The problem of humane attitude towards the enemy. The problem of humane and inhumane attitude towards the enemy. Text from the exam

Here is a bank of arguments for an essay on the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. It is devoted to the military theme. Each problem is accompanied by literary examples, which are necessary for writing the highest quality paper. The heading corresponds to the problem statement, under the heading there are arguments (3-5 pieces depending on the complexity). You can also download these table arguments(link at the end of the article). We hope that they will help you in preparing for the exam.

1. In Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov" Rybak betrayed his homeland, afraid of torture. When two comrades, in search of provisions for a partisan detachment, ran into the invaders, they were forced to retreat and hide in the village. However, the enemies found them in the house of a local resident and decided to interrogate them with violence. Sotnikov passed the test with honor, but his friend joined the punishers. He decided to become a policeman, although he intended to run away to his own at the first opportunity. However, this act forever crossed out the future of Rybak. Having knocked out props from under the feet of a comrade, he became a traitor and a vile murderer who is not worthy of forgiveness.
2. In Alexander Pushkin's novel The Captain's Daughter, cowardice turned into a personal tragedy for the hero: he lost everything. Trying to win the favor of Marya Mironova, he decided to be cunning and cunning, and not to behave courageously. And so, at the decisive moment, when the Belgorod fortress was captured by the rebels, and Masha's parents were brutally murdered, Alexei did not stand up for them, did not protect the girl, but changed into a simple dress and joined the invaders, saving his life. His cowardice finally repulsed the heroine, and even being in his captivity, she proudly and adamantly resisted his caresses. In her opinion, it is better to die than to be at one with a coward and a traitor.
3. In the work of Valentin Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei deserts and resorts to his home, to his native village. Unlike him, his wife was a courageous and devoted woman, so she, risking herself, covers her runaway husband. He lives in the neighboring forest, and she carries everything he needs in secret from the neighbors. But Nastya's absences became public. Her fellow villagers followed her in a boat. To save Andrey, Nastena drowned herself without betraying the deserter. But the coward in her face lost everything: love, salvation, family. His fear of war killed the only person who loved him.
4. In Tolstoy's story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" two heroes are contrasted: Zhilin and Kostygin. While one, being captured by the highlanders, boldly fights for his freedom, the other humbly waits for his relatives to pay a ransom. Fear blinds his eyes, and he does not understand that this money will support the rebels and their struggle against his compatriots. In the first place for him is only his own fate, and he does not care about the interests of his homeland. It is obvious that cowardice manifests itself in war and exposes such traits of nature as selfishness, weakness of character and insignificance.

Overcoming fear in war

1. In Vsevolod Garshin's story "Coward" the hero is afraid to disappear in the name of someone's political ambitions. He is worried that he, with all his plans and dreams, will turn out to be only a surname and initials in a dry newspaper report. He does not understand why he needs to fight and risk himself, why all these sacrifices. His friends, of course, say that he is driven by cowardice. They gave him food for thought, and he decided to sign up as a volunteer for the front. The hero realized that he was sacrificing himself for the sake of a great cause - the salvation of his people and homeland. He died, but he was happy, because he took a really significant step, and his life acquired meaning.
2. In Mikhail Sholokhov's story The Fate of Man, Andrey Sokolov overcomes the fear of death and does not agree to drink for the victory of the Third Reich, as required by the commandant. For incitement to rebellion and disrespect for the guards, he already faces punishment. The only way to avoid death is to accept Muller's toast, to betray the motherland in words. Of course, the man wanted to live, he was afraid of torture, but honor and dignity were dearer to him. Mentally and spiritually, he fought against the invaders, even standing in front of the head of the camp. And he defeated him by willpower, refusing to obey his order. The enemy recognized the superiority of the Russian spirit and rewarded the soldier who, even in captivity, overcomes fear and defends the interests of his country.
3. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Pierre Bezukhov is afraid to take part in hostilities: he is clumsy, timid, weak, and not fit for military service. However, seeing the scope and horror of the Patriotic War of 1812, he decided to go alone and kill Napoleon. He was not at all obliged to go to besieged Moscow and risk himself, with his money and influence he could sit out in a secluded corner of Russia. But he goes to help the people somehow. Pierre, of course, does not kill the emperor of the French, but he saves the girl from the fire, and this is already a lot. He conquered his fear and did not hide from the war.

The problem of imaginary and real heroism

1. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Fyodor Dolokhov shows excessive cruelty during military operations. He takes pleasure in violence, while always demanding awards and praise for his imaginary heroism, in which there is more vanity than courage. For example, he grabbed an officer who had already surrendered by the collar and insisted for a long time that it was he who had taken him prisoner. While soldiers like Timokhin modestly and simply did their duty, Fyodor boasted and boasted of his exaggerated achievements. He did this not for the sake of saving the motherland, but for the sake of self-affirmation. This is false, fake heroism.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Andrei Bolkonsky goes to war for the sake of his career, and not for the bright future of his country. He only cares about the glory that, for example, Napoleon got. In pursuit of her, he leaves his pregnant wife alone. Once in the battlefield, the prince rushes into a bloody battle, calling on many people to sacrifice themselves with him. However, his throw did not change the outcome of the battle, but only provided new losses. Realizing this, Andrei realizes the insignificance of his motives. From that moment on, he no longer pursues recognition, he is only concerned about the fate of his native country, and only for her is he ready to return to the front and sacrifice himself.
3. In the story of Vasil Bykov "Sotnikov" Rybak was known as a strong and courageous fighter. He was strong in health and mighty in appearance. In fights, he was unmatched. But the real test showed that all his actions are just empty bragging. Fearing torture, Rybak accepts the enemy's offer and becomes a policeman. There was not a drop of real courage in his feigned courage, so he could not withstand the moral pressure of the fear of pain and death. Unfortunately, imaginary virtues are recognized only in trouble, and his comrades did not know who they trusted.
4. In Boris Vasiliev's story "He Was Not on the Lists", the hero alone defends the Brest Fortress, all the other defenders of which fell dead. Nikolay Pluzhnikov himself can hardly stand on his feet, but he still fulfills his duty until the end of his life. Someone, of course, will say that it is reckless of him. There is safety in numbers. But I still think that in his position this is the only right choice, because he will not get out and not join the combat-ready units. So isn't it better to give the last fight than to waste a bullet on yourself? In my opinion, Pluzhnikov's act is a feat of a real man who looks the truth in the eye.
5. Viktor Astafiev's novel "Cursed and Killed" describes dozens of the fates of ordinary children who were driven into the most difficult conditions by the war: hunger, mortal risk, illness and constant fatigue. They are not soldiers, but ordinary inhabitants of villages and villages, prisons and camps: illiterate, cowardly, stingy and not even very honest. All of them are just cannon fodder in battle, many of them are of no use. What drives them? The desire to curry favor and get a deferment or a job in the city? Hopelessness? Maybe their stay at the front is recklessness? You can answer in different ways, but I still think that their sacrifices and modest contribution to the victory are not in vain, but necessary. I am sure that their behavior is controlled by a not always conscious, but true force - love for the fatherland. The author shows how and why it manifests itself in each of the characters. Therefore, I consider their courage genuine.

Mercy and indifference in the atmosphere of hostilities

1. In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, shows blasphemous indifference to his compatriots. During the evacuation from the besieged Moscow, he takes advantage of the grief and confusion of people, buying their rare and valuable things cheaper. He does not care about the fate of the fatherland, he only looks into his pocket. The troubles of the surrounding refugees, frightened and crushed by the war, do not touch him in any way. At the same time, the peasants burn all their property, so long as it does not go to the enemy. They burn houses, kill livestock, destroy entire villages. For the sake of victory, they risk everything, go into the forests and live as one family. In contrast, Tolstoy shows indifference and compassion, contrasting the dishonest elite and the poor, who turned out to be richer spiritually.
2. Alexander Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin" describes the unity of the people in the face of a deadly threat. In the chapter "Two Soldiers", the old people greet Vasily and even feed him, spending precious food supplies on a stranger. In exchange for hospitality, the hero fixes watches and other utensils for the elderly couple, and also entertains them with encouraging conversations. Although the old woman is reluctant to get a treat, Terkin does not reproach her, because he understands how hard it is for them to live in the village, where there is not even anyone to help chop firewood - everyone is at the front. However, even different people find a common language and sympathize with each other when clouds have gathered over their homeland. This unity was the author's call.
3. In Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov", Demchikha hides the partisans, despite the mortal risk. She hesitates, being scared and driven by a village woman, not a cover heroine. Before us is a living person not without weaknesses. She is not happy with uninvited guests, policemen are circling around the village, and if they find something, no one will survive. And yet compassion in a woman takes over: she shelters the resistance fighters. And her feat did not go unnoticed: during interrogation with torture and torture, Sotnikov does not betray his patroness, carefully trying to shield her, shift the blame on himself. Thus, mercy in war breeds mercy, and cruelty breeds only cruelty.
4. In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, some episodes are described that indicate the manifestation of indifference and responsiveness in relation to prisoners. The Russian people saved officer Rambal and his batman from death. The frozen French themselves came to the enemy camp, they were dying of frostbite and hunger. Our compatriots showed mercy: they fed them porridge, poured them warming vodka, and even carried the officer in their arms to the tent. But the invaders were less compassionate: the familiar Frenchman did not stand up for Bezukhov, seeing him in a crowd of prisoners. The count himself barely survived, receiving the meager rations in prison and walking through the frost on a leash. Under such conditions, the weakened Platon Karataev died, to whom none of the enemies even thought to give porridge with vodka. The example of Russian soldiers is instructive: it demonstrates the truth that one must remain human in war.
5. An interesting example was described by Alexander Pushkin in the novel The Captain's Daughter. Pugachev, the ataman of the rebels, showed mercy and pardoned Peter, respecting his kindness and generosity. The young man once presented him with a sheepskin coat, not stinting on helping a stranger from the common people. Emelyan continued to do him good even after the "retribution", because in the war he strove for justice. But Empress Catherine showed indifference to the fate of the officer devoted to her and surrendered only to the persuasion of Marya. In the war, she showed barbaric cruelty, arranging the execution of the rebels in the square. It is not surprising that the people went against her despotic power. Only compassion can help a person stop the destructive power of hatred and enmity.

