The concept of literary language. Literary language. Its main features

The most amazing and wise thing that humanity has created is language.

Literary language- This is the main means of communication between people of the same nationality. It is characterized by two main properties: processing and normalization.

The refinement of a literary language arises as a result of a purposeful selection of all the best that is in the language. This selection is carried out in the process of using the language, as a result of special research by philologists and public figures.

Standardization is the use of linguistic means regulated by a single universally binding norm. A norm as a set of rules of word usage is necessary to preserve integrity and general intelligibility national language, to transmit information from one generation to another. If there were no single language norm, then changes could occur in the language in which people living in different parts of Russia would cease to understand each other.

The main requirements that a literary language must meet are its unity and general intelligibility.

The modern Russian literary language is multifunctional and is used in various spheres of human activity.

The main ones are: politics, science, culture, verbal art, education, everyday communication, interethnic communication, print, radio, television.

If we compare the varieties of the national language (vernacular, territorial and social dialects, jargons), the literary language plays a leading role. It includes the best ways to designate concepts and objects, express thoughts and emotions. There is constant interaction between the literary language and non-literary varieties of the Russian language. This is most clearly revealed in the sphere of spoken language.

In scientific linguistic literature, the main features of a literary language are identified:

1) processing;

2) sustainability;

3) mandatory (for all native speakers);

4) normalization;

5) the presence of functional styles.

The Russian literary language exists in two forms - oral and written. Each form of speech has its own specifics.

The Russian language in its broadest concept is the totality of all words, grammatical forms, pronunciation features of all Russian people, that is, all who speak Russian as their native language. The more correct and precise the speech, the more accessible it is to understanding, the more beautiful and expressive it is, the stronger its impact on the listener or reader. To speak correctly and beautifully, you need to observe the laws of logic (consistency, evidence) and the norms of literary language, maintain the unity of style, avoid repetition, and take care of the euphony of speech.

The main features of Russian literary pronunciation were formed precisely on the basis of the phonetics of Central Russian dialects. Nowadays, dialects are being destroyed under the pressure of the literary language.

2. Multifunctionality of the Russian literary language. Differences in the functions of literary language and the language of fiction

The basis of speech culture is the literary language. It constitutes the highest form of the national language. It is the language of culture, literature, education, and the media.

Modern Russian is multifunctional, that is, it is used in various spheres of human activity. The means of literary language (vocabulary, grammatical structures, etc.) are functionally differentiated by use in various fields of activity. The use of certain linguistic means depends on the type of communication. Literary language is divided into two functional varieties: colloquial and bookish. In accordance with this, colloquial speech and book language are distinguished.

In oral conversation, there are three styles of pronunciation: full, neutral, colloquial.

One of the most important properties of a book language is its ability to preserve text and thereby serve as a means of communication between generations. The functions of book language are numerous and become more complex with the development of society. When identifying styles of the national language, many varieties are taken into account, covering linguistic material from “high”, bookish elements to “low”, colloquial elements. What functional styles is book language divided into?

Functional style is a type of book language that is characteristic of a certain sphere of human activity and has a certain

significant originality in the use of linguistic means. There are three main styles in book language: scientific, official business, and journalistic.

Along with the listed styles, there is also the language of fiction. It is classified as the fourth functional style of book language. However, what is characteristic of artistic speech is that all linguistic means can be used here: words and expressions of the literary language, elements of vernacular, jargon, and territorial dialects. The author uses these means to express the idea of ​​the work, give it expressiveness, reflect local color, etc.

The main function of artistic speech is impact. Used exclusively in works of art. Also, such speech has an aesthetic function, as well as an evaluation and communicative function. Fiction acts as an assessment of the surrounding world and an expression of attitude towards it.

Rhyme and rhythm are the distinctive features of speech. The tasks of artistic speech are to influence the feelings and thoughts of the reader and listener, and to evoke empathy in him.

The addressee is, as a rule, any person. Conditions of communication – participants in communication are separated by time and space.

Linguistic means of artistic speech (words with a figurative meaning, emotional-figurative words, concrete words (not birds, but thunder), interrogative, exclamatory, incentive sentences, with homogeneous members.

ON THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE OF SPEECH

ON THE TOPIC: LITERARY LANGUAGE AND ITS BASIC FEATURES

KHABAROVSK, 2011

Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

IN different eras, among different peoples and nationalities, in different historical conditions, specific systems of social variants of language develop - social stratification languages. A need arose for a single so-called supra-territorial version of the language for the state with special communicative properties (increased accuracy of speech, the ability to convey a variety of logical relations, stability over time, specialization, etc.). After all government must convey its orders to all residents of the country, these orders must be understandable to everyone. This need is satisfied by the emergence of its own literary language.

