes” to refer to youth subcultures. Viktor Dolnik in his book “Naughty Child of the Biosphere” used the concept of “clubs”.

In the USSR, the term “Informal youth associations” was used to designate members of youth subcultures, hence the slang word “informals.” The slang word “party” is sometimes used to refer to a subcultural community.

The history of informal organizations in our country can be divided into three distinct “waves”. It all started with the appearance in the 1950s. “hipsters” - shocking urban youth who dressed and danced “stylishly”, for which they received the contemptuous term “hipsters”. The main accusation that was brought against them was “worship before the West.” The musical preferences of the “hipsters” are jazz, and then rock and roll. The state’s tough position on dissent in those years led to the fact that after some time of semi-underground existence, the “hipsters” quickly disappeared.

The “second wave” was determined by both internal and external conditions - the youth movement acquired an important component - rock music. It was during this period (late 60s - early 80s) that most youth associations began to acquire the features of “classical informality”: apoliticality, internationalism, focus on internal problems. Drugs penetrated the youth environment. The movement of the seventies was deeper, broader and longer lasting. It was in the 1970s. The so-called “System” arises - the Soviet hippie subculture, which was a whole conglomerate of groups. The “system,” being updated every two or three years, absorbed punks, metalheads, and even criminogenic lubers.

The beginning of the “third wave” of youth movements can be considered in 1986: the existence of informal groups was officially recognized, the topic of “informality” became a sensation. These associations can also be called “alternative”.

Typology of youth subcultures:

1. Politicized subcultures: actively participate in political life and have a clear ideological affiliation;

2. Ecological and ethical subcultures: engaged in the construction philosophical concepts and fight for the environment;

3. Non-traditional religious subcultures: mainly a passion for Eastern religions (Buddhism, Hinduism);

4. Radical youth subcultures: characterized by organization, the presence of older leaders, and increased aggressiveness (criminal youth groups, skinheads);

5. Lifestyle subcultures: groups of young people forming their own way of life (hippies, punks);

6. Subcultures based on interests: young people united by common interests - musical, sports and others;

7. Subculture of “golden youth”: typical for capital cities and focused on leisure (one of the most closed subcultures).

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Subculture- this is a special sphere of the dominant culture, which is distinguished by its internal organization, customs, norms.

youth subculture is the culture of the younger generation, which is distinguished by special language, lifestyle, behavioral traits, group norms, values, means of self-expression .

Youth subculture is a phenomenon characteristic of the industrial and post-industrial stage of development of any type of culture. It performs the functions of socialization of young people, solves problems of generational conflict and obeys the uniform laws of development. Being a subculture woven into the structural fabric of a specific type of culture, it has the properties and characteristics of the latter.

The youth subculture of any society at all stages of development is characterized by the so-called contradiction of “fathers” and “children”. It can safely be attributed to eternal problems: “Today’s youth are accustomed to luxury, they have bad manners, despise authority, and do not respect their elders. Children argue with their parents, greedily swallow food and harass teachers,” Socrates complained back in 470 BC. e.

However, as it unfolds over time, culture not only renews itself, but also preserves itself thanks to the action of succession mechanisms that pass on to each new generation cultural heritage previous eras (family, traditions, general system education, media, cultural institutions).

According to the stages of the life cycle, official (traditional) and innovative-avant-garde youth cultures are distinguished. An example of official youth subcultures in the Soviet Union were the pioneer organization and the Komsomol, in modern Russia - the “Walking Together” movement.

Based on areas of interest, youth subcultures are also divided into musical, intellectual, religious-philosophical, sports, computer, countercultural, etc.

The emergence of youth subcultures is caused by several reasons.

Firstly, it is the rapid and constant acceleration of modern life in industrial societies. The phenomenon of youth culture is a sign primarily dynamic societies(technogenic civilization). If previously culture was not divided into “adult” and “youth”, now “fathers” and “children” have serious differences in value orientations, fashion, methods of communication, and even lifestyle in general.

