Pop art in painting and sculpture. Pop art is a style for bold experimenters. Interior use

Despite the fact that this style originated in London, pop art eventually turned out to be one of the symbols of America. In the conventional wisdom, just as Elvis Presley is considered the King of Rock and Roll, cult person American avant-garde artist recognized in the history of the pop art movement Andy Warhole (1928-1987).

It was he who, in the early seventies, turned a can of tomato soup into a Campbell" V art object, putting in art gallery dozens of similar paintings with her image, thereby comparing the sale of works of art with the sale of products.

Warhol had tried this method of “flow art” a few years earlier, when he hired boys to color his illustrations for the extravagant recipes of his own parody.

Nevertheless, American pop art was brought to international fame by artists such as Robert Rauschenberg (1925-2008), Roy Lichtenstein (1923-1997) and Jasper Johns (1930). It was their ideas that had a direct influence on Warhol's work. It was Jones who pioneered the idea of ​​“circulation of objects,” which Warhol later took to an extreme that evokes either the idea of ​​endless rows of products on a supermarket shelf or the movement of film frames. But even doubling the images, Jasper Johns combined emotionality with the conceptual ideas of pop art in his works. For example, his beer cans " Ballantine Ale"(1960), executed in bronze and mounted on a marble base, still looks like an ironic monument to the most popular American product.

An interesting detail is that famous work was created by him in response to a caustic remark by an opponent of pop art, one of the leaders of abstract expressionism, Willem de Kooning, about the ability of gallerist Leo Castelli to buy anything, even beer cans, if they were called art.

Naturally, food and everything connected with it fell into the area of ​​the most mass consumption. Especially products that advertising has made iconic. A grocery chain with golden arches on its facade could not help but become the target of pop art artists. Today's classic of pop art, Claes Oldenburg, at an exhibition in 1962, presented viewers with an image of the popular American product McDonald's, designed in the form of the composition “Giant Hamburger”.

Its exaggerated dimensions gave its image a peculiar symbolism and parodic grandeur. In addition, the material for the work was canvas filled with a foam composition.

Product fetishism and the ideology of equal opportunity in the United States led to mass worship of certain product brands. The advertisement turned Coca-Cola soda into a totem of democracy, supposedly because “the president in the White House and the homeless on the street can drink it.” But if the novel by the English science fiction writer H.G. Wells, mockingly titled “ Tono-Bangay", a satire on the aggressive advertising and distribution of Coca-Cola, then gained fame with semi-advertising posters in the form of racy paintings of naked girls advertising this and other food brands of the 50s.

Pop art learned to move objects into art. But these were no longer poeticized objects artistic vision, and the objects are deliberately everyday, associated with modern industrial culture.

«… in my opinion, the picture looks more like real world when it's made of the objects of this world »

This was stated by one of the founders of modern pop art, Robert Rauschenberg.

Using the technique " ready-made", inherited from the 20th century art theorist Marcel Duchamp, and using collage techniques, pop art artists introduced quotes from everyday life into the picture - elements of “mass culture”, thereby connecting painting with reality.

In the 60s, he began working in this genre, and at the beginning of his career he made illustrations and caricatures. In his art works, he combined flat images with real attributes of home life.

In the interior of the kitchen he painted, just like the magic door in Carlo’s closet, the installed door from a real refrigerator is lost from sight. But the artist puts the desserts and cocktails in the painting “The Magnificent American Nude” at the center of the composition as an outstanding artifact of consumer paradise. If Wesselmann assembled the “sweets of life” using the collage technique, then the colorful images of bright cakes and pastries, sweets and desserts are recognized as his signature style

For those who find Thibault’s paintings too “childish”, let us inform you that at auction Sotheby's his paintings sold for several million dollars.

No less high price Pop art collectors are also willing to pay for a piece of cherry pie, which was “baked” in an oven of his own “production” by one of the elders of the pop art movement, Roy Lichtenstein.

