Predicativity as the main grammatical meaning of a sentence. Predicativeness as the main grammatical feature of a sentence

Predicativity is a feature of a sentence that provides the ability to convey a thought.

There are different approaches to category composition:

1. The concept of predicativity includes time, modality, person (the person is the foundation, the sentence is so associated with the speaker and the addressee of speech). This is a functional approach, focusing primarily on semantics and the actual functioning of units. Our lecturer's favorite approach.

That is, even for verbs in subjunctive mood, for example, the category of person is not expressed, yet contextually it is necessarily present.

2) Supporters of the formal approach believe that the category of person is not at all included in the concept of predicativity. This point of view had many supporters, because often the face is not expressed morphologically (I read, you read, he read...).

3) The last approach is that both mood and other categories - verb forms, morphological categories, do not relate to syntax.

V. Vinogradov pointed out three most important components of predicativity:

Functions as a unit of speech communication

Expresses attitude to reality

Expresses a complete thought

So, we consider modality, tense and person as components of predicativity. These components can be expressed:

Morphologically

Constructively and syntactically

Intonation-syntactic

Absolutely all sentences are predicative, even if there is not a single fully significant word. (Maybe) At the same time, the formal syntax sends them to the “grammatical ghetto,” calling them either under-sentences or quasi-sentences. But one cannot help but admit that “Maybe” meets all the requirements voiced in Vinogradov’s definition.

Predicativity in functional syntax expresses:

The relation of the content of the sentence to reality (present or not)

The speaker’s attitude to reality (I believe/don’t believe, like/dislike, sure/not sure)

The speaker’s attitude towards the content of the sentence (skeptical, detached, etc. For example: But Masha says that you are supposedly hiding something - we distance ourselves from the content, express distrust).

Relationship between subject and predicate

Spatio-temporal localization of the sentence (actual, usual, gnomic time, the term itself was introduced in the article by Bulygin and Shmelev)

Reference of noun phrases (to an object, to a class of objects)

Deixis and taxis

Subjective perspective of the utterance

The current time is now. (Where are the children? - They are sleeping)

Usual tense is the way it is accepted, the way it is, usually. (My children love candy)

Gnomic time is always. (All children are curious)

Each sentence has a different degree of generality.

Sailors wash the deck. A specific object in current time.

Every morning all sailors wash the deck. Usual time, class name.

Subjective perspective unites and differentiates the hypostases of the subject and speaker, observing the world and thinking about the world (Zolotova)

Subjective perspective of a sentence is a classification of subjects that we meet in the text.

Dictum (objective content, always expressed)

Mode (subjective content, our attitude to what is being communicated and the way we learn about a fact, optionally expressed)

Action, state

Speaker (subject of speech)

Destination

All this gives us a complete understanding that predicative categories are not reducible to morphology. Syntactic tense, person, modality are much richer than morphological ones.

Time in syntax:

Morphological forms of a verb can appear in a sentence in direct and figurative meanings(the present tense is a function of the past and future, the past is a function of present and future, the future is a function of past and present)

Text functions of aspectual and tense forms (aorist, imperfect, perfect)

Levels of temporal abstraction (actual, usual, gnomic time). This is not morphologized in Russian (cf.: present simple, present continuous)

Interpretation modes (speech - we operate with the real “I’m here now” and narrative)

Absolute and relative time

Linguocultural aspects of time reflected in syntactic functioning linguistic units(spatial and counter movement of time, human and divine time, past and past)

She stood at the bus stop and waited. Finally, the bus came, he jumped out of the front door and gave her flowers that he had picked in the morning from a flower bed near the house.

Imperfective

Aoristiv

Definition

Predicativity is a key constitutive feature of a sentence. Predicativity contrasts a sentence with all other units within the competence of syntax, including the word. Predicativity relates information to reality and thereby forms a unit intended for independent communication.

