The problem of attitude to nature, arguments from works. Caring attitude, love for nature - arguments of the Unified State Examination
Human and nature.
The problem of the harmful influence of man on nature; consumer attitude towards it.
- How does a person influence nature? What can this attitude towards nature lead to?
1) A thoughtless, cruel attitude towards nature can lead to its death; the destruction of nature leads to the death of man and humanity.
2) Nature turns from a temple into a workshop; she found herself defenseless in front of a person, dependent on him.
3) The relationship between man and nature is often inharmonious; man destroys nature, thereby destroying himself.
V. Astafiev “Tsar Fish”
V. Rasputin “Farewell to Matera”, “Fire”
V. Belov “Beaver Eel”, “Spring”, “At Home”
Ch. Aitmatov “The Scaffold”
B. Vasiliev “Don’t shoot white swans”
2. The problem of the lack of kinship between man and nature.
- How is it shown? What does this mean?
1) Man is part of nature, forms a single whole with it, and the severance of this connection ultimately leads to the death of humanity.
2) Direct, immediate human contact with the ground is necessary. Psychological and spiritual isolation between man and the earth is much more dangerous than physical isolation.
V. Astafiev “Starodub”
V. Rasputin “Farewell to Matera”
A. Fet “Learn from them - from the oak, from the birch...”
M. Yu. Lermontov “when the yellowing field is agitated...”
3. The problem of the beneficial influence of nature on humans.
- How does nature influence humans?
Nature is capable of ennobling and reviving the human soul, revealing it best qualities.
L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace” (episode about the oak tree and Andrey)
L. N. Tolstoy “Cossacks”
Yu. Nagibin “Winter Oak”
V. Astafiev “Drop”
K. Paustovsky “Creaky floorboards”
Quotes.
I. Vasiliev : “A person most likely breaks away from his moral anchors when he leaves his native land, when he ceases to see, feel and understand it. It’s as if he’s disconnected from the source that feeds him.”
V. P. Astafiev : “The most dangerous poacher is in the soul of each of us.”
V. Rasputin : “To talk about ecology today means to talk not only about changing life, as before, but about saving it.”
R. Rozhdestvensky : “Less surrounding nature, more and more environment.”
John Donne : “There is no man who is like an island on his own; every person is part of the land, part of the continent, and if a wave carries a coastal cliff into the sea, Europe will become smaller... Therefore, never ask for whom the bell tolls: it tolls for you.”
V. P. Astafiev : “Three dangers of the destruction of humanity exist, in my opinion, in the world today: nuclear, environmental and the danger associated with the destruction of culture.”
V. Fedorov : To save yourself and the world,
We need, without wasting years,
Forget all cults
The infallible cult of nature.
Nature in the poem is in close connection with people. Thus, a solar eclipse seems to warn Prince Igor’s army of impending danger. After the defeat of the Russians, “the grass withered with pity, and the tree bowed to the ground with grief.” At the moment of Igor's escape from captivity, the woodpeckers, with their knocking, show him the way to the river. The Donets River also helps him, “cherishing the prince on the waves, spreading green grass for him on its silver banks, clothing him with warm mists under the canopy of a green tree.” And Igor thanks Donets, his savior, talking poetically with the river.
K.G. Paustovsky - fairy tale “The Disheveled Sparrow”.
The little girl Masha made friends with the sparrow Pashka. And he helped return to her the glass bouquet stolen by the black man, which her father, who was at the front, had once given to her mother.
How does nature affect the human soul? Nature helps us discover ourselves and the world around us
L.N. Tolstoy's epic novel War and Peace. Nature gives a person hope, helps a person realize his true feelings, understand his own soul. Let us remember the meeting of Prince Andrei with the oak tree. If on the way to Otradnoye this old, dying oak filled his soul only with bitterness, then on the way back the oak with young, green, succulent leaves suddenly helps him realize that life is not over yet, perhaps there is happiness ahead, the fulfillment of his destiny.
Yu. Yakovlev - story “Awakened by Nightingales.” Nature awakens in the human soul the best human qualities, creative potential, and helps to open up. The hero of the story is a kind of crazy, difficult child, whom adults did not like and did not take seriously. His nickname is Seluzhenok. But then one night he heard the singing of a nightingale, and he wanted to portray this nightingale. He sculpts it from plasticine, and then enrolls in an art studio. Interest appears in his life, adults change their attitude towards him.
Yu. Nagibin - story “Winter Oak”. Nature helps man make many discoveries. Against the backdrop of nature, we become more aware of our own feelings, as well as in a new way We look at the people around us. This happened with the heroine of Nagibin’s story, teacher Anna Vasilievna. Having found herself in the winter forest with Savushkin, she took a fresh look at this boy, discovered qualities in him that she had not noticed before: closeness to nature, spontaneity, nobility.
What feelings does the beauty of Russian nature awaken in our souls? Love for Russian nature - love for the Motherland
S.A. Yesenin - poems “About arable lands, arable lands, arable lands...”, “The feather grass is sleeping, the dear plain...”, “Rus”. The theme of nature in Yesenin’s work inextricably merges with the theme of the small homeland, the Russian village. Thus, the poet’s early poems, filled with Christian images and details of peasant life, recreate a picture of the life of Orthodox Russia. Here the poor Kaliki pass through the villages, here the wanderer Mikola appears on the roads, here the sexton remembers the dead. Each of these scenes is framed by a modest, unpretentious landscape. And until his very last days, Yesenin remains faithful to his ideal, remaining the poet of the “golden log hut.” Admiration for the beauty of Russian nature merges in his poems with love for Russia.
