Why we should love nature argument bank. Arguments for an essay for the Unified State Exam in Russian by topic

Passing the Unified State Exam is just a small test that every student will have to go through on their way to adulthood. Already today, many graduates are familiar with submitting essays in December, and then with passing the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. The topics that may come up for writing an essay are completely different. And today we will give several examples of what works can be taken as an argument “Nature and Man”.

About the topic itself

Many authors have written about the relationship between man and nature (arguments can be found in many works of world classical literature).

To properly reveal this topic, you need to correctly understand the meaning of what you are being asked about. Most often, students are asked to choose a topic (if we are talking about an essay on literature). Then you can choose from several statements by famous personalities. The main thing here is to read the meaning that the author introduced into his quote. Only then can the role of nature in human life be explained. You will see arguments from the literature on this topic below.

If we are talking about the second part exam paper in the Russian language, then here the student is given a text. This text usually contains several problems - the student independently chooses the one that seems easiest to him to solve.

It must be said that few students choose this topic because they see difficulties in it. Well, everything is very simple, you just need to look at the works from the other side. The main thing is to understand what arguments from the literature about man and nature can be used.

Problem one

Arguments (“The problem of man and nature”) can be completely different. Let's take such a problem as man's perception of nature as something living. Problems of nature and man, arguments from literature - all this can be put together into one whole, if you think about it.

Arguments

Let's take Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace. What can be used here? Let us remember Natasha, who, leaving the house one night, was so amazed by the beauty of peaceful nature that she was ready to spread her arms like wings and fly away into the night.

Let us remember the same Andrey. Experiencing severe emotional unrest, the hero sees an old oak tree. How does he feel about this? He perceives the old tree as a powerful, wise creature, which makes Andrei think about the right decision in his life.

At the same time, if the beliefs of the heroes of “War and Peace” support the possibility of the existence of a natural soul, then the main character of Ivan Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” thinks completely differently. Since Bazarov is a man of science, he denies any manifestation of the spiritual in the world. Nature was no exception. He studies nature from the point of view of biology, physics, chemistry and others natural sciences. However, natural wealth does not inspire any faith in Bazarov - it is only an interest in the world around him, which will not change.

These two works are perfect for exploring the theme “Man and Nature”; it is not difficult to give arguments.

Second problem

The problem of human awareness of the beauty of nature is also often encountered in classical literature. Let's look at the available examples.

Arguments

For example, the same work by Leo Tolstoy “War and Peace”. Let's remember the first battle in which Andrei Bolkonsky took part. Tired and wounded, he carries the banner and sees clouds in the sky. What emotional excitement Andrei experiences when he sees the gray sky! Beauty that makes him hold his breath, that gives him strength!

But besides Russian literature, we can consider works of foreign classics. Let's take famous work Margaret Mitchell "Gone with the Wind" The episode of the book when Scarlett, having walked a long way home, sees her native fields, albeit overgrown, but so close, such fertile lands! How does the girl feel? She suddenly stops being restless, she stops feeling tired. A new surge of strength, the emergence of hope for the best, the confidence that tomorrow everything will be better. It is nature and the landscape of her native land that saves the girl from despair.

Third problem

Arguments (“The role of nature in human life” is a topic) are also quite easy to find in the literature. It is enough to recall just a few works that tell us about the influence nature has on us.

Arguments

For example, “The Old Man and the Sea” by Ernest Hemingway would work well as an argumentative essay. Let's remember the main features of the plot: an old man goes to sea for big fish. A few days later he finally has a catch: a beautiful shark is caught in his net. Waging a long battle with the animal, the old man pacifies the predator. While the main character moves towards the house, the shark slowly dies. All alone, the old man begins to talk with the animal. The way home is very long, and the old man feels how the animal becomes like family to him. But he understands that if the predator is released into the wild, he will not survive, and the old man himself will be left without food. Other sea animals appear, hungry and smelling the metallic scent of the wounded shark's blood. By the time the old man arrives home, there is nothing left of the fish he caught.

This work clearly shows how easy it is for a person to get used to the world around him, how difficult it is often to lose some seemingly insignificant connection with nature. In addition, we see that man is able to withstand the elements of nature, which acts exclusively according to its own laws.

Or let’s take Astafiev’s work “The Fish Tsar”. Here we observe how nature is capable of reviving all the best qualities of a person. Inspired by the beauty of the world around them, the heroes of the story understand that they are capable of love, kindness, and generosity. Nature causes them to manifest best qualities character.

Fourth problem

The problem of environmental beauty is directly related to the problem of the relationship between man and nature. Arguments can also be drawn from Russian classical poetry.

Arguments

Let's take the Silver Age poet Sergei Yesenin as an example. We all know from middle school that in his lyrics Sergei Alexandrovich glorified not only female beauty, but also natural beauty. Coming from a village, Yesenin became an absolutely peasant poet. In his poems, Sergei glorified Russian nature, paying attention to those details that remain unnoticed by us.

For example, the poem “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry” perfectly paints us an image blossoming apple tree, whose flowers are so light that they actually resemble a sweet haze among the greenery. Or the poem “I remember, my love, I remember,” which tells us about unhappy love, with its lines allows us to plunge into a beautiful summer night, when linden trees are in bloom, the sky is starry, and somewhere in the distance the moon is shining. It creates a feeling of warmth and romance.

Two more poets of the “golden age” of literature, who glorified nature in their poems, can be used as arguments. “Man and nature meet in Tyutchev and Fet. Their love lyrics constantly intersect with descriptions of natural landscapes. They endlessly compared the objects of their love to nature. Afanasy Fet’s poem “I came to you with greetings” became just one of these works. Reading the lines, you don’t immediately understand what exactly the author is talking about - about love for nature or about love for a woman, because he sees infinitely much in common in the features of a loved one with nature.

Fifth problem

Speaking about arguments (“Man and Nature”), one can encounter another problem. It consists of human intervention in the environment.

Arguments

As an argument that will reveal an understanding of this problem, one can name “The Heart of a Dog” by Mikhail Bulgakov. Main character- a doctor who decided to create a new man with the soul of a dog with his own hands. The experiment did not bring positive results, created only problems and ended unsuccessfully. As a result, we can conclude that what we create from a ready-made natural product can never become better than what was originally, no matter how much we try to improve it.

Despite the fact that the work itself has a slightly different meaning, this work can be viewed from this angle.

Where nature is alive, the human soul is alive. In the novel, in the ninth chapter, “Oblomov’s Dream,” the author depicts a corner of Russia blessed by God. Oblomovka is a patriarchal paradise on earth.

The sky there, on the contrary, seems to be pressing closer to the earth, but not in order to throw arrows more powerfully, but perhaps only to hug it tighter, with love: it spreads out so low above your head, like a parent’s reliable roof, to protect, it seems , a chosen corner from all adversity. The sun shines there brightly and hotly for about six months and then does not suddenly leave there, as if reluctantly, as if it were turning back to look once or twice at its favorite place and give it a clear, warm day in the fall, amidst bad weather.

All nature protects the inhabitants of Oblomovka from adversity, living life in such a blessed place, people are in harmony with the world and themselves. Their souls are pure, there are no dirty gossip, clashes, or searches for profit. Everything is peaceful and friendly. Oblomov is a product of this world. He has kindness, soul, generosity, attention to his neighbor, something for which Stolz values ​​him so much and Olga fell in love with him.

2. I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

The main character, commoner Bazarov, due to his convictions, considers nature not a temple, but a workshop. His point of view is that all trees are the same. However, arriving at his native estate, he tells Arkady that the aspen tree over the cliff was his talisman in childhood. Now he supposedly understands that he was little and looked for signs of goodness in everything. Why, during the development of his passionate feelings for Odintsova, does the freshness of the night rushing through the window make such an impression on him? He is ready to fall at Odintsova’s feet, he hates himself for this feeling. Isn’t this the influence of that very workshop for research and experiments? It’s a pity that Yevgeny Bazarov’s experience will end so badly.

3. I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco"

The trip to Europe does not happen at all according to the plan that was drawn up by the man who considers himself a master. Instead of the bright sun and bright days, nature greets the heroes cloudily, unsmilingly: “The morning sun deceived every day: from midday it invariably turned gray and began to rain, and it became thicker and colder; then the palm trees at the entrance of the hotel sparkled with tin,” - that’s how nature was, as if it didn’t want to give its warmth and light to these overly boring gentlemen. However, after the death of the master, the sky cleared, the sun shone, and over the whole world: “... a whole country, joyful, beautiful, sunny, stretched below them: the rocky humps of the island, which almost all lay at their feet, and that fabulous blue in which he floated, and the shining morning steam over the sea to the east, under the dazzling sun, which was already warming hotly, rising higher and higher, and the foggy azure, still unsteady in the morning, massifs of Italy, its near and distant mountains, the beauty of which is powerless to express human word." Only real people like the famous fisherman Lorenzo can live next to such nature.

4. V.G. Rasputin "To the same land"

The main character, Pashuta, a woman with an ambiguous fate, devoted her entire life to the great Soviet construction project. Years passed, when the plant became operational and began to produce products, the city lost its charm as a pure taiga settlement.

The city gradually acquired a different glory. Using cheap electricity, aluminum was smelted at the world's largest plant, and cellulose was cooked at the world's largest timber complex. From fluorine, forests withered away for tens and hundreds of miles around, from methyl mercaptan they clogged up the windows in apartments, caulked cracks, and still broke into a suffocating cough. Twenty years after the hydroelectric station gave power, the city turned into one of the most dangerous for health. They were building a city of the future, and they built a slow-acting gas chamber in the open air.

People have lost connections with each other, every man for himself - this is the motto of this world. By destroying nature, we destroy ourselves, our future.