Correctness of speech is one of the problems that interested scientists different generations. This problem arises especially acutely in times of transition for society, when social problems are pushing cultural ones into the background. In times of stability, public opinion, the prestige of education, and the desire for a high level of personal culture are the factors that restrain the process of clogging the literary language with non-literary units. In unstable eras there is simply no time to pay attention to these issues. A kind of censorship still exists at the level of the media, diplomacy, office work, and science, but it is not so strict.

The state of the language today resembles the situation in the first decades of the 20th century, a time when literary speech A whole stream of non-normative elements “gushed out”. It was in the first decades of the 20th century that active work began on studying language norms and compiling dictionaries. During this period, G.O. wrote about the correctness and richness of speech. Vinokur, V.V. Vinogradov, K.S. Skvortsov, S.I. Ozhegov and other linguists.

1. Origin of the Russian literary language

The literary Russian language began to take shape many centuries ago. There are still debates in science about its basis, about the role of the Church Slavonic language in its origin. The Russian language belongs to the Indo-European family. Its origins go back to the existence and collapse of the common European (proto-Slavic) language. From this pan-Slavic unity (VI-VII centuries) several groups are distinguished: eastern, western and southern. It was in the East Slavic group that the Russian language would later emerge (XV century).

The Kiev state used a mixed language, which was called Church Slavonic. All liturgical literature, being copied from Old Church Slavonic Byzantine and Bulgarian sources, reflected the norms of the Old Church Slavonic language. However, words and elements of the Old Russian language penetrated into this literature. In parallel to this style of language, there was also secular and business literature. If examples of the Church Slavonic language are the “Psalter”, “Gospel” and so on, then an example of secular and business language Ancient Rus' considered "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", "The Tale of Bygone Years", "Russian Truth".

In Ancient Rus' there were two types of literary language:

) book Slavic literary language, based on Old Church Slavonic and used primarily in church literature;

) a folk literary language based on the living Old Russian language and used in secular literature.

The further development of the literary language continued in the works of great Russian writers, publicists, and in the diverse activities of the Russian people. End of the 19th century to the present - the second period of development of the modern literary Russian language. This period is characterized by well-established language norms, but these norms are being improved over time.

2. Literary language: its features and functions

Any common language exists in 4 main forms, one of which is normative, the rest are non-normative. The main form of the national language is the literary language. A literary language is an exemplary, standardized and codified form of the national language, which has a rich lexical fund and a developed system of styles.

Signs of a literary language:

Normalization is a relatively stable way of expression, reflecting the historical patterns of language development, based on the language system, enshrined in the best examples of literature and preferred by the educated part of society. Literary language allows for the phenomenon of norm variation (though in different eras of the development of a literary language, the amplitude of variations in variations varies).

codification (fixation of normative units in dictionaries, reference books, grammars),

rich vocabulary,

Availability functional styles, each of which has special features,

compulsory for all native speakers to learn and use,

widely used for communication in all areas public life(education and science, politics, office work, media, culture, etc.),

presence of rich fiction in this language,

relative stability of vocabulary,

consumption throughout all territories of the nation.

The main task of the literary language is to unite the nation and preserve it cultural heritage.

Functions of literary language

Modern Russian literary language multifunctional, i.e. it performs the functions of the everyday language of literate people, the language of science, journalism, government controlled, language of culture, literature, education, media, etc. However, in certain situations the functions of the literary language may be limited (for example, it may function mainly in written speech, while territorial dialects are used in oral speech). Literary language is used in various spheres of social and individual human activity. Literary language differs from the language of fiction, but at the same time it seems to be formed from it. Main sign the language of fiction is that it performs a great aesthetic function, which is capable of influencing the reader with the help of a specially organized language figurative content. This also includes the function of communication, which is implemented in dialogues and polylogues actively created on the pages of works. The highest norm of the language of fiction is its aesthetic motivation, i.e. When using language in an aesthetic function, the form of the message acts not only as a sign of one meaning or another, but also turns out to be significant in itself, represents a system of linguistic means for expressing figurative content, and ultimately the ideological and artistic concept, namely, it becomes aesthetically motivated . The language of fiction contains not only literary standardized speech, but also the individual style of the author and the speech of the characters created by the author. Stylized literary texts and the speech of the characters suggest a deviation from the norm, the creation of an individual style and expressive text.

Artistic speech is characterized by the use of all linguistic means. Linguistic means include not only words and expressions of the literary language, but also elements of vernacular, jargon, and territorial dialects. The language of fiction is closely related to the system of images works of art, it widely uses epithets, metaphors, personification, animation of inanimate objects, etc. Many means of literary language acquire a special function: antonyms and synonyms are used to more colorfully describe characters, their characters, habits, habits, etc.

The usual concept of a linguistic norm is not applicable to the language of fiction. In the language of fiction, everything that serves to accurately express the author’s thoughts is correct. This is the main difference between the language of fiction and literary language.

