What does modern literary language mean? Literary language. Its main features

Introduction……………………………………………………………………….1
Literary language…………………………………………………………….2
Dialect, jargon, argotism…………………………………………………….4
Book and literary spoken language……………………………...6
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….8
References……………………………………………………………...9

Introduction

“Language is created by the people,” said A.M. Gorky.- The division of a language into literary and folk means only that we have, so to speak, a “raw” language and one processed by masters. The first who perfectly understood this was Pushkin, he was the first to show how to use the speech material of the people, how to process it.”
So what is literary language? There is a clear definition for this phrase.
Literary language At its core, it is a national language, processed and creatively enriched by masters of speech, therefore it must be considered as the highest achievement of the speech culture of the people. This is the highest form of communication native language, the result of the speech creativity of the entire people, led by him outstanding masters words. The means and norms of literary expression are not only created by all native speakers, but - what is very important - are carefully and carefully protected by society as a great cultural value. The activity of masters of words, as it were, leads and crowns this entire creative process.
But such rigor in defining the greatest Russian language is unthinkable. For many centuries, great Russian poets tried to give a literary touch to the everyday Russian language.
In our work, the goal is to consider the emergence of the term “literary language”, its changes over time and its varieties.

Literary language

Literary language - mutual language the script of one or another people, and sometimes several peoples - the language of official business documents, schooling, written and everyday communication, science, journalism, fiction, all manifestations of culture expressed in verbal form, often written, but sometimes oral. That is why there are differences between written-book and oral-spoken forms of literary language, the emergence, correlation and interaction of which are subject to certain historical patterns.
It is difficult to point out another linguistic phenomenon that would be understood as differently as literary language. Some are convinced that the literary language is the same national language, only “polished” by masters of the language, i.e. writers, word artists; Proponents of this view, first of all, have in mind the literary language of modern times and, moreover, among peoples with a rich literary literature. Others believe that literary language is a written language, a bookish language, opposed to living speech, spoken language. Still others believe that a literary language is a language that is generally significant for a given people, in contrast to dialect and jargon, which do not have signs of such universal significance. Supporters of this view sometimes argue that a literary language can exist in the preliterate period as the language of folk verbal and poetic creativity or customary law.
The presence of different understandings of the phenomenon denoted by the term “literary language” indicates an insufficient disclosure by science of the specifics of this phenomenon, its place in the general system of language, its function, and its social role. Meanwhile, despite all the differences in the understanding of this phenomenon, the literary language is a linguistic reality that is not subject to any doubt. Literary language is a means of developing social life, material and spiritual progress of a given people, an instrument of social struggle, as well as a means of educating the masses and introducing them to the achievements of national culture, science and technology. Literary language is always the result of collective creative activity.
The study of a literary language, no matter how it is understood, entails the study of such phenomena as “dialects”, “jargons”, on the one hand, “ colloquial", "written language" - on the other, linguistic, speech and literary "style" - on the third. The study of a literary language is closely connected with the study of literature, the history of language, and the cultural history of a given people. Given some historical uncertainty in understanding the essence of the literary language, it is one of the most effective tools of education and is in contact with the tasks of education and school. All this testifies to the paramount scientific and practical importance of the problem of literary language. 1
Literary language can be divided into territorial language (dialects), social language (jargon, vernacular), and professional language (argotism). It is also worth highlighting the division of the literary language into varieties; book literary language and spoken literary language.

Dialect, jargon and argotism

Dialect – (from the Greek “to speak, to express”) a type of language that is used as a means of communication between people connected by the same territory. A dialect is a complete system of speech communication (oral or signed, but not necessarily written) with its own vocabulary and grammar. Traditionally, dialects were understood primarily as rural territorial dialects.
In sociolinguistics and at the everyday level, dialects are contrasted with the standard or literary language. From this point of view, the dialect is characterized by the following features:

social, age and partly gender limitations of the circle of dialect speakers (in Russia these are mainly older generation village residents);
limiting the scope of use of the dialect to family and everyday situations;
the formation of semi-dialects as a result of the interaction and mutual influence of various dialects and the associated restructuring of relations between the elements of dialect systems;
leveling out the uniqueness of dialectal speech under the influence of the literary language (through the media, books, education system, etc.) and the emergence of intermediate forms - for example, dialectally colored literary speech.