N.M. Rubtsov - poems “I will gallop over the hills of the slumbering Fatherland...”, “My Quiet Homeland”, “Star of the Fields”, “Birches”. In the poem “Visions on the Hill,” N. Rubtsov refers to the historical past of the Motherland and traces the connection of times, finding echoes of this past in the present. The times of Batu are long gone, but Rus' of all times has its “Tatars and Mongols.” Image of the Motherland, feelings lyrical hero, the beauty of Russian nature, the inviolability of folk foundations and the strength of spirit of the Russian people is that good beginning that is contrasted in the poem with the image of evil in the past and present. In the poem “My Quiet Homeland,” the poet creates an image of his native village: huts, willows, river, nightingales, old church, graveyard. For Rubtsov, the star of the fields becomes a symbol of all of Russia, a symbol of happiness. It is this image, and perhaps even Russian birches, that the poet associates with the Motherland.
K.G. Paustovsky - story “Ilyinsky Whirlpool”. The author talks about his attachment to one of the small towns in Russia - the Ilyinsky Whirlpool. Such places, according to the author, carry something sacred within them; they fill the soul with spiritual ease and reverence for the beauty of their native land. This is how a feeling of Motherland arises in a person - out of little love
- The beauty of nature encourages not only to admire it, but also to think about philosophical topics
- The murmur of the river, the singing of birds, the blowing of the wind - all this helps restore peace of mind
- Admiration for the beauty of nature can spark a burst of creativity and inspire the creation of masterpieces
- Even a rude person can see something positive in nature
Arguments
L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”. The wounded Andrei Bolkonsky, lying on the battlefield, sees the sky of Austerlitz. The beauty of the sky changes his worldview: the hero understands that “everything is empty, everything is a deception.” What he lived with before seemed insignificant and insignificant to him. The beauty of nature cannot compare with the cruel, angry faces of howling people, the sound of gunshots and explosions. Napoleon, whom Prince Andrei had previously considered an idol, no longer seemed a great man, but an insignificant man. The magnificent sky of Austerlitz helped Andrei Bolkonsky understand himself and reconsider his views on life.
E. Hemingway “The Old Man and the Sea.” In the work we see the sea as it is for the old fisherman Santiago. The sea not only provides him with food, but also brings joy to this person’s life, makes him strong, as if supplying him with energy reserves from some invisible sources. Santiago is grateful to the sea. The old man admires him like a woman. The soul of the old fisherman is beautiful: Santiago is able to admire the beauty of nature, despite the hardships of his existence.
I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”. Everyone tends to perceive nature in their own way. If for the nihilist Evgeny Bazarov the world around him is a workshop, an object of practice, then for Arkady Kirsanov nature is, above all, beautiful. Arkady loved to walk in the forest. Nature attracted him, helped him achieve inner balance and heal mental wounds. The hero admired nature, although he did not admit it, because at first he also called himself a nihilist. The ability to perceive the beauty of nature is part of the character of the hero, making him a real person, capable of seeing the best in the world around him.
Jack London "Martin Eden". Many of the works of the aspiring writer Martin Eden are based on what he saw on his voyages. It's not only life stories, but also the natural world. Martin Eden tries his best to express the splendor that he saw on paper. And over time, he manages to write in such a way as to convey all the beauty of nature as it really is. It turns out that for Martin Eden, the beauty of nature becomes a source of inspiration, an object of creativity.
M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”. Callousness and selfishness towards people do not prevent Grigory Pechorin from being sensitive to nature. Everything was important for the hero’s soul: spring trees at the moment of flowering, a light gust of wind, majestic mountains. Pechorin wrote in his journal: “It’s fun to live in such a land!” He wanted to fully express the feelings that the beauty of nature evoked in him.
A.S. Pushkin “Winter Morning”. With admiration, the great poet describes the landscape of a winter day. Addressing the lyrical heroine, he writes about nature in such a way that it comes to life before the reader. The snow lies in “magnificent carpets”, the room is illuminated with an “amber shine” - everything indicates that the weather is truly wonderful. A.S. Pushkin not only felt the beauty of nature, but also conveyed it to the reader by writing this beautiful poem. The beauty of nature is one of the sources of inspiration for the poet.
This work is addressed to schoolchildren who are facing state final certification in the 11th grade in the Unified State Exam format.
The proposed material will help graduates in writing part C, namely: in the selection of arguments. In addition, the student will see that the problems raised by the authors of the texts may be different, and to express his opinion on them an argument taken from the same work can serve (B. Vasiliev’s story “Don’t Shoot White Swans”, novel I .S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”, poem by A.S. Pushkin “The forest drops its crimson attire...”).
In addition, such works as: the novel by M. Sholokhov “Virgin Soil Upturned”, the novel by N.G. Chernyshevsky “What to do?”, epic novel “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy.
1. Problem careful attitude to nature: Argument from fiction(Boris Vasiliev’s story “Don’t Shoot White Swans”): In Boris Vasiliev’s story “Don’t Shoot White Swans” different people are depicted: thrifty owners of nature and those who treat it as consumers, committing terrible acts: burning an anthill, exterminating swans. This is the “gratitude” of tourists for their vacation and enjoyment of beauty. Fortunately, there are people like Yegor Polushkin, who strove to preserve and preserve the natural world and taught his son Kolka this. An argument from life: In life, unfortunately, there are the same heroes as in the story by B. Vasilyev. They cut down trees so as not to interfere with the construction of garages; they trample lawns to shorten the path; They do not keep city parks and surrounding forests clean, and thereby destroy nature and expose their “moral geology” by their actions. And only people like Yegor, every spring and autumn, increase green spaces, transform parks, and preserve forests.
2. The problem of happiness, the meaning of life: An argument from fiction (Boris Vasiliev’s story “Don’t Shoot the White Swans”): The problem of happiness and the meaning of life is revealed using the example of the hero Yegor Polushkin in Boris Vasiliev’s story “Don’t Shoot the White Swans.” Egor’s happiness and meaning in life is to protect nature for people. He said: “I want everyone to be kind, that’s it.” With what love he watched a pair of white swans on the Black Lake, which he bought in the regional city! He wanted “the lake to be called Swan back,” as it once was. He “acted not for reasons of reason, but as his conscience told him.” His conscience told him to live for people and protect nature for people too. An argument from life: It’s wonderful that the Yegor Polushkins live in our ordinary life: maintain nurseries for stray animals, according to own initiative They are improving playgrounds and cultivating flower beds near houses. They do it not for themselves, but for others, and this makes them feel happy!