In a series of syntactic constructions “flying bird”, “bird flying” and “bird flying” (united by a meaningful invariant, that is, having a common object of designation) - the last version of the designation of a common object has a special functional quality - predicativity, that is, expression state object. The word “rain,” pronounced with a special intonation, in contrast to the neutral lexical unit “rain,” is also characterized by the fact that it updates information - “[It’s] raining!” Consequently, the constructions “bird is flying”, “Rain!” are in complete sentences, carrying out a complete message about the state of the object/subject.

In the hierarchy of features that constitute a sentence as a specific unit of language, predicativity means the highest level of abstraction. The model of the sentence itself, its abstract sample (structural diagram) has grammatical properties that make it possible to present what is being communicated in the required time frame, as well as to modify what is being communicated in the aspect of reality/irreality.

Formation of predicativity

The main grammatical means of forming predicativeness is the category of mood, with the help of which the message is:

appears as actually occurring in time (present, past, future), that is, it is characterized temporary certainty, or
is thought in terms of unreality - as possible, desired, due or required, that is, it is characterized temporary uncertainty.

The differentiation of these signs of the communicated (temporary certainty / uncertainty) is based on the opposition of the forms of the indicative mood to the forms of the unreal moods (subjunctive, conditional, desirable, incentive, obligatory).

Predicativity, as an integral grammatical feature of any sentence model and specific statements constructed according to this model, is correlated with objective modality. Forming a sentence, one of the central units of language, and representing the truth, the most significant aspect of what is being communicated, predicativity (like objective modality) is a linguistic universal.

Syntactic concepts of predicativity

The idea of the essence of predicativity (like the term itself) is not unambiguous. Along with the concept of V.V. Vinogradov and his school, the term “predicativity” also denotes the property of the predicate as a syntactic member of a two-part sentence. In this sense, “predicative” means “predicate, characteristic of the predicate.”

The concept of predicativity is part of the syntactic concepts “predicative connection”, “predicative relations”, which denote the relationships connecting the subject and the predicate, as well as the relationship of the logical subject and the predicate. In this usage, predicativity is no longer conceptualized as a category of the highest level of abstraction, but as a concept associated with the level of division of the sentence. That is, in this usage, predicativity is considered not as a property that determines the model of a sentence as such (that is, a sentence in general, regardless of its composition) - but as an actual complex from which the subject and predicate must be distinguished.

Predicativity is also called the general, global logical property of any statement, as well as the property of thought, its focus on actualizing what is being communicated. This aspect of the concept of predicativity is correlated with the concept of predication relation to reality and with the concept of proposition, the main property of which is considered truth value.

Notes

Literature

Vinogradov V.V. Some problems of learning syntax simple sentence. // In the collection: Questions of linguistics, 1954, No. 1.
Russian Grammar, vol. 2. Syntax. M., 1954.
Steblin-Kamensky M.I. About predicativity. // In: Bulletin of Leningrad State University, 1956, No. 20.
Admoni V. G. Binomial phrases in the interpretation of L. V. Shcherba and the problem of predicativity. // In the collection: Scientific reports high school. Philological sciences. M., 1960. No. 1.
Panfilov V. 3. The relationship between language and thinking. M., 1971.
Lomtev T. P. Sentence and its grammatical categories. M., 1972.
General linguistics. Internal structure language. M., 1972.
Katsnelson S. D. Typology of language and speech thinking. L., 1972.
Arutyunova N.D. Sentence and its meaning. M., 1976.
Russian grammar, vol. 2. Syntax. M., 1980.
Stepanov Yu. S. Names. Predicates. Offers. M., 1981.
Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. M.: Soviet encyclopedia, 1989.

Links

Predicativity- article from the Encyclopedia of the Russian Language

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See what “Predicativeness” is in other dictionaries:

PREDICATIVITY, predicativeness, plural. no, female (philosophy and grammar). distracted noun to predicative. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

PREDICATIVITY, and, female. In grammar: a category, by a whole complex of formal syntactic means, correlates a message with one or another time plane of reality. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Noun, number of synonyms: 2 ability to predict (1) ability to anticipate (1) ... Dictionary of synonyms