Book and spoken literary language

Book language is an achievement and heritage of culture. He is the main keeper and transmitter of cultural information. All types of indirect (distant) communication are carried out by means of book language. Scientific works, artistic and educational literature, diplomatic and business correspondence, newspaper and magazine products and much more cannot be imagined without bookish and literary language. Its functions are enormous and become even more complex with the development of civilization. The modern Russian book and literary language is a powerful tool of communication. It contains all the means necessary for a variety of communication purposes, and, above all, for the expression of abstract concepts and relationships.
The complex connections traced by scientists and writers in the material and spiritual world are described in scientific language. Oral, Speaking It is not suitable for this: it is impossible to transmit from mouth to mouth syntactically cumbersome texts, saturated with special terminology and complex in semantic terms. The property of book-written speech to preserve the text and thereby strengthen the ability of the literary language to be a connection between generations is one of the main properties of the book language.
A colloquial variety of literary language, used in various types of everyday relationships between people, provided that communication is easy. Conversational speech is distinguished from bookish and written speech not only by its form (this is oral and, moreover, predominantly dialogical speech), but also by such features as unpreparedness, unplanning, spontaneousness (compare, for example, with reading a report, the text of which is written in advance), immediacy of contact between participants in communication.
The spoken variety of the literary language, unlike the bookish and written one, is not subject to targeted normalization, but it has certain norms as a result of speech tradition. This type of literary language is not so clearly divided into speech genres. However, here, too, various speech features can be distinguished - depending on the conditions in which communication takes place, on the relationship of the participants in the conversation, etc. compare, for example, a conversation between friends, colleagues, a conversation at a table, a conversation between an adult and a child, a dialogue between a seller and a buyer and etc.

Conclusion

The splendor of the Russian language is famous among all nations. As for the term “literary language,” one of its disadvantages is a certain ambiguity - the possibility of using it in two meanings: as a designation of the language of fiction and as a designation of a processed form of language.
On the other hand, the unchanging and constant quality of a literary language, which always distinguishes it from other forms of existence of a language and most fully expresses its specificity, is the processing of language and the selection and relative regulation associated with it.
We have introduced several varieties of literary language:

Dialect,
Jargon,
Argotism,
Book literary language,
Spoken literary language.

Bibliography

1. Vinogradov V.V. “Selected works. History of the Russian literary language" - M., 1978. - P. 288-297
2. Shakhmatov A. A. “Essay on the modern Russian literary language” - M., 1941.

Literary language is the highest (supra-dialectal) form of existence of a language, which is characterized by high degree processing, multifunctionality, stylistic differentiation, tendency towards regulation.

According to its cultural and social status the literary language is opposed to territorial dialects, different types everyday spoken language, vernacular. Literary language is the language of official business documents, written and everyday communication, school teaching, the language of science, journalism, the language of fiction, all manifestations of culture that have a verbal form of expression.

Literary language is a historical category. He can serve not only the nation but also the people. There are, however, differences between the literary language of a nation and a nationality, which are associated both with the nature of the use of the language, the sphere of its distribution, and with the nature of its origin:

the literary language of a nationality, as a rule, has restrictions in the scope of its use (it can, for example, be used only as an official business language, as was the case in the 13th century in France, when the royal office used special kind language other than spoken), and therefore it is limited in the scope of its distribution, since it is known not to all members of the nationality, but only to part of it, while the literary language of a nation has no such restrictions: the main feature of a developed national literary language is its universality , the presence of unified (supra-dialectal) norms common to all members of the national community, covering all spheres of speech communication; The literary language of a nation is formed, as a rule, on a folk basis (on the basis of one or several dialects), while the literary language of a nationality can also be a “foreign language” (as was the case in the Middle Ages with in Latin among the Germanic, Roman and West Slavic peoples). It should, however, be said that this attribute is not absolute, since the literary language of a nationality can also be “its own” language (as, for example, the Old Russian language in the Moscow state).