Moral choice in war

1. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", the youngest son of the protagonist is at the crossroads between love and homeland. He chooses the first, forever renouncing his family and homeland. His choice was not accepted by his comrades. The father was especially grieving, because the only chance to restore the honor of the family was the murder of a traitor. The military brotherhood took revenge for the death of their loved ones and for the oppression of faith, Andriy trampled on holy revenge, and Taras also made his difficult but necessary choice for defending this idea. He kills his son, proving to fellow soldiers that the most important thing for him, as chieftain, is the salvation of the motherland, and not petty interests. So he forever holds the Cossack partnership, which will fight against the "Poles" even after his death.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" the heroine also made a desperate decision. Dina liked the Russian man, who was forcibly kept by her relatives, friends, her people. Before her was a choice between kinship and love, the bonds of duty and the dictates of feeling. She hesitated, thought, decided, but could not help but understand that Zhilin was not worthy of such a fate. He is kind, strong and honest, but he has no money for ransom, and this is not his fault. Despite the fact that the Tatars and Russians fought, that one captured the other, the girl made a moral choice in favor of justice, not cruelty. This, perhaps, expresses the superiority of children over adults: even in the struggle they show less anger.
3. Remarque's novel All Quiet on the Western Front depicts the image of a military commissar who called high school students, still boys, to the First World War. At the same time, we remember from history that Germany did not defend itself, but attacked, that is, the guys went to their death for the sake of other people's ambitions. However, their hearts were set on fire by the words of this dishonorable man. So, the main characters went to the front. And only there they realized that their agitator was a coward, sitting in the rear. He sends young men to perish, while he himself sits at home. His choice is immoral. He denounces the weak-willed hypocrite in this seemingly courageous officer.
4. In Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin", the protagonist swims across an icy river in order to bring important reports to the attention of the command. He plunges into the water under fire, risking freezing to death or drowning by grabbing an enemy bullet. But Vasily makes a choice in favor of duty - an idea that is greater than himself. He contributes to the victory, thinking not about himself, but about the outcome of the operation.

Mutual Aid and Selfishness at the forefront

1. In Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", Natasha Rostova is ready to give up the carts to the wounded in order to help them escape the persecution of the French and leave the besieged city. She is ready to lose valuable things, despite the fact that her family is on the verge of ruin. It's all about her upbringing: the Rostovs were always ready to help and rescue a person from trouble. Relationships are more valuable to them than money. But Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, during the evacuation, bargained for cheap things from frightened people in order to make capital. Alas, in war, not everyone can stand the test of morality. The true face of a person, an egoist or a benefactor, will always show itself.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's Sevastopol Tales, the "circle of aristocrats" demonstrates the unpleasant character traits of the nobility who ended up in the war because of vanity. For example, Galtsin is a coward, everyone knows about it, but no one talks about it, because he is a high-born nobleman. He lazily offers his help on a sortie, but everyone hypocritically dissuades him, knowing that he will not go anywhere, and there is little use from him. This person is a cowardly egoist who thinks only of himself, not paying attention to the needs of the fatherland and the tragedy of his own people. At the same time, Tolstoy describes the silent feat of doctors who work overtime and restrain their nerves from the horror they see. They will not be awarded or promoted, they do not care about this, because they have one goal - to save as many soldiers as possible.
3. In Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The White Guard, Sergei Talberg leaves his wife and flees a country torn by civil war. He selfishly and cynically leaves in Russia everything that was dear to him, everything to which he swore to be faithful to the end. Elena was taken under protection by the brothers, who, unlike their relative, until the last served the one to whom they took the oath. They protected and comforted the abandoned sister, because all the conscientious people united under the burden of the threat. For example, an outstanding feat is performed by the commander of Nai-Tours, saving the junkers from inevitable death in a futile battle. He himself perishes, but helps the innocent and deceived by the hetman young men to save their lives and leave the besieged city.

The negative impact of war on society

1. In Mikhail Sholokhov's novel The Quiet Flows the Don, the entire Cossack people becomes a victim of the war. The former way of life is crumbling due to fratricidal strife. Breadwinners die, children get out of control, widows go crazy with grief and the unbearable yoke of labor. The fate of absolutely all the heroes is tragic: Aksinya and Peter die, Daria becomes infected with syphilis and commits suicide, Grigory becomes disillusioned with life, Natalya dies alone and forgotten, Mikhail becomes stale and impudent, Dunyasha runs away and lives unhappily. All generations are in discord, brother goes against brother, the earth is orphaned, because in the heat of battle they forgot about it. In the end, the civil war resulted only in devastation and grief, and not in the bright future that all the warring parties promised.
2. In Mikhail Lermontov's poem "Mtsyri" the hero became another victim of the war. He was picked up by a Russian military man, forcibly taken away from his home and, probably, would have further controlled his fate if the boy had not fallen ill. Then his almost lifeless body was thrown into the care of the monks in a nearby monastery. Mtsyri grew up, he was prepared for the fate of a novice, and then a clergyman, but he never reconciled himself to the arbitrariness of the kidnappers. The young man wanted to return to his homeland, reunite with his family, quench his thirst for love and life. However, he was deprived of all this, because he was just a prisoner, and even after escaping, he ended up back in his prison. This story is an echo of the war, as the struggle of countries cripples the fate of ordinary people.
3. In Nikolai Gogol's novel "Dead Souls" there is an insert that is a separate story. This is a story about Captain Kopeikin. It tells about the fate of a cripple who became a victim of the war. In the battle for his homeland, he became disabled. Hoping to receive a pension or some kind of assistance, he arrived in the capital and began to visit officials. However, they hardened in their comfortable workplaces and only drove the poor man away, in no way facilitating his suffering-filled life. Alas, the constant wars in the Russian Empire gave rise to many such cases, so no one really reacted to them. You can't really blame anyone here. Society became indifferent and cruel, so people defended themselves from constant anxieties and losses.
4. In Varlam Shalamov's story "The Last Battle of Major Pugachev", the main characters, who honestly defended their homeland during the war, ended up in a labor camp in their homeland because they were once captured by the Germans. No one took pity on these worthy people, no one showed condescension, and yet they are not guilty of being captured. And it's not just about cruel and unfair politicians, it's about the people, who have hardened from constant grief, from inescapable hardships. Society itself indifferently listened to the suffering of innocent soldiers. And they, too, were forced to kill the guards, run away and shoot back, because the massacre made them the same: merciless, angry and desperate.

Children and women at the front

1. In Boris Vasiliev's story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" the main characters are women. Of course, they were more afraid than men to go to war, each of them had close and dear people. Rita even left her son's parents. However, the girls fight selflessly and do not retreat, although they confront sixteen soldiers. Each of them fights heroically, each overcomes her fear of death in the name of saving the motherland. Their feat is perceived especially hard, because fragile women have no place on the battlefield. However, they destroyed this stereotype and defeated the fear that fetters even more suitable fighters.
2. In Boris Vasiliev's novel "Not on the Lists", the last defenders of the Brest Fortress are trying to save women and children from starvation. They don't have enough water and supplies. With pain in their hearts, the soldiers escort them to German captivity, there is no other way out. However, the enemies did not spare even future mothers. Pluzhnikov's pregnant wife, Mirra, is beaten with boots and pierced with a bayonet. Her mutilated corpse is pelted with bricks. The tragedy of war lies in the fact that it dehumanizes people, releasing all their hidden vices.
3. In the work of Arkady Gaidar "Timur and his team" the characters are not soldiers, but young pioneers. While a fierce battle continues on the fronts, they, as best they can, help the fatherland to stand in trouble. The guys do hard work for widows, orphans and single mothers, who even have no one to chop firewood. They secretly perform all these tasks, without waiting for praise and honors. For them, the main thing is to make their modest but important contribution to the victory. Their destinies are also crumpled by the war. Zhenya, for example, grows up in the care of her older sister, while they see their father once every few months. However, this does not prevent children from fulfilling their little civic duty.