• True and false patriotism- one of central problems novel. Tolstoy’s favorite heroes do not speak high words about love for their homeland, they commit actions in its name. Natasha Rostova persuades her mother to give carts to the wounded at Borodino; Prince Bolkonsky was mortally wounded on the Borodino field. True patriotism, according to Tolstoy, lies in ordinary Russian people, soldiers who, in a moment of mortal danger, give their lives for their Motherland.
• In the novel L.N. In Tolstoy's War and Peace, some heroes consider themselves patriots and shout loudly about love for the fatherland. Others give their lives in the name of common victory. These are simple Russian men in soldiers' overcoats, soldiers from Tushin's battery, who fought without cover. True patriots They don’t think about their own benefits. They feel the need to simply defend the land from enemy invasion. They have in their souls a genuine, holy feeling of love for their homeland.

N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer"

According to N.S.’s definition, a Russian person belongs. Leskova, “racial”, patriotic, consciousness. It permeates all the actions of the hero of the story “The Enchanted Wanderer,” Ivan Flyagin. While being captured by the Tatars, he does not forget for a minute that he is Russian, and with all his soul strives to return to his homeland. Taking pity on the unfortunate old people, Ivan voluntarily joins the recruits. The hero's soul is inexhaustible, indestructible. He comes out of all life's trials with honor.

V.P. Astafiev
In one of his journalistic articles, writer V.P. Astafiev spoke about how he vacationed in a southern sanatorium. Plants collected from all over the world grew in the seaside park. But suddenly he saw three birch trees that miraculously took root in a foreign land. The author looked at these trees and remembered his village street. Love for your small homeland- a manifestation of true patriotism.

The legend of Pandora's box.
A woman discovered a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this item was fraught with terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. This myth sounds a warning to all of humanity: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.

M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"
In M. Bulgakov's story, Professor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a “dog’s heart” is not yet a person, because there is no soul in it, no love, honor, nobility.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".
The problem is revealed through the example of the images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland and people, who knows how to understand them at the right moment, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are simple people in the novel, who fulfill their duty without high-sounding phrases.

A. Kuprin. "Wonderful doctor."
A man, exhausted by poverty, is ready to commit suicide in despair, but the famous doctor Pirogov, who happens to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate man, and from that moment the life of the hero and his family changes in the most happy way. This story eloquently shows that the actions of one person can affect the destinies of other people.

And S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons".
A classic work that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Evgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger to both the elder Kirsanov and his parents. And, although by his own admission he loves them, his attitude brings them grief.

L. N. Tolstoy. Trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, "Youth".
Striving to understand the world, to become an adult, Nikolenka Irtenev gradually gets to know the world, understands that much in it is imperfect, faces misunderstandings from her elders, and sometimes offends them (chapters “Classes”, “Natalya Savishna”)

K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram”.
The girl Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram that her mother is sick, but matters that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, comes to the village, it turns out to be too late: her mother is no longer there...

V. G. Rasputin “French Lessons.”
Teacher Lydia Mikhailovna from the story by V. G. Rasputin taught the hero not only lessons French, but also lessons of kindness, empathy, compassion. She showed the hero how important it is to be able to share someone else’s pain with a person, how important it is to understand another.

An example from history.

The teacher of the great Emperor Alexander II was the famous poet V. Zhukovsky. It was he who instilled in the future ruler a sense of justice, a desire to benefit his people, and a desire to carry out the reforms necessary for the state.

V. P. Astafiev. "A horse with a pink mane."
Difficult pre-war years of the Siberian village. The formation of the hero's personality under the influence of the kindness of his grandparents.

V. G. Rasputin “French Lessons”

• The formation of the personality of the main character during the difficult war years was influenced by the teacher. Her generosity limitless. She instilled in him moral fortitude and self-esteem.

L.N. Tolstoy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”
IN autobiographical trilogy The main character, Nikolenka Irtenyev, comprehends the world of adults, tries to analyze her own and other people’s actions.

Fazil Iskander “The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules”

An intelligent and competent teacher has a huge influence on the formation of a child's character.

And A. Goncharov “Oblomov”
The atmosphere of laziness, unwillingness to learn, to think disfigures the soul of little Ilya. In adulthood, these shortcomings prevented him from finding the meaning of life.

The lack of a goal in life and the habit of working have formed a “superfluous person,” a “reluctant egoist.”

The lack of a goal in life and the habit of working have formed a “superfluous person,” a “reluctant egoist.” Pechorin admits that he brings misfortune to everyone. Wrong upbringing disfigures the human personality.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Education and learning are fundamental aspects of human life. Chatsky, the main character of the comedy A.S., expressed his attitude towards them in monologues. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". He criticized nobles who recruited “teachers of the regiment” for their children, but as a result of literacy, no one “knew or studied.” Chatsky himself had a mind “hungry for knowledge,” and therefore turned out to be unnecessary in the society of Moscow nobles. These are the flaws of improper upbringing.

B. Vasiliev “My horses are flying”
Dr. Jansen died saving children who had fallen into a sewer pit. The man, who was revered as a saint during his lifetime, was buried by the entire city.

Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
Margarita's self-sacrifice for her beloved.

V.P. Astafiev "Lyudochka"
In the episode with the dying man, when everyone left him, only Lyudochka felt sorry for him. And after his death, everyone only pretended that they felt sorry for him, everyone except Lyudochka. A verdict on a society in which people are deprived of human warmth.

M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
The story tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.

V. Hugo "Les Miserables"
The writer in the novel tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole silverware from him. But an hour later the police detained the criminal and took him to a house where he was given lodging for the night. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the owner’s permission. The thief, amazed by what he heard, in one minute experienced a true rebirth, and after that he became an honest man.

Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince"
There is an example of fair power: “But he was very kind, and therefore gave only reasonable orders. “If I order my general to turn into a sea gull,” he used to say, “and if the general does not carry out the order, it will not be his fault, but mine.” .

A. I. Kuprin. "Garnet bracelet"
The author claims that nothing is permanent, everything is temporary, everything passes and goes away. Only music and love affirm true values on the ground.

Fonvizin "Nedorosl"
They say that many noble children, having recognized themselves in the image of the slacker Mitrofanushka, experienced a true rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up worthy sons fatherland.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• What is the greatness of a person? It is where goodness, simplicity and justice are. This is exactly how L.N. created it. Tolstoy's image of Kutuzov in the novel "War and Peace". The writer calls him a truly great man. Tolstoy takes his favorite heroes away from “Napoleonic” principles and puts them on the path of rapprochement with the people. “Greatness is not where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth,” the writer asserted. This famous phrase has a modern sound.
• One of the central problems of the novel is the role of personality in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no goodness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the moods and desires of the masses, therefore he was great. Napoleon thinks only about his greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat.

I. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter"
People, having read bright, vivid stories about peasants, realized that it was immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the country.

Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. M. Sholokhov's story “The Fate of a Man,” which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, forced society to take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

A.S. Pushkin
Speaking about the role of the individual in history, we can recall the poetry of the great A. Pushkin. He influenced more than one generation with his gift. He saw, heard what he did not notice and did not understand ordinary person. The poet spoke about the problems of spirituality in art and its high purpose in the poems “Prophet”, “Poet”, “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands”. Reading these works, you understand: talent is not only a gift, but also a heavy burden, a great responsibility. The poet himself was an example of civic behavior for subsequent generations.

V.M. Shukshin "Weird"
“Crank” is an absent-minded person who may seem ill-mannered. And what prompts him to do strange things are positive, selfish motives. The weirdo reflects on problems that concern humanity at all times: what is the meaning of life? What is good and evil? Who is “right, who is smarter” in this life? And with all his actions he proves that he is right, and not those who think

I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
This is the image of a person who only wanted. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths”.
Showed the drama of “former people” who have lost the strength to fight for themselves. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.

From the history

• Ancient historians say that one day a stranger came to the Roman emperor and brought him a gift of metal as shiny as silver, but extremely soft. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay soil. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor’s head to be cut off.
• Archimedes, knowing that people were suffering from drought and hunger, proposed new methods of irrigating land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger.
• The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning.
• One English engineer in the mid-19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: “We are already strong, only the weak need to improve weapons.”
• The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was inspired by the words of an ordinary peasant woman. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words to be the result of dark ignorance, but began to make observations, which led to a brilliant discovery.
• The early Middle Ages are usually called the “dark ages.” The raids of barbarians and the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among common people, but also among people of the upper class. For example, the founder of the French state, Charlemagne, did not know how to write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherently human. The same Charlemagne, during his campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he carefully wrote letters.
• For thousands of years, ripe apples fell from the trees, but no one attached any significance to this common phenomenon. The great Newton had to be born in order to look at a familiar fact with new, more penetrating eyes and discover universal law movements.
• It is impossible to calculate how many disasters their ignorance has brought to people. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, crop failure, the loss of any thing - everything was explained by the machinations of evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began and fires started burning. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, and helping each other, people spent enormous energy on a meaningless fight against the mythical “servants of Satan,” not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, their dark ignorance they were serving the Devil.
• It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. An interesting legend is about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian. Once, having talked with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and butter. Young Xenophon answered smartly: “To the market.” Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. “Follow me, I’ll show you!” - Socrates promised. And tied the many-year path to truth with strong friendship famous teacher and his student.
• The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes over a person so much that it forces him to change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The brilliant Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer on fortifications and devoted only his free time to physics. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.
• New ideas make their way in a difficult struggle with old views and established opinions. Thus, one of the professors, lecturing students on physics, called Einstein’s theory of relativity “an annoying scientific misunderstanding” -
• At one time, Joule used a voltaic battery to start an electric motor he had assembled from it. But the battery charge soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joule decided that the horse would never be replaced by the electric motor, since feeding a horse was much cheaper than changing the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the opportunities that will open up for a person.
• In the mid-17th century, Captain de Clieu carried a coffee cutting in a pot of soil from Paris to the island of Martinique. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. On the ship, the masts were not broken, the rigging was broken. Fresh water supplies gradually began to dry up. It was given out in strictly measured portions. The captain, barely able to stand on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to the green sprout... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique.