In modern culture there are innovations that constantly break into and rebuild the cultural tradition, sometimes thereby complicating the processes of socialization and human adaptation to the constantly changing conditions and demands of life. Fragility and novelty form a “dangerous mixture”, since a person striving for self-identification and establishing social connections searches in a changing environment, that is, all the objects with which he comes into contact and to which he could join are in constant accelerating movement.

Secondly , the period of socialization of the younger generation is lengthening. This is due to the need to increase time for education and vocational training that meets the requirements modern era. Today, a young man (or girl) early ceases to be a child (in terms of his psychophysiological development), but in terms of social status he/she is still for a long time does not belong to the world of adults. Adolescence is a time when economic activity and independence have not yet been fully achieved. “Youth” as a phenomenon and sociological category born industrial society, is characterized by psychological maturity in the absence of significant participation in adult institutions.

Third, On an individual psychological level, young people are characterized by a not always conscious desire to free themselves from external control, increased emotionality, excitability, idealization of certain life ideas, maximalism, as well as instability of moral positions, often based on the perception of negative social phenomena.

Socialization occurs under the influence various conditions and circumstances, including uncontrollable factors, such as the informal environment of communication with peers, views and moods existing in society.

There are some specific features that distinguish the youth subculture from the dominant culture in society. In other words, youth subcultures are a kind of socio-cultural formation.

youth subculture does not have a clearly defined social status A. The norms and symbols adopted in it are different from those prescribed by society. However, there are remnants of former myths, legends, and sprouts of new phenomena in it. Information coming from foreign cultures that does not fit into the main culture settles in youth subcultures.

Domestic the values ​​of youth subcultures are opposed to the so-called “generally accepted” values. Youth cultures are characterized by a rebellious spirit, non-acceptance or even outright rejection official ideology, apolitical. Members of various youth subcultures insist on their independence from society. Independence is one of the main features of self-awareness.

The youth environment often shapes countercultural value orientation, the highest principle of which is the principle of pleasure, enjoyment, which acts as an incentive and goal of behavior. Hence, the morality of permissiveness can become an integral and organic element of the counterculture.

Most youth subcultures have its symbolism. For example, hippies and punks have shaggy hair, shabby clothes, and homemade bags. There are graphic symbols on clothes and bags: embroidered flowers, anti-war slogans. Skinheads are characterized by the absence of hair on their heads, leather clothing, heavy, rough shoes, etc. These symbols are the first to catch the eye, so the presence of special symbols is a sign of the existence of a communication field in which you are recognized as “one of our own.”

Every youth subculture tries to stand out with your tongue(slang), which makes it difficult to communicate with “strangers”. By the language one already subconsciously recognizes “one’s own”. There is special folklore, its own sayings, anecdotes, ditties, legends and traditions.

The current situation in Russia can be defined as a stage between the old system of values, which is causing significant disruptions, and the new one, which is still being born.

For a long time in our country, the only youth organization was the Komsomol, officially permitted and supported. However, already in the 70s. Informal youth groups began to emerge, which, due to the general socio-political situation in the country, were in the “underground”, producing in some cases their own counterculture. Glasnost and perestroika allowed these groups to legalize their activities, loudly declare themselves, thereby significantly increasing their numbers.

A certain place among them was occupied by groups formed around various musical tastes and styles (metallists, Rolling Stones, breakers, Beatlemaniacs, etc.).

Informal youth organizations also emerged, the value orientations of which had some political and ideological connotations (nostalgists, anarchists, pacifists, deviationists, greens).

There were groups of apolitical, escapist character (hippies, punks, people of the system).

Among intellectual youth, the aesthetic group “Mitki” was popular, standing out for its self-irony and grotesquely emphasized style “a la Rus'”.

Groups were formed that professed the “cult of muscles” and physical strength"jocks". Criminogenic groups also appeared, united on the basis of aggressiveness, rigid organization and illegal activities (hipsters, gopniks, lyubers, etc.). Some of them were inspired by slogans of restoring socialist justice or the fight against “badness” in the form of hippies, punks and others.