The problem of nobility and meanness in battle

1. In Boris Vasiliev's novel "Not on the Lists", Mirra is forced to surrender when she discovers that she is pregnant by Nikolai. There is no water and food in their shelter, young people miraculously survive, because they are being hunted. But then a lame Jewish girl gets out of the underground to save the life of her child. Pluzhnikov is vigilantly watching her. However, she failed to blend in with the crowd. So that her husband does not give himself away, does not go to save her, she moves away, and Nikolai does not see how his wife is beaten by rabid invaders, how they wound her with a bayonet, how they fill up her body with bricks. There is so much nobility in this act of hers, so much love and self-sacrifice that it is difficult to perceive it without internal shudder. The fragile woman turned out to be stronger, more courageous and nobler than the representatives of the "chosen nation" and the stronger sex.
2. In Nikolai Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", Ostap shows true nobility in the conditions of war, when even under torture he does not utter a single cry. He did not give the enemy a spectacle and rejoicing, defeating him spiritually. In his dying words, he only turned to his father, whom he did not expect to hear. But heard. And I realized that their cause is alive, which means that he is alive. In this self-denial in the name of an idea, his rich and strong nature was revealed. But the idle crowd surrounding him is a symbol of human baseness, because people have gathered to savor the pain of another person. This is terrible, and Gogol emphasizes how terrible the face of this motley audience is, how disgusting its murmuring is. He contrasted her cruelty with the virtue of Ostap, and we understand which side the author is on in this conflict.
3. The nobility and baseness of a person is truly manifested only in emergency situations. For example, in Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov" two heroes behaved completely differently, although they lived side by side in the same detachment. The fisherman betrayed his country, his friends, his duty for fear of pain and death. He became a policeman and even helped his new comrades to hang a former partner. Sotnikov did not think about himself, although he suffered torment from torture. He tried to save Demchikha, his former friend, to avert trouble from the detachment. Therefore, he blamed everything on himself. This noble man did not allow himself to be broken and gave his life for his homeland with dignity.

The problem of responsibility and negligence of fighters

1. Leo Tolstoy's "Sevastopol Tales" describes the irresponsibility of many fighters. They only show off in front of each other, and go to work only for the sake of promotion. They do not think about the outcome of the battle at all, they are only interested in rewards. For example, Mikhailov only cares about making friends with a circle of aristocrats and getting some benefits from the service. When he is wounded, he even refuses to bandage him, so that everyone is struck by the sight of blood, because a reward is due for a serious injury. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the finale Tolstoy describes precisely the defeat. With such an attitude to one's duty to the motherland, it is impossible to win.
2. In The Tale of Igor's Campaign, an unknown author tells of Prince Igor's instructive campaign against the Polovtsians. In an effort to gain easy glory, he leads a squad against nomads, neglecting the truce. Russian troops defeat the enemies, but at night the nomads take the sleeping and drunken warriors by surprise, many are killed, the rest are taken prisoner. The young prince repented of his folly, but it was too late: the squad was killed, his patrimony was without a master, his wife was in grief, like the whole people. The antipode of the frivolous ruler is the wise Svyatoslav, who says that the Russian lands need to be united, and you should not just meddle with enemies. He responsibly treats his mission and condemns Igor's vanity. His "Golden Word" subsequently became the basis of the political system of Rus'.
3. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, two types of commanders are opposed to each other: Kutuzov and Alexander the First. One protects his people, puts the well-being of the army above victory, and the other thinks only about the quick success of the case, and he doesn’t give a damn about the sacrifices of the soldiers. Due to the illiterate and short-sighted decisions of the Russian emperor, the army suffered losses, the soldiers were dejected and confused. But Kutuzov's tactics brought Russia complete deliverance from the enemy with minimal losses. Therefore, it is very important to be a responsible and humane leader at the battlefield.

“Prisoner of war - a soldier taken prisoner” From the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova Objectives: 1. To trace the attitude towards prisoners of war on literary material. 2. Consider the "Basic Provisions of the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols", Section III "Protection of Prisoners of War". 3. To convey to students the existing problem and find out their opinion in relation to the issue of prisoners of war. 4. Consider the role of the ICRC in this matter

Tasks: 1. To bring to the attention of students the relevance of the issue of the rights of prisoners of war. 2. Show the horrors of war with literary examples. 3. With the help of a questionnaire, make schoolchildren think about the problems associated with captivity. 4. To convey information about the rights and obligations of prisoners of war.

Research methods: 1. The study of stories and novels on the proposed topic. 2. Consideration of the found works in the chronological order of their writing. 3. Revealing the peculiarities of the attitude towards prisoners of war in a certain period of time. 4. Study the "Basic Provisions of the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols", Section III "Protection of Prisoners of War". 5. Questioning of modern schoolchildren on the problem of prisoners of war. 6. Review the literature on the ICRC's contribution to POW issues.

The relevance of this problem is natural, since there is no such day and even such a minute in the world that there are no wars in some corner of our planet. And none of the warring parties can do without losses: some die, others are captured. And we must treat this issue with understanding, because every life is priceless, because every dead or captured soldier is, first of all, a person, a soul with its dreams of the future, with its past, and not a military unit. And the present of this captive person (the deceased no longer has a future, he can only be transported to his relatives and buried with dignity) depends on the content in captivity. The relevance of this problem is natural, since there is no such day and even such a minute in the world that there are no wars in some corner of our planet. And none of the warring parties can do without losses: some die, others are captured. And we must treat this issue with understanding, because every life is priceless, because every dead or captured soldier is, first of all, a person, a soul with its dreams of the future, with its past, and not a military unit. And the present of this captive person (the deceased no longer has a future, he can only be transported to his relatives and buried with dignity) depends on the content in captivity.

The attitude towards prisoners in Rus' has long been humane. Mercy to the vanquished was demanded by the “Council Code” of Moscow Rus' (1649): “Spare the enemy who asks for mercy; do not kill the unarmed; do not fight with the women; do not touch the youngsters. Treat the captives philanthropicly, be ashamed of barbarism. Defeat the enemy no less than weapons philanthropy. A warrior should crush the enemy's power, and not defeat the unarmed." And so they did for centuries.

Attitude towards prisoners of war on the example of literary works written during the Second World War and after it. The formula for attitude towards prisoners of war: 1) attitude towards Soviet prisoners of war: a) who are with the Germans; b) returned from German captivity. 2) attitude towards German prisoners of war.

War! The peculiarities of this difficult time dictate an irreconcilable attitude towards the enemy. Consequently, during the war, prisoners of war from the ranks of those who invaded foreign territory are a beast, a nonhuman, devoid of any human qualities. Wars of conquest or liberation, this is one of the aspects that affects the attitude towards prisoners of war. The attitude towards the invaders is more severe than towards the liberators. And this is not surprising, since the one who defends his native land, born and nurtured by this land, fights for every centimeter of it, for every blade of grass and blade of grass. Once on foreign territory, civilians also suffer at the hands of the invaders. And this is someone's relatives and friends. And then revenge settles in the hearts of people and gradually takes possession of them.

The past horrors of captivity are fighting with the same feelings, and a good example of this is from M. Sholokhov's story "The Science of Hate" in 1942. Lieutenant Gerasimov, was in captivity and experienced all the hardships of captivity: “They beat me in the camp with fists, sticks, rifle butts. They beat us so simply, out of boredom or for fun ... We slept right in the mud, there were no straw bedding, nothing. We will gather in a tight heap, we lie down. Quiet fuss goes on all night: those who are above are chilled. It was not a dream, but a bitter torment. The last words, in my opinion, have a double meaning. After being released from the camp, he returns to the front, but cannot see the living Nazis, “namely the living, he looks at the dead nothing ... even with pleasure, but he will see the prisoners and either close his eyes and sit pale and sweaty, or turn around and leave.” The words of the protagonist are very indicative: "... And they learned to fight for real, and to hate, and to love." The past horrors of captivity are fighting with the same feelings, and a good example of this is from M. Sholokhov's story "The Science of Hate" in 1942. Lieutenant Gerasimov, was in captivity and experienced all the hardships of captivity: “They beat me in the camp with fists, sticks, rifle butts. They beat us so simply, out of boredom or for fun ... We slept right in the mud, there were no straw bedding, nothing. We will gather in a tight heap, we lie down. Quiet fuss goes on all night: those who are above are chilled. It was not a dream, but a bitter torment. The last words, in my opinion, have a double meaning. After being released from the camp, he returns to the front, but cannot see the living Nazis, “namely the living, he looks at the dead nothing ... even with pleasure, but he will see the prisoners and either close his eyes and sit pale and sweaty, or turn around and leave.” The words of the protagonist are very indicative: "... And they learned to fight for real, and to hate, and to love." Sholokhov M.