PREDICATIVITY- (from Latin praedicatum - predicate). Established by the speaker and expressed language means relation of the statement to reality. The grammatical means of expressing P. in a sentence are the categories of time, number and modality... New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)

predicativity- a characteristic of internal speech, expressed by the absence in this speech of words representing the subject (subject), but the presence only of words related to the predicate (predicate). Dictionary of a practical psychologist. M.: AST, Harvest. S. Yu. Golovin. 1998 ... Great psychological encyclopedia

Predicativity- Predicativity is a syntactic category that determines the functional specificity of the basic unit of sentence syntax; the key constitutive feature of a sentence, relating information to reality and thereby forming a unit,... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

predicativity- Semantic-syntactic and communicative property of a sentence. Predicativity has two sides: 1) formally logical; 2) modally semantic. Sometimes the first property is called predicativity, the second - modality. Predicativeness... ... Dictionary linguistic terms T.V. Foal

AND; and. Log., lingu. Presence of a predicate. Category of predicativity. Ways of expressing predicativity. * * * predicativity is a syntactic category that forms a sentence; relates the content of a sentence to reality and thereby makes it... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary

Expression by linguistic means of the relationship between the content of what is being expressed and reality as the basis of a sentence. The grammatical means of expressing predicativity are the category of time (all phenomena of activity occur in time,... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Books

Predicativeness of a noun. Elimination of the subject, A. A. Potebnya. We present to the attention of readers a book by the outstanding Russian philologist A. A. Potebnya, dedicated to change meanings and substitutions of nouns in a sentence. In the article “Predicativeness…

Predication is the act of connecting independent objects of thought, expressed in independent words, to display and interpret in the language an event, a situation of reality.

Predication involves attributing a certain attribute to an object (subject): S is R. This feature is called predicative, or predicate (from the late Latin praedicatum- "said"). In many languages, this term was used to designate the main member of a sentence (in Russian, the term “predicate” is a calque from Latin praedicatum). However, it would be a mistake to identify parts of a sentence connected by a predication relation with the subject and predicate. Subject and predicate my- although this is the most common, it is still only one of possible ways predication expressions. Let's compare personal and impersonal sentences: I I miss And I'm bored; these sentences have the same subject (I, me) and the same predicate (bored, bored) But V in the first sentence they are expressed V form of subject and predicate, and in the second, so-called An “impersonal” sentence has no subject. At identity predication has place difference in its grammatical interpretation: in an impersonal sentence the subject is expressed by the dative case of the personal pronoun, that is, the case of the addressee, as a result of which boredom is interpreted as a certain force that has taken possession of the subject from the outside; in a personal sentence, boredom is a purely internal state of the person. Subject and predicate can do not match and with theme and rheme. There are cases when both the subject and the predicate relate to the topic of the sentence, while the rheme turns out to be a secondary member; if, for example, a proposal Vasya goes to school is the answer to the question Where is Vasya going? then its actual division will be like this: Vasya is coming(T) to school(R).

Predicates are heterogeneous. They differ: 1) taxonomic predicates - predicates indicating the inclusion of an object in a class: This flower is a lily of the valley. This tree is oak; 2) characterizing predicates - predicates indicating stable or transitory, proper or improper, dynamic or static characteristics of the subject: He is sick. He's tired. Harun ran faster than a deer (Lermontov); 3) relational predicates - predicates indicating the relationship of one substance to another: Anna Ivanovna - Tanya’s grandmother; a) predicates of temporal and spatial localization: Classes - in the evening. Home is still far away. Sergei is at home. As a result of predication, a certain and no longer blindly creeping semantic content is assigned to the “blindly creeping” object.

Any sentence, in order to become an actualized unit of speech - an utterance, must characterize the fact being described in relation to the time of communication and the position of the speaker, and the fact can be qualified as real or unreal; cf., for example, sentences with similar lexical content: They brought the mail. - I wish the mail would come soon. - Let them bring the mail! Therefore, the most important feature of a sentence as a syntactic unit is predicativity. According to V.V. Vinogradov, predicativity is the relation of the expressed content to real reality, grammatically expressed in the categories (syntactic, and not just morphological) of modality (mood), tense and linden. Thus, predicativity is the actualization of what is being communicated, the establishment of its connection with reality and its interpretation. This creates a unit that can actively participate in communication and express the message. It does not matter at all whether this connection is true or false. Yes, a proposal It's snowing contains information related to the present time and interpreted by the speaker as true and real; however, the information in the sentence It is raining fish is comprehended and interpreted in the same way.