The nonconformism of this youth environment was manifested in everything: in manners, in clothing, in hobbies, in jargon, sometimes reaching openly extremist forms. Currents of the Western youth subculture on our soil often transformed into rather absurd forms, acquiring only an external character: they were “copied” from their Western peers by inept “artists”, so the result was not copies, but caricatures.

After the defeat of the August 1991 “putsch,” a wave of democratic euphoria sharply increased socio-political activity, including among young people. Having reached its maximum, this activity began to subside, which was accompanied by the disappearance of many informal youth groups and a significant decrease in the number of those remaining.

Currently, several negative trends can be identified in the development of the youth subculture.

Subculture entertainment and recreational orientation. Along with communicative (communication with friends), youth leisure mainly performs a recreational function, most often in the form of passive rest (“doing nothing”). Young people are developing attitudes not toward creative self-realization, but toward passive consumption of education, culture, and labor. This trend is even more present in the cultural self-realization of student youth, which is indirectly determined by the very flow of prevailing values popular culture, promoting background perception and superficial consolidation in consciousness.

“Westernization” (Americanization) of cultural needs and interests replaces the values ​​of national culture, both classical and folk, with examples of mass culture aimed at introducing values, the “American way of life” in its primitive and lightweight version. Favorite heroes and, to a certain extent, role models are the idols of show business or sports, for girls - heroines of soap operas and pulp novels about love, and for boys - invincible superheroes of thrillers.

Pragmatism, cruelty, immoderate desire for material well-being. Thus, among students, mutual payment is becoming a “normal” phenomenon. educational services- writing essays, term papers, assistance in preparing for exams, etc. The most important value for many young people is the “equivalence of mutual retribution” (the need for reward for good and retribution for evil).

These trends are also present in the cultural self-realization of young people: there is a reckless contempt for such “outdated” values ​​as politeness, meekness and respect for others for the sake of fashion. Young people differ significantly from older generations in that they are practically devoid of illusions that someone can solve their own problems for them.

Weak individualization and selectivity of culture. The choice of certain values ​​is most often associated with group stereotypes (“the principle of herring in a barrel”) of a rather rigid nature - those who disagree run a high risk of joining the ranks of “suckers” - “outcasts,” “uninteresting,” “non-prestigious” people from the point of view of the “crowd.” ”, usually equating to a certain ideal - “cool” (sometimes in the person of the leader of this group).

Group stereotypes and a prestigious hierarchy of values ​​are determined by gender, level of education, and, to a certain extent, residence and nationality of the recipient. The extreme direction of this trend in the youth subculture are the so-called “teams” with strict regulation of the roles and statuses of their members.

Cultural self-realization outside cultural institutions. Leisure self-realization of young people is carried out, as a rule, outside cultural institutions and is relatively noticeably determined by the influence of mainly screen art (cinema and television) - the most influential institutional source of not only aesthetic, but also generally socializing influence.

In these types of art (as, indeed, in the content of art in general) there is a tendency towards dehumanization and demoralization, which manifests itself, first of all, in the belittlement, deformation and destruction of the image of a person. In particular, this is recorded in the escalation of scenes and episodes of violence and sex, in the intensification of their cruelty and naturalism, which contradicts the laws of human morality and has an impact on negative impact to a youth audience.

Lack of ethnocultural self-identification. In modern Russia, there is a severe crisis of identity in many groups of society, especially with regard to self-identification with cultural, political and social values. Some groups of youth accept new values ​​and norms to a greater or lesser extent, while others try to preserve and strengthen traditional values.

Attempts to introduce ethnocultural content into the process of socialization in most cases are limited to the propaganda of ancient Russian customs and Orthodoxy. And ethnocultural self-identification consists, first of all, in the formation of positive feelings towards the history and traditions of one’s people, i.e., what is commonly called “love for the Fatherland.”

To belong to youth culture, being a phase of development, a transitional stage in the formation of a personality, losing its significance as the young man (girl) adapts to the world of adults, Youth itself does not produce any culture without first having assimilated traditional culture. In the course of this assimilation, she can reproduce the ready-made forms offered to her, which, in turn, will be replenished in accordance with her consumer abilities.