Autobiographical story It's us, Lord! was written in 1943. Being underground for exactly 30 days, knowing that mortal danger was nearby and that he had to be in time, K. Vorobyov wrote about what he had experienced in fascist captivity. Terrible pictures pass before the reader's eyes: Sheared heads, bare legs and arms stick out like a forest from the snow along the sides of the roads. These people went to the place of torture and torment in the camps of prisoners of war, but they did not reach, they died on the way ... and silently and menacingly they send curses to the killers, sticking their hand out from under the snow, as if bequeathing Revenge! Revenge! Revenge! Autobiographical story It's us, Lord! was written in 1943. Being underground for exactly 30 days, knowing that mortal danger was nearby and that he had to be in time, K. Vorobyov wrote about what he had experienced in fascist captivity. Terrible pictures pass before the reader's eyes: Sheared heads, bare legs and arms stick out like a forest from the snow along the sides of the roads. These people went to the place of torture and torment in the camps of prisoners of war, but they did not reach, they died on the way ... and silently and menacingly they send curses to the killers, sticking their hand out from under the snow, as if bequeathing Revenge! Revenge! Revenge! Vorobyov K.

There is also such a type of prisoners of war, where special detachments deliberately capture military personnel behind enemy lines who have important information about their troops, these are the so-called "languages". Such prisoners of war were highly valued. Such a case is described in the story of K. Vorobyov “My language is my enemy”, written in 1943. Accordingly, "language" was treated as a precious commodity, because it had to be brought alive to its superiors. Since the story was written in 1943, the "tongues" are depicted faceless. But here's what's interesting, Bekasov, the main character of the story, “kept a list of his “languages” and they were all listed under the names: Kurt, Willy, Richard, another Kurt, Fritz, Helmut, Michel, Adolf, and another Richard. Bekasov, having found out that the German's name was Karl, lost all interest in him. Vorobyov K.

The attitude towards prisoners of war depends on what stage the war is at (beginning, turning point, end), the duration, the economic condition of the army and its fighting spirit, whether there is an idea or an ultimate goal for which the warring parties are fighting. The literature of the post-war period, in addition to revealing a new look at the problems of wartime, began to treat prisoners of war differently. Human qualities suddenly began to appear in the prisoner, some character traits appeared, even the appearance began to acquire individual features. And during the war, any representative of the enemy army is a fascist, a monster, a soulless creature. It made some sense. Thus, the image of an irreconcilable enemy was formed in the soldier, on the other hand, they raised morale and strengthened the feeling of patriotism. The literature of the post-war period, in addition to revealing a new look at the problems of wartime, began to treat prisoners of war differently. Human qualities suddenly began to appear in the prisoner, some character traits appeared, even the appearance began to acquire individual features. And during the war, any representative of the enemy army is a fascist, a monster, a soulless creature. It made some sense. Thus, the image of an irreconcilable enemy was formed in the soldier, on the other hand, they raised morale and strengthened the feeling of patriotism.

The story "One day of Ivan Denisovich" 1962. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn depicts one day in the life of a prisoner: “It is considered in the case that Shukhov sat down for treason. And he testified, yes, yes, he surrendered, wanting to betray his homeland, and returned from captivity because he was carrying out the task of German intelligence. But what task - neither Shukhov nor the investigator could think of. So it was just a "mission". Shukhov was in captivity for two days, and then he ran away, and not one, but five of them. Three died in their wanderings. Two survived. Ivan Denisovich has been in the camp for 10 years because he mentioned two days of captivity, rejoicing that he had escaped from captivity. Such a fate befell many prisoners of war. And this is not surprising, since the slogan during the Second World War was the words: "Die and do not give up!". Solzhenitsyn A.I.

In the story "Sasha" 1979. Vyacheslav Kondratiev, the main character is Private Sashka, having talked with a German who was taken prisoner by him. He even says that he experienced "a great sense of power over the prisoner: if I want, I will kill, if I want, I will have mercy." But he cannot just kill an unarmed person on the orders of the battalion commander. Even having violated the charter, he is looking for possible options to save his life (to a young German student who says that he is not a fascist, but a German soldier). The honesty and straightforwardness of a soldier evoke respect for the prisoner of war in Sasha’s soul: “He also swore an oath.” I was struck by the description of the look of a person doomed to death: “...their eyes - brightened somehow, detached, already from the other world, as if ... The eyes died before the body. The heart was still beating, the chest was breathing, and the eyes ... the eyes were already dead. The reaction of the battalion commander in the story towards the prisoners of war is understandable, he can also be sympathized with, because in the person of the prisoner he sees the culprit in the death of his beloved girl Katya, who died on the same day. Kondratiev V.

The literature of the war period reflects the state of affairs during the war, the fighting spirit of the army and the people. Nothing enhances the feeling of patriotism like war. Proven! At the beginning of hostilities, the soldiers could not understand how to relate to the enemy, since they could not accept the very fact of the war. After the Nazis began to build concentration camps, burn villages and villages, kill everyone from young to old, mock prisoners of war, a feeling of merciless revenge and cruelty towards the enemy arose. And any German began to be perceived as something shapeless and faceless. But until the turning point in the course of the war, literature had a slogan character, I would say, optimistic-pessimistic. “There is nothing worse than a cornered beast,” says folk wisdom. And this statement is true, as history has shown.

In literature, in my opinion, the attitude towards prisoners of war is mostly subjective, and literature considers some typical situations. The attitude in the literature towards prisoners of war depends entirely on the prevailing circumstances, although it has common features. At the end of the war, the attitude towards the enemy and towards prisoners of war, respectively, was condescending, because the soldiers had a premonition of a close victory and were tired of the war. Post-war literature about the Second World War, revising its attitude to the war, seeing the mistakes and shortcomings of the command, the meaninglessness of some orders and actions of military leaders, took a fresh look at prisoners of war: a German prisoner of war is a man with his own problems, dreams, character and not necessarily a fascist.

Luneva O.S. and Lunev A. Parting words to the soldier War is a toy for big men, War is a toy for big men, The game of politicians going ahead. A game of politicians going ahead. This virus struck the innocent, This virus struck the innocent, And grief enters every home. And grief enters every home. Soldier, you are fully equipped, Soldier, you are fully equipped, Strong, sure, packed, Strong, sure, packed, And the bearing, worthy of praise, And the bearing, worthy of praise, And discipline - drawing, heating. And discipline - exhaust, glow. Before you is an unfortunate prisoner... Before you is an unfortunate prisoner... Yesterday he was also sure, Yesterday he was also sure, That there is no more courageous on earth. That there is no more courageous on earth. Today... he stands defeated, Today... he stands defeated, Trampled, wounded, rendered harmless. Trampled, wounded, disabled. You too can be captured, You too can be captured, Disarmed, even oppressed. Disarmed, even oppressed. And every century is disfigured by war, And every century is disfigured by war, And every year is infected by war. And every year the war is infected.

HISTORICAL REFERENCE. Until the second half of the 19th century, there were no multilateral agreements in international law establishing the regime of military captivity. The first convention on the laws and customs of war on land, which fixed the rules governing the regime of military captivity, was adopted in 1899 at the 1st Peace Conference in The Hague. Until the second half of the 19th century, there were no multilateral agreements in international law establishing the regime of military captivity. The first convention on the laws and customs of war on land, which fixed the rules governing the regime of military captivity, was adopted in 1899 at the 1st Peace Conference in The Hague.

The 2nd Hague Peace Conference (1907) developed a new convention that more fully defined the legal regime of prisoners of war. World War I necessitated further development of the norms of military captivity, and in 1929 the Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War was adopted. The 2nd Hague Peace Conference (1907) developed a new convention that more fully defined the legal regime of prisoners of war. World War I necessitated further development of the norms of military captivity, and in 1929 the Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War was adopted. During the Second World War, Germany, trampling international conventions, subjected prisoners of war to torture and mass destruction. In order to prevent the arbitrariness of the belligerents in 1949, the Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War was developed and signed, aimed at humanizing the rules of warfare. During the Second World War, Germany, trampling international conventions, subjected prisoners of war to torture and mass destruction. In order to prevent the arbitrariness of the belligerents in 1949, the Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War was developed and signed, aimed at humanizing the rules of warfare.

Fundamentally new norms were included in this convention: the prohibition of discrimination against prisoners of war on the grounds of race, color, religion, sex, origin or property status; the establishment of criminal liability for violation of the provisions of the convention, etc. Fundamentally new norms were included in this convention: the prohibition of discrimination against prisoners of war on the grounds of race, color, religion, sex, origin or property status; the establishment of criminal liability for violation of the provisions of the convention, etc. An innovation was the extension of the provisions of the convention to civil and so-called "national liberation" wars. Thus, the main conventions governing the regime of military captivity are: Regulations on the laws and customs of war on land (annex to the 4th Hague Convention 1907) and the 1949 Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War. An innovation was the extension of the provisions of the convention to civil and so-called "national liberation" wars. Thus, the main conventions governing the regime of military captivity are: Regulations on the laws and customs of war on land (annex to the 4th Hague Convention 1907) and the 1949 Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War.

According to various estimates, the number of Soviet soldiers in German captivity in the years. was According to various estimates, the number of Soviet soldiers in German captivity in the years. ranged from to people. from to person.