3. The concept of literary language norms

A literary norm is the rules of pronunciation, formation and use linguistic units in speech. Otherwise, a norm is defined as objectively established rules for the implementation of a language system. The norms are divided depending on the regulated tier of the language into following types:

) orthoepic (norms for pronunciation of words and their forms),

2) accentological (stress norms, a special case of orthoepic ones),

3) lexical (norms for the use of words, depending on their meaning),

) phraseological (norms for the use of phraseological units),

) word formation (rules for creating new words according to known language models),

) morphological (rules of formation and change of parts of speech),

) syntactic (rules for combining word forms into phrases and sentences). The last two norms are often combined under common name- “grammatical norms”, since morphology and syntax are closely interconnected.

Depending on the regulated form of speech, norms are divided into:

those that are characteristic only of oral speech (these are orthoepic and accentological;

characteristic only of written speech (spelling, punctuation);

regulating both oral and written speech (all other types).

A literary norm is characterized by its obligatory nature for all native speakers, use in all spheres of public life, relative stability, and prevalence across all tiers of the language system.

The main function of the norm is protective; its purpose is to preserve the richness of the literary language. The sources of changes in the norms of the literary language are different: living, colloquial speech, local dialects, vernacular, professional jargon, other languages.

Changes in norms are preceded by the appearance of their variants, which actually exist in the language at a certain stage of its development and are actively used by its speakers. Variants of norms are reflected in dictionaries of modern literary language.

The historical change in the norms of a literary language is a natural, objective phenomenon. It does not depend on the will and desire of individual language speakers. The development of society, changes in the social way of life, the emergence of new traditions, and the functioning of literature lead to the constant updating of the literary language and its norms.

literary language speech sign

Conclusion

The norm of a literary language is a rather complex phenomenon that changes over time. Changes in the norm are especially noticeable in oral speech, since it is oral speech that represents the most mobile layer of the language. The result of changing norms is the emergence of options. The variability of pronunciation and stress norms became the subject of this work.

The "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" records a significant number of spelling variants for words. Some options are equal (for example, bar? rzha and barge?), in other words, one of the options is the main one (for example, industry and additional obsolete industry).

The work also discusses issues related to the types of norms, with the characteristics of various norms of the modern Russian literary language. In science, types of norms are distinguished depending on the level of language, as well as norms that are strictly mandatory and not strictly mandatory. The last division is connected precisely with the availability of options.

The work presents issues related to orthoepic (phonetic and accentological) norms. The basic rules for the pronunciation of vowels and consonants are described.

List of sources used

1. Borunova S.N. and others. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. Approximately 63,500 words / Edited by R.I. Avanesova. M., 1983.

Vvedenskaya L.A. and others. Culture and art of speech. - Rostov-on-Don, 1995.

Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language. - M., 2003. - 448 p.

Gorbachevich K.S. Word variation and linguistic norm. - L., 1978.

Gorbachevich K.S. Norms of modern Russian literary language. - M., 1981.

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Introduction……………………………………………………………………….1
Literary language…………………………………………………………….2
Dialect, jargon, argotism…………………………………………………….4
Book and literary spoken language……………………………...6
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….8
References……………………………………………………………...9

Introduction

“Language is created by the people,” said A.M. Gorky.- The division of a language into literary and folk means only that we have, so to speak, a “raw” language and one processed by masters. The first who perfectly understood this was Pushkin, he was the first to show how to use the speech material of the people, how to process it.”
So what is literary language? There is a clear definition for this phrase.
Literary language is basically a national language, processed and creatively enriched by masters of words, therefore it must be considered as the highest achievement of the speech culture of the people. This highest form national language, the result of speech creativity of the entire people, led by them outstanding masters words. The means and norms of literary expression are not only created by all native speakers, but - what is very important - are carefully and carefully protected by society as a great cultural value. The activity of the masters of words, as it were, leads and crowns this entire creative process.
But such rigor in defining the greatest Russian language is unthinkable. For many centuries, great Russian poets tried to give a literary touch to the everyday Russian language.
In our work, the goal is to consider the emergence of the term “literary language”, its changes over time and its varieties.