Predicativity is expressed in the syntactic categories of mood, tense and person. Thus, the message I am writing to you is interpreted as actually occurring in the present tense and associated with the action of the speaker himself. The sentence Help me to need no aid from men - Help me not to need the help of people (Kipling) expresses the speaker’s motivation, which is not capable of being actualized in a certain time frame. Predicativity is thus the grammatical expression of predication. If predication (in in a broad sense) establishes a connection between an object and a feature, then predicativity establishes a connection between what is communicated in a sentence and the situation in being itself. In other words, it is a complex of modal-temporal meanings that correlate the statement with the situation of existence. The most important form of expression of predication is the relationship between the subject, indicating the subject of speech - thought, and the predicate, naming the predicative attribute. The combination of subject and predicate represents the predicative minimum of a sentence.

The construction He solved a difficult problem is a sentence, and the construction His solution to a difficult problem is not a sentence. Why? It's all about predication. A sentence has predicativity, but a non-sentence does not.

The concept of predicativity is not mysterious if we approach it as a grammatical form underlying a sentence. Grammatical form is the unity of grammatical meaning and the means of its expression (see Grammatical form). The grammatical meaning of predicativeness is an attitude to reality. He solved the problem - he talks about what is real. Solve the problem\ The action “solve the problem” is required, it must exist, it is not yet a reality. As you can see, the attitude to reality is conveyed using tense and mood. The main means of expressing predicativity is a verb in the conjugated form: decided, decide, etc. It is precisely such verbs that convey tense and mood, therefore, they are good transmitters of the meaning of predicativity.
Construction His solution to a difficult problem does not contain the meaning of predicativity. There is no verb - a means of conveying this meaning.
Note, however, that the construction His solution to a difficult problem can also become a sentence if it is the title of the corresponding text. In this case, this construction is a predicate to a hidden subject; let's compare: What follows is his solution to a difficult problem. There is a zero verb connective here (see Zero units in language).
Now compare the sentences: (1) The cloud was large and gloomy, (2) The cloud, large and gloomy, was slowly approaching the city, (3) The large and gloomy cloud was slowly approaching the city.
The adjectives big and gloomy in all three sentences are dependent on the same member of the sentence - the subject cloud. Nevertheless, the roles of these adjectives in these sentences are different. What?
In (1) adjectives are the nominal part of the predicate; it is usually in the first roles in the sentence together with the subject: in order to express the relationship between the subject and the predicate, as a rule, a sentence is conceived; Without the predicate as a carrier of predicativeness there can be no sentence at all.
In (3), adjectives play a far less important role; the sentence is not designed at all to communicate the characteristics of the subject; the adjectives in this sentence have nothing to do with the expression of predicativeness (predicative categories of tense and mood). Without these adjectives, the sentence will not only not collapse, but even its meaning will not suffer much.
In (2), although adjectives are not as important as in (1), they are still significantly more important than in (3). Among all other non-main (minor) members of the sentence, these definitions - adjectives - are especially highlighted. In terms of their importance, they occupy an intermediate position between the predicate, which, together with the subject, is the most significant member of the sentence, and the usual minor member of the sentence.
The most significant relationships in a sentence - between the subject and the predicate - are called predicative. Relationship, relationship-like between adjectives and a noun in a sentence like (2) are called semi-predicative. Relations entered into by ordinary ones in a sentence minor members sentences, in their significance, are characterized as non-predicative.