No matter how critics or viewers feel about pop art, it has become one of the dominant trends of modern art. modernist art. The idealistic accusations of false innovation and decadence brought against pop art by some art critics did not affect its development. True, if the naturalism of pop art of the early twentieth century manifested itself in the desire to reproduce, “mirror” real life, then having passed the path “from image to reality,” modern modernism is acquiring more and more rational, consumer forms from body art to advertising sales. The scope of “commodity aesthetics” is increasingly shifting to the sphere of sales of goods and the sphere of entertainment. It’s not for nothing that Ray Kroc, the man who invented McDonald’s in the form in which it exists now, liked to repeat that he does not work in the food industry, but in show business.

With such interpenetration, the creativity of many prominent representatives pop art was and will be connected with the food theme. It is their activities that we will try to reflect in more detail in separate articles.

Pop Art(English) pop-art, or popular art) - style in fine arts, satirizing the culture of consumer society. This art movement arose as a reaction to abstract expressionism in the 1950s and 1960s. It is characterized by slight irony, mockery of what people are accustomed to consider beautiful and artistic. Pop art actively uses stereotypes and symbols. For example, products such as Levi's jeans and Coca Cola, which in America were an attribute of success and prosperity in the post-war period and therefore are often depicted in paintings and collages made in the pop art style.

The term “pop art” was first used by critic Lawrence Alloway in his article. Subsequently, in 1966, he told everyone that he had not invested in this concept as much meaning as it began to express later. “I simply used the word, along with the term pop culture, to describe mass media products, not as a name for works of art,” he said. But be that as it may, the concept quickly came into use between 1955 and 1957, despite criticism from opponents of the style.

The first works in the pop art style were created by three young artists who were studying at the Royal College of Art in London at the time. They were Joe Tilson, Peter Black and Richard Smith. But the creation that has become an icon of pop art is Richard Hamilton's collage, created in 1956.

Pop art replaced abstract expressionism, relying on new image, created then by the media. Thanks to pop art, such new directions as kinetic and situational art, as well as op art, appeared.

In essence, pop art summed up the results and brought them to their logical conclusion. traditional types visual arts. Thanks to this, the way was opened for completely new species artistic practices. For example, pop art paved the way for postmodernism and conceptualism. And already in the 80s of the 20th century, as a result, arose new type art - neo-pop art.

This trend in fine art conveyed the taste and mood of that time. Sexuality, youth, fleetingness, dreaminess and even some naivety in pop art paintings are considered to be a reflection of the real American dream. In Russia they started talking about it only decades after the first appearance of pop art in America.

By the way, nowadays pop art is again in fashion, both in painting and in other forms of art. And fortunately, there are now plenty of modern masters working in this direction.

Prominent representatives of pop art are Richard Hamilton, Robert Indiana, Tom Wesselmann, Andy Warhol and others...

Colorful posters, bright posters of stars, comics, huge sculptures, playing with sizes and textures, stylish 60s - all this is associated with the shocking and cheerful art of pop art. It is not for ordinary people, but for those who like to shock and stand out from the gray crowd. Pop art is for young, extravagant and cheerful people.

History of origin

Pop art (from the abbreviation popular art - popular art) is a bright, provocative style that came to the world of design from painting.

The term was coined by British critic Lawrence Alloway in 1956. A decade later, he told everyone that he didn’t put so much into this concept ideological meaning, which it acquired and began to express later. “I only used this word together with the concept of “pop culture” to describe products of mass consumption, and not as names of works of art,” the critic justified himself.

But, one way or another, the concept quickly came into use by the end of the 50s, despite the barrage of criticism from opponents of the style.

It is noteworthy that in almost all works there is a slight irony and even mockery of what the people consider the ideal of artistic beauty.

First works in this style were exhibited by three artists: Richard Smith, Joe Tilson and Peter Black.

However, the true creations that have become an icon of pop art are considered to be a collage by Englishman Richard Hamilton, painted in 1956.

• In the 60s, pop art reached its peak in the United States. Famous American authors create their works in this colorful style:
• Robert Rauschenberg – bright collages;
• Roy Lichtenstein – comic book images of huge sizes;

Claes Oldenburg - giant plaster cakes.