I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco.”
Showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.

Yesenin. "Black man".
The poem “Black Man” is the cry of Yesenin’s dying soul, it is a requiem for the life left behind. Yesenin, like no one else, was able to tell what life does to a person.

Mayakovsky. "Listen."
Inner conviction that one's own people are right moral ideals separated Mayakovsky from other poets, from the usual flow of life. This isolation gave rise to a spiritual protest against the philistine environment, where there were no high spiritual ideals. The poem is a cry from the poet’s soul.

Zamyatin "Cave".
The hero comes into conflict with himself, a split occurs in his soul. His spiritual values ​​are dying. He violates the commandment “Thou shalt not steal.”

V. Astafiev “The Tsar is a Fish.”

• In V. Astafiev’s story “The Fish Tsar,” the main character, fisherman Utrobin, having caught a huge fish on a hook, is unable to cope with it. In order to avoid death, he is forced to release her. A meeting with a fish that symbolizes the moral principle in nature forces this poacher to reconsider his ideas about life. In moments of desperate struggle with the fish, he suddenly remembers his whole life, realizing how little he has done for other people. This meeting morally changes the hero.
• Nature is alive and spiritual, endowed with moral and punitive power, it is capable of not only defending itself, but also taking retribution. An illustration of punitive power is the fate of Gosha Gertsev, the hero of Astafiev’s story “The Tsar is a Fish.” This hero is not punished for his arrogant cynicism towards people and nature. Punishing power extends not only to individual heroes. An imbalance poses a threat to all of humanity if it does not come to its senses in its intentional or forced cruelty.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons."

• People forget that nature is their native and only home, which requires careful treatment, which is confirmed in the novel by I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons.” The main character, Evgeny Bazarov, is known for his categorical position: “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it.” This is exactly how the Author sees a “new” person in him: he is indifferent to the values ​​accumulated by previous generations, lives in the present and uses everything he needs, without thinking about what consequences this may lead to.
• In I. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” it rises actual topic relations between nature and man. Bazarov, rejecting everything aesthetic enjoyment nature, perceives it as a workshop, and man as a worker. Arkady, Bazarov's friend, on the contrary, treats her with all the admiration inherent in a young soul. In the novel, each hero is tested by nature. For Arkady, communication with the outside world helps to heal mental wounds; for him this unity is natural and pleasant. Bazarov, on the contrary, does not seek contact with her - when Bazarov was feeling bad, he “went into the forest and broke branches.” She does not give him the desired peace of mind, nor peace of mind. Thus, Turgenev emphasizes the need for a fruitful and two-way dialogue with nature.

M. Bulgakov. "Dog's heart".
Professor Preobrazhensky transplants part of a human brain into the dog Sharik, transforming completely cute dog to the disgusting Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. You cannot mindlessly interfere with nature!

A. Blok
The problem of a thoughtless, cruel person towards the natural world is reflected in many literary works. To fight it, we need to realize and see the harmony and beauty that reigns around us. The works of A. Blok will help with this. With what love he describes Russian nature in his poems! Immense distances, endless roads, deep rivers, blizzards and gray huts. This is Blok’s Russia in the poems “Rus” and “Autumn Day”. The poet's true, filial love for his native nature is transmitted to the reader. You come to the idea that nature is original, beautiful and needs our protection.

B. Vasiliev “Don’t shoot white swans”

• Now, when nuclear power plants are exploding, when oil is flowing through rivers and seas, and entire forests are disappearing, people must stop and think about the question: what will remain on our planet? In B. Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans” the author’s idea about human responsibility for nature is also heard. The main character of the novel, Yegor Polushkin, is concerned about the behavior of visiting “tourists” and the lake that has become empty at the hands of poachers. The novel is perceived as a call to everyone to take care of our land and each other.
• The main character, Yegor Polushkin, loves nature infinitely, always works conscientiously, lives peacefully, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not disturb the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him; they considered him unsuited to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end, he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are accustomed only to conquering it. But my son is growing up. Who can replace his father, will respect and protect native land.

V. Astafiev “Belogrudka”
In the story "Belogrudka" the children destroyed the brood of a white-breasted marten, and she, mad with grief, takes revenge on the entire world around her, exterminating poultry in two neighboring villages until she herself dies from a gunshot

Ch. Aitmatov “The Scaffold”
Man, with his own hands, destroys the colorful and populous world of nature. The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. The position of the “king” in relation to animals is fraught with tragedy.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin" the main character could not find spiritual harmony, cope with the “Russian blues”, also because he was indifferent to nature. And the “sweet ideal” of the author, Tatyana, felt like a part of nature (“She loved to warn the sunrise on the balcony…”) and therefore showed herself to be a spiritually strong person in a difficult life situation.

A.T. Tvardovsky “Forest in Autumn”
Reading Tvardovsky’s poem “Forest in Autumn”, you are imbued with the pristine beauty of the surrounding world and nature. You hear the noise of bright yellow foliage, the crack of a broken branch. You see the light jump of a squirrel. I would like not just to admire, but to try to preserve all this beauty for as long as possible.

L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she sees. She enthusiastically tells Sonya about the wonderful night, about the feelings that overwhelm her soul. Andrei Bolkonsky also knows how to subtly sense the beauty of the surrounding nature. During a trip to Otradnoye, seeing an old oak tree, he compares himself with it, indulging in sad reflections that life has already ended for him. But the changes that subsequently occurred in the hero’s soul are associated with the beauty and grandeur of the mighty tree that blossomed under the rays of the sun.

V. I. Yurovskikh Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh
The writer Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh, in his stories, talks about the unique beauty and wealth of the Trans-Urals, about the natural connection of a village person with the natural world, which is why his story “Ivan’s Memory” is so touching. In this short work, Yurovskikh raises an important issue: the human impact on the environment. Ivan, the main character of the story, planted several willow bushes in a swamp that scared people and animals. Many years later. The nature around has changed: all sorts of birds began to settle in the bushes, a magpie began to build a nest every year, hatching magpies. No one wandered through the forest anymore, because the talnik became a guide on how to find the right way. Near the bush you can hide from the heat, drink some water, and just relax. Ivan left a good memory of himself among people, and ennobled the surrounding nature.

M.Yu Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
The close emotional connection between man and nature can be traced in Lermontov’s story “A Hero of Our Time.” The events in the life of the main character, Grigory Pechorin, are accompanied by changes in the state of nature in accordance with changes in his mood. Thus, considering the duel scene, the gradation of the states of the surrounding world and Pechorin’s feelings is obvious. If before the duel the sky seemed to him “fresh and blue” and the sun “brightly shining,” then after the duel, looking at Grushnitsky’s corpse, the heavenly body seemed “dim” to Grigory, and its rays “did not warm.” Nature is not only the experiences of the heroes, but is also one of the characters. The thunderstorm becomes the reason for a long meeting between Pechorin and Vera, and in one of the diary entries preceding the meeting with Princess Mary, Grigory notes that “the air of Kislovodsk is conducive to love.” With such an allegory, Lermontov not only more deeply and fully reflects the internal state of the heroes, but also denotes his own authorial presence by introducing nature as a character.

E. Zamyatina “We”
Turning to classical literature, I would like to cite as an example E. Zamyatin’s dystopian novel “We.” Refusing the natural beginning, the inhabitants of the United State become numbers, whose lives are determined by the framework of the Tablet of Hours. The beauty of native nature is replaced by perfectly proportional glass structures, and love is only possible with a pink card. The main character, D-503, is doomed to mathematically verified happiness, which is found, however, after the removal of fantasy. It seems to me that with such an allegory Zamyatin was trying to express the inextricability of the connection between nature and man.

S. Yesenin “Go away, my dear Rus'”
One of the central themes of the lyrics of the brightest poet of the 20th century S. Yesenin is the nature of his native land. In the poem “Go you, Rus', my dear,” the poet abandons paradise for the sake of his homeland, its flock is higher than eternal bliss, which, judging by other lyrics, he finds only on Russian soil. Thus, feelings of patriotism and love for nature are closely intertwined. The very awareness of their gradual weakening is the first step towards a natural, real peace that enriches the soul and body.

M. Prishvin “Ginseng”
This topic is brought to life by moral and ethical motives. Many writers and poets turned to her. In M. Prishvin’s story “Ginseng” the characters know how to remain silent and listen to silence. For the author, nature is life itself. Therefore, his rock cries, his stone has a heart. It is man who must do everything to ensure that nature exists and does not fall silent. Nowadays this is very important.

I.S. Turgenev "Notes of a Hunter"
I. S. Turgenev expressed his deep and tender love for nature in “Notes of a Hunter.” He did this with penetrating observation. The hero of the story “Kasyan” traveled halfway across the country from the Beautiful Mosque, happily learning and exploring new places. This man felt his inextricable connection with Mother Nature and dreamed that “every person” would live in contentment and justice. It wouldn't hurt us to learn from him.

M. Bulgakov. "Fatal Eggs"
Professor Persikov accidentally breeds giant reptiles instead of large chickens that threaten civilization. Thoughtless interference in the life of nature can lead to such consequences.

Ch. Aitmatov “The Scaffold”
Ch. Aitmatov in his novel “The Scaffold” showed that the destruction of the natural world leads to dangerous human deformation. And this happens everywhere. What is happening in the Moyunkum savannah is a global problem, not a local one.