Literary language

Literary language is the common written language of one or another people, and sometimes several peoples - the language of official business documents, schooling, written and everyday communication, science, journalism, fiction, all manifestations of culture expressed in verbal form, often written, but sometimes oral. That is why there are differences between written-book and oral-spoken forms of literary language, the emergence, correlation and interaction of which are subject to certain historical patterns.
It is difficult to point out another linguistic phenomenon that would be understood as differently as literary language. Some are convinced that the literary language is the same national language, only “polished” by masters of the language, i.e. writers, word artists; Proponents of this view, first of all, have in mind the literary language of modern times and, moreover, among peoples with a rich literary literature. Others believe that literary language is a written language, a bookish language, opposed to living speech, spoken language. Still others believe that a literary language is a language that is generally significant for a given people, in contrast to dialect and jargon, which do not have signs of such universal significance. Supporters of this view sometimes argue that a literary language can exist in the preliterate period as the language of folk verbal and poetic creativity or customary law.
The presence of different understandings of the phenomenon denoted by the term “literary language” indicates an insufficient disclosure by science of the specifics of this phenomenon, its place in the general system of language, its function, and its social role. Meanwhile, despite all the differences in the understanding of this phenomenon, the literary language is a linguistic reality that is not subject to any doubt. Literary language is a means of developing social life, material and spiritual progress of a given people, an instrument of social struggle, as well as a means of educating the masses and introducing them to the achievements of national culture, science and technology. Literary language is always the result of collective creative activity.
The study of a literary language, no matter how it is understood, entails the study of such phenomena as “dialects”, “jargons”, on the one hand, “spoken language”, “written language” - on the other, linguistic, speech and literary “style” " - from the third. The study of a literary language is closely connected with the study of literature, the history of language, and the cultural history of a given people. Given some historical uncertainty in understanding the essence of the literary language, it is one of the most effective tools of enlightenment and is in contact with the tasks of education and school. All this testifies to the paramount scientific and practical importance of the problem of literary language. 1
Literary language can be divided into territorial language (dialects), social language (jargon, vernacular), and professional language (argotism). It is also worth highlighting the division of the literary language into varieties; book literary language and spoken literary language.

Dialect, jargon and argotism

Dialect – (from the Greek “to speak, to express”) a type of language that is used as a means of communication between people connected by the same territory. A dialect is a complete system of speech communication (oral or signed, but not necessarily written) with its own vocabulary and grammar. Traditionally, dialects were understood primarily as rural territorial dialects.
In sociolinguistics and at the everyday level, dialects are contrasted with the standard or literary language. From this point of view, the dialect is characterized by the following features:

social, age and partly gender limitations of the circle of dialect speakers (in Russia these are mainly older generation village residents);
limiting the scope of use of the dialect to family and everyday situations;
the formation of semi-dialects as a result of the interaction and mutual influence of various dialects and the associated restructuring of relations between the elements of dialect systems;
leveling out the uniqueness of dialectal speech under the influence of the literary language (through the media, books, education system, etc.) and the emergence of intermediate forms - for example, dialectally colored literary speech.

Book and spoken literary language

Book language is an achievement and heritage of culture. He is the main keeper and transmitter of cultural information. All types of indirect (distant) communication are carried out by means of book language. Scientific works, fiction and educational literature, diplomatic and business correspondence, newspaper and magazine products and much more cannot be imagined without the bookish literary language. Its functions are enormous and become even more complex with the development of civilization. The modern Russian book and literary language is a powerful tool of communication. It contains all the means necessary for a variety of communication purposes, and, above all, for the expression of abstract concepts and relationships.
The complex connections traced by scientists and writers in the material and spiritual world are described in scientific language. Oral, colloquial speech is not suitable for this: it is impossible to transmit from mouth to mouth syntactically cumbersome texts, rich in special terminology and complex in semantic terms. The property of book-written speech to preserve the text and thereby strengthen the ability of the literary language to be a connection between generations is one of the main properties of the book language.
A colloquial variety of literary language, used in various types of everyday relationships between people, provided that communication is easy. Conversational speech is distinguished from bookish and written speech not only by its form (this is oral and, moreover, predominantly dialogical speech), but also by such features as unpreparedness, unplanning, spontaneousness (compare, for example, with reading a report, the text of which is written in advance), immediacy of contact between participants in communication.
The spoken variety of the literary language, unlike the bookish and written one, is not subject to targeted normalization, but it has certain norms as a result of speech tradition. This type of literary language is not so clearly divided into speech genres. However, here, too, various speech features can be distinguished - depending on the conditions in which communication takes place, on the relationship of the participants in the conversation, etc. compare, for example, a conversation between friends, colleagues, a conversation at a table, a conversation between an adult and a child, a dialogue between a seller and a buyer and etc.

Conclusion

The splendor of the Russian language is famous among all nations. As for the term “literary language,” one of its disadvantages is a certain ambiguity - the possibility of using it in two meanings: as a designation of the language of fiction and as a designation of a processed form of language.
On the other hand, the unchanging and constant quality of a literary language, which always distinguishes it from other forms of existence of a language and most fully expresses its specificity, is the processing of language and the selection and relative regulation associated with it.
We have introduced several varieties of literary language:

Dialect,
Jargon,
Argotism,
Book literary language,
Spoken literary language.

Bibliography

1. Vinogradov V.V. “Selected works. History of the Russian literary language" - M., 1978. - P. 288-297
2. Shakhmatov A. A. “Essay on the modern Russian literary language” - M., 1941.