The artist and photographer Andy Warhol is gaining enormous popularity. Using screen printing and bright, acidic paints, he creates stunning portraits of world stars: Marilyn Monroe, Michael Jackson, Elvis Presley. The artists depicted the world of beauty in the banal; their creations show pride in American manufacturers who create cheap, accessible and high-quality goods. The art of American pop art adherents is a kind of monument to social equality and consumer goods. At the same time, the adopted image of mass culture was always placed in a different context, changing the material, scale, and revealing a technical method or technique.

At the same time, it turned out that the original image was ironically reinterpreted and transformed.

Pop art in fine art conveyed the taste and mood of the time. Youth, dreaminess, fleetingness and slight naivety in the paintings of this style are considered a reflection of the real American dream.

The ideas of American pop art from painting quickly migrated to the art of interior design and clothing. Why decorate your home with expensive or expensive paintings, if you can put a tin can on the table, and hang a large, bright collage of old newspapers on the wall?

This is roughly how the concept of pop art is defined, which is preferred by extravagant individuals who challenge society.

The American city of Seattle became the birthplace of music and clothing in the late 1980s. This term began to denote everything unpleasant, unkempt, and repulsive.

In Russia they started talking about pop art only in the late 70s. Modern direction There are now many experimenting in this direction. Echoes of pop art of the last century can be found in the printing of comic books and portraits of world celebrities on the clothes of young people.

Clubs, cafes, and beauty salons are often decorated in this style. The non-boring, expressive, plastic style of pop art is still winning the hearts of its admirers today. The style is similar in nature to . Having appeared in painting, pop art quickly penetrated the life of first Americans, then Europeans, and has now reached us. Pop art today has reached massive proportions.

Its elements can be found everywhere: in the interior, textiles, on clothes, posters and signs, in the form of stickers on cars.

Pop art is manifested in painting, cinema, theater, and its influence is noticeable in music (“Velvet Underground”, “Fug”).

• Over the 70 years of its existence, pop art has acquired several varieties:
• op art (artistic optical effects, combinations of lines and spots); environmental art ( arts organization
• environment);
• e-art, which resulted in a separate direction - kineticism;

neo-pop art that emerged in the 80s. The cult figure of pop art style - Andy Warhol - became famous not only famous portrait

Marilyn Monroe in silk-screen printing.

In addition, the artist introduced the art of pop art into clothing design, creating unusual sketches. In 1965, he opened the Parafenalia store, where daring fashionistas could purchase extraordinary dresses decorated with metal, plastic, paper, as well as suits with unusually bright patterns. Details of food, TV, advertising, comics are displayed on clothes in a bright, unusual, catchy way. In the 60s, fashion designer Andre Courrèges created men's and

women's suits , no different from each other. It was then that the concept of “unisex” became popular. Clothing in the pop art style is an extraordinary cocktail of colors and catchy shapes, as well as synthetic fabrics. Today, designers often resort to this extravagant style. Miniskirts and dresses in neon shades, jackets with padded shoulders, T-shirts and T-shirts with color photographs, tights with

The look is complemented by decorations made of cardboard, paper, plastic and plexiglass, retro bags with images from old films or posters, made in black and white. Platform or heeled shoes and bright makeup will complete the look. Clothing in the pop art style is intended for those who cannot imagine life without bold experiments.

Interior

Pop art in the interior is a very bright and extraordinary phenomenon. It, like a surge of emotions, is designed to shock and stun with its design similar to. Special rules not here, but several fundamental patterns can be traced:

• Bright, rich and even contrasting colors and shine are the main aesthetic principle.
• Objects of art should be inexpensive, modern, stylized according to the ideas of pop art.
• Large, unusual accessories and pieces of furniture.
• The composition is built on the principle of repetition and cyclicity;
• The use of everyday objects in the context of works of art.

The interior in this style is characterized by a play with sizes and bright colors. color shades, as a result, the design of the room turns out to be very unusual. He sometimes has a certain “puppet-like quality”; it seems as if not people live in it, but toys. But pop art doesn’t give up comfort at all. So this style is not typical in its classical sense, but still things need to be stored somewhere. After all, you have to live in it.

For decoration, it is better to choose the largest room in area. However, even a miniature room can be stylized as pop art. True, here you will have to mainly focus on the details.