The closed model of the world in the novel by E.I. Zamyatin "We".
1) Appearance and principles One State. 2) The narrator, number D - 503, and his spiritual illness. 3) “The resistance of human nature.” In dystopias, based on the same premises, the world is presented through the eyes of its inhabitant, an ordinary citizen, from the inside, in order to trace and show the feelings of a person undergoing the laws of an ideal state. The conflict between the individual and the totalitarian system becomes the driving force of any dystopia, allowing one to recognize dystopian features in the most diverse works at first glance... The society depicted in the novel has achieved material perfection and stopped in its development, plunging into a state of spiritual and social entropy.

A.P. Chekhov in the story "The Death of an Official"

B. Vasiliev “Not on the lists”
The works make us think about the questions that everyone strives to answer for themselves: what is behind a high moral choice - what are the forces of the human mind, soul, destiny, what helps a person resist, show amazing, amazing resilience, helps to live and die “like a human being”?

M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
Despite the difficulties and trials that befell the main character Andrei Sokolov, he always remained true to himself and his homeland. Nothing broke his spiritual strength or eradicated his sense of duty.

A.S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter».

Pyotr Grinev is a man of honor, in any life situation he acts as his honor tells him. Even his ideological enemy, Pugachev, could appreciate the nobility of the hero. That is why he helped Grinev more than once.

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

The Bolkonsky family is the personification of honor and nobility. Prince Andrei always put the laws of honor first and followed them, even if it required incredible effort, suffering, and pain.

Loss of spiritual values

B. Vasiliev "Wilderness"
The events of Boris Vasiliev’s story “Glukhoman” allow us to see how in today’s life the so-called “new Russians” strive to enrich themselves at any cost. Spiritual values ​​have been lost because culture has disappeared from our lives. Society split, and the bank account became the measure of a person’s merits. Moral wilderness began to grow in the souls of people who had lost faith in goodness and justice.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich, hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and received a refusal, he takes revenge by speaking ill of her; During a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of ideas about honor also predetermines social betrayal: as soon as Belogorsk fortress goes to Pugachev, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

Helen Kuragina deceives Pierre into marrying herself, then lies to him all the time, being his wife, disgraces him, makes him unhappy. The heroine uses lies to get rich and take a good position in society.

N.V. Gogol “The Inspector General”.

Khlestakov deceives officials, posing as an auditor. Trying to impress, he makes up many stories about his life in St. Petersburg. Moreover, he lies so delightfully that he himself begins to believe his stories, he feels important and significant.

D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful”
D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” tells how indignant he felt when he learned that on the Borodino field in 1932 the cast-iron monument on Bagration’s grave was blown up. At the same time, someone left a giant inscription on the wall of the monastery, built on the site of the death of another hero, Tuchkov: “It’s enough to preserve the remnants of the slave past!” At the end of the 60s, the Travel Palace was demolished in Leningrad, which even during the war our soldiers tried to preserve and not destroy. Likhachev believes that “the loss of any cultural monument is irreparable: they are always individual.”

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

• In the Rostov family, everything was built on sincerity and kindness, respect for each other and understanding, which is why the children - Natasha, Nikolai, Petya - became for real good people They are responsive to the pain of others, able to understand the experiences and suffering of others. Suffice it to recall the episode when Natasha gives the order to release the carts loaded with them family values, To give them to the wounded soldiers.
• And in the Kuragin family, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists. Both are looking for only benefits in life. They don't know what it is real love and are ready to exchange their feelings for wealth.

A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
In the story “The Captain's Daughter,” his father’s instructions helped Pyotr Grinev, even in the most critical moments, to remain an honest person, true to himself and duty. Therefore, the hero evokes respect by his behavior.

N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
Following his father’s behest to “save a penny,” Chichikov devoted his entire life to hoarding, turning into a man without shame and conscience. Since his school years, he valued only money, so in his life he never had true friends, the family that the hero dreamed of.

L. Ulitskaya “Daughter of Bukhara”
Bukhara, the heroine of L. Ulitskaya’s story “Bukhara’s Daughter,” accomplished a maternal feat, devoting herself entirely to raising her daughter Mila, who had Down syndrome. Even being terminally ill, the mother thought through the entire future life of her daughter: she got a job, found her a new family, a husband, and only after that allowed herself to leave this life.

Zakrutkin V. A. “Mother of Man”
Maria, the heroine of Zakrutkin’s story “Mother of Man,” during the war, having lost her son and husband, took responsibility for her newly born child and for other people’s children, saved them, and became their Mother. And when the first Soviet soldiers entered the burned farm, it seemed to Maria that she had given birth not only to her son, but to all the war-dispossessed children of the world. That's why she is the Mother of Man.

K.I. Chukovsky “Alive as Life”
K.I. Chukovsky in his book “Alive as Life” analyzes the state of the Russian language, our speech and comes to disappointing conclusions: we ourselves are distorting and mutilating our great and powerful language.

I.S. Turgenev
- Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this heritage passed on to us by our predecessors, among whom Pushkin again shines! Treat this powerful instrument with respect: in the hands of skilled people it is capable of performing miracles... Take care of the purity of the language as if it were a shrine!

K.G. Paustovsky
- You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our consciousness that could not be conveyed in Russian words... There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language.

A. P. Chekhov “Death of an Official”
The official Chervyakov in A.P. Chekhov’s story “The Death of an Official” is infected to an incredible degree by the spirit of veneration: having sneezed and splashed the bald head of General Bryzzhalov, who was sitting in front of him (and he did not pay attention to it), the hero was so frightened that that after repeated humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear.

A. P. Chekhov “Thick and Thin”
The hero of Chekhov's story "Fat and Thin", the official Porfiry, met a school friend at the Nikolaevskaya railway station and learned that he was a privy councilor, i.e. moved up significantly higher in his career. In an instant, the “subtle” one turns into a servile creature, ready to humiliate himself and fawn.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy, is sure that one should please not only “all people without exception,” but even “the janitor’s dog, so that it is affectionate.” The need to tirelessly please also gave rise to his romance with Sophia, the daughter of his master and benefactor Famusov. Maxim Petrovich, the “character” of the historical anecdote that Famusov tells for the edification of Chatsky, in order to earn the favor of the empress, turned into a jester, amusing her with absurd falls.

I. S. Turgenev. "Mu Mu"
The fate of the mute serf Gerasim and Tatiana is decided by the lady. A person has no rights. What could be more terrible?

I. S. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter"
In the story “Biryuk,” the main character, a forester nicknamed Biryuk, lives a miserable life, despite conscientiously fulfilling his duties. The social structure of life is unfair.

N. A. Nekrasov “Railway”
The poem talks about who built the railroad. These are workers who were subjected to merciless exploitation. The structure of life, where arbitrariness reigns, is worthy of condemnation. In the Poem “Reflections at the Front Entrance”: peasants came from distant villages with a petition to the nobleman, but they were not accepted and driven away. The authorities do not take into account the position of the people.

L. N. Tolstoy “After the Ball”
The division of Russia into two parts, rich and poor, is shown. Social world arranged unfairly towards the weak.

N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”
There can be nothing holy or right in a world ruled by tyranny, wild and insane.

V.V. Mayakovsky

• In the play “The Bedbug,” Pierre Skripkin dreamed that his house would be “full.” Another hero, a former worker, states: “Whoever fought has the right to rest by a quiet river.” This position was alien to Mayakovsky. He dreamed of the spiritual growth of his contemporaries.

I. S. Turgenev “Notes of a Hunter”
Everyone’s personality is important for the development of the state, but not always talented people can develop their abilities for the benefit of society. For example, in “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev there are people whose talents the country does not need. Yakov (“The Singers”) gets drunk in a tavern. Truth-seeker Mitya (“Odnodvorets Ovsyannikov”) stands up for the serfs. Forester Biryuk carries out his service responsibly, but lives in poverty. Such people turned out to be unnecessary. They even laugh at them. It's not fair.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"
Despite the terrible details of camp life and the unjust structure of society, Solzhenitsyn's works are optimistic in spirit. The writer proved that even in the last degree of humiliation it is possible to preserve a person within oneself.

A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”
A person who is not accustomed to working does not find a worthy place in the life of society.

M. Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
Pechorin says that he felt strength in his soul, but did not know what to apply it to. Society is such that there is no worthy place for an extraordinary person in it.

And A. Goncharov. "Oblomov"
Ilya Oblomov, a kind and talented person, was unable to overcome himself and reveal his best features. The reason is the lack of high goals in the life of society.

A.M. Gorky
Many heroes of M. Gorky's stories talk about the meaning of life. The old gypsy Makar Chudra wondered why people worked. The heroes of the story “On the Salt” found themselves in the same dead end. There are wheelbarrows around them, salt dust that eats away their eyes. However, no one became embittered. Good feelings arise in the souls of even such oppressed people. The meaning of life, according to Gorky, is work. Everyone will start working conscientiously - you'll see, and together we will become richer and better. After all, “the wisdom of life is always deeper and more extensive than the wisdom of people.”

M. I. Weller “The Novel of Education”
The meaning of life is for those who themselves devote their activities for the sake of a cause that they consider necessary. The “Novel of Education” by M. I. Weller, one of the most published modern Russian writers. Indeed, there have always been many purposeful people, and now they live among us.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• The best heroes of the novel, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, saw the meaning of life in the desire for moral self-improvement. Each of them wanted “to be quite good, to bring good to people.”
• All of L.N. Tolstoy’s favorite heroes were engaged in an intense spiritual search. Reading the novel “War and Peace,” it is difficult not to sympathize with Prince Bolkonsky, a thinking, searching man. He read a lot and had an idea about everything. The hero found the meaning of his own life in the defense of the Fatherland. Not for the sake of an ambitious desire for glory, but because of love for the homeland.
• In search of the meaning of life, a person must choose his own direction. In L. N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” the fate of Andrei Bolkonsky - complex the path of moral losses and discoveries. The important thing is that, walking along this thorny road, he retained the true human dignity. It is no coincidence that M.I. Kutuzov will tell the hero: “Your road is the road of honor.” I also like extraordinary people who try to live not in vain.