Introduction

It is generally accepted that the Russian literary language took shape in the theoretical heritage of the great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov and was formed in artistic creativity writers of the 18th-19th centuries, where the main role belonged to A.S. Pushkin. The modern Russian language is recognized as having finally emerged late XIX V. Thus, the period of its formation lasts almost two centuries. This is not surprising, because language is one of the stable phenomena, changes in it occur gradually and the concept of modernity is defined over decades. The Russian language in its modern state represents a rich, almost boundless structure. In its modern state, the Russian language includes common elements colloquial speech, territorial (dialects), social (colloquial, professional) and functional (jargon). The basis of the modern Russian language is the literary language, which has a system of norms and rules for its use.

The concept of literary language

Literary language is a processed form of the national language, which has more or less written norms; the language of all manifestations of culture expressed in verbal form.

Literary language is the main means of serving the communicative needs of society; it is contrasted with the uncodified subsystems of the national language - territorial dialects, urban koine (urban vernacular), professional and social jargons.

The concept of a literary language can be defined both on the basis of the linguistic properties inherent in a given subsystem of the national language, and by delimiting the totality of speakers of this subsystem, isolating it from the general composition of people speaking a given language.

It is difficult to point out another linguistic phenomenon that would be understood as differently as literary language.

Some are convinced that the literary language is the same national language, only “polished” by masters of the language, i.e. writers, word artists; Proponents of this view, first of all, have in mind the literary language of modern times and, moreover, among peoples with a rich literary literature.

Others believe that literary language is a written language, a bookish language, opposed to living speech, spoken language. The basis of this understanding is literary languages ​​with ancient writing.

Still others believe that a literary language is a language that is generally significant for a given people, in contrast to dialect and jargon, which do not have signs of such universal significance. Supporters of this view sometimes argue that a literary language can exist in the preliterate period as the language of folk verbal and poetic creativity or customary law.

The term “literary language” in its origin turns out to be connected with the concept of “literature”, and in its etymological understanding - “based on the letter”, i.e. on the letter, in fact, written language. Indeed, the medieval literary language is only a written language, a collection of texts for literary purposes. All other features of a literary language follow from this abstract definition through the term and therefore seem logical and understandable. Literary language constitutes the highest form of the national language. It is the language of culture, literature, education, and the media. He serves different areas human activity: politics, science, legislation, official business communication, everyday communication, interethnic communication, print, radio, television.

Among the varieties of the national language (vernacular, territorial and social dialects, jargons), the literary language plays a leading role.

Main features of a literary language:

• - processing (literary language is a language processed by masters of words: writers, poets, scientists, public figures);
• - stability (stability);
• - mandatory for all native speakers;
• - normalization is a fairly stable way of expression that expresses historically established patterns of development of the Russian literary language. Normalization is based on the language system and is enshrined in the best examples of literary works. This method of expression is preferred by the educated part of society;
• - stylistic diversity, i.e. the variety of functional styles of the literary language;
• - presence of writing;
• - codification, i.e. fixed in scientific literature; this is expressed in the availability of grammatical dictionaries and other books containing rules for using the language;
• - prevalence;
• - common use;
• - compliance with the use, customs and capabilities of the language system.

Literary language is the common written language of one or another people, and sometimes several peoples - the language of official business documents, school teaching, written and everyday communication, science, journalism, fiction, all manifestations of culture expressed in verbal form, often written, but sometimes verbally. That is why there are differences between written-book and oral-spoken forms of literary language, the emergence, correlation and interaction of which are subject to certain historical patterns.

Modern Russian is the national language of the Russian people, a form of Russian national culture. It represents a historically established linguistic community and unites the entire set of linguistic means of the Russian people, including all Russian dialects and dialects, as well as various jargons.

Russian language is included in the group Slavic languages, which form a separate branch in the Indo-European family of languages ​​and are divided into three subgroups:

Eastern (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian);

Western (Polish, Czech, Slovak, Lusatian);

Southern (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian).

The modern Russian literary language is the language of fiction, science, print, radio, television, theater, school, and government acts. The most important feature it is standardized, which means that the composition of the vocabulary of the literary language is strictly selected from the general treasury of the national language; the meaning and use of words, pronunciation, spelling, and the formation of grammatical forms follow a generally accepted pattern.

The Russian literary language has two forms - oral and written, which are characterized by features both in terms of lexical composition and grammatical structure, since they are designed for different types of perception - auditory and visual. Written literary language differs from oral language in the greater complexity of syntax, the predominance of abstract vocabulary, as well as terminological vocabulary, mainly international in its use.

The Russian language performs three functions:

National Russian language;

One of the languages ​​of interethnic communication of the peoples of Russia;

One of the most important world languages.