3. The problem of lack of spirituality, indifference, cruelty: Argument from fiction (Boris Vasiliev’s story “Don’t Shoot the White Swans”): Boris Vasiliev tells us about the lack of spirituality, indifference and cruelty of people in the story “Don’t Shoot the White Swans.” Tourists burned a huge anthill so as not to feel inconvenience from it, “they watched the giant structure, the patient work of millions of tiny creatures, melt before their eyes.” They looked at the fireworks with admiration and exclaimed: “Victory salute! Man-king nature." An argument from life: In life, unfortunately, more than once we have to deal with lack of spirituality, indifference, and cruelty both towards nature and towards people. All this leads to dire consequences: nature is dying, the number of orphanages is growing, and the percentage of crime in the country is increasing. Scary…
4. The problem of the place and role of beauty in a person’s life: Argument from fiction (I.S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”): This problem is addressed in I.S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons.” Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov is a connoisseur of nature, art and literature. He listened with interest to the “ebullient speeches” of Yevgeny Bazarov, but could not understand how one could “reject poetry, not sympathize with art, nature?..” It is impossible to deny what makes our life more beautiful. An argument from life: Among my generation there are those who replaced books with a computer, do not know, for example, the name of the artist who painted the painting “The Rooks Have Arrived”, have a consumerist attitude towards nature... Their life, in my opinion, is uninteresting, poor, and they themselves, probably never experience spirituality.
5. The problem of education and upbringing in the development of personality: Argument from fiction (I.S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”): I.S. Turgenev did not avoid the problem of education and upbringing in the development of personality in the novel “Fathers and Sons” and solved it using the example of the life of N.P. Kirsanov , father of Arkady Kirsanov. Thoughtful, striving to fulfill his fatherly duty, he took Arkasha to St. Petersburg, to the University, and stayed with his son. He tried to get closer to Arkady's classmates, read the same books, was interested in the hobbies of young people, and followed modern life. Why? Yes, because he was worried not only about the material well-being of his son, but also about spiritual development as a result of education and upbringing during his growing up period. An argument from life: Education is unthinkable without upbringing, otherwise it will be difficult to form your own life position, become harmonious personality. Literature lessons gave us moral lessons in life, biology helped us gain health, history did not allow us to lose the connection of times... Education and upbringing are inseparable. There is a result: I have grown spiritually.
6. The problem of fidelity to the oath: Argument from fiction (A.S. Pushkin “The forest drops its crimson attire...”) Example true friendship is the Lyceum Union of A.S. Pushkin’s comrades, about which the poet wrote in the poem “The forest is dropping its crimson attire...”: My friends! Our union is wonderful! He, like the soul, is indivisible and eternal. Upon graduation, the lyceum students swore an oath to each other to gather at the lyceum holiday in 1825, but, unfortunately, only Alexander Gorchakov, who at that time became a diplomat and reached the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs, had this opportunity. Pushkin’s lyceum friends did not break the oath, they remembered it, but could not be at the meeting for political reasons, for example, I. Pushchin as a participant in the uprising in Senate Square was exiled to Siberia, Pushkin himself, as a disgraced poet, was in exile in Mikhailovskoye. An argument from life: I also have school friends. We are united common interests: music, literature, sports. There is a common dream - to become certified specialists. We didn’t take an oath, but I’m sure it’s in our souls. This is a pledge of allegiance to school friendships. We must remember it and come to each other’s aid, no matter what.
7. Friendship Problem: Argument from fiction (A.S. Pushkin “The forest is dropping its crimson attire...”) An example of true friendship is the Lyceum Union of A.S. Pushkin’s comrades, about which the poet wrote in the poem “The forest is dropping its crimson attire...”: My friends! Our union is wonderful! He, like the soul, is indivisible and eternal. These lines sound like a hymn to the sacred feeling of friendship. An argument from life: I also have school friends. We are united by common interests: music, literature, sports. There is a common dream - to become certified specialists. We will try to keep school friendship, remember her and come to each other’s aid, no matter what.
8. The problem of maintaining honor and being true to your word: An argument from fiction (L.N. Tolstoy’s epic novel “War and Peace”): A man of honor and word is Nikolai Bolkonsky, the hero of L.N. Tolstoy’s epic novel “War and Peace.” He raised Andrei Bolkonsky in this spirit. Seeing his son off to war, his father strictly forbade him to serve out of mercy, because it was painful and shameful. Andrei did not promise anything, he was raised in the family of Nikolai Bolkonsky, where moral laws were observed, therefore he served the Fatherland faithfully, with dignity and honesty. An argument from life: The Bolkonskys live among us, you look up to them. We must be their successors in terms of morality: live honestly, remember honor, be true to our word. All this must have deep content and meaning. For example, I must successfully graduate from school, and, first of all, systematize knowledge in subjects and pass state exams with dignity in order to confidently hold a matriculation certificate in my hands.
9. The problem of forgetting parents as a mortal sin: An argument from fiction (A. Sholokhov’s novel “Virgin Soil Upturned”): The problem of forgetting parents as a mortal sin is considered in A. Sholokhov’s novel “Virgin Soil Upturned” using the example of the image of Yakov Lukich Ostrovny, who starved his own mother to death and kept her locked up for the sake of his salvation , to avoid reference. He waited for her death and waited: “The old woman was lying on the floor near the threshold, and the accidentally forgotten... mitten was chewed by her toothless gums...” Late he felt the severity of the loss he had suffered... Argument from life: The same problem sometimes sounds in modern life. Parents are forgotten: no calls, no letters, no financial assistance. They try to justify their children due to everyday worries and live in anticipation of a meeting... And adult children remember their father and mother too late and begin to atone for their sins in church... What is it, pain or fear?..