The purpose of a literary language and its multifunctionality are closely related to the level of development of society, as well as to the linguistic situation in general: literary languages Western Europe for a long time were used mainly as the languages ​​of epic, poetry, prose, and only much later did they begin to serve science and education, since Latin dominated in these areas, i.e. the limitation of the functions of the literary language occurred as a result of its exclusion from the spheres of administrative management, science and business writing.

The main features of the national literary language are:

1) a tendency towards universality, supra-dialectality, which is manifested in the gradual separation of the literary language from the narrow regional characteristics of one (or several) dialects underlying it, and the consistent unification of the characteristics of different dialects, which are subjected to a unique cultural processing in the process of the historical development of the language; As a result, a functional and stylistic isolation of the literary language occurs, which is expressed in the presence of special layers of vocabulary inherent only to it, as well as syntactic models specific to book and written styles. The reason for this evolution of the literary language is that its purpose is different from that of the dialect: “the literary language is an instrument of spiritual culture and is intended for the development, development and deepening of not only fine literature, but also scientific, philosophical, religious and political thought; for these purposes, he has to have a completely different vocabulary and a different syntax than those with which popular dialects are content”; 1 Trubetskoy N.S. Story. Culture. Language. M., 1995, p. 166.

2) written fixation: the presence of writing influences the nature of the literary language, enriching its means of expression and expanding its scope of application (some scientists, however, believe that a literary language can exist in the preliterate period as the language of oral folk poetry);

3) normalization of the literary language, the existence of unified codified norms, i.e. rules of pronunciation, word usage, and use of grammatical and other means of language accepted in social speech practice. The concept of a norm as a linguistic ideal is central to the definition of a national literary language. A literary norm is formed in the process of socio-historical selection of linguistic elements. Orthoepic norms are usually based on pronunciation in the capital (since cultural life concentrated here), and the source of book and written norms are the works of the most authoritative writers for a given culture. The norm is characterized by prestige, stability, traditionality, limitation of variability, relative territorial uniformity;

4) universally binding norms and their codification (< лат. codificatio"systematization"), i.e. consolidation of these norms in the form of their systematic description in grammars, dictionaries, in various sets of rules on spelling, spelling, punctuation, etc.; recognition of the normativity of a particular linguistic phenomenon (pronunciation, word usage, etc.) is based on the following facts: the correspondence of this phenomenon to the structure of the language, its regular reproducibility, public approval. One of the forms of such approval is codification, which is designed to record in grammars, reference books, and dictionaries the phenomena that have developed in the process of social language practice. It is precisely this universality and codification of the norms of a literary language that makes it generally accepted, and therefore generally understandable. It should be said, however, that some scientists believe that the presence of codified norms is not a strictly obligatory feature of a literary language, referring to the system of norms in Panini’s grammar, when a national literary language had not yet been formed;

5) an extensive functional-stylistic system and expressive-stylistic differentiation of means of expression: in the history of literary languages ​​and their styles, three main styles are distinguished, having different sources of origin - bookish, neutral (or neutral-colloquial) and familiar-colloquial. Book style usually goes back to literary written language the previous period (although sometimes it can be associated with another language, for example, with Latin for Romance languages ​​or Old Church Slavonic for Slavic languages). Neutral style goes back to the general vernacular and above all to the language of the urban part of the population. The familiar vernacular style has its source in the language of the urban lower classes, professional groups, jargons, and dialects. Each of the styles within the literary language has its own differentiation;

6) dichotomy of the literary language, i.e. the unification in its composition of bookish and colloquial speech, which are opposed to each other as the main functional and stylistic spheres: a more strict type of literary language, reflected in normative grammars and dictionaries, is a codified literary language and in everyday everyday communication an uncodified literary language is colloquial speech . In the context of social transformations, especially with the development of the media, there is often an interpenetration of these functional and stylistic spheres, as a result of which there is a convergence of the spoken and book varieties of the literary language. Functional varieties literary language is realized in written and oral form: colloquial speech - in oral form (and only in letters - in written form), book speech - in written form (and only in dramatic genres- in oral form).