After 1945, we had 4 million Germans, Japanese, Hungarians, Austrians, Romanians, Italians, Finns in captivity ... What was the attitude towards them? They were pitied. Of the captured Germans, two-thirds survived, of ours in German camps - a third! “In captivity, we were fed better than the Russians themselves ate. I left a part of my heart in Russia,” testifies one of the German veterans, who survived Soviet captivity and returned to his homeland, Germany. The daily ration of an ordinary prisoner of war according to the boiler allowance for prisoners of war in the NKVD camps was 600 grams of rye bread, 40 grams of meat, 120 grams of fish, 600 grams of potatoes and vegetables, and other products with a total energy value of 2533 kcal per day. After 1945, we had 4 million Germans, Japanese, Hungarians, Austrians, Romanians, Italians, Finns in captivity ... What was the attitude towards them? They were pitied. Of the captured Germans, two-thirds survived, of ours in German camps - a third! “In captivity, we were fed better than the Russians themselves ate. I left a part of my heart in Russia,” testifies one of the German veterans, who survived Soviet captivity and returned to his homeland, Germany. The daily ration of an ordinary prisoner of war according to the boiler allowance for prisoners of war in the NKVD camps was 600 grams of rye bread, 40 grams of meat, 120 grams of fish, 600 grams of potatoes and vegetables, and other products with a total energy value of 2533 kcal per day. Unfortunately, most of the provisions of the Geneva Conventions "On the Treatment of Prisoners of War" remained only on paper. German captivity is one of the darkest phenomena of the Second World War. The picture of fascist captivity was already very difficult, the atrocities did not stop throughout the war. Everyone knows what the "cultured" Germans and Japanese did during the Second World War, conducting experiments on people, mocking them in death camps ... Unfortunately, most of the provisions of the Geneva Conventions "On the Treatment of Prisoners of War" remained only on paper. German captivity is one of the darkest phenomena of the Second World War. The picture of fascist captivity was already very difficult, the atrocities did not stop throughout the war. Everyone knows what the "cultured" Germans and Japanese did during the Second World War, conducting experiments on people, mocking them in death camps ...

The main provisions of international law regarding prisoners of war are as follows: Encroachment on the life and physical integrity of a prisoner of war (murder, mutilation, cruel treatment, torture and torture), as well as an attack on their human dignity, including insulting and degrading treatment, are prohibited . Encroachment on the life and physical integrity of a prisoner of war (murder, mutilation, cruel treatment, torture and torture), as well as an attack on their human dignity, including insulting and degrading treatment, are prohibited. No prisoner of war may be subjected to physical mutilation, scientific or medical experience, unless medical treatment justifies it. No prisoner of war may be subjected to physical mutilation, scientific or medical experience, unless medical treatment justifies it. The state in whose power prisoners of war are located is obliged to support them free of charge, as well as to provide them with appropriate medical assistance; prisoners of war must enjoy the same food, accommodation and clothing as the troops of the state that took them prisoner. The state in whose power prisoners of war are located is obliged to support them free of charge, as well as to provide them with appropriate medical assistance; prisoners of war must enjoy the same food, accommodation and clothing as the troops of the state that took them prisoner.

Property personally owned by prisoners of war, with the exception of weapons, military property and military documents, remains in their possession; they are given complete freedom to practice their religion, and are allowed to send and receive letters, individual or collective parcels, and money orders. Property personally owned by prisoners of war, with the exception of weapons, military property and military documents, remains in their possession; they are given complete freedom to practice their religion, and are allowed to send and receive letters, individual or collective parcels, and money orders. Prisoners of war (with the exception of officers) may be involved in work not related to military operations; prisoners of war may not be employed in hazardous or health-threatening work without their consent. The work performed by prisoners of war must be paid: part of the wages are withheld for the costs of maintaining prisoners of war, and the remaining amount is given to them upon release. Prisoners of war (with the exception of officers) may be involved in work not related to military operations; prisoners of war may not be employed in hazardous or health-threatening work without their consent. The work performed by prisoners of war must be paid: part of the wages are withheld for the costs of maintaining prisoners of war, and the remaining amount is given to them upon release. Prisoners of war must obey the laws, regulations and orders in force in the armed forces of the state in whose captivity they are; for disobedience, judicial or disciplinary measures may be applied to them (collective punishments for individual offenses are prohibited). Prisoners of war must obey the laws, regulations and orders in force in the armed forces of the state in whose captivity they are; for disobedience, judicial or disciplinary measures may be applied to them (collective punishments for individual offenses are prohibited).

Prisoners of war may not be tried or convicted for acts which are not punishable under the laws of the state in whose power they are; they may not be subjected to penalties other than those prescribed for the same acts committed by members of the armed forces of the detaining State. Prisoners of war may not be tried or convicted for acts which are not punishable under the laws of the state in whose power they are; they may not be subjected to penalties other than those prescribed for the same acts committed by members of the armed forces of the detaining State. For a failed escape, prisoners of war are only subject to disciplinary punishment. For a failed escape, prisoners of war are only subject to disciplinary punishment. Any illegal act or omission by the detaining state that results in the death of a prisoner of war or endangers their health is prohibited and constitutes a serious breach of the convention. Those responsible for such acts are considered war criminals and subject to criminal prosecution. Any illegal act or omission by the detaining state that results in the death of a prisoner of war or endangers their health is prohibited and constitutes a serious breach of the convention. Those responsible for such acts are considered war criminals and subject to criminal prosecution.

Socio-poll Socio-poll The view of modern schoolchildren on the problem of being in captivity. We invite you to participate in the survey. Please take the questions seriously. Please mark your answer with a tick next to the proposed statements. Respond quickly, as the first reaction of a person is important. If you went to war, and during the hostilities you had to communicate with prisoners of war, how would you behave towards them? If you went to war, and during the hostilities you had to communicate with prisoners of war, how would you behave towards them? A) I would try to find out the problems of these people and would try to help them A) I would try to find out the problems of these people and would try to help them B) I would try to humiliate their dignity B) I would try to humiliate their dignity C) I would try to exchange them for my prisoners of war C A) I would try to exchange them for my prisoners of war D) I would like to find out as much information about the enemy as possible D) I would like to find out as much information as possible about the enemy E) I would behave towards them in accordance with the convention on human rights E) I would behave according to to them according to the convention on human rights E) (other) ______________________________________________ E) (other) ______________________________________________ If you, being a military man, were captured, how would you behave in this situation? If you, being a military man, were captured, how would you behave in this situation? A) I would tell about everything that I knew about my army. A) I would tell about everything that I knew about my army. B) would throw a tantrum. B) would throw a tantrum. C) Would have behaved aggressively towards those to whom I was captured C) Would have behaved aggressively towards those to whom I had been captured D) Would have come to terms with what was happening D) Would have come to terms with what was happening E) Would have committed suicide E) Would commit suicide F) Would try to escape F) Would try to escape G) Would try to get in contact with the enemy and find a way out of the situation G) Would try to get in contact with the enemy and find a way out of the situation THANK YOU! THANK YOU!

Boys of grades 8 and 11 (37 students) took part in the socio-survey. Boys of grades 8 and 11 (37 students) took part in the socio-survey. Out of 19 eighth-graders, to the 1st question (If you went to war, and during the hostilities you had to communicate with prisoners of war, how would you behave towards them?), put in the questionnaire, students gave the following answers Out of 19 eighth-graders to the I-th question (If you went to war, and during the hostilities you had to communicate with prisoners of war, how would you behave towards them?), put in the questionnaire, the students gave the following answers A) I would try to find out the problems these people and would try to help them - 6 students, 31.5% A) I would try to find out the problems of these people and would try to help them - 6 students, 31.5% B) I would try to humiliate their dignity 0 0 B ) I would try to humiliate their dignity 0 0 C) I would try to exchange them for my prisoners of war 4 students, 21% C) I would try to exchange them for my prisoners of war 4 students, 21% D) I would like to find out as much information as possible about opponent 9 students, 47.5% D) I would like to find out as much information as possible about the enemy 9 students, 47.5% E) I would behave towards them in accordance with the convention on human rights 0 0 E) I would themselves in relation to them in accordance with the human rights convention if you, being a military man, were taken prisoner, how would you behave in this situation?) The eighth graders answered in this way A) I would tell about everything I knew about my army. 0 0 A) I would tell about everything I knew about my army. 0 0 B) Would throw a tantrum. 0 0 B) Would throw a tantrum. 0 0 C) Behave aggressively towards those to whom he was captured 1 student 5% C) Behave aggressively towards those to whom he was captured 1 student 5% D) Would reconcile with what is happening 1 student 5% D) Would accept what is happening 1 student 5% E) Would commit suicide 0 0 E) Would commit suicide 0 0 F) Would try to escape5 student 26% F) Would try run away 5 students 26% G) would try to get in contact with the enemy and find a way out G) would try to get in contact with the enemy and find a way out of the situation 12 students 64% from the created situation 12 students 64%