Writers and public figures give high marks to the Russian language. Also M.V. Lomonosov admired its wealth, emphasizing that the Russian language “has a natural abundance, beauty and strength than any other European language does not yield." N.M. Karamzin noted: “How much time does it take to completely master the spirit of your language? Voltaire rightly said that at the age of six you can learn all the main languages, but that throughout your life you need to learn your natural one. We Russians have even more work than others.”

The Russian language is the national language of the Russian people. But not all Russians speak exactly the same way. Differences in speech depend on the cultural level of a person, on his profession, lifestyle, age, on whether he lives in a city or in a village, and, finally, on where this city or this village is located. The Russian language is the totality of its grammatical forms, the pronunciation features of all Russian people.

Among the varieties of the Russian language, the Russian literary language clearly stands out. It is the language of books, newspapers, theater, radio and television, government agencies And educational institutions. It has a number of features that distinguish it from other forms of language existence: refinement, normalization, breadth of social functioning, universal binding for all members of the team, a variety of speech styles used in various spheres of communication. As the highest form of the national language, the literary language can to a certain extent be contrasted with other varieties - vernacular, dialects and jargons.

Vernacular speech is the peculiarities of the language of townspeople in different localities, consisting in the use of words, expressions, grammatical forms, stresses, etc. that are not accepted in the literary language. Vernacular speech, unlike dialects, is not limited to territory. In the speech of people of the north and south, west and east, you can find the words just now, in vain, theirs, probably, belly, get away, grammatical forms of affairs, engineer, places, chatter, incorrect stress in the words briefcase, parterre, belt, etc.

Dialects are Russian folk dialects (mainly peasant dialects). The dialects have their own vocabulary, their own grammatical and phonetic features. This is easy to notice by comparing, for example, the speech of a Smolensk peasant and an Arkhangelsk Pomor, rural residents of the Ryazan region and the Vladimir region, etc.

Jargon is the speech of a group of people united by a common interest, occupation, profession, etc.

Vernacular

Vernacular speech is a unique phenomenon characteristic of the Russian language and widespread in it. However, any strict definition of this phenomenon philological science still not worked out. First of all, there is no clear idea of ​​who makes up the circle of vernacular speakers. Due to the fact that recently elements of vernacular have penetrated into various areas social communication and are used in speech by representatives of various social strata, the question of its essence and boundaries of functioning is becoming increasingly relevant.

Colloquialisms are words, expressions, grammatical forms and phrases used in literary language, usually for the purpose of a reduced, rough description of the subject, as well as simple casual speech with these words, forms and phrases. Vernacular speech is characteristic of poorly educated native speakers, and clearly deviates from existing literary language norms. The term “vernacular” was introduced by Dmitry Ushakov to mean “the speech of the uneducated and semi-educated urban population who do not know literary norms.”

Vernacular speech is characteristic of non-literary urban colloquial speech, which contains many recent dialect words, words of colloquial origin, new formations that arise to characterize various everyday phenomena, word-forming variants of neutral vocabulary. A colloquial word is used in literary language as stylistic device to give speech a tone of humorous, dismissive, ironic, rude, etc. Often these words are expressive, expressive synonyms for words in neutral vocabulary. The connection between the literary language and spoken language is very strong. More precisely, colloquial speech is part of the literary language. The changes that occur in language are a product of the development of society, its spiritual and material culture, science and technology. Replenishment vocabulary literary language is carried out through the transition of spoken, colloquial words into written speech. The most typical places for the implementation of vernacular: family (communication within the family and with relatives), “gatherings” in the courtyard of communal houses, court (witness testimony, reception with a judge), doctor’s office (patient’s story about an illness) and a few others.

In modern vernacular, two temporary layers are distinguished - a layer of old, traditional means that clearly reveal their dialectal origin, and a layer of relatively new means that came into common parlance mainly from social jargons. In accordance with this, a distinction is made between vernacular-1 and vernacular-2.

The speakers of vernacular-1 are elderly city dwellers with a low educational and cultural level; Among the speakers of vernacular-2, representatives of the middle and younger generations predominate, also without sufficient education and characterized by a relatively low cultural level.

The main features of vernacular at the phonetic level are:

General carelessness of speech. Blurred picture of speech in articulatory and acoustic terms;

Low volume, fast pace, minimal mouth opening, unintelligible speech;

Oversimplification of consonant clusters. Example: “skok” instead of “how much”, “right now” instead of “now”, “kada” instead of “when”;

Inexpressive intonation.

Characteristic of Russian vernacular special forms addresses: bro, fellow countryman, zema, kid (to a young man - a speaker of the vernacular), father, dad (to an elderly man), mother (to an elderly woman). The forms of proper names are formed differently than in the literary language, for example, with the help of suffixes: -ok, -yan, -(yu)kha: Lenok (from Lena, Elena), Sanyok, Sanya (from Sasha, Alexander), Tolyan (from Tolya, Anatoly). Elderly speakers of vernacular are addressed using the words uncle and aunt: Uncle Kolya, Aunt Lyuba. It is typical for a speaker of the vernacular to use the common language, regardless of the age and gender of the interlocutor. Vernacular-2 is characterized by the use of diminutives (i.e., words with diminutive suffixes).