Nikitina

Question 10 Phoneme and phoneme variants. According to Khabirov's manual

We call different sounds in which the same phoneme is realized variants of one phoneme, allophones, variations or shades of the phoneme (according to L.V. Shcherba). The latter appear in the strong position of the phoneme, i.e. in a stressed position adjacent to soft consonants, for example, a variation of the phoneme /a/ in a word five. Among the shades of one phoneme, there is one that is the most typical; it is pronounced in an isolated form, that is, in the most independent position (from neighboring sounds). Such a position is usually the shell of a separate word and, moreover, under stress, for example, in the words (from worst to best position): five, five, pa, a. A monophonemic word also carries out a constitutive ( building material) and distinctive function. It is often impossible to find the shell of a single word like the one above A. In this case, you need to find the position in the word in which the most phonemes differ (cf. dol-dul-dal-dol): here the phonemes /o/, /u/, /a/, /e/ are distinguished under stress in the same phonetic environment). Position is a condition for the implementation of a phoneme in speech, its position in a word in relation to stress, another phoneme, and the structure of the word as a whole. Depending on whether the phoneme “retains” or “loses” its “face,” strong and weak positions are distinguished. The strong position is the position of distinguishing phonemes, i.e. position in which it differs greatest number units. The phoneme appears here in its basic form, which allows it in the best possible way perform its functions. For vowels of the Russian language, this is the position under stress (at the beginning of the word before a hard consonant, in the middle - between hard consonants and at the end after hard consonants, cf. arch, barka, hand). For voiceless/voiced consonants - position before all vowels (cf. [t]om - [d]om), before sonorants (cf. [p]lesk - [b]lesk) and in, if it is followed by a vowel or sonorant ( cf. [t]vorets - [d]vorets, o[t]gate - on [d]gate). For hard/soft consonants - the position of the end of the word (cf. bra[t] - bra[t"]), before all vowels except e (cf. [m]al - [m"]al, for front-lingual consonants - before back-lingual ones (cf. ba-[n]ka - ba[n"]ka, and labial (cf. i[z]ba - re[z"]ba), for dental - in front of hard teeth (cf. ko[ns]ky - yu[n"s]kiy), and for phonemes /l - l"/ - before all consonants (cf. vo/l/na - vo/l"]na), etc.

A weak position is a position of non-discrimination of phonemes, i.e. a position in which a smaller number of units is distinguished than in a strong position, since phonemes have limited capabilities for performing their distinctive function (cf. [sGma]: which phoneme is realized in the sound [G] - /o/ or /a/?) In this position, two or more phonemes coincide in one sound (either as a result of reduction or under the influence of neighboring sounds), i.e. their phonological opposition is neutralized.

Indeed, in certain cases, phonemes may lose any of their distinctive features, in which case the opposition is neutralized (contextually determined destruction of the opposition), for example, meadow /luk/ - onion /luk/ or phonemes /з/ and /с/ differ in positions before the vowel in the words goats and braids, but are neutralized at the end of the word - ko[s], coinciding in one sound. This phoneme, appearing in a weak position, having general signs two phonemes (g - k, z - s) in the position of neutralization, Trubetskoy calls arch and phoneme.

Thus, in the opposition /g-k/, upon neutralization, an archiphoneme is obtained, the content of which is characterized by the signs of closure and back-lingualism, plus a correlation sign - voicing. A phoneme that has an additional feature that distinguishes it from another member of the opposition is called marked, for example, the phoneme /g/, unlike /k/, has an additional feature - voicing.

Representatives of the IFS, instead of the concept of archiphoneme, introduced the concept of hyperphoneme, which appears only in an isolated weak position (harness, dispute, us). Both members of the opposition under neutralization conditions are considered as one hyperphoneme. This is a complex unit that combines two or more phonemes that are not opposed in a given position and choice between which is not possible. For example, the first vowel in the word cup represents the hyperphoneme /o/a/ and it is impossible to determine whether it is /o/ or /a/, since it is impossible to translate this vowel into a strong position (see also dog, pea). Since Trubetskoy believed that in phonology the main role belongs to meaningful oppositions, he classified the ones he identified various types oppositions of phonemes in the language system, highlighting one-dimensional and multidimensional, isolated and proportional oppositions, within which there is a difference a whole series subtypes of these oppositions. In this regard, Trubetskoy’s definition of a phoneme takes on the following form: phoneme - shortest part phonological opposition. Oppositions can be classified by the number of members: they can be private (presence or absence of DP): m/b and equivalent,