A survey conducted among 11 people (18 people participated in the survey) gave the following indicators. A survey conducted among 11 people (18 people participated in the survey) gave the following indicators. To the 1st question (If you went to war, and during the hostilities you had to communicate with prisoners of war, how would you behave towards them?), the opinion of the 11th was divided as follows: To the 1st question (If If you went to war, and during the hostilities you would have to communicate with prisoners of war, how would you behave towards them?) the opinion of the 11s was divided as follows: A) I would try to find out the problems of these people and would strive to help them 3 student 17% A) I would try to find out the problems of these people and would try to help them 3 students 17% B) I would try to humiliate their dignity 0 0 B) I would try to humiliate their dignity 0 0 C) I would try to exchange them for my own prisoners of war 5 students 28% C) I would like to exchange them for my prisoners of war 5 students 28% D) I would like to find out as much information about the enemy as possible 10 students 55% D) I would like to find out as much information about the enemy as possible 10 students 55% E) Would behave towards them in accordance with the convention on human rights 0 0 E) Would behave towards them in accordance with the convention on human rights 0 0 , was captured, how would you behave in this situation?) high school students answered this way: To the second question (If you, being a military man, were taken prisoner, how would you behave in this situation?), high school students answered like this way: A) I would tell about everything I knew about my army. 1 student 5.5% A) I would tell about everything I knew about my army. 1 student 5.5% B) Would throw a tantrum. 0 0 B) Would throw a tantrum. 0 0 C) Behaving aggressively towards those to whom he was captured 1 student 5.5% C) Behaving aggressively towards those to whom he was captured 1 student 5.5% D) Would accept what is happening 1 student 5.5% D) Would accept what is happening 1 student 5.5% E) Would commit suicide 0 0 E) Would commit suicide 0 0 F) Would try to escape 9 student 50% F) Would try to escape 9 students 50% G) Would try to get in contact with the enemy and find a way out G) Would try to get in contact with the enemy and find a way out of the situation 6 students 33.5% of existing situation 6 students 33.5%

Monitoring for Question I A) I would try to find out the problems of these people and would try to help them A) I would try to find out the problems of these people and would try to help them B) I would try to exchange them for my prisoners of war C) I would try to exchange them for my prisoners of war D) I would like to find out as much information about the enemy as possible D) I would like to find out as much information about the enemy as possible

Monitoring for Question II A) I would tell about everything I knew about my army. A) I would tell about everything that I knew about my army. C) Behave aggressively towards those to whom he was captured C) Behave aggressively towards those to whom he was captured D) Would accept what is happening D) Would be resigned to what is happening E) Would try to escape F ) Would try to escape G) Would try to make contact with the enemy and find a way out

Observations show that students of both 8th and 11th grades focus on and highlight certain items from the proposed list. It is very unfortunate that none of the students noted item D in the first question (I would behave towards them (prisoners of war) in accordance with the convention on human rights). I think this is due to the fact that the students are not familiar with the 3rd section: "Protection of prisoners of war" from the "Basic Provisions of the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols".

The ICRC and PRISONERS OF WAR (SECTION 3) 10. Assistance provided by the ICRC and other relief societies 10. Assistance provided by the ICRC and other relief societies significant that the Convention dedicates an entire article to them in order to encourage their activity and to promote it in every possible way. The role of the aid societies, the ICRC and the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in helping prisoners of war during the two world wars was so significant that the Convention dedicates an entire article to them in order to encourage and promote their activities in every possible way. In accordance with this article, the Powers are obliged to provide the societies with their duly authorized delegates with all facilities for visiting prisoners of war, distributing aid packages and materials of any origin intended for religious and educational purposes, and also for helping prisoners of war to organize their leisure time inside the camps. The special position of the International Committee of the Red Cross in this field must always be recognized and respected. In accordance with this article, the Powers are obliged to provide the societies with their duly authorized delegates with all facilities for visiting prisoners of war, distributing aid packages and materials of any origin intended for religious and educational purposes, and also for helping prisoners of war to organize their leisure time inside the camps. The special position of the International Committee of the Red Cross in this field must always be recognized and respected.

11. Right of the Protecting Powers and the ICRC to visit prisoners of war 11. Right of the Protecting Powers and the ICRC to visit prisoners of war . They must have access to all premises used by prisoners of war. Representatives of the ICRC enjoy the same rights. The appointment of these representatives shall be subject to the approval of the Power holding the prisoners of war to be visited. The Convention further provides that representatives or delegates of the Protecting Powers should be allowed to visit all places where prisoners of war are found, in particular places of internment, imprisonment and work. They must have access to all premises used by prisoners of war. Representatives of the ICRC enjoy the same rights. The appointment of these representatives shall be subject to the approval of the Power holding the prisoners of war to be visited. The parties to the conflict must provide the International Committee of the Red Cross with all the means within their power to enable it to carry out its humanitarian mission entrusted to it by the Conventions and the Protocol in order to provide protection and assistance to the victims of conflicts. The ICRC may also carry out any other humanitarian action in favor of such victims, subject to the consent of the parties concerned in the conflict. The Federation of Red Cross Societies and National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies are also entitled to all assistance in carrying out their humanitarian mission. The parties to the conflict must provide the International Committee of the Red Cross with all the means within their power to enable it to carry out its humanitarian mission entrusted to it by the Conventions and the Protocol in order to provide protection and assistance to the victims of conflicts. The ICRC may also carry out any other humanitarian action in favor of such victims, subject to the consent of the parties concerned in the conflict. The Federation of Red Cross Societies and National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies are also entitled to all assistance in carrying out their humanitarian mission.

Luneva OS The Angel of Peace The RED CROSS rushes to the rescue, Glorifying humanity in our world, Granting shelter and bread to the humiliated, Protecting human rights throughout the earth. The grain of humanity is carried into the hearts of people, It will extend a helping hand to the captives, It hurries... Where the heat of passions reigns, Our ANGEL OF PEACE spreads its wings! 2009

Materials used: 1. "For the sake of peace on earth" stories of Soviet writers about the Second World War, Moscow, Pravda publishing house, 1990. 2. "Russian literature of the twentieth century" reader, Moscow, "Enlightenment", 1997. 3. "Basic Provisions of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols to Them", International Committee of the Red Cross, Moscow, 2003. 4.Internet resources.

Department of Education of the Prokhladnensky District Administration

Municipal educational institution

"Secondary school st. Ekaterinogradskaya

REPUBLICAN CONFERENCE

"WE STUDY INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW"

The problem of attitude towards prisoners in fiction

8th grade students

Kulinich Karina.

Scientific adviser:

Teacher of the Russian language and literature Kuzmenko E.V.

1. How the Great Patriotic War was reflected in the fate of my loved ones.

2. What did the study of the special course "Around you - the world" give me?

3. The central problematic issue of my research.

4. Chapters of the novel "War and Peace" by L.N. Tolstoy, studied in the 5th grade.

5. The tragedy of 1941 ... Poems by A.T. Tvardovsky.

6. The story of V.L. Kondratiev "Sasha".

7. Books by S. Aleksievich “War is not a woman’s face” and “Zinc Boys”.

8. Conclusion, conclusions.

Literature:

1. Books "Around you - the world" for grades 5-8.

2. Materials of the Geneva Conventions on international humanitarian law.

3. Chapters from Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace".

4. Poem by A.T. Tvardovsky “House by the road”.

5. The story of V.L. Kondratiev "Sasha".

6. Books by S. Aleksievich “War is not a woman’s face” and “Zinc Boys”.

“What would I like to see in prose about the war? Truth! All the cruel, but necessary truth, so that humanity, having learned it, would be more prudent.

V.P. Astafiev

The topic of my research is “The problem of attitude towards prisoners in fiction (on the example of works by Russian authors). It was no coincidence that I was interested in the question: “Is it possible to manifest humanity in war?”

It all started with studying the course in the fifth grade, “The world is around you.” Reading the books offered by the International Committee of the Red Cross, I thought about the role of rules in people’s lives, about respect for human dignity, about active compassion, about what is in the most difficult situations (even in war) there is a place for the manifestation of humanity.

And then the teacher offered us a topic for creative work: “How the Great Patriotic War was reflected in the fate of my loved ones, my family.”

In preparation for the composition, I was looking through an old family album and in a yellowed photograph I saw a boy of about seventeen. As I understood from the stories of my relatives, it was my grandfather's elder brother Vasily Savelyevich Nagaytsev. I began to ask my grandfather about him, and this is what he told me:

Granddaughter, I myself did not see Vasily, since I was born two years after his death. But my mother told me a lot about him while she was alive.

According to her, Vasya was cheerful and sociable, he studied well at school, he was sixteen years old when the war began. Graduation party at school coincided with its beginning. He ran home in the morning and announced from the doorway: “Mom, I'm going to volunteer for the front! You don’t need to hold me, I’ll leave anyway!

The next morning, my brother went to the stanitsa club and, despite his mother's tears and persuasions, went off to war with the others.

Soon the first letter came from him, in which Vasily reported that everything was fine with him and he was studying military affairs. And two months later, a short telegram came from him: “I’m in the hospital, I was a prisoner, I got off lightly, don’t worry, Vasya.” After the hospital, he was released home because of his wound, and he told his relatives how he had been captured and wounded.

The Germans took them by surprise, the fighting went on day and night, during the shelling of the Germans he was deafened, he woke up already in captivity. For two weeks he was on the verge of life and death, and then, together with his friend, Volodya fled. The escape was successful, but on the front line they ran into a mine. Volodya died, and Vasily was seriously wounded. He was sent to the medical unit by soldiers who heard the sound of the explosion.

Having recovered and a little stronger, the brother again went to war. And we did not see him again ... For two long years there was no news about him. Only in 1945 did a funeral come to him, and in 1946 his friend Alexander came to the village. He spoke about his life and death. Vasily was again taken prisoner, tried to escape several times, but to no avail.