I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”
Even the failures and disappointments of an exceptionally talented person are significant for society. For example, in the novel “Fathers and Sons,” Yevgeny Bazarov, a fighter for democracy, called himself an unnecessary person for Russia. However, his views anticipate the emergence of people capable of greater deeds and noble deeds.

V. Bykov “Sotnikov”
The problem of moral choice: what is better - to save your life at the cost of betrayal (as the hero of the story Rybak does) or to die not as a hero (no one will know about Sotnikov’s heroic death), but to die with dignity. Sotnikov makes a difficult moral choice: he dies while maintaining his human appearance.

M. M. Prishvin “Pantry of the Sun”
During the Great Patriotic War, Mitrasha and Nastya were left without parents. But hard work helped young children not only survive, but also earn the respect of their fellow villagers.

A. P. Platonov “In a beautiful and furious world”
Machinist Maltsev is completely devoted to work, his favorite profession. During a thunderstorm, he became blind, but his friend’s devotion and love for his chosen profession performed a miracle: he, having boarded his favorite locomotive, regained his sight.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Matryonin’s Dvor”
The main character has been accustomed to working all her life, helping other people, and although she has not acquired any benefits, she remains pure soul, righteous.

Ch. Aitmatov Novel “Mother Field”
The leitmotif of the novel is the spiritual responsiveness of hardworking rural women. Aliman, no matter what happens, has been working since dawn on the farm, in the melon patch, in the greenhouse. She feeds the country, the people! And the writer does not see anything higher than this share, this honor.

A.P. Chekhov. The story "Ionych"

• Dmitry Ionych Startsev chose an excellent profession. He became a doctor. However, the lack of perseverance and perseverance turned the once good doctor into a simple man in the street, for whom the main thing in life was money-grubbing and his own well-being. So, it is not enough to choose the right future profession, you need to preserve yourself morally and morally in it.
• The time comes when each of us is faced with choosing a profession. The hero of the story, A.P., dreamed of honestly serving people. Chekhov “Ionych”, Dmitry Startsev. The profession he has chosen is the most humane. However, having settled in a city where the most educated people turned out to be small and limited, Startsev did not find the strength to resist stagnation and inertia. The doctor turned into a simple man in the street, thinking little about his patients. So, the most valuable condition in order not to live a boring life - honest creative work, no matter what profession a person chooses.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"
A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland and people, and who knows how to understand them at the right moment, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are the ordinary people in the novel who carry out their duty without lofty phrases.

F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment"
Rodion Raskolnikov creates his own theory: the world is divided into those “who have the right” and “trembling creatures.” According to his theory, a person is capable of creating history, like Mohammed and Napoleon. They commit atrocities in the name of “great goals.” Raskolnikov's theory fails. In fact, true freedom lies in subordinating one's aspirations to the interests of society, in the ability to make the right moral choice.

V. Bykov “Obelisk”
The problem of freedom can be seen especially clearly in V. Bykov’s story “Obelisk”. Teacher Frost had a choice to stay alive or die along with his students. He always taught them goodness and justice. He had to choose death, but he remained a morally free person.

A.M. Gorky "At the Bottom"
Is there a way in the world to break free from the vicious circle of life's worries and desires? M. Gorky tried to answer this question in his play “At the Lower Depths.” In addition, the writer posed another pressing question: can one who has humbled himself be considered a free person? Thus, the contradiction between the slave's truth and individual freedom is an eternal problem.

A. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”
Opposition to evil and tyranny attracted special attention of Russian writers of the 19th century. The oppressive power of evil is shown in A. N. Ostrovsky’s play “The Thunderstorm”. A young, gifted woman, Katerina, is a strong person. She found the strength to challenge tyranny. The conflict between the situation of the “dark kingdom” and the light peace of mind, unfortunately, ended tragically.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Gulag Archipelago”
Pictures of abuse, cruel treatment of political prisoners.

A.A. Akhmatova's Poem "Requiem"
This work is about the repeated arrests of her husband and son; the poem was written under the influence of numerous meetings with mothers and relatives of prisoners in the Cross, a St. Petersburg prison.

N. Nekrasov “In the trenches of Stalingrad”
In Nekrasov's story there is the terrible truth about the heroism of those people whom totalitarian state have always been considered “cogs” in the huge body of the state machine. The writer mercilessly condemned those who calmly sent people to their deaths, who shot people for a lost sapper shovel, who kept people in fear.

V. Soloukhin
The secret of comprehending beauty, according to the famous publicist V. Soloukhin, lies in admiring life and nature. The beauty scattered in the world will enrich us spiritually if we learn to contemplate it. The author is sure that you need to stop in front of her, “without thinking about time,” only then will she “invite you as an interlocutor.”

K. Paustovsky
The great Russian writer K. Paustovsky wrote that “you need to immerse yourself in nature, as if you plunged your face into a pile of rain-wet leaves and felt their luxurious coolness, their smell, their breath. Simply put, nature must be loved, and this love will find the right ways to express itself with the greatest strength.”

Yu. Gribov
The modern publicist and writer Yu. Gribov argued that “beauty lives in the heart of every person and it is very important to awaken it, not to let it die without waking up.”

V. Rasputin “Deadline”
Children who had come from the city gathered at the bedside of their dying mother. Before her death, the mother seems to go to the place of judgment. She sees that there is no previous mutual understanding between her and the children, the children are separated, they have forgotten about the moral lessons they received in childhood. Anna passes away from life, difficult and simple, with dignity, and her children still have time to live. The story ends tragically. Hurrying about some of their business, the children leave their mother to die alone. Unable to bear such a terrible blow, she dies that same night. Rasputin reproaches the children of the collective farmer for insincerity, moral coldness, forgetfulness and vanity.

K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram”
K. G. Paustovsky's story “Telegram” is not a banal story about a lonely old woman and an inattentive daughter. Paustovsky shows that Nastya is not soulless: she sympathizes with Timofeev, spends a lot of time organizing his exhibition. How could it happen that Nastya, who cares about others, shows inattention to her own mother? It turns out that it is one thing to be passionate about work, to do it with all your heart, to give it all your strength, physical and mental, and another thing to remember about your loved ones, about your mother - the most sacred being in the world, not limiting yourself only to money transfers and short notes. Harmony between concerns for those “distant” and love for oneself to a loved one It was not possible to reach Nastya. This is the tragedy of her situation, this is the reason for the feeling of irreparable guilt, the unbearable heaviness that visits her after the death of her mother and which will settle in her soul forever.

F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
The main character of the work, Rodion Raskolnikov, did many good deeds. He is a kind person by nature who takes other people’s pain hard and always helps people. So Raskolnikov saves children from the fire, gives his last money to the Marmeladovs, tries to protect a drunken girl from men pestering her, worries about his sister Dunya, tries to prevent her marriage with Luzhin in order to protect her from humiliation, loves and pities his mother, tries not to bother her with his problems. But Raskolnikov’s trouble is that he chose a completely inappropriate means to achieve such global goals. Unlike Raskolnikov, Sonya does truly beautiful things. She sacrifices herself for the sake of her loved ones because she loves them. Yes, Sonya is a harlot, but she did not have the opportunity to quickly earn money honestly, and her family was dying of hunger. This woman destroys herself, but her soul remains pure, because she believes in God and tries to do good to everyone, loving and compassionate in a Christian way.
Sonya's most beautiful act is saving Raskolnikov...
Sonya Marmeladova's whole life is self-sacrifice. With the power of her love, she elevates Raskolnikov to herself, helps him overcome his sin and resurrect. The actions of Sonya Marmeladova express all the beauty of human action.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Pierre Bezukhov is one of the writer’s favorite heroes. Being at odds with his wife, feeling disgusted by the life in the world that they lead, worrying after his duel with Dolokhov, Pierre involuntarily asks eternal, but such important questions for him: “What is bad? What well? Why live, and what am I?” And when one of the smartest Masonic figures calls on him to change his life and purify himself by serving good, to benefit his neighbor, Pierre sincerely believed “in the possibility of the brotherhood of people united with the goal of supporting each other on the path of virtue.” And to achieve this goal, Pierre does everything. what he considers necessary: ​​donates money to the brotherhood, establishes schools, hospitals and shelters, tries to make the life of peasant women with small children easier. His actions are always in harmony with his conscience, and the feeling of rightness gives him confidence in life.

Pontius Pilate sent the innocent Yeshua to execution. For the rest of his life, the procurator was tormented by his conscience; he could not forgive himself for his cowardice. The hero received peace only when Yeshua himself forgave him and said that there was no execution.

F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment.”

Raskolnikov killed the old pawnbroker to prove to himself that he was a “superior” being. But after the crime, his conscience torments him, a persecution mania develops, and the hero distances himself from his loved ones. At the end of the novel, he repents of the murder and takes the path of spiritual healing.

M. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of Man”
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man.” It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who, during the war,
lost all my relatives. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act shows that love and desire
doing good gives a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

The Kuragin family are greedy, selfish, vile people. In pursuit of money and power, they are capable of any immoral acts. So, for example, Helen tricks Pierre into marrying her and takes advantage of his wealth, bringing him a lot of suffering and humiliation.

N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls”.

Plyushkin subordinated his entire life to hoarding. And if at first this was dictated by frugality, then his desire to save crossed all boundaries, he saved on the essentials, lived, limiting himself in everything, and even broke off relations with his daughter, fearing that she would lay claim to his “riches.”

The role of flowers

I.A. Goncharov “Oblomov”.

Oblomov in love gave Olga Ilyinskaya a branch of lilac. Lilac became a symbol of the hero’s spiritual transformation: he became active, cheerful, and cheerful when he fell in love with Olga.