binary (binary) - b/n, etc. Ternary (ternary) oppositions b/d/g (bam/dam/gam) – labial/forelingual/posteriorlingual are distinguished by the active organ. Oppositions can be proportional or isolated. An opposition is called proportional if the relationship between its members is proportional to the relationship between the members of another or other oppositions, that is, if this relationship is repeated in other oppositions. Thus, in the Russian language the relation b/b’, i.e. palatalized: non-palatalized is repeated in pairs p/p’, v/v’, d/d’, etc.; the b/p ratio is repeated in pairs d/t, s/c...; the ratio b/d/g is repeated in triplets p/t/k, b’/d’/g’, etc. Where there is no proportionality, the opposition finds itself isolated. For example, in German l/r, i.e. side/trembling (German: Leise “quiet”: Reise “ride”). But in Russian, l/r is not an isolated opposition, since there is l’/r’ (salt/soryu). If phonemes in one opposition are related to each other in the same way as other phonemes in another opposition, then both oppositions form a correlation. An example of a correlation in the Russian language would be the voicing-voicelessness correlation: [p] ~ [b] = [t] ~ [d] = [s] ~ [z] = [f] ~ [v] =

[w] ~ [f] = [k] ~ [g], by hardness-softness: [p] ~ [p’] = [b] ~ [b’] ... etc. Correlations provide clearly visible groupings of phonemes to reduce phonemes into a system. Accordingly, based on the above correlations, the phonological system distinguishes subclasses of voiced and voiceless phonemes, hard and soft phonemes.

Even though the phoneme is shortest unit language, it is a complex and voluminous entity that is interpreted ambiguously in different linguistic schools depending on which side or function of the phoneme linguists bring to the fore. Thus, within the framework of the Moscow phonological school, the phoneme is considered as a semantically distinctive component or part of a morpheme, and by representatives of the St. Petersburg (Leningrad) phonological school - as an independent unit of language that has a direct connection with meaning. These initial differences in the construction of phonological theory lead to significant fundamental differences both in the interpretation of the nature, properties and function of phonemes, and in the methods of identifying and inventorying these language units.

In American descriptive linguistics, a phoneme is considered a class of allophones. The distinctive function of phonemes and the presence of significant features by which one phoneme is contrasted with others is also noted by American linguists. Despite the different definitions of the essence of a phoneme in the American and Prague schools of structuralism, they are united by their consideration of the phoneme as a functional unit, the content of which is a set of certain phonological features that distinguish this phoneme from other members of the opposition, and the main function of the phoneme is considered to be distinctive. By comparing the phonological systems of two languages for the purpose of determining typological similarities or differences, we can easily verify that in a number of cases they turn out to be different. This concerns the composition, quality and quantity of phonemes present in them. Let's consider in comparatively main features of the phonological systems of English and Russian languages.

Zakirova

Ticket 11. Simple and compound forms of words.