He was shot along with other fines in front of Alexander, who managed to survive in captivity. Our people released him, Alexander was treated for a long time and a year after the war he found the relatives of his deceased friend in order to tell them about his heroic son.

Shocked by my grandfather's story, I began to read about the war with particular interest. I was especially interested in the situation of those who were wounded or taken prisoner in a situation of armed conflict. During the special course, I got acquainted with the basic norms of international humanitarian law and their protection.

I realized that the Red Cross always saw in a suffering person only a person, and not a defeated or a winner, and never tried to find and condemn those responsible. I also remember the words of one of the ICRC delegates, M.Juno: “In a battle, only two sides always oppose each other. But next to them - and sometimes in front of them - a third fighter appears: a warrior without weapons. The "unarmed warrior" is, I think, someone who fights to uphold the rules of the Conventions, which limit the excessive cruelty of people. These rules are based on common sense and the desire of people to survive.

If the Nazis had observed these Conventions, not only my grandfather would have survived ...

“In Russian literature,” wrote K.M. Simonov, “everything that was written about the war by L. Tolstoy was and remains an unsurpassed model for me, starting from “Deforestation” and “Sevastopol Tales”, ending with “War and Peace” and "Hadji Murat".

Indeed, there is no better teacher for a military writer than Tolstoy, who describes the war with all truthfulness, without turning his eyes away from the terrible cruelties of war, from its dirt and blood, from the weaknesses, vices and mistakes of many people. In the fifth grade, we read several chapters from the novel "War and Peace" and met Petya Rostov, who came to Vasily Denisov's detachment on an assignment and stayed to take part in the battle.

Here he meets a little French prisoner, for whom he feels pity and "tender feeling". The boy also evokes the same feeling among the partisans who take care of the young drummer. Fatherly refers to Vincent Boss and Commander Denisov.

It is known that in the novel Tolstoy described a real case: the story of Visenya, as the hussars called him, ended in Paris, where he was brought by Russian officers and handed over to his mother.

But not all Russian people treated the prisoners so humanely. Let us turn to the scene of the dispute between Denisov and Dolokhov. These people have a different attitude towards the prisoners. Denisov believes that prisoners should not be killed, that they should be sent to the rear and that the honor of a soldier should not be soiled by murder. Dolokhov, on the other hand, is distinguished by extreme cruelty. “We won’t take it!” He says about the prisoners who came out with a white flag on a sword. I especially remember the episode when Petya Rostov, realizing that Tikhon Shcherbaty had killed a man, felt embarrassed, "he looked back at the captive drummer and something pierced his heart." I was struck by the main thing in this phrase: “Tikhon killed a man!”

Not an enemy, not an enemy, but a person.

Together with Denisov, we mourn this terrible death and recall the surprisingly true words of the Russian musician A.G. Rubinstein: “Only life is irreplaceable, except for it - everything and everyone.”

The tragedy of 1941. ... One of the most painful, most tragic topics in literature is captivity, prisoners. The topic of prisoners of war was closed for many years.

It is difficult to find works in our literature that could be compared with the poems of A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin" and "The House by the Road" in terms of the depth of comprehension of the tragedy of 1941.

“The memory of the war,” said the poet, “is a terrible memory - the memory of torment and suffering.”

In the fifth chapter of the poem "Road House" this tragedy is revealed. It begins with rhetorical questions addressed to the reader: "Have you happened to be there?" The poet does not show the atrocities of the Nazis in the poem, although he knows about them. We are only talking about the fact that a foreign soldier is in charge of our land. To see a foreign soldier on his land - “God forbid!” - he exclaims.

But the greatest humiliation is “to see your living soldiers in captivity with your own eyes”:

And now they're in captivity

And this captivity in Russia.

So Tvardovsky leads the reader to the image of "a gloomy line of prisoners." They are led in a "shameful, assembled formation", they go "with bitter, evil and hopeless torment." They experience a sense of shame from the fact that they did not fulfill their duty, they could not protect their native country.

It is shameful to be captured on your own land, which you had to protect from the enemy. Shame, disgrace, pain is experienced by the bulk of the prisoners - those who were "angry that they were alive."

The main character of the poem, Anna Sivtsova, thinks heavily about fascist captivity before being sent to Germany. Before leaving for a foreign land, a woman says goodbye to her home, gathers her three children on a difficult journey.

And in captivity, a boy was born to her, in a barrack on straw.

And Anna experienced all the inhumanity of the fascist "order" and the humanism of the prisoners of the camp. People help the mother and the baby in any way they can. Anna lives by caring for children, sharing with them both her piece and her warmth. Parental duty, maternal feeling give Anna strength, strengthen her will to live.

The war appeared in the works of A. Tvardovsky not only in its true tragedy, but also in its true heroism: soldiers, warriors, fighters felt like a people. An understanding of the very essence of the struggle came, a sense of responsibility for its outcome:

The fight is holy and right.

Mortal combat is not for glory,

For life on earth.

These lines are the leitmotif of the poem "Vasily Terkin".

When we turn to books about the war, we see that the most bitterly truthful works poeticize the feat of those who stood up to defend their native country:

And not because we keep the agreement,

That memory is supposed to be

And not then, no, not then one,

That the winds of wars are noisy, not abating.

A.T. Tvardovsky

More than six decades have passed since the Great Patriotic War, but they have not weakened interest in this historical event.

Among the books that can speak honestly about this war, excite, cause deep feelings not only about the hero, about the author, but also about themselves, is the story of V. L. Kondratiev "Sasha".

The writer created it while suffering, and not admiring the war and exploits, not dressing up the war in romantic clothes, without expecting to please and please anyone.

The creative history of the creation of "Sasha" is interesting. For fourteen years he nurtured the story, the writer admitted: “Apparently, each of the millions who fought had his own war. But it was precisely “my own war” that I did not find in prose - the stories of Bykov, Bondarev, Baklanov. My war is the steadfastness and courage of soldiers and officers, this is a terrible infantry battle, these are wet trenches. My war is a lack of shells, mines ... all of 1974 I wrote Sasha. And the story was released only in 1986 with a half-million circulation.

"Sashka" is a tragic story at the same time bright. She describes the battles near Rzhev, terrible, exhausting, with great human losses.

Why is a book in which the terrible face of war is depicted with such fearlessness - dirt, lice, blood, corpses - basically a bright book?

Yes, because it is imbued with faith in the triumph of humanity!

Because it attracts the folk Russian character of the protagonist. His mind, ingenuity, moral certainty, humanity are manifested so openly and directly that they immediately arouse the reader's trust, sympathy and understanding in him.

Let us mentally transport ourselves to that time and to the land that we learned about after reading the story. The hero has been fighting for two months. Sasha's company, of which sixteen people remained, ran into German intelligence. She grabbed the "tongue", Sasha's partner, and hastily began to move away. The Nazis wanted to cut off their intelligence from ours: German mines flew. Sashka broke away from his own, rushed through the fire and then saw a German. Sasha shows desperate courage - he takes the German with his bare hands: he has no cartridges, he gave his disk to the company commander. But how many guys died for "language"!

Sasha knew, and therefore did not hesitate for a second.

The company commander interrogates the German to no avail and orders Sashka to take the German to headquarters. On the way, Sashka tells the German that they do not shoot prisoners in our country, and promises him life.

But the battalion commander, having not obtained any information from the German during interrogation, orders him to be shot.

Sasha disobeyed the order. This episode shows that the war did not depersonalize Sasha's character. The hero evokes sympathy for his kindness, compassion, humanity. Sasha is uncomfortable with almost unlimited power over another person, he realized how terrible this power over life and death can become.

Sashka committed an unthinkable event in the army - disobedience to the order of a senior in rank. This threatens him with a penal company, but he gave his word to the German. It turns out - cheated? It turns out that the German was right when he tore up the leaflet and said: "Propaganda"?

But the orderly of the battalion commander Tolik would have shot the prisoner, he would have killed him in hours ... Sashka is not like that, and the battalion commander realized he was right, canceling his order. He understood those high human principles that are characteristic of Sasha

The image of the hero in his human manifestations is remarkable. His humanism is natural in relation to the prisoner, and when you read the story, you involuntarily ask the question: would a German show such humanity?

It seems to me that we find the answer to this question in the story of another writer - K. Vorobyov "A German in felt boots."

In the war, I think, both good and bad Germans fought, there were people who were forced to fight ...

In the center of the work of K. Vorobyov, the difficult relationship between the prisoners and their guards is given, and they are shown as people of different characters, different actions.

“The Third Geneva Convention of 1949 is dedicated to the protection of prisoners of war. It says that prisoners have the right to humane treatment.

The convention prohibits inhumane actions towards prisoners: encroachment on life and health, insult and humiliation of human dignity.

Willy Brode, a guard in a German concentration camp, hardly lived to see this Convention, but he behaved towards a Russian prisoner of war in a completely humanistic spirit of the Geneva Convention.