M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”.

Thanks to the bright yellow flowers in Margarita’s hands, the Master saw her in the gray crowd. The heroes fell in love with each other at first sight and carried their feeling through many trials.

M. Gorky.

The writer recalled that he learned a lot from books. He did not have the opportunity to receive an education, so it was in books that he gained knowledge, an understanding of the world, and knowledge about the laws of literature.

A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”.

Tatyana Larina grew up reading romance novels. Books made her dreamy and romantic. She created for herself an ideal lover, the hero of her novel, whom she dreamed of meeting in real life.

1) The problem of historical memory (responsibility for the bitter and terrible consequences of the past)
The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central issues in literature in the mid-20th century. For example, A.T. Tvardovsky in his poem “By Right of Memory” calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in A.A. Akhmatova’s poem “Requiem”. The verdict on the state system, based on injustice and lies, is pronounced by A.I. Solzhenitsyn in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”
2) The problem of preserving ancient monuments and caring for them .
The problem of caring for cultural heritage has always remained at the center of general attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when a change in the political system was accompanied by the overthrow of previous values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospect from being built up with standard high-rise buildings. The Kuskovo and Abramtsevo estates were restored using funds from Russian cinematographers. Caring for ancient monuments also distinguishes Tula residents: the appearance of the historical city center, churches, and Kremlin is preserved.
The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.
3) The problem of attitude to the past, loss of memory, roots.
“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (A.S. Pushkin). Chingiz Aitmatov called a person who does not remember his kinship, who has lost his memory, mankurt (“Stormy stop”). Mankurt is a man forcibly deprived of memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he comes from, does not know his name, does not remember his childhood, father and mother - in a word, he does not recognize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous to society, the writer warns.
Quite recently, on the eve of the great Victory Day, young people were asked on the streets of our city whether they knew about the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, about who we fought with, who G. Zhukov was... The answers were depressing: the younger generation does not know dates of the start of the war, names of commanders, many have not heard about the Battle of Stalingrad, about Kursk Bulge...
The problem of forgetting the past is very serious. A person who does not respect history and does not honor his ancestors is the same mankurt. I just want to remind these young people of the piercing cry from the legend of Ch. Aitmatov: “Remember, whose are you? What is your name?"
4) The problem of a false goal in life.
“A person needs not three arshins of land, not an estate, but the entire globe. All of nature, where in the open space he could demonstrate all the properties of a free spirit,” wrote A.P. Chekhov. Life without a goal is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story “Gooseberry”. Its hero, Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Himalayan, dreams of purchasing his own estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. In the end, he reaches her, but at the same time almost loses his human appearance (“he’s gained weight, he’s flabby... - just behold, he’ll grunt into the blanket”). A false goal, an obsession with the material, narrow, and limited, disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life...
I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco” showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.
5) The meaning of human life. Searching for a life path.
The image of Oblomov (I.A. Goncharov) is the image of a man who wanted to achieve a lot in life. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.
M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths” showed the drama of “former people” who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.
N. Gogol, an exposer of human vices, persistently searches for a living human soul. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become “a hole in the body of humanity,” he passionately calls on the reader entering adulthood to take with him all “human movements” and not to lose them on the road of life.
Life is a movement along an endless road. Some travel along it “for official reasons,” asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others are frightened by this road, running to their wide sofa, because “life touches you everywhere, it gets you” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual self. One of them is Pierre Bezukhov, the hero of the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of the “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, and too easily succumbs to rude flattery, the reason for which is his enormous fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helen, a duel with Dolokhov... And as a result - a complete loss of the meaning of life. “What's wrong? What well? What should you love and what should you hate? Why live and what am I?” - these questions scroll through your head countless times until a sober understanding of life sets in. On the way to him, there is the experience of Freemasonry, and observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the folk philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and man lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual self.
6) Self-sacrifice. Love for one's neighbor. Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity.
In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, a former siege survivor recalls that his life, as a dying teenager, was saved during a terrible famine by a neighbor who brought a can of stew sent by his son from the front. “I’m already old, and you’re young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved retained a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.
The tragedy occurred in the Krasnodar region. A fire started in a nursing home where sick old people lived. Among the 62 who were burned alive was 53-year-old nurse Lidiya Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When the fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them escape. But I didn’t save myself - I didn’t have time.
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man.” It tells the story of the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.
7) The problem of indifference. Callous and soulless attitude towards people.
“People satisfied with themselves,” accustomed to comfort, people with petty proprietary interests are the same heroes of Chekhov, “people in cases.” This is Doctor Startsev in “Ionych”, and teacher Belikov in “The Man in the Case”. Let us remember how “chubby, red” Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides “in a troika with bells,” and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red,” shouts: “Keep it right!” “Keep the law” - this is, after all, detachment from human troubles and problems. There should be no obstacles on their prosperous path of life. And in Belikov’s “no matter what happens” we see only an indifferent attitude towards the problems of other people. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals, but simply philistines, ordinary people who imagine themselves to be “masters of life.”
8) The problem of friendship, comradely duty.
Front-line service is an almost legendary expression; There is no doubt that there is no stronger and more devoted friendship between people. Literary examples there's plenty of that. In Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba” one of the heroes exclaims: “There are no brighter bonds than comradeship!” But most often this topic was discussed in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. In B. Vasilyev’s story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet...” both the anti-aircraft gunner girls and Captain Vaskov live according to the laws of mutual assistance and responsibility for each other. In K. Simonov’s novel “The Living and the Dead,” Captain Sintsov carries a wounded comrade from the battlefield.
9) The problem of scientific progress.
In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a “dog’s heart” is not yet a person, because there is no soul in it, no love, honor, nobility.
The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be completely defeated. But for many people this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. How will this immortality turn out for a person?
10) The problem of the patriarchal village way of life. The problem of beauty, morally healthy beauty
village life.
In Russian literature, the theme of the village and the theme of the homeland were often combined. Rural life has always been perceived as the most serene and natural. One of the first to express this idea was Pushkin, who called the village his office. ON THE. In his poems and poems, Nekrasov drew the reader’s attention not only to the poverty of peasant huts, but also to how friendly peasant families are and how hospitable Russian women are. Much is said about the originality of the farm way of life in Sholokhov’s epic novel “Quiet Don”. In Rasputin’s story “Farewell to Matera,” the ancient village is endowed with historical memory, the loss of which is tantamount to death for the inhabitants.
11) The problem of labor. Enjoyment from meaningful activity.
The theme of labor has been developed many times in Russian classical and modern literature. As an example, it is enough to recall I.A. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”. The hero of this work, Andrei Stolts, sees the meaning of life not as a result of work, but in the process itself. We see a similar example in Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor.” His heroine does not perceive forced labor as punishment, punishment - she treats work as an integral part of existence.
12) The problem of the influence of laziness on a person.
Chekhov's essay “My “she”” lists all the terrible consequences of the influence of laziness on people.
13) The problem of the future of Russia.
The topic of the future of Russia has been touched upon by many poets and writers. For example, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, in a lyrical digression of the poem “Dead Souls,” compares Russia with a “brisk, irresistible troika.” “Rus', where are you going?” he asks. But the author does not have an answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in his poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn is rising, bright and hot. And it will be so forever and indestructibly. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible!” He is confident that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop it.
14) The problem of the influence of art on a person.
Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have various effects on the nervous system and human tone. It is generally accepted that Bach's works enhance and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music awakens compassion and cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.
Dmitri Shostakovich's seventh symphony is subtitled "Leningrad". But the name “Legendary” suits her better. The fact is that when the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the residents of the city were greatly influenced by Dmitry Shostakovich’s 7th Symphony, which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.
15) The problem of anticulture.
This problem is still relevant today. Nowadays there is a dominance of “soap operas” on television, which significantly reduce the level of our culture. As another example, we can recall literature. The theme of “disculturation” is well explored in the novel “The Master and Margarita”. MASSOLIT employees write bad works and at the same time dine in restaurants and have dachas. They are admired and their literature is revered.
16) The problem of modern television.
A gang operated in Moscow for a long time, which was particularly cruel. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior and their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film “Natural Born Killers,” which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the characters in this picture in real life.
Many modern athletes watched TV when they were children and wanted to be like the athletes of their time. Through television broadcasts they became acquainted with the sport and its heroes. Of course, there are also the opposite cases, when a person became addicted to TV and had to be treated in special clinics.
17) The problem of clogging the Russian language.
I believe that the use of foreign words in native language justified only if there is no equivalent. Many of our writers fought against the contamination of the Russian language with borrowings. M. Gorky pointed out: “It makes it difficult for our reader to insert foreign words into a Russian phrase. There is no point in writing concentration when we have our own good word- condensation."
Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who for some time held the post of Minister of Education, proposed replacing the word fountain with the clumsy synonym he invented - water cannon. While practicing word creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested saying instead of alley - prosad, billiards - sharokat, replaced the cue with sarotyk, and called the library a bookmaker. To replace the word galoshes, which he did not like, he came up with another word - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation among contemporaries.
18) The problem of destruction of natural resources.
If the press began to write about the disaster threatening humanity only in the last ten to fifteen years, then Ch. Aitmatov spoke about this problem back in the 70s in his story “After the Fairy Tale” (“The White Ship”). He showed the destructiveness and hopelessness of the path if a person destroys nature. She takes revenge with degeneration and lack of spirituality. The writer continues this theme in his subsequent works: “And the day lasts longer than a century” (“Stormy Stop”), “The Block”, “Cassandra’s Brand”.
Especially strong feeling produces the novel "The Scaffold". Using the example of a wolf family, the author showed the death of wildlife due to human economic activity. And how scary it becomes when you see that, when compared with humans, predators look more humane and “humane” than the “crown of creation.” So for what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?
19) Imposing your opinion on others.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. “Lake, cloud, tower...” The main character, Vasily Ivanovich, is a modest employee who has won a pleasure trip to nature.
20) The theme of war in literature.
Very often, when congratulating our friends or relatives, we wish them a peaceful sky above their heads. We don't want their families to suffer the hardships of war. War! These five letters carry with them a sea of ​​blood, tears, suffering, and most importantly, the death of people dear to our hearts. There have always been wars on our planet. People's hearts have always been filled with the pain of loss. From everywhere where the war is going on, you can hear the groans of mothers, the cries of children and deafening explosions that tear our souls and hearts. To our great happiness, we know about the war only from feature films and literary works.
Our country has suffered many trials during the war. IN early XIX century, Russia was shocked by the Patriotic War of 1812. The patriotic spirit of the Russian people was shown by L.N. Tolstoy in his epic novel “War and Peace”. Guerrilla warfare, battle of Borodino- all this and much more appears before us with our own eyes. We are witnessing the terrible everyday life of war. Tolstoy talks about how for many, war has become the most commonplace thing. They (for example, Tushin) perform heroic deeds on the battlefields, but they themselves do not notice it. For them, war is a job that they must do conscientiously. But war can become commonplace not only on the battlefield. An entire city can get used to the idea of ​​war and continue to live, resigning itself to it. Such a city in 1855 was Sevastopol. L. N. Tolstoy tells about the difficult months of the defense of Sevastopol in his “ Sevastopol stories" Here the events taking place are described especially reliably, since Tolstoy is an eyewitness to them. And after what he saw and heard in a city full of blood and pain, he set himself a definite goal - to tell his reader only the truth - and nothing but the truth. The bombing of the city did not stop. More and more fortifications were required. Sailors and soldiers worked in the snow and rain, half-starved, half-naked, but they still worked. And here everyone is simply amazed by the courage of their spirit, willpower, and enormous patriotism. Their wives, mothers, and children lived with them in this city. They had become so accustomed to the situation in the city that they no longer paid attention to shots or explosions. Very often they brought dinners to their husbands directly to the bastions, and one shell could often destroy the entire family. Tolstoy shows us that the worst thing in war happens in the hospital: “You will see doctors there with their hands bloodied to the elbows... busy near the bed on which, with with open eyes and speaking as if in delirium, meaningless, sometimes simple and touching words, lies wounded under the influence of chloroform.” War for Tolstoy is dirt, pain, violence, no matter what goals it pursues: “...you will see war not in a correct, beautiful and brilliant system, with music and drumbeats, with fluttering banners and prancing generals, but you will see war in its real expression - in blood, in suffering, in death...” The heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 once again shows everyone how much the Russian people love their Motherland and how boldly they come to its defense. Sparing no effort, using any means, they (the Russian people) do not allow the enemy to seize their native land.