Different literary languages ​​may have their own characteristics in functioning. These features may arise from differences in social functions literary language, their different roles in the life of society, since some literary languages ​​are used both in written and oral form, and therefore are a means of interethnic and even interstate communication (for example, Russian, English, French, German, etc.), then just as other literary languages ​​are used only in written form, and in oral communication only on official occasions (for example, Arabic), sometimes they can be completely excluded from the sphere of official communication, as for example in Luxembourg, where French is recognized as the official language, while as fiction, means mass communication, the school uses Luxembourgish. The uniqueness of literary languages ​​is also generated by differences in the distance between literary and non-literary speech (colloquial speech, dialectisms, jargon): in the Russian language, for example, this barrier is easily permeable, moreover, it can be deliberately violated by the speaker in order to achieve expressiveness, expressiveness of speech, whereas in the French language this phenomenon is not permissible, since the literary language and vernacular are significantly removed from each other. It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of “literary language” and “language of fiction”: literary language covers not only the language of fiction, but also the language of science, government (official business language), the language of oral presentations, etc., therefore, in functional terms - this is an extremely capacious concept. At the same time, its functioning is determined by the literary and linguistic norm, which does not allow the penetration of vernacular, jargon, dialectisms or argotisms into it. “The language of fiction” is a broader concept in terms of content, since in the language works of art there are no forbidden words: in order to achieve expressiveness and color in a character’s speech, the writer can introduce dialectisms or jargon that are not acceptable in a literary language (cf., for example, the works of M.A. Sholokhov, V.M. Shukshin), i.e. Guided by artistic expediency, the writer strives to use everything that exists in the popular language without regard to linguistic normativity.

The most amazing and wise thing that humanity has created is language.

Literary language is the main means of communication between people of the same nationality. It is characterized by two main properties: processing and normalization.

The refinement of a literary language arises as a result of a purposeful selection of all the best that is in the language. This selection is carried out in the process of using the language, as a result of special research by philologists and public figures.

Normalization - use linguistic means regulated by a single generally binding norm. A norm as a set of rules of word usage is necessary to preserve the integrity and general intelligibility of the national language, to transmit information from one generation to another. If there were no single language norm, then changes could occur in the language in which people living in different parts of Russia would cease to understand each other.

The main requirements that a literary language must meet are its unity and general intelligibility.

The modern Russian literary language is multifunctional and is used in various fields human activity.

The main ones are: politics, science, culture, verbal art, education, everyday communication, interethnic communication, print, radio, television.

If we compare the varieties of the national language (vernacular, territorial and social dialects, jargons), the literary language plays a leading role. It includes the best ways to designate concepts and objects, express thoughts and emotions. There is constant interaction between the literary language and non-literary varieties of the Russian language. This is most clearly revealed in the sphere of spoken language.

In scientific linguistic literature, the main features of a literary language are identified:

1) processing;

2) sustainability;

3) mandatory (for all native speakers);

4) normalization;

5) the presence of functional styles.

The Russian literary language exists in two forms - oral and written. Each form of speech has its own specifics.

The Russian language in its broadest concept is the totality of all words, grammatical forms, pronunciation features of all Russian people, that is, all who speak Russian as their native language. The more correct and precise the speech, the more accessible it is to understanding, the more beautiful and expressive it is, the stronger its impact on the listener or reader. To speak correctly and beautifully, you need to observe the laws of logic (consistency, evidence) and the norms of literary language, maintain the unity of style, avoid repetition, and take care of the euphony of speech.

The main features of Russian literary pronunciation were formed precisely on the basis of the phonetics of Central Russian dialects. Nowadays, dialects are being destroyed under the pressure of the literary language.