In the field of phonetics, the specificity of vernacular-1 lies not in the set of phonemes - it is basically the same as in the literary language, but in their speech implementation, and especially in their compatibility with each other. In particular, the following phenomena attract attention:
- elimination of the so-called gaping by inserting between two adjacent vowels [j] or [v]: [p"ijan"ina] piano, [kakava] cocoa;
- contraction of vowels (this phenomenon is also characteristic of the colloquial variety of the literary language, but in common speech -1 it is represented much more widely and consistently): [pr"ibr"ila] acquired, [n'kavo] from no one, [by law] outside the window ;
- assimilation of vowels of neighboring syllables: [karas"in] kerosene, [p"ir" im"ida] pyramid;
- simplification of consonant groups by inserting a vowel: [zhyz "in"] life, [rub "ate"] ruble;
- simplification of the syllabic structure of words, especially in foreign languages: [v"it"inar] veterinarian, [matafon] tape recorder;
- cutting off part of the consonantal combinations at the end of the word: [infark] heart attack, [sp"iktak] performance;
- dissimilation of consonants by place and method of formation: [kal"idor] corridor, [s"kl"itar"] secretary, [tranvai] tram;
- assimilation of consonants in place and method of formation, mainly in the endings of verb forms of 2 l. units h., accompanied by intersyllabic assimilation of vowels: [bais"i] you are afraid, [voz"is"i] you are fiddling;
- preservation of some types of assimilative softening of consonants, which are non-normative for the modern literary language: ko[n"f"]eta, ko[n"v"]ert, o[t"v"]etit, la[p"k"]i ;

Dialects

By its nature, the national language is heterogeneous. This is explained by the heterogeneity of the ethnic group itself as a community of people. Firstly, people unite based on territoriality, place of residence. As a means of communication, residents rural areas use dialects. Dialects (from the Greek dialektos conversation, patois, adverb) are varieties of the national language, opposed to the literary language, serving as a means of communication in speech groups distinguished on a geographical (territorial) basis. A territorial dialect is a means of communication among the population of a historically established region, characterized by specific ethnographic features.

The presence of dialects is the result of feudal fragmentation during the formation of Ancient Russia, then the Russian state. In the era of capitalism, despite the expansion of contacts between speakers of different dialects and the formation of a national language, territorial dialects are preserved, although they undergo some changes. In the 20th century, especially in the second half, in connection with the development of the media (print, radio, cinema, television, intervision), there is a process of degradation of dialects, their disappearance.

The study of dialects is of interest:

From a historical point of view: dialects retain archaic features that are not reflected in the literary language;

From the point of view of the formation of a literary language: on the basis of which main dialect and then the national language did the literary language develop; what features of other dialects does it borrow; how the literary language subsequently influences dialects and how dialects influence the literary language.

Secondly, social reasons contribute to the unification of people: common profession, occupation, interests, social status. For such societies, the means of communication is the social dialect. Since the social dialect has many varieties, in the scientific literature the terms jargon and argot are also used to name them.

Dialects are characterized by phonetic, lexical, and syntactic features that are revealed when comparing dialects with each other, as well as with the literary language. For example, a striking dialectal feature - tsokanie (two affricates [ts] and [ch'] of the literary language are not distinguished, pronounced as [ts]) - characterizes Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Pskov and some other dialects. Some dialects of the Oryol, Kursk, Tambov and Bryansk regions are characterized by the pronunciation [s] instead of the affricate [ts]: Kurisa naulise yaiso demolished. Another teaser notes clinking glasses (the affricates [ts] and [ch’] are pronounced like [ch’]): A sheep ran past our porch.

Dialectal differences can be small, so that speakers of different dialects can easily understand each other, but they can also be quite significant.

Under the influence of the literary language, dialects lose their most significant differences from it, become unified, lose their independence, partially enriching the literary language with some of their own features.

Jargon

We often hear the words “argot”, “jargon”, “slang”. And we often use jargon in our speech, in the opinion of some we pollute it, and in the opinion of others we transform the literary Russian language. Jargons began to exist since man learned to speak. This is the speech of some social or other united common interests group containing many words and expressions other than common language, including artificial, sometimes conditional. But what is jargon? Jargons are words and expressions that exist to quickly convey information in certain circles of people; they carry primitivism, which, when used by a narrow circle of people, is not dangerous, because it is very small in a separate group and people who use this jargon in their free time do not hear or use it. When jargon begins to enter society, it begins to acquire a threatening character. So why? For what? To whom? And in what situations is jargon necessary?
1) When a person seeks to destroy formality for easier mutual understanding or when one wants closer communication. For example, this phrase belongs to the owner of a large company: “Why are you huddling in the corners? Shall we grab a hundred grams?”
2) When you want to demonstrate your breadth of knowledge: “As they say knowledgeable people" and etc.
H) When you want to achieve the maximum effect of what you say.