In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But this will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941 - 1945. In this war against fascism Soviet people will accomplish an extraordinary feat that we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers dedicated their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. This hard times It is also characteristic that women fought in the ranks of the Red Army along with men. And even the fact that they are representatives of the weaker sex did not stop them. They fought the fear within themselves and performed such heroic deeds that, it seemed, were completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasiliev’s story “And the dawns here are quiet...”. Five girls and their combat commander F. Basque find themselves on the Sinyukhina Ridge with sixteen fascists who are heading to the railway, absolutely confident that no one knows about the progress of their operation. Our fighters found themselves in a difficult situation: they couldn’t retreat, but stay, because the Germans were eating them like seeds. But there is no way out! The Motherland is behind you! And these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. How carefree was the life of these girls before the war?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Planes, tanks, guns, shots, screams, moans... But they did not break and gave for victory the most precious thing they had - life. They gave their lives for their Motherland.
But there is a civil war on earth, in which a person can give his life without ever knowing why. 1918 Russia. Brother kills brother, father kills son, son kills father. Everything is mixed in the fire of anger, everything is devalued: love, kinship, human life. M. Tsvetaeva writes: Brothers, this is the last rate! For the third year now, Abel has been fighting with Cain...
People become weapons in the hands of power. Dividing into two camps, friends become enemies, relatives become strangers forever. I. Babel, A. Fadeev and many others talk about this difficult time.
I. Babel served in the ranks of Budyonny’s First Cavalry Army. There he kept his diary, which later turned into the now famous work “Cavalry.” The stories of “Cavalry” talk about a man who found himself in the fire of the Civil War. The main character Lyutov tells us about individual episodes of the campaign of Budyonny’s First Cavalry Army, which was famous for its victories. But on the pages of the stories we do not feel the victorious spirit. We see the cruelty of the Red Army soldiers, their composure and indifference. They can kill an old Jew without the slightest hesitation, but what is more terrible is that they can finish off their wounded comrade without a moment's hesitation. But what is all this for? I. Babel did not give an answer to this question. He leaves it to his reader to speculate.
The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.
From the pages of their works we learn that war is not only the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeats, but war is harsh everyday life, filled with blood, pain, violence. The memory of these days will live in our memory forever. Maybe the day will come when the moans and cries of mothers, volleys and shots will cease on earth, when our land will meet a day without war!
The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “the Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone from the skeleton and go with it to the fascist” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people in the “time of grief”, their resilience, courage, daily heroism - this is the real reason victory. In the novel by Yu. Bondarev “ Hot Snow“reflects the most tragic moments of the war, when Manstein’s brutal tanks rush towards the group encircled in Stalingrad. Young artillerymen, yesterday's boys, are holding back the onslaught of the Nazis with superhuman efforts. The sky was blood-smoked, the snow was melting from bullets, the earth was burning underfoot, but the Russian soldier survived - he did not allow the tanks to break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, disregarding all conventions, without award papers, presented orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What I can, what I can…” he says bitterly, approaching the next soldier. The general could, but what about the authorities? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments of history?
The problem of the moral strength of a common soldier
The bearer of folk morality in war is, for example, Valega, Lieutenant Kerzhentsev’s orderly from V. Nekrasov’s story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad.” He is barely familiar with reading and writing, confuses the multiplication table, will not really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a rickety shack in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - with fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And when it comes down to it, he will show these Germans where the crayfish spend the winter.
The expression “national character” most closely matches Valega. He volunteered for the war and quickly adapted to the hardships of war, because his peaceful peasant life was not all that pleasant. In between fights, he doesn’t sit idle for a minute. He knows how to cut hair, shave, mend boots, make a fire in the pouring rain, and darn socks. Can catch fish, pick berries and mushrooms. And he does everything silently, quietly. A simple peasant guy, only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is confident that a soldier like Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.
The problem of the heroic everyday life of war
The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoronic metaphor that connects the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. You get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze you with its suddenness. There is such an episode from V. Nekrasov (“In the Trenches of Stalingrad”): a killed soldier lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a still smoking cigarette butt is stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now there was death. And it’s simply unbearable for the hero of the novel to see this...
But even in war, soldiers do not live by “one bullet”: in short hours of rest they sing, write letters and even read. As for the heroes of “In the Trenches of Stalingrad,” Karnaukhov is a fan of Jack London, the division commander also loves Martin Eden, some draw, some write poetry. The Volga foams from shells and bombs, but the people on the shore do not change their spiritual passions. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not manage to crush them, throw them beyond the Volga, and dry up their souls and minds.
21) The theme of the Motherland in literature.
Lermontov in the poem “Motherland” says that he loves his native land, but cannot explain why and for what.
You can't help but start with this greatest monument ancient Russian literature, such as “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” All thoughts and all feelings of the author of “The Lay...” are directed to the Russian land as a whole, to the Russian people. He talks about the vast expanses of his Motherland, about its rivers, mountains, steppes, cities, villages. But the Russian land for the author of “The Lay...” is not only Russian nature and Russian cities. These are, first of all, the Russian people. Narrating about Igor's campaign, the author does not forget about the Russian people. Igor undertook a campaign against the Polovtsians “for the Russian land.” His warriors are “Rusichs”, Russian sons. Crossing the border of Rus', they say goodbye to their Motherland, to the Russian land, and the author exclaims: “Oh Russian land! You’re already over the hill.”
In the friendly message “To Chaadaev” there is a fiery appeal from the poet to the Fatherland to dedicate “the beautiful impulses of the soul.”
22) The theme of nature and man in Russian literature.
The modern writer V. Rasputin argued: “To talk about ecology today means to talk not about changing life, but about saving it.” Unfortunately, the state of our ecology is very catastrophic. This is manifested in the impoverishment of flora and fauna. Further, the author says that “a gradual adaptation to danger occurs,” that is, the person does not notice how serious the current situation is. Let us recall the problem associated with the Aral Sea. The bottom of the Aral Sea has become so exposed that the shores from the sea ports are tens of kilometers away. The climate changed very sharply, and animals became extinct. All these troubles greatly affected the lives of people living in the Aral Sea. Over the past two decades, the Aral Sea has lost half of its volume and more than a third of its area. The exposed bottom of a huge area turned into a desert, which became known as Aralkum. In addition, the Aral Sea contains millions of tons of toxic salts. This problem cannot but worry people. In the eighties, expeditions were organized to solve the problems and causes of the death of the Aral Sea. Doctors, scientists, writers reflected and studied the materials of these expeditions.
V. Rasputin in the article “In the fate of nature is our fate” reflects on the relationship between man and the environment. “Today there is no need to guess “whose groan is heard over the great Russian river.” It is the Volga itself that is groaning, dug up length and breadth, spanned by hydroelectric dams,” the author writes. Looking at the Volga, you especially understand the price of our civilization, that is, the benefits that man has created for himself. It seems that everything that was possible has been defeated, even the future of humanity.
The problem of the relationship between man and the environment is also raised by the modern writer Ch. Aitmatov in his work “The Scaffold”. He showed how a man destroys with his own hands colorful world nature.
The novel begins with a description of the life of a wolf pack that lives quietly before the appearance of man. He literally demolishes and destroys everything in his path, without thinking about surrounding nature. The reason for such cruelty was simply difficulties with the meat delivery plan. People mocked the saigas: “The fear reached such proportions that the she-wolf Akbara, deaf from the gunshots, thought that the whole world had gone deaf, and the sun itself was also rushing about and looking for salvation...” In this tragedy, Akbara’s children die, but this is her grief doesn't end. Further, the author writes that people started a fire in which five more Akbara wolf cubs died. People, for the sake of their own goals, could “gut the globe like a pumpkin,” not suspecting that nature would also take revenge on them sooner or later. A lone wolf is drawn to people, wants to transfer her maternal love to a human child. It turned into a tragedy, but this time for the people. A man, in a fit of fear and hatred of the she-wolf’s incomprehensible behavior, shoots at her, but ends up hitting his own son.
This example speaks of the barbaric attitude of people towards nature, towards everything that surrounds us. I wish there were more caring and kind people in our lives.
Academician D. Likhachev wrote: “Humanity spends billions not only to avoid suffocation and death, but also to preserve the nature around us.” Of course, everyone is well aware of the healing power of nature. I think that a person should become its master, its protector, and its intelligent transformer. A beloved leisurely river, a birch grove, a restless bird world... We will not harm them, but will try to protect them.
In this century, man is actively interfering with the natural processes of the Earth’s shells: extracting millions of tons of minerals, destroying thousands of hectares of forest, polluting the waters of seas and rivers, and releasing toxic substances into the atmosphere. One of the most important environmental problems century there has been water pollution. A sharp deterioration in the quality of water in rivers and lakes cannot and will not affect human health, especially in areas with dense populations. The environmental consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants are sad. The echo of Chernobyl swept across the entire European part of Russia, and will affect people’s health for a long time.
Thus, as a result of economic activities, people cause great damage to nature, and at the same time to their health. How then can a person build his relationship with nature? Each person in his activities must treat every living thing on Earth with care, not alienate himself from nature, not strive to rise above it, but remember that he is part of it.
23) Man and the state.
Zamyatin “We” people are numbers. We only had 2 free hours.
The problem of the artist and power
The problem of the artist and power in Russian literature is perhaps one of the most painful. It is marked with particular tragedy in the history of twentieth-century literature. A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, O. Mandelstam, M. Bulgakov, B. Pasternak, M. Zoshchenko, A. Solzhenitsyn (the list goes on) - each of them felt the “care” of the state, and each reflected it in their work. One Zhdanov decree of August 14, 1946 could have crossed out the biography of A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko. B. Pasternak created the novel “Doctor Zhivago” during a period of severe government pressure on the writer, during the period of struggle against cosmopolitanism. The persecution of the writer resumed with particular force after he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his novel. The Writers' Union expelled Pasternak from its ranks, presenting him as an internal emigrant, a person discrediting a worthy title Soviet writer. And this is because the poet told the people the truth about the tragic fate of the Russian intellectual, doctor, poet Yuri Zhivago.
Creativity is the only way for the creator to become immortal. “For the power, for the livery, do not bend either your conscience, your thoughts, or your neck” - this is the testament of A.S. Pushkin (“From Pindemonti”) became decisive in the choice creative path true artists.
Emigration problem
There is a feeling of bitterness when people leave their homeland. Some are expelled by force, others leave on their own due to some circumstances, but not one of them forgets their Fatherland, the house where they were born, their native land. There is, for example, I.A. Bunin's story "Mowers", written in 1921. This story is about a seemingly insignificant event: Ryazan mowers who came to the Oryol region are walking in a birch forest, mowing and singing. But it was precisely in this insignificant moment that Bunin was able to discern something immeasurable and distant, connected with all of Russia. The small space of the story is filled with radiant light, wonderful sounds and viscous smells, and the result is not a story, but a bright lake, some kind of Svetloyar, in which all of Russia is reflected. It is not for nothing that during the reading of “Kostsov” by Bunin in Paris at a literary evening (there were two hundred people), according to the recollections of the writer’s wife, many cried. It was a cry for lost Russia, a nostalgic feeling for the Motherland. Bunin lived in exile most his life, but wrote only about Russia.
An emigrant of the third wave, S. Dovlatov, leaving the USSR, took with him a single suitcase, “an old, plywood, covered with fabric, tied with a clothesline,” - he went with it to the pioneer camp. There were no treasures in it: a double-breasted suit lay on top, a poplin shirt underneath, then in turn a winter hat, Finnish crepe socks, driver's gloves and an officer's belt. These things became the basis for short stories-memories about the homeland. They have no material value, they are signs of priceless, absurd in their own way, but only life. Eight things - eight stories, and each is a kind of report on the past Soviet life. A life that will remain forever with the emigrant Dovlatov.
The problem of the intelligentsia
According to academician D.S. Likhachev, “the basic principle of intelligence is intellectual freedom, freedom as moral category" Not single intelligent person only from your conscience. The title of intellectual in Russian literature is deservedly borne by the heroes of B. Pasternak (“Doctor Zhivago”) and Y. Dombrowski (“Faculty of Unnecessary Things”). Neither Zhivago nor Zybin compromised with their own conscience. They do not accept violence in any form, be it Civil War or Stalinist repressions. There is another type of Russian intellectual who betrays this high title. One of them is the hero of Y. Trifonov’s story “Exchange” Dmitriev. His mother is seriously ill, his wife offers to exchange two rooms for a separate apartment, although the relationship between the daughter-in-law and mother-in-law did not work out in the best possible way. At first, Dmitriev is indignant, criticizes his wife for lack of spirituality and philistinism, but then agrees with her, believing that she is right. There are more and more things in the apartment, food, expensive furniture: the density of life is increasing, things are replacing spiritual life. In this regard, another work comes to mind - “Suitcase” by S. Dovlatov. Most likely, the “suitcase” with rags taken by journalist S. Dovlatov to America would only cause Dmitriev and his wife a feeling of disgust. At the same time, for Dovlatov’s hero, things have no material value, they are a reminder of his past youth, friends, and creative searches.
24) The problem of fathers and children.
The problem of difficult relationships between parents and children is reflected in the literature. L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, and A.S. Pushkin wrote about this. I would like to turn to A. Vampilov’s play “The Eldest Son,” where the author shows the attitude of children towards their father. Both son and daughter openly consider their father a loser, an eccentric, and are indifferent to his experiences and feelings. The father silently endures everything, finds excuses for all the ungrateful actions of the children, asks them only for one thing: not to leave him alone. The main character of the play sees how someone else's family is being destroyed before his eyes, and sincerely tries to help the kindest man-father. His intervention helps to overcome a difficult period in the relationship of children with a loved one.
25) The problem of quarrels. Human enmity.
In Pushkin’s story “Dubrovsky,” a casually thrown word led to enmity and many troubles for former neighbors. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the family feud ended with the death of the main characters.
“The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” Svyatoslav pronounces the “golden word”, condemning Igor and Vsevolod, who violated feudal obedience, which led to a new attack of the Polovtsians on Russian lands.
26) Caring for the beauty of the native land.
In Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans”