2. Multifunctionality of the Russian literary language. Differences in the functions of literary language and the language of fiction

The basis of speech culture is the literary language. It constitutes the highest form of the national language. It is the language of culture, literature, education, and the media.

Modern Russian is multifunctional, that is, it is used in various spheres of human activity. The means of literary language (vocabulary, grammatical structures, etc.) are functionally differentiated by use in various fields of activity. The use of certain linguistic means depends on the type of communication. Literary language is divided into two functional varieties: colloquial and bookish. In accordance with this, colloquial speech and book language are distinguished.

In oral conversation, there are three styles of pronunciation: full, neutral, colloquial.

One of the most important properties of a book language is its ability to preserve text and thereby serve as a means of communication between generations. The functions of book language are numerous and become more complex with the development of society. When identifying styles of the national language, many varieties are taken into account, covering linguistic material from “high”, bookish elements to “low”, colloquial elements. What functional styles is book language divided into?

Functional style is a type of book language that is characteristic of a certain sphere of human activity and has a certain

significant originality in the use of linguistic means. There are three main styles in book language: scientific, official business, and journalistic.

Along with the listed styles, there is also the language of fiction. It is classified as the fourth functional style of book language. However for artistic speech It is characteristic that all linguistic means can be used here: words and expressions of the literary language, elements of vernacular, jargon, territorial dialects. The author uses these means to express the idea of ​​the work, give it expressiveness, reflect local color, etc.

The main function of artistic speech is impact. Used exclusively in works of art. Also, such speech has an aesthetic function, as well as an evaluation and communicative function. Fiction acts as an assessment of the surrounding world and an expression of attitude towards it.

Rhyme and rhythm are the distinctive features of speech. The tasks of artistic speech are to influence the feelings and thoughts of the reader and listener, and to evoke empathy in him.

The addressee is, as a rule, any person. Conditions of communication – participants in communication are separated by time and space.

Linguistic means of artistic speech (words with a figurative meaning, emotional-figurative words, specific words (not birds, but thunder), interrogative, exclamatory, incentive sentences, with homogeneous members.

1. the presence of certain norms (rules) of word usage, stress, pronunciation, etc. (moreover, norms that are more strict than, say, in dialects), compliance with which is generally binding, regardless of the social, professional and territorial affiliation of the speakers of a given language;
2. the desire for sustainability, for the preservation of the general cultural heritage and literary and book traditions;
3. fitness not only to designate the entire amount of knowledge accumulated by humanity, but also to implement the abstract, logical thinking;
4. stylistic richness, consisting in an abundance of functionally justified variant and synonymous means, which makes it possible to achieve the most effective expression of thought in various speech situations.

More on the topic LITERARY LANGUAGE AND ITS PROPERTIES:

1. modern Russian language. National language and forms of its existence. Literary language as the highest form of the national language.
2. Chapter 1. MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE AND ITS STYLES
3. Multifunctionality of the Russian language: the Russian language as a means of serving all spheres and types of communication of the Russian people. Literary language and the language of fiction.
4. Russian national (popular) language. Stratification of the common language. Codified literary language and extraliterary varieties.

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION OF THE RF

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"UFA STATE AVIATION

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY"

Department of Language Communication

and psycholinguistics ONF

Test

in the course “Russian language and culture of speech”

option no. 5

Ufa – 20 11

1. The concept of “Modern Russian literary language”.

Modern Russian language is National language great Russian people, form of Russian national culture.

The Russian language belongs to the group of Slavic languages, which are divided into three subgroups: eastern - the languages ​​Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian; southern - languages ​​Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, Macedonian; Western - languages ​​Polish, Czech, Slovak, Kashubian, Lusatian. Going back to the same source - the common Slavic language, everything Slavic languages are close to each other, as evidenced by the similarity of a number of words, as well as the phenomena of the phonetic system and grammatical structure. For example: Russian tribe, Bulgarian tribe, Serbian tribe, Polish plemiê, Czech plémě, Russian clay, Bulgarian clay, Czech hlina, Polish glina; Russian summer, Bulgarian lato, Czech léto, Polish lato; Russian red, Serbian krasan, Czech krásný; Russian milk, Bulgarian milk, Serbian milk, Polish mieko, Czech mléko, etc.