10. The problem of forming a person’s character: Argument from fiction (N.G. Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?”): The problem of forming a person’s character is considered by N.G. Chernyshevsky in his novel “What is to be done?” using the example of the image of Rakhmetov, a man of a “special breed”. He prepared himself to be a professional revolutionary and for this, first of all, he developed physical strength: he did gymnastics, “took a boxing diet,” “he was a plowman, a carpenter, he even walked the entire Volga as a barge hauler,” he believed that “this is useful, it might come in handy.” " Nikitushka Lomov (as his “comrades in the strap” dubbed him) not only developed physically, but also strengthened his character. According to Chernyshevsky, Rakhmetov is a special person. An argument from life: Upon graduation, a graduate will receive a certificate of maturity, but the process of becoming a person and character formation will not end there. The main thing is ahead: do not stray from the right path, overcome difficulties and realize your potential. This will require strength, moral and physical. Life will more than once test his character for strength, which, according to R. Emerson, “is a completely educated will.”
In the modern world, the problem of the relationship between man and nature is increasingly on the agenda. The arguments of those who raise this issue are simple - if humanity does not change its consumer attitude towards nature, then the survival of humans as a species may be in jeopardy.
Man's place in the biosphere
Countless amounts of fashionable ideologies and philosophical movements convince a person of his exclusivity. Unproven speculations of ignorant people convinced society that nature should be conquered by man. He placed himself above nature, forgetting that he was only part of it. But we should not forget that nature gets along well without humans, but humans are not able to continue their lives without it.
The result of the consumer attitude towards nature has been a previously unknown level of air and water pollution. Entire species are disappearing from the surface of our planet forever. The fragile natural balance is disrupted, which will inevitably lead to changes in the entire ecosystem. You cannot take resources from the planet without giving it something in return. It has become vitally important for all humanity to find its place in the biosphere and achieve harmony with nature.
Technical progress
In ancient times, people could not make significant changes to the planet’s ecosystem, since their number was significantly less than today, and production technologies had not yet been developed enough to destroy the natural balance. The further progress goes, the more acute the problem of the relationship between man and nature arises. The arguments of environmentalists, unfortunately, do not have any impact on the state of affairs, because nothing can convince those in power to give up the treasured profits that are so generously showered on their natural resources. 
After the industrial revolution, humanity acquired such high production capacities that it became possible to make significant changes to the ecological balance of the planet. Thus, the relationship between man and nature was disrupted. His activity reached such a global scale that he ceased to be part of the biosphere, creating the sphere of reason or noosphere.
Scientific luminaries talked a lot about the fact that the noosphere would become a continuation of the biosphere, but this did not happen. Despite modern knowledge, which allows us to say with confidence that the current path of society leads to the destruction of our planet, the harmful influence of people on nature is only growing, and the problem of the relationship between man and nature is worsening. Arguments are powerless where money is made. 
Energy
Energy resources play a vital role in the development of technology and industry. Today the main energy sources are coal, natural gas and oil. When they are burned, harmful compounds are formed that cause serious harm to the environment, but without their use modern world, as we know it, will collapse. This leads to another problem in the relationship between man and nature - for further existence, people need to use energy resources that pollute water and air, but they also put the existence of future generations at risk. Nuclear energy cannot solve all problems, so the future lies with renewable and environmentally friendly energy sources.
Many countries are actively developing technologies for obtaining energy from sunlight, wind and water. Fossil energy sources will run out in the middle of this century, so switching to renewable sources is vital. Currently, the efficiency of solar panels and wind turbines is too low to meet society's enormous energy needs. We can only hope that the luminaries of science will be able to change such a sad situation. 
Ecology and philosophy
Philosophers have always loved to think about man and his position in this world. What place is given to people in the biosphere? First you need to understand what it is.
The biosphere is the totality of all life on our planet, plus the environment in which all this diversity lives. It was philosophy that shaped views on the correct interaction of a person with the outside world around him. This science helps to consider the relationship between nature and man as a factor in the development of the biosphere.
An immoral attitude towards nature, disregard for the value of the lives of our smaller brothers will inevitably lead to decline within society. Many scientists have focused their attention on the problem of the relationship between man and nature. The arguments they gave were simple - society must develop according to natural laws, otherwise the Earth's biosphere will be destroyed. 
Contradictions between nature and man
Today, human activity has reached planetary proportions. People persistently influence the parts of the entire system they need, naively believing that the remaining parts of nature will remain untouched. But these mechanisms are too closely related to each other. A failure in one element of the system will inevitably lead to changes in the rest components. This is where the problem of the relationship between man and nature arises. Arguments from the conscious part scientific world drowning in the ridicule and reproaches of their corrupt colleagues. The people who control fossil fuel production have such unlimited power that they would rather destroy the entire planet than change the established order.
What can be done to save nature? It seems that one person cannot change anything, but this is not so. You need to start changes with yourself: try to be more conscious of nature, do not pollute it or destroy it.
Bank of Unified State Exam arguments in the Russian language
A complete collection of arguments for passing the Russian language exam with convenient sorting by problem
Caring attitude, love for nature - arguments of the Unified State Examination
Abstracts
- Human activity is destroying nature
- The state of nature depends on man
- Preserving the environment is a priority for society
- The future of humanity depends on the state of nature
- Love for nature makes a person cleaner
- People with high moral qualities, protect nature
- Love for nature changes a person for the better and contributes to his moral development
- People have forgotten that nature is their home
- Everyone tends to have their own view on the role of nature in human life
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Arguments
I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”. The work contains two completely opposite views on the place of nature in people’s lives. Nihilist Evgeny Bazarov perceives the world around him as material for practice, saying that “nature is not a temple, but a workshop.” He tries to find benefit in everything, rather than see the beauty around him. The hero considers living beings only material for his research. For Arkady Kirsanov, who at first supported the views of Yevgeny Bazarov, nature is a source of harmony. He feels like an integral part of the world around him, sees and feels beauty.