The problem of people's attitude towards animals is very important these days. This is precisely what the writer Valeeva makes you think about in her story. Over what this attitude should be. The writer shows very cruel and indifferent things. The picture she describes is depressing and terrifying. And great sympathy rises in my soul for the two main characters of the work. A pair of wolves living in a zoo.

Every day is a test for animals. Their life in captivity is difficult and unbearable. They were fed poorly, and the animals became very thin. One day, a wolf was brutally beaten with iron rods just because he tried to escape in an effort to be free. This incident gave the animal lameness. The zoo workers treated the wolf and she-wolf with disdain and indifference. During ten years of life in captivity, the predators never received names. Beautiful and strong animals slowly died among cruel people. And if wolf cubs appeared, they were almost always immediately taken away from their mother, only once allowing the she-wolf to feed them. According to the writer, such an attitude towards animals is unacceptable, and cruelty and indifference must be fought.

I agree with Valeeva’s point of view.

Indeed, our smaller brothers need to be treated with love and care. It is very important to always show humanity and kindness towards animals. Abuse of them is a huge evil that needs to be fought. We need to learn to protect and understand nature. And it’s worth starting with animals, which are an important part of it.

In fiction, there are many works that discuss the relationship between man and animal. This is a very old and important question. It has been thought about for many times. This problem has been of interest to many people for a very long time.

The problem of the relationship between man and animal is raised in L. Andreev's story "Bite". The work tells the story of a stray dog, embittered at the world and people. One day she settles in one of the dachas where people come in the summer. They tamed the dog, gave it a nickname, made it fall in love and become attached to them. The animal became kind and joyful. But then the people left and left Kusaka alone. They acted very cruelly towards the unfortunate dog.

In the story of G.N Troepolsky, the question of the relationship between man and animal is of great importance. The hero of the story, hunter Ivan Ivanovich, has a dog named Bim. The man was very attached to his pet. Ivan Ivanovich took him hunting and taught him. But one day he got sick and left for surgery. Bim was left alone. The dog went in search of his owner and got lost among the city and people. Returning from the hospital, Ivan Ivanovich looked for the dog and hoped for the best until the last. The death of a friend was a tragedy for the hunter.

So, the attitude towards animals should be careful and caring. It is important to treat our smaller brothers with respect and love. After all, someone who treats an animal badly cannot treat anyone well.

Effective preparation for the Unified State Exam (all subjects) - start preparing

Updated: 2017-03-11

Attention!
If you notice an error or typo, highlight the text and click Ctrl+Enter.
By doing so, you will provide invaluable benefit to the project and other readers.

Thank you for your attention.