The Russian national language is a historically established linguistic community and unites the entire set of linguistic means of the Russian people, including all Russian dialects and dialects, as well as social jargons.

Highest form The national Russian language is the Russian literary language.

On different historical stages development of the national language - from the language of the people to the national - in connection with the change and expansion public functions literary language, the content of the concept “literary language” changed.

The modern Russian literary language is a standardized language that serves the cultural needs of the Russian people; it is the language of state acts, science, the press, radio, theater, and fiction.

“The division of language into literary and folk,” wrote M.A. Bitter, means only that we have, so to speak, a “raw” language and processed by masters.”

The normalization of a literary language lies in the fact that the composition of the dictionary in it is regulated, the meaning and use of words, pronunciation, spelling and the formation of grammatical forms of words follow a generally accepted pattern. The concept of a norm, however, does not exclude in some cases variants that reflect changes that constantly occur in language as a means of human communication. For example, the following stress options are considered literary: far - far, high - high, otherwise - otherwise; gram. forms: waving - waving, meowing - meowing, rinsing - rinsing.

Modern literary language, not without the influence of the media, is noticeably changing its status: the norm is becoming less rigid, allowing for variation. It focuses not on inviolability and universality, but rather on communicative expediency. Therefore, the norm today is often not so much a ban on something as an opportunity to choose. The border between normativity and non-normativity is sometimes blurred, and some colloquial and colloquial linguistic facts become variants of the norm. Becoming a public domain, the literary language easily absorbs previously forbidden means of linguistic expression. It is enough to give an example of the active use of the word “lawlessness,” which previously belonged to criminal jargon.

Literary language has two forms: oral and written, which are characterized by features both in terms of lexical composition and grammatical structure, because they are designed for different types perception - auditory and visual.

Written literary language differs from oral language primarily in the greater complexity of syntax and the presence large quantity abstract vocabulary, as well as terminological vocabulary, in particular international. Written literary language has stylistic varieties: scientific, official business, journalistic, and artistic styles.

Literary language, as a standardized, processed national language, is opposed to local dialects and jargons. Russian dialects are united into two main groups: the Northern Russian dialect and the Southern Russian dialect. Each group has its own distinctive features in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammatical forms. In addition, there are Central Russian dialects, which reflect the features of both dialects.

The modern Russian literary language is the language of interethnic communication between peoples Russian Federation. The Russian literary language introduces all the peoples of Russia to the culture of the great Russian people.

Since 1945, the UN Charter has recognized the Russian language as one of the official languages ​​of the world.

Numerous statements of great Russian writers and public figures, as well as many progressive foreign writers about power, wealth and artistic expression Russian language. Derzhavin and Karamzin, Pushkin and Gogol, Belinsky and Chernyshevsky, Turgenev and Tolstoy spoke enthusiastically about the Russian language.

The modern Russian language course consists of the following sections: vocabulary and phraseology, phonetics and phonology, spelling, graphics and spelling, word formation, grammar (morphology and syntax), punctuation.

Vocabulary and phraseology study the vocabulary and phraseological composition of the Russian language and the patterns of its development.

Phonetics describes the sound composition of the modern Russian literary language and the main sound processes occurring in the language; the subject of phonology is phonemes - the shortest sound units that serve to distinguish the sound shells of words and their forms.

Orthoepy studies the norms of modern Russian literary pronunciation.

Graphics introduces the composition of the Russian alphabet, the relationship between letters and sounds, and spelling introduces the basic principle of Russian writing - morphological, as well as phonetic and traditional spellings. Spelling is a set of rules that determine the spelling of words.

Word formation studies the morphological composition of a word and the main types of formation of new words: morphological, morphological-syntactic, lexical-semantic, lexical-syntactic.

Morphology is the study of grammatical categories and grammatical forms of words. She studies the lexical and grammatical categories of words, the interaction of lexical and grammatical meanings words and ways of expressing grammatical meanings in Russian.