This behavior, I think, is explained by the fact that this person himself suffered, experienced pain in frostbitten legs, and therefore wore felt boots even in the spring. “It is clear that the German fought in the winter near Moscow,” the hero-narrator decides, the prisoner is a penalty box, also with frostbitten legs.

And this common pain and suffering begins to bring the former enemies closer: Brode begins to feed the prisoner, gradually mutual understanding arises between them. The narrator shares this ration with other goners: “And tomorrow four “fresh” goners will get bread, the day after tomorrow four more, then another and another, you never know how many times this person decides to come here!”

But one day everything was cut short: Willy was beaten, demoted and removed from office for helping the Russian.

Fate separated the heroes: “Sometimes I think, is Brode alive? And how are his legs? It is not good when frostbitten feet ache in the spring. Especially when the little fingers ache, and the pain escorts you both left and right ... "

After reading the story "The German in felt boots", I became even more convinced that the fate of a person who was captured depends on compliance with the norms of international humanitarian law. I think that it is absolutely not necessary to sympathize or have any positive feelings for a prisoner of the enemy army. At the same time, the feeling of hatred should not interfere with the observance of the basic humanitarian rule: a prisoner of war has the right to humane treatment. “It is the duty of a warrior to crush the enemy’s power, and not to defeat the unarmed!” - so said the great Russian commander A.V. Suvorov.

In the amazing book by S. Aleksievich "War has not a woman's face" it also deals with the attitude towards prisoners. These are the memories of medical workers who took part in the Great Patriotic War.

According to the surgeon V.I. Khoreva, she had to treat German SS men. By that time, her two brothers had already died at the front.

She could not refuse - an order. And Vera Iosifovna treated these wounded, operated, anesthetized, the only thing she could not do was talk to the sick, ask how they were feeling.

And it's amazing when you read this memoir.

Another doctor recalls: “We took the Hippocratic oath, we are doctors, we are obliged to help any person in trouble. Anyone…”

It is easy to understand such feelings today, from peacetime, but then, when your land was burning, your comrades were dying, it was excruciatingly difficult. Doctors and nurses provided medical care to anyone who needed it.

As stated in the Convention, medical workers should not divide the wounded into “us” and “them”. They are obliged to see in the wounded only a suffering person who needs their help and provide the necessary assistance.

The second book of S. Aleksievich "Zinc Boys" is also devoted to the war, only the Afghan one.

“Even for us, who went through the Patriotic War,” writes V.L. Kondratiev, “there are a lot of strange, incomprehensible things in the Afghan war.”

About Sasha, the writer will say that he, like many others, grumbled, because he saw and understood that a lot comes from his own ineptness, thoughtlessness, confusion. Grumbled, but did not "distrust".

Those who fought in Afghanistan accomplished a feat by their mere presence here. But Afghanistan has led to "disbelief".

“In Afghanistan,” A. Borovik wrote, “we bombed not rebel groups, but our ideals. This war was for us the beginning of a reassessment of our ethical values. It was in Afghanistan that the original morality of the nation came into glaring contradiction with the anti-people interests of the state. It couldn't go on like this."

For me, the book “The Zinc Boys” was both a revelation and a shock. She made me think about the question: “For what did fifteen thousand Soviet soldiers die in it?”

War without an answer

Not a single question. War,

In which there is no gain

There is only a terrible price.

For life now on our land these red gravestones with the memory of the souls that are gone, with the memory of our naive trusting faith:

Tatarchenko Igor Leonidovich

Fulfilling a combat mission, faithful to the military oath, SHOWING RESISTANCE AND COURAGE, DIE IN AFGHANISTAN.

Beloved Igor, you passed away without knowing it.

Mother, father."

In our Museum Ekaterinogradskaya has a graphic painting "The Last Letter" by G.A. Sasov, a native of the village. It depicts the face of an old woman, frozen in a mask of sorrow and pain, a soldier's triangle is pressed to her lips. The picture personifies the tragedy of the mother, who received the last letter from her son:

And the memory of that, probably

My soul will be sick

For now, an irrevocable misfortune

There will be no war for the world.

So, after doing a little research: “Is it possible to manifest humanity in war?” I answer: “Yes! Maybe!"

But, unfortunately, most often during military conflicts and now the rules of the Conventions are violated. Therefore, in our time, when much is said about progress, culture, mercy and humanity, if war cannot be avoided, it is important to strive to prevent or at least mitigate all its horrors.

The problem of national unity in the tragic moments of history

III. Military issues

Politicians start wars, but the people win. Not a single war ended in victory as a result of the strategic skillful actions of military leaders. Only the people, standing up for the defense of their Fatherland, ensure victory at the cost of great losses.

The Patriotic War of 1812 was won when the French experienced the power of the "club of the people's war" in their own skin. Let us recall Tolstoy's famous comparison of two swordsmen. The duel between them was at first carried out according to all the rules of a fencing fight, but suddenly one of the opponents, feeling wounded and realizing that this is a serious matter, but concerns his life, throws his sword, takes the first club that comes across and begins to toss with it. The opponent begins to resent that the fight is not going according to the rules, as if the killing has some rules. Therefore, the people, armed with a club, causes fear in Napoleon, and he does not stop complaining to Alexander I that the war is being waged against all rules. Tolstoy's thought is clear: the course of hostilities does not depend on politicians and military leaders, but on some kind of inner feeling that unites people. In war, this is the spirit of the army, the spirit of the people, this is what Tolstoy called "hidden warmth of patriotism."

The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “a Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone out of a skeleton and go against a fascist with it” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people in the "time of grief", their steadfastness, courage, daily heroism - this is the true price of victory. In the novel by Y. Bondarev "Hot Snow" the most tragic moments of the war are reflected, when Manstein's brutalized tanks rush to their group surrounded in Stalingrad. Young gunners, yesterday's boys, with superhuman efforts hold back the onslaught of brutalized fascists armed to the teeth. The sky was blood-smoked, the snow melted from bullets, the ground burned under their feet, but the Russian soldier held out and did not let the tanks break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, defying all conventions, without award papers, presents orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What can I do, what can I do…” he says bitterly, approaching another soldier. The general could, but the authorities? Pain pierces the heart from the fact that the state remembers the people only at tragic moments in history.

G. Vladimov in the novel "The General and His Army" has an episode that tells about the battle of Volkhov, when the army of General Kobrisov was squeezed into a German ring. Everyone was thrown into battle: with and without weapons. They even drove the walking wounded from the medical battalion - in dressing gowns and underpants, forgetting to hand out weapons. And a miracle happened: these unarmed men stopped the Germans. Their commander was taken prisoner, brought to the general, he strictly asks:

Why did you back off. You also had such positions that you could defeat the division!

Mr. General, - the prisoner answers, - my machine gunners are true soldiers. But shooting an unarmed crowd in hospital gowns was not taught to us. Our nerves failed, perhaps for the first time in this war.

What is it: a manifestation of humanism or a nervous shock of German soldiers? Probably, after all, a humane attitude towards unarmed wounded soldiers who are forced to defend their land, their people.

On the ability of Russians to forgive enemies

Mercy and the ability to forgive enemies have always distinguished Russian people. The property of being merciful not only to relatives and friends, but also to strangers - this requires labor and effort from a person.

But the problem of this text lies not only in forgiveness; she is even in more difficult situations that may arise in life. A person may be faced with a choice: should or should he not forgive the enemies of the pain for his torn land, for the crippled destinies of his compatriots and the desecration of everything sacred to him.

Commenting on this problem, it should be said that not all Russian people, both at the front and in the territories liberated from the invaders, were able to forgive uninvited guests for the harm done. And to be irreconcilable for our people in these conditions - this became their right through suffering.

However, the opinion of the author in the text is seen very clearly. The people of Russia, both those who fought and the civilian population, for the most part were not hostile towards the captured Germans. Everyone understood that captivity was a consequence of the same war that ground the lives and destinies of millions of innocent people. At the same time, no matter who they were, no matter the army of any armies was in the power of the winners, the vanquished themselves were not able to change anything in their fate. However, the approaches to the captured Russians and captured Nazis, which were carried out by the “other” side, were sharply opposite in nature. The Nazis deliberately destroyed the captured soldiers of the Red Army, and our command saved the lives of German prisoners of war.

I agree with the position of the author and confirm it with the following first example. The attitude of the Russians towards the prisoners was also filled with high humanism in the war of 1812. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" there is a scene: the commander-in-chief of the Russian army, Kutuzov, inspects his regiments after the victorious battle of Krasnensky and thanks them for their feats of arms. But at the sight of thousands of sick and exhausted French prisoners, his gaze becomes sympathetic, and he speaks of the need to "regret" the defeated enemy. After all, real warriors fight with the enemy in an open battle. And when he is defeated, it becomes the duty of the victors to save him from certain death.

The second example, in order to prove the correctness of the author's position, I cite from life, based on real facts. A column of German prisoners of war under escort was led down the street of a small town. The Russian woman brought out three boiled potatoes and two pieces of bread - everything that was in the house from food that day, and gave it to the sickly-looking prisoner, who could barely move his legs.

In conclusion, we can say that the high humanism of the Russian people was manifested in a generous attitude towards the defeated enemy and in the ability to distinguish genuine enemies from those who found themselves in the thick of bloody events against their will.

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