Jargon permeates all levels of society, the media, cinema and even literature.

For the search modern slang Nowadays there is no need to go far. You just need to turn on the radio at high frequencies, where the presenters, or DJs as they call themselves, compete with each other in the “sharp” word. With the advent of crime chronicles on television, pervasive argotisms gained access there too.

Jargon can be found even in movies, although mostly in action films. This is evident even from the names, for example: “Informer”, “Katala”, “Cop Wars”, “Lawlessness”.

Jargon has its own aesthetics, its own ethics. For a jargon speaker, something that is rude and witty and goes against generally accepted norms is considered attractive. The main thing in in this case- originality. To bring people closer to their conventional world, to make completely harmless things funny and not scary - one of the goals of jargon.

There are many opinions about the attractiveness of jargon. Thus, the author of an article on the interjection function of jargon, O.B. Turbina, asserts their attractiveness with rough wit, originality, at all costs, and shocking opposition to the accepted norm. To quote the words of D.S. Likhachev: “The common opinion defines jargon as rude, vulgar, cynical. The argotists themselves tend to perceive it as a biting, daring, dashing and witty language,” she concludes: “Jargon is often an exponent of a special, vulgar and even criminal ideology. Together with the slang word, a concept unworthy of receiving the right to exist enters our lives. Not only the language, but also the speaker’s worldview becomes coarsened and primitive.

Liberalization of language takes wild forms in relation to swearing, “ swear words”, which, despite all the formidable protests, has been eternally tenacious in Russian oral life. Traditionally, even by name, an “unprintable word” today appears on the pages of newspapers, modern works performances. The author of one of the articles devoted to this problem, I. Ovchinnikova (“Freedom does not cancel decency”), sees in this the loss of the instinct of self-preservation and concern for the health of the nation. “Of course,” the author writes, “everyone knows curse words, including the dirtiest ones, because they are written on all fences. But any of us knows in the same way that these words are forbidden. And when vulgar language is heard from the stage, from the screen, and is replicated, they seem to receive citizenship rights. And since other creative people do not know how to limit themselves, to keep them within the limits established over centuries, it means that power must be used to protect the eyes and ears of those who do not want their whole life to turn into a station toilet.”

Computer jargon at all the new kind argot that has appeared recently. In the late 80s, along with the computer collapse, foreign terms and abbreviations, most often untranslatable, entered people’s speech. And gradually e-mail became “soap”, and Pentium became “penty”. Simultaneously with the jargon of programmers, a specific slang of people who are interested in technology, including computing, began to form.
Computer jargon contains colloquial speech with a familiar flavor. In it, as in other jargons, there are many Anglicisms. Many words were borrowed from other professional groups. For example, “teapot” (computer programmer) is taken from the argot of motorists. But still, the most popular of most systems turned out to be the method of metaphorization. Verb-associative metaphors from youth slang are also popular, sometimes meaning the same thing. Slow down (youth) - think slowly, think poorly and sit back, spend time computer games. Many computer jargon words are formed through word formation. For example, “walker” - from “to wander” with the suffix “K” - is a game where the hero is thrown into a certain area in order to find something or save someone he needs.
And now I will try to classify everything that has been said, based on the materials of the Computer magazine, and express it in examples:
1)Named from computer equipment:
clave, pedal - keyboard;
mouse, mouse, rat, tailed - “mouse” type manipulator;
armpit, mousehole, rag - rug, for the “mouse”;
2) Nicknames of people engaged in one or another type of activity:
the rapist is a programmer writing in the C programming language;
Hacker - programmer-cracker;
Teapot is a novice computer user;

CONCLUSION

Jargons unite people of the same occupation, and in the case of youth jargon, people of the same age. Although studying at school or college is a meager type of activity. But schoolchildren are growing up - and it is quite possible that in a few decades “lace” or “hawala” will become common words for the “great and mighty.” Here, it seemed like a decent word - “manhole”. But no, it was once just as informal and had the same meaning as the current word “brake”. Diverging slightly from the Russian language, I will say that in some languages ​​there are also similar transformations. So, French word tete (head) comes from Latin testa. But in Latin the head was called caput, and teata meant “hard shell.” So in modern Russian the head is called either a filly or a skull.
No one can predict the fate of this or that jargon. A word can be forgotten in a year, or it can remain for centuries...
I have not touched on many types of jargons, less well-known, but no less interesting, popular ones and those that have just appeared. For example, the slang of cellular subscribers, army slang, slang of businessmen, drug addicts, fans of Japanese art - anime, beggars, even representatives of non-traditional sexual orientation. The latter are a separate conversation.

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