Syntax is the study of sentences and phrases. Syntax studies the basic syntactic units - phrases and sentences, types of syntactic connections, types of sentences and their structure.

Punctuation is built on the basis of syntax - a set of rules for placing punctuation marks.

2. Using a dictionary of stresses, a spelling dictionary, place the stresses in the following words(if a word has stress variations, be sure to indicate them in parentheses):

Ned at g, Prigov O r, percent e nt, there O zhenya, rolled O g, bureaucr A Tia, call And t, ext s cha, zagov O shopkeeper, stealer And nsky, dispensary e r, cold A , sold, quart A l (sq A rotal), an A Tom, booked A t (booked And to lay out), lay out And yes, carried out O , balls A it's cramped s , lied A .

3. Eliminate speech errors in the sentences below and write them correctly

We were attracted by both nearby forests and distant fields. Put your foot step back. At the border they were searched and their bags were checked. He is not tied to any one acting role. The old man brought me to my knees with his questions

We were attracted by both nearby forests and distant fields. Place your feet on the ground. At the border they were searched and their bags were checked. He is not attached to any acting role. The old man brought me to white heat with his questions.

4. Define lexical meaning and stylistic coloring of the phraseological units given below. Compose a coherent text that will include all 10 phraseological units.

1) At a snail's pace, at full speed, neither this nor that, slurp jelly seven miles away, put a spoke in the wheels, a teaspoon per hour, call a spade a spade, doesn't shine with intelligence, can't see beyond your nose, in the middle of nowhere .

1. at a snail's pace (lexical meaning: Turtle - designation, step - action; Stylistic coloring: colloquial speech).

1. To the fullest extent (lexical meaning:; Stylistic coloring: bookish)
2. neither this nor that (lexical meaning:
3. to slurp jelly seven miles away (lexical meaning

5. Put the correct emphasis and define the following words commonly used in the field of politics and economics:

Excitement A and– 1) Extreme activity of participants in exchange trading, caused by an unexpected sharp change in the exchange rate of securities, exchange rates or prices of goods (associated with the possibility of obtaining quick and large profits or significant losses)

2) Strong excitement, a struggle of interests around something. matter, question.

Cons O ratio- A temporary agreement between several banks or industrial companies for the joint placement of a loan, carrying out some. large financial transactions.

AND import- Import of goods from abroad into any country

6. Determine the gender of nouns and abbreviations, matching adjective definitions with them and create phrases:

1) Coffee, Bizet, cliche, VAK, meringue, NATO, know-how, trio, Mali, impresario, bikini, Chicago.

Coffee – m.r., Invite for coffee

Cliché - MS., Psychological cliché

VAK – m.r. dissertation for Higher Attestation Commission

Meringue –.sr.r, meringue cake

NATO-zh.r., North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Know-how - MS., unusual know-how

Trio – MS.R., trio for violin

Mali - Wed, Mali's poverty

Impresario – m.r., successful impresario

Bikini - MS., beautiful bikini

Chicago - m.r., disappear from Chicago

7. Form im.p. forms. plural nouns:

8. Form genus forms. plural nouns:

1) Grams, kilograms, Hungarians, comments, tangerines, Kalmyks, miners, socks.

Grams, kilograms, Hungarians, comments, tangerines, Kalmyks, miners, socks

10. Find and correct syntax errors in the following sentences:

He reminded his neighbor about everything that had happened. Chaos on the roads and hundreds of accidents caused a sharp drop in temperature and ice. Having met Olga, any desire to risk his life disappeared. We can remember and pay tribute to those who have fallen victim to crime fighting. When you come home from work, your home will greet you with warmth and the smell of pies.

Corrected Work

He told his neighbor about everything that happened. A sharp drop in temperature and ice caused chaos and hundreds of accidents on the roads. Having met Olga, he lost all desire to risk his life. We can remember and pay tribute to those who have been victims of crime fighting. When you come home from work, you will be greeted with warmth and the smell of pies.