Predicativity is a grammatical (syntactic) category that forms the basic unit of syntax - the sentence, establishing the correlation of what is being communicated with reality. What is communicated is always presented as actually happening in time (present, past or future) or is thought of in terms of unreality (as possible, desired, due or required). General value reality/irreality (i.e. modality) of what is being reported is necessarily correlated with time and is based on the category of verbal mood (see). The categories of syntactic mood, modality and syntactic tense and the corresponding system of means of their expression form an inextricable unity - the category of P., which organizes the sentence as a grammatical unit and represents its most abstract grammatical meaning. The meanings of syntactic tenses and moods that form P. have their formal expression and are revealed in the system of oppositions - the forms of the sentence that form its grammatical paradigm. Thus, a sentence is always thought of as a predicative unit.
P. contrasts the sentence with all other units of syntax. P. distinguishes a sentence from such a unit of language as a word: the sentence Spring! with a certain intonation differs from the word spring in that it is based on an abstract pattern of a sentence that can relate information to the plane of the present, past or future (Spring!; There was spring!; There will be spring!). In two-part sentences the carrier of P is the predicate, in one-part sentences it is the main member.
Being a grammatical category of a sentence, P. is transferred to any utterance. An utterance is capable of taking into its composition individual indicators of objective-modal meanings, correlating what is being reported with temporal certainty/indeterminacy (however, all this is only the ability of an utterance to take into its composition the means of expressing one or another syntactic meaning, but not the grammatical regularity characteristic of a sentence). Thus, the sentence and the statement are connected by temporal reference.
The presented understanding of P. is based on the teaching of V.V. Vinogradov, but differs in that the category of person is not included in P. Forms of person, connecting the predicate with the subject according to the principle of a kind of coordination, belong to the number of means expressing syntagmatic relationships between words.
P.'s problem is one of the most complex problems syntax. In the 2nd half. 19 - beginning 20th centuries In Russian studies, the view of P. (“predication”, “predication”) as predication was widespread. Vinogradov characterized P. as a set of grammatical categories that determine and establish the nature of a sentence as a grammatically organized unit of speech communication, expressing the speaker’s attitude to reality and embodying a relatively complete thought. Vinogradov wrote that the categories of tense, modality and person in a broad syntactic sense collectively form P. Some researchers believe that P. has no grammatical status, since it does not have grammatical opposition.

PREDICATIVITY is a syntactic category that determines the functional specificity of the basic unit of syntax - the sentence; the key constitutive feature of a sentence, relating information to reality and thereby forming a unit intended for communication; a category that contrasts a sentence with all other units within the purview of syntax. In the series of syntactic constructions that have a common object of designation (combined contain an invariant), for example. “flying bird”, “bird flying” and “bird flying”, the latter way of designating this object has a special functional quality - P.
Expressing an updated relationship to reality, P. distinguishes a sentence from such a unit of language as a word: the sentence “Rain!” with special intonation, in contrast to lexical. The unit “rain” is characterized by the fact that it is based on an abstract pattern that has the potential ability to relate information to the plane of the present, past or future tense (“Rain!” - “It was raining” - “It will rain”).
In the hierarchy of features that constitute a sentence as a specific unit of language, P. is a sign of the highest level of abstraction. The model of the sentence itself, its abstract sample (structural diagram) has such grammatical characteristics. properties that make it possible to present what is being communicated in one time or another, as well as to modify what is being communicated in the aspect of reality/irreality. The main means of P. formation is the category of mood, with the help of which the communicated appears as actually occurring in time (present, past or future), that is, it is characterized by temporal certainty, or is thought of in terms of unreality - as possible, desired, due or required, i.e., characterized by temporary uncertainty. The differentiation of these signs of the communicated (temporary certainty / uncertainty) is based on the opposition of expressive forms, moods to forms of unreal moods (subjunctive, conditional, desirable, motivating, obligatory).
P., as an integral grammatical. a sign of any model of a sentence and specific statements constructed according to this model is correlated with objective modality. Forming one of the central units of language and representing the most significant - truth - aspect of the communicated, P. (like objective modality) is a linguistic universal.
The idea of the essence of P. (like the term itself) is not unambiguous. Along with the concept of V.V. Vinogradov (“Some problems of studying the syntax of a simple sentence”, 1954) and his school (“Grammar of the Russian language”, vol. 2, 1954; “Russian grammar”, 1980; see Vinogradov school) the term “ P." also denote the property of the predicate as snntaxic. member of a two-part sentence (predicative means “predicate, characteristic of the predicate”). The concept of P. is part of the syntactic. concepts “predicative connection”, “predicative relations”, which denote relations connecting the subject and predicate, as well as logical relations. subject and predicate; in this use, P. is no longer conceptualized as a category of the highest level of abstraction (inherent in the model of a sentence as such, a sentence in general, regardless of its composition), but as a concept associated with the level of division of a sentence, i.e., with such sentences, in which The subject and predicate can be distinguished.
P. is also called general, global logical. the property of any statement, as well as the property of thought, its focus on actualizing what is being communicated. This aspect of the concept of predication is correlated with the concept of predication, the main property of which is considered to be related to reality, and with the concept of proposition, it is distinguished, the characteristic of which is considered to be truth value.