Color spectrum

The main color of the pop art style interior is white. Against the background of light walls, ceilings and even floors, colored pieces of furniture, accessories, collages and paintings will stand out brightly. Shiny chrome surfaces also work here, as chrome finishes have become widespread along with style.

The accents in the interior are not just bright, but rich. The most unusual combination of acid colors is welcomed in the art of pop art.

Materials

Pop art is called an inexpensive style, since it is based on glass, metal, plastic, synthetics, and paper. Often, designers use artificial leather in decoration.

Floor, walls, ceiling The ceilings are light and glossy. Structures can be suspended or tensioned and can have several levels. Niches in the ceilings are illuminated with neon lamps of different colors..

A pendant lamp can become a compositional accent on it.

1. Plain white with bright spots: panels, paintings, photographs.
2. Colored, decorated in contrasting, rich, incompatible colors. In this case, the walls themselves carry a stylistic load.

Wall decoration is very diverse. They can be painted, covered with wallpaper, or covered with decorative plaster. On one of the walls, the principle of cyclical composition is often used: the same ornament is repeated many times, covering the entire wall. Sometimes wallpapers with optical illusion

, when the view of the picture changes in each corner. The floor can be neutral, covered with laminate or carpet. In this case bright accent

A carpet of an unusual shape or atypical texture, for example, the skin of a jaguar or zebra, will serve. The second option is a flashy floor, laid with ceramic tiles in a chaotic manner.

Furniture

Expensive, luxurious furniture is in no way welcomed by pop art.

Cheapness is one of the key principles of this style. Heavy cabinets and sideboards overload the space, so they are also inappropriate here. Built-in furniture, niches, pull-out beds, transformable sofas - this is what will look organic here. Bright sofas, colorful poufs rounded shapes

synthetic materials will create an atmosphere of comfort and joy.

Furniture made of plastic is trendy, striking in color and shape. Shiny and glossy surfaces are an indispensable attribute of furniture.

Decor and accessories In the decor, the presence of flashy textiles with original prints is very important. Optical ornament and drawings from comics, images cartoon characters pop art ideas will be emphasized.

They can even be applied to fabrics used for curtains.

Accessories are of utmost importance here; in many ways they determine the style.

A portrait of Marilyn Monroe in the spirit of Andy Warhol is the most popular decorative element in pop art interiors. Original sculpture, plastic products, lamps depicting Hollywood movie characters, posters on the walls, photographs of stars in interesting frames, intricate vases - all these details are characteristic of the pop art style. Do-it-yourself creations are very valuable for the interior.

Products made of plastic, glass and paper are preferred. It is possible to use drawings that induce a mystical state (hallucinations), but this, of course, is intended for special fans.

Interior in pop art style: video

conclusions So, pop art is an art for bold experimenters who break stereotypes and centuries-old traditions. Only truly bright, creative, extravagant individuals who do not like being like everyone else will be able to live comfortably in such a room. Which is the opposite of people who love.

At one time, styles such as and exploded the classical concept in art and architecture.

Having glorified the culture of mass consumption, pop art itself has become one of the most cited movements in modern culture. We have selected 5 pop art artists who still influence fashion today.

On August 18, the exhibition "POPOP: Pop and Op Art" will open in Indiana, which will demonstrate how "mass" art influenced modern culture and directions in painting. And in this regard, we decided to remember which pop art artists made an important contribution to the development of fashion.

1. Andy Warhol

The pop art icon, who turned basically any consumer product into a work of art, did not ignore clothing. The famous paper dress The Souper Dress, inspired by his work with Campbell's soup cans, marked the beginning of a long relationship between Warhol and fashion. Thus, in the same collection as the Mondrian dress, Yves Saint Laurent turned to Andy's work, using a collage of his portraits on trapezoidal dresses. Warhol’s influence on the fashion world did not end there. In 2013, Dior released a collection of dresses and accessories with sketches of shoes made by Warhol, and Jean-Charles de Castelbajac created an ironic dress with. black and white portrait the father of pop art and white synthetic fur instead of hair.