ON THE. Nekrasov “Grandfather Mazai and the Hares.” The story of Grandfather Mazay rescuing hares has been known to every person since childhood. From the poem of the great poet it is clear that our hero is a hunter, which means that for him hares should first of all be prey. But grandfather Mazai cannot offend animals when they are absolutely helpless, between life and death. Love for nature turns out to be higher for a person than the opportunity to get easy prey. He shouts after the rescued hares so that they don’t come across him during the hunting period, but at the moment he releases them.
A.I. Kuprin “Olesya”. Attitude to nature main character the work can be called truly correct. Olesya's life is inextricably linked with the world around her. She feels that she is connected to the forest and that the forest is something alive. The girl loves all living things. Olesya is ready to protect everything connected with nature: grass, shrubs, huge trees. Unity with the outside world allows her to survive at a distance from people, in the depths of the forest.
V.P. Astafiev “Tsar Fish”. The fate of Gosha Gertsev is a striking example of the fact that nature can not only tolerate human attacks, but also actively defend itself with the help of its moral and punitive force. The hero who showed a consumerist, cynical attitude towards the environment is punished. Moreover, punishment threatens not only him, but all of humanity if it does not realize how cruel its activities are. Lack of spirituality, thirst for profit, thoughtless use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress - all this threatens the death of society.
B.L. Vasiliev “Don’t shoot white swans.” The piece shows different attitude people to nature: we see both its defenders and enemies, whose activities are only of a consumer nature. The main character, Yegor Polushkin, takes care of all living things. He often becomes the object of ridicule because those around him do not support his views on the world. Egor Polushkin, while laying a pipe, decides to go around the anthill, which causes laughter and condemnation from people. When the hero needs money, he learns that the population can receive a reward for soaked bast. However, even in a difficult situation, the hero cannot decide to destroy a living thing, while his cousin destroys an entire grove for profit. Yegor Polushkin's son is distinguished by the same moral qualities: Kolka gives his expensive gift (a spinning rod that everyone dreamed of) to Vovka to save a puppy that the boy wanted to torture. Myself main character turns out to be killed by evil and envious people for his desire to protect nature.
Chingiz Aitmanov “The Scaffold”. The work shows how a person destroys the world around him with his own hands. People abuse saigas; wolf cubs die due to man-made fires. Not knowing where to direct her maternal love, the she-wolf becomes attached to the human child. People, not realizing this, shoot at her, but one of them ends up killing his own son. The death of a child can be blamed not on the she-wolf, but on the people who barbarously invaded her territory, exterminated her children, and therefore took up arms against nature. The work “The Scaffold” shows the consequences of such an attitude towards the living.
D. Granin “Bison”. The main character realizes with horror that almost all people, including scientists, are confident in the boundlessness of nature and the insignificant impact of humans on it. The bison does not understand how a person can assert scientific and construction projects, causing irreparable damage to all living things. He believes that science in this case works not for the benefit, but to the detriment of humanity. The hero is pained by the fact that almost no one has come to understand the true role of nature in human life, its uniqueness and vulnerability.
E. Hemingway “The Old Man and the Sea.” For the old fisherman, the sea is his breadwinner. In the entire appearance of the hero, a connection with nature is visible. The old man treats everything with respect and gratitude: he asks the caught fish for forgiveness. The work shows the role of nature’s generosity in our lives, and the hero demonstrates a truly correct attitude towards the world around him - grateful.
bank-argumentov.info
The problem of caring for nature: arguments from the literature
Writing an essay in the Unified State Exam is one of the most difficult stages for a future student. As a rule, testing part “A” does not present any problems, but many people have difficulties with writing an essay. Thus, one of the most common problems that are covered in the Unified State Exam is the problem of respect for nature. Arguments, their clear selection and explanation are the main task of a student taking an exam in the Russian language. 
Turgenev I. S.
Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” is still very popular among both the younger generation and their parents. This is where the issue of caring for nature comes into play. Arguments in favor of the topic addressed are as follows.
The main idea of the work in the field of environmental protection is: “People forget where they were born. They forget that nature is their original home. It was nature that allowed the birth of man. Despite such profound arguments, every person does not pay due attention to the environment. But all efforts should be aimed at preserving it first and foremost!” 
Bazarov's attitude to nature
The main figure here is Evgeny Bazarov, who is not concerned about caring for nature. This man’s arguments sound like this: “Nature is a workshop, and man is a worker here.” It is difficult to argue with such a categorical statement. Here the author shows a renewed mind modern man, and, as you can see, he succeeded perfectly! Nowadays, caring for nature and arguments in favor of protecting the environment are more relevant in society than ever!
Turgenev, in the person of Bazarov, presents to the reader a new man and his mind. He experiences complete indifference to generations and all the values that nature can give to humanity. He lives in the present moment, does not think about the consequences, and does not care about man’s caring attitude towards nature. Bazarov’s arguments boil down only to the need to realize one’s own ambitious desires. 
Turgenev. The relationship between nature and man
The above-mentioned work also touches on the problem of the relationship between man and respect for nature. The arguments given by the author convince the reader of the need to show concern for Mother Nature.
Bazarov completely rejects all judgments about the aesthetic beauty of nature, about its indescribable landscapes and gifts. The hero of the work perceives the environment as a tool for work. Bazarov’s friend Arkady appears in the novel as the complete opposite. He treats with dedication and admiration what nature gives to man.
This work clearly highlights the problem of caring for nature; arguments in favor of a positive or negative attitude towards the environment are determined by the behavior of the hero. Arkady, through unity with her, heals his spiritual wounds. Eugene, on the contrary, strives to avoid any contact with the world. Nature does not give positive emotions to the person who does not feel peace of mind, does not consider himself a part of nature. Here the author emphasizes a fruitful spiritual dialogue both with oneself and in relation to nature. 
Lermontov M. Yu.
The work “Hero of Our Time” touches on the problem of caring for nature. The arguments that the author gives relate to the life of a young man named Pechorin. Lermontov shows the close relationship between the mood of the protagonist and natural phenomena, the weather. One of the paintings is described as follows. Before the duel began, the sky seemed blue, transparent and clean. When Pechorin looked at Grushnitsky’s dead body, “the rays did not warm” and “the sky became dim.” Here the connection between internal psychological states with natural phenomena.