2. Roy Lichtenstein

In terms of the use of painting motifs in clothing and furniture design, Liechtenstein ranks almost first. In 2011, Lisa Perry released a collection of dresses entirely dedicated to comic books. famous artist. A year later, Karla Spetic followed suit, and Markus Lupfer released a series of cashmere sweaters with sequin-embroidered inscriptions from Lichtenstein’s paintings. And it’s impossible to count the number of pairs of shoes created based on the artist’s works: Nike sneakers, Charlotte Olympia shoes, Vans and Converse sneakers - there is a pair for every taste and lifestyle.

3. Keith Haring

Haring's work has become so ingrained in contemporary culture that last year the department store Colette launched a pop-up store filled with items inspired by his work. A whole collection of T-shirts, accessories and even skateboards were extremely popular. The highlight of the fashion program then was the dress designed by Vivienne Westwood. This is not the first time fashion designers have turned to creativity famous student Warhol: shoe designer Nicholas Kirkwood has already created a provocative collection of shoes based on the works of Keith, as well as adidas, and even Tommy Hilfiger (the designer released rubber boots with Haring's famous men).

4. Takashi Murakami

One of the most successful contemporary Japanese artists works in a style very close to pop art. The source of his inspiration is the culture of manga and anime. Murakami himself says that “this represented more than anything modern life Japan." His interest in fashion as part of modern pop art culture resulted in a collaboration with Marc Jacobs for a line of bags and other items from the Louis Vuitton collection. As a result, boutiques around the world turned into a fabulous "Murakami land", inhabited by anime characters and childishly bright colors.

5. Yayoi Kusama

The house of Louis Vuitton generally ranks first in the number of collaborations with pop art artists. Yayoi Kusama is a Japanese artist known throughout the world for her recognizable pattern The polka dots she uses to fill rooms, objects, and even the naked bodies of her assistants are no exception. In 2012, the result of her collaboration with Louis Vuitton turned the brand's boutiques into art installations, and the artist's image served as a prototype for mannequins in the brand's storefronts around the world. Collaboration with Kusama continued the good tradition of attracting painters to work on the collections of Marc Jacobs. Iconic bags have been turned into works of art before with the help of Richard Prince and Stephen Sprouse.

Pop Art

Direction

Pop art (English pop art, short for popular art - popular or natural art) - a movement in the fine arts Western Europe and the United States of the late 1950s and 1960s, which emerged as a backlash against Abstract Expressionism. Pop art used images of consumer products as its main subject and image. In fact, this direction in art replaced the traditional fine arts- to demonstrate certain objects of mass culture or the material world.

Image borrowed from popular culture, is placed in a different context:

The term “pop art” first appeared in the press in an article by the English critic Lawrence Alloway; in 1966, Alloway openly admitted: “Then I did not put into this concept the meaning that it contains today. I used this word along with the term "pop culture" to describe media products, rather than works of art, for which elements of this "pop culture" were used. folk culture“. In any case, the concept came into use sometime between the winter of 1954/55 and 1957.”

The first “pop art” works were created by three artists who studied at the Royal College of Art in London - Peter Blake, Joe Tilson and Richard Smith. But the first work to achieve pop art icon status was Richard Hamilton's collage What Makes Our Homes Today So Different, So Attractive? (1956)

Pop art has been repeatedly criticized by artists and art critics. September 13, 1962 New York Museum contemporary art organized a symposium on pop art. During the ensuing discussion, the influential conservative critic Hilton Kramer of The New York Times expressed the opinion that, at its core, pop art is “no different from the art of advertising.” According to Kramer, both of these phenomena have the goal of “reconciling us with the world of consumer goods, banality and vulgarity.” The critic insisted on the need for decisive opposition to Pop Art.

Poet, critic and Pulitzer Prize winner Stanley Kunitz, who was present at the symposium, also spoke disapprovingly of pop art, reproaching its representatives artistic direction in an effort to please the dominant social class: according to the poet, they express “the spirit of conformism and the bourgeoisie.” In addition, Kunitz expressed the idea that pop art “signs, slogans and techniques come directly from the citadel of bourgeois society, from the bastion where the images and needs of the masses are formed.”

Mario Amaya (English)

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