The problem of caring for nature is addressed here in a completely different way. The arguments in the work show that natural phenomena depend not only on the emotional state, but also become involuntary participants in events. So, a thunderstorm is the reason for the meeting and long meeting between Pechorin and Vera. Further, Grigory notes that “the local air promotes love,” meaning Kislovodsk. Such techniques show respect for nature. Arguments from the literature once again prove that this area vital not only on a physical level, but also on a spiritual and emotional level. 
Evgeny Zamyatin
Yevgeny Zamyatin’s vibrant dystopian novel also shows a caring attitude towards nature. The essay (arguments, quotes from the work, etc.) must be supported by reliable facts. So, describing literary work entitled “We”, it is important to pay attention to the absence of a natural and natural beginning. All people give up a varied and separate life. The beauties of nature are replaced by artificial, decorative elements.
Numerous allegories of the work, as well as the suffering of number “O”, speak of the importance of nature in human life. After all, it is precisely this kind of beginning that can make a person happy, give him feelings, emotions, and help him experience love. It shows the impossibility of the existence of verified happiness and love using “pink cards”. One of the problems of the work is the inextricable relationship between nature and man, without which the latter will be unhappy for the rest of his life. 
Sergey Yesenin
In the work “Go, my dear Rus'!” Sergei Yesenin touches on the problem of the nature of his native places. In this poem, the poet refuses the opportunity to visit paradise, just to stay and devote his life to his native land. Eternal bliss, as Yesenin says in his work, can only be found on his native Russian soil.
The feeling of patriotism and love for nature is clearly expressed here. Homeland and nature are inextricably linked concepts that exist only in conjunction. The very realization that the power of nature can weaken leads to the collapse of the natural world and human nature.
Using arguments in an essay
If you use arguments from works of art, it is necessary to comply with several criteria for the presentation of information and presentation of material:
Only if all the above conditions are met, as well as sufficient and reliable data, you will be able to write an essay that will give you the maximum number of exam points.
Arguments in the Russian language for the Unified State Exam essay
Bank of arguments from fiction and journalistic literature
Tips for using table arguments:
You may also be interested in the article on how to write an Unified State Exam essay.
HUMAN AND NATURE
Human perception of nature as living matter (the influence of nature on the human soul)
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
Yegorushka, a 9-year-old boy, amazed by the beauty of the steppe,
humanizes her and turns her into his double: it seems to him that the steppe space is capable of suffering, and rejoicing, and yearning. His experiences and thoughts become not childishly serious, philosophical.
L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”
Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she sees. Andrei Bolkonsky, during a trip to Otradnoye, saw an old oak tree, and the changes that subsequently occurred in the hero’s soul are associated with the beauty and grandeur of the mighty tree.
V. Astafiev “Tsar Fish”
Fisherman Utrobin, having caught a huge fish on a hook, is unable to cope with it. In order to avoid death, he is forced to release her. An encounter with a fish that symbolizes the moral principle in nature forces this poacher to reconsider his ideas about life.
The mischievous, restless Selyuzhonok was once awakened by nightingales in a pioneer camp. Angry, with a stone in his hand, he decides to deal with the birds, but freezes, mesmerized by the song of the nightingale. Something moved in the boy’s soul; he wanted to see and then portray the forest wizard. And even though the bird he sculpted from plasticine does not even remotely resemble a nightingale, Seluzhonok experienced the life-giving power of art. When the nightingale woke him up again, he raised all the children from their beds so that they too could hear the magic trills. The author argues that the comprehension of beauty in nature leads to the comprehension of beauty in art, in oneself.
Respect for nature
ON THE. Nekrasov "Grandfather Mazai and the Hares"
The hero of the poem, during the spring flood, saves drowning hares, collecting them in a boat, and cures two sick animals. The forest is his native element, and he worries about all its inhabitants.
Nature is alive and spiritual, endowed with moral and punitive power, it is capable of not only defending itself, but also inflicting retribution. Fate illustrates the punitive force Gosha Gertseva. This hero is punished for his arrogant cynicism towards people and nature. Punishing power extends not only to individual heroes. An imbalance poses a threat to all of humanity if it does not come to its senses in its intentional or forced cruelty.
The roles of childhood in human life
Petya Rostov on the eve of his tragic death in relations with his comrades he displays all the best traits of the “Rostov breed” that he inherited in his home: kindness, openness, the desire to help at any moment.
V. Astafiev “Last bow”
Grandmother Katerina Petrovna
imbued her grandson Vitka with deep human wisdom and became for him a symbol of love, kindness, and respect for man.
The roles of the family in the formation of personality
L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
In family Rostov everything was built on sincerity and kindness, that’s why the children are Natasha. Nikolai and Petya - became for real good people, and in the family Kuraginykh, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists.
I. Polyanskaya “Iron and Ice Cream”
The negative psychological atmosphere in the family and the callousness of adults became the cause of the serious illness of Rita, the little heroine of the story, and the cruelty, cunning, and resourcefulness of her sister.
Motherhood (the role of the mother in education)
A. Fadeev “Young Guard”
K. Vorobyov “Aunt Egorikha”
Orphan Sanka in the story he will become orphaned again when he loses his aunt Yegorikha, who has become more than a mother to him.
V.P. Astafyev “Participating in all living things. »
The author states: if he were given the opportunity to repeat his life, he would ask his fate for one thing - to leave his mother with him. The writer missed her all his life, and he appeals to everyone with a request to take care of their mothers, because they come only once and never return, and no one can replace them.
Motherhood as a feat
L. Ulitskaya “Daughter of Bukhara”
Bukhara, the heroine of the story, accomplished a maternal feat, devoting herself entirely to raising her daughter Mila, who had Down syndrome. Even being terminally ill, the mother thought through her daughter’s entire future life: she got her a job, found her new family, husband, and only after that she allowed herself to die.
V. Zakrutkin “Mother of Man”
Maria, The heroine of the story, during the war, took responsibility for her own and other people's children, saved them, and became their Mother.
Relationships between fathers and children
Olenka, the heroine of the story, a talented girl, but selfish, spoiled by her father and mother. Blind parental love gave rise to Olya’s belief in her exclusivity. The reluctance to understand the feelings and experiences of loved ones and friends ultimately leads to the mother’s severe illness.
N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"
Bulba believed that only then could the education of Ostap and Andriy be completed, when they learned the wisdom of battle and became his worthy heirs. However, Andriy’s betrayal made Taras a murderer; he could not forgive his son for his betrayal. Only Ostap warmed his father’s soul with his courage in battle, and then during the execution. For Taras, partnership turned out to be higher than all blood ties.
R. Bradbury "Veld"
Wendy and Peter The heroes of the story commit an act that is monstrous in its inhumanity: they kill their own parents. And this murder is not accidental: it is the result of upbringing, when children are immensely pampered and indulged in their whims.
F. Iskander “The Beginning of Form”
Hero of the story Georgy Andreevich, I realized that parental authority does not arise from orders and threats, but is won through labor, the ability to prove to the son that there is something to respect the father for.
Using the example of three generations Kovalevsky family You can trace the influence of parents on children. In the novel, not only the son seeks answers from his father to the questions that tormented him, but the father also feels the need for spiritual communication with his son. The writer is convinced: adults must “possess the gift of understanding, and therefore empathy.” If it is not there, children will inevitably become alienated from family, school and, ultimately, from society. From misunderstanding and mistrust, the drama of relationships between loved ones, parents and children is born.
A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
Father's instructions helped Peter Grinev even in the most critical moments, remain honest, true to yourself and duty.
N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
Following my father’s commandment to “save a penny”, Chichikov He devoted his entire life to hoarding, turning into a person without shame and conscience.
Relationships in the family
A. Amlinsky “Return of Brother”
The story creates the image of a very sincere, spontaneous boy who dreamed of a friend, a protector. He hopes to find it in his older brother and looks forward to his return. But the older brother lost himself as an individual and sank to the “bottom” of life. However, the faith of the younger brother and the inability to deceive him help the eldest, Ivan, return to normal life.
A. Aleksin “Mad Evdokia”
Parents, blinded by the talent of their daughter Olya, who believed in her exclusivity, do not want to understand the class teacher, who strives to “make everyone’s success, everyone’s joy, the success and joy of everyone.” Both Evdokia Savelyevna and the guys are ready to appreciate and love the talent, but they cannot accept and forgive Olya’s arrogance and disregard for them. Much later, the father will understand the teacher and agree that the desire to be first at any cost dooms a person to loneliness.
Relationships between people in the family were built on the principle of “need as long as you need.” Aleksin depicts an open confrontation between two principles: kindness, cordiality, the ability to abandon the personal for the sake of loved ones (grandmother Anisya) and lack of spirituality and pragmatism, covered with beautiful phrases (mother). And between these two close people is Vera. The conflict is resolved by tragedy: the grandmother leaves forever for the village, and Vera again becomes seriously ill.
A. Likhanov “Clean pebbles”
Twelve years old Mikhaska lives on the pages of the book a complex inner life: from the feeling of happiness that his father, who fought heroically, returned home unharmed, to the feeling of bitter disappointment and burning shame for him, who embarked on the path of deception and speculation in pursuit of a well-fed, prosperous life. The boy cannot accept the position of his father, who is convinced that he has won the right to a better life for himself and his family. Mikhaska began to listen carefully to the words and closely look at the actions of his parents, feeling an increasing discrepancy between what they taught him and their own deeds. The loss of trust in his parents became the reason for the hero’s loneliness.
Growing up (roles of adults, schools in personality development)
V. Tendryakov “The Night After Graduation”
The school gave the heroes of the story knowledge, but did not cultivate feelings, did not teach them love and kindness. And Yulia Studentova, the best student at the school, speaks about this at the graduation party, who is simply scared that she does not have these qualities.
E. Grishkovets “Chief”
Vladimir Lavrentievich, the head of the photography club, selflessly loving his work, taught the boys not only the secrets of photography, but also instilled in them the belief that they were capable and talented. This confidence subsequently helped each of them to become individuals.
A. Likhanov “Deception”
The main character Seryozha, mother died. All his further troubles are connected with this main one. A whole series of deceptions befalls him: it turns out that biological father, who left his family, lives in their city, his stepfather and his mother, Serezha’s teacher, frightening his grandmother that he and Serezha cannot live on a pension, resettle them from two-room apartment into a miserable little room. The boy and the loneliness that has befallen him are having a hard time: both his father and stepfather actually abandoned him. The hard way The hero passed through until he realized that it was impossible to live in a lie. At the age of fourteen, Seryozha Vorobyov comes to the conviction of the need to make decisions himself.
E. Hemingway “The Old Man and the Sea”
The old Cuban fisherman Santiago hopes that his skill will be preserved for centuries, but most importantly, it can be passed on as the most precious inheritance to future generations. Therefore, he teaches the boy all the intricacies of craft and life.
Roles of a teacher in a person's life
A.I. Kuprin "Taper"
Anton Rubinstein, the great composer, having heard the talented piano playing of the unknown young tapper Yuri Azagarov, helped him become a famous musician
V. Rasputin “French Lessons”
teacher Lidia Mikhailovna taught the hero not only lessons French, but also kindness, empathy, the ability to feel someone else’s pain.
Teacher Freezing He became a model for his students in everything, he even died with them, believing that a teacher should always be with his students.
A. Likhanov “Dramatic pedagogy”
“The worst thing that can exist in this world is a teacher who does not recognize, does not see, does not want to see his mistakes. A teacher who never once said to his students, their parents, or himself: “Sorry, I was wrong” or: “I failed.”
A. Aleksin “Third in the fifth row”
Teacher Vera Matveevna, reflecting on educational methods, is forced to admit that she was wrong in trying to educate all her students the same way: “You cannot suppress a person. .. everyone must do good in their own way. The dissimilarity of characters should hardly be taken for incompatibility.”
Teacher Evdokia Vasilievna was convinced: the most great talent her students have a talent for kindness, a desire to help in Hard time, and it was precisely these character traits that she cultivated in them.
A. de Saint-Exupéry “The Little Prince”
Old Fox taught the Little Prince to comprehend the wisdom of human relationships. To understand a person, you need to learn to peer into him and forgive minor shortcomings. After all, the most important thing is always hidden inside, and you can’t see it right away.
The narrator remembers with gratitude his first teacher, who raised her students to be true citizens of the Fatherland.
Indifference of the adult world (children's insecurity; innocent child suffering)
D.V. Grigorovich "Gutta-percha boy"
The hero of the story is an orphan Peter, who is mercilessly exploited in the circus: he is a tightrope walker. While performing a difficult exercise, the boy crashed, and his death simply went unnoticed.
A. Pristavkin “The golden cloud spent the night”
Heroes of the story - Kuzmyonyshi- while in an orphanage, they became victims of cruelty and indifference of adults.
F.M. Dostoevsky "The Boy at Christ's Christmas Tree"
The boy, the hero of the story, came with his mother to St. Petersburg, but after her death, on the eve of Christmas, no one needed him. No one even gave him a piece of bread. The child was cold, hungry and abandoned.
THE PROBLEM OF DEVELOPMENT AND PRESERVATION OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
Development and preservation of the Russian language
A. Knyshev “O great and mighty Russian language!”
In this ironic publication, the journalist ridicules borrowers, showing how ridiculous our speech becomes when oversaturated with them.
M. Krongauz “The Russian language is on the verge of a nervous breakdown”
V. Stupishin sweet til? What language do we speak and write?
The journalistic article is devoted to the problems of linguistic absurdities, which are full of speeches of politicians and some journalists. The author gives examples of absurd accents in words, foreign borrowings, and the inability of speakers and writers to use the rich arsenal of the Russian language.
A. Shchuplov “From the Party Congress to the Congress of the Roof”
The journalistic article is devoted to reflections on how many abbreviations have appeared and continue to appear in our lives, which sometimes become, according to the author, an example of “official stupidity.”
“Speak Russian, for God’s sake! Bring this novelty into fashion.” (A.M. Zhemchuzhnikov.)
“In days of doubt, in days of painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland, you alone are my support and support, oh great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language!” (I.S. Turgenev)
“... Voluntarily or unwittingly, we have come today to the line when the word becomes not a part of life, one of many parts, but the last hope for our national existence in the world.”
“To use a foreign word when there is an equivalent Russian word means to insult both common sense and common taste.” (V. Belinsky)
“A person’s morality is visible in his attitude to the word.” (L.N. Tolstoy)
N. Gal “The Living and the Dead Word”
The famous translator discusses the role of the spoken word, which can hurt a person’s soul with its thoughtlessness; about borrowings that distort our speech;
about bureaucracy that kills living speech;
about caring for our great heritage - the Russian language.
K.I. Chukovsky “Alive as Life”
The writer analyzes the state of the Russian language, our speech, and comes to disappointing conclusions: we ourselves are distorting and mutilating our great and powerful language.
Correlation between a person’s name and his inner essence
DI. Fonvizin "Undergrowth"
In the comedy, many characters have “telling” surnames: Vralman, a former coachman, lied that he was a foreign teacher; the name Mitrofan means “like his mother,” who is depicted in the comedy as a stupid and arrogant ignoramus. Skotinin Taras - Mitrofan's uncle; He loves pigs very much and in terms of the coarseness of his feelings he is similar to cattle, as his surname indicates.
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH NEGATIVE PERSONALITY QUALITIES
Heartlessness, spiritual callousness
A. Aleksin “Division of property”
Heroine's mother Verochki so callous that she forced her mother-in-law, who raised and healed her daughter, to leave for a remote village and doomed her to loneliness.
Y. Mamleev “Jump into the coffin”
Relatives of a sick old woman Ekaterina Petrovna, Tired of caring for her, they decided to bury her alive and thereby get rid of the problems. A funeral is a terrible evidence of what a person becomes, devoid of compassion, living only in his own interests.
K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram"
Nastya lives a bright, fulfilling life away from her lonely, old mother. To her daughter, all her affairs seem so important and urgent that she completely forgets to write letters home and does not visit her mother. Even when a telegram arrived about her mother’s illness, Nastya did not go right away, and therefore did not find Katerina Ivanovna alive. The mother never lived to see her only daughter, whom she loved very much.
L. Razumovskaya “Dear Elena Sergeevna”
Heartless, cynical students began to reproach the teacher for her old-fashioned clothes, her honest attitude to work, for the fact that she had been teaching all her life, but she herself had not accumulated any capital and did not know how to profitably sell her knowledge. Their arrogance and callousness became the cause of Elena Sergeevna’s death.
On the night after graduation, classmates for the first time in their lives decided to openly tell each other to their faces what each of them thought about those present. And it turned out that each of them is a heartless egoist who does not value the pride and dignity of the other at all.
V. Tendryakov “Potholes”
Having been in a car accident. a young man dies, and the culprit of his death becomes the director of MTS, who refused, citing instructions, to give a tractor to take the victim to the hospital.
Loss of spiritual values
B. Vasiliev “Wilderness”
The events of the story allow us to see how in today’s life the so-called “new Russians” strive to enrich themselves at any cost. Spiritual values have been lost because culture has disappeared from our lives. Society was split, and the bank account became the measure of a person’s merit. Moral wilderness began to grow in the souls of people who had lost faith in goodness and justice.
E. Hemingway “Where it is clean, it is light”
The heroes of the story, having finally lost faith in friendship, love and severed ties with the world, are lonely and devastated. They turned into the living dead.
V. Astafiev “Lyudochka”
Growing up in the village amid poverty and drunkenness, cruelty and immorality, the heroine of the story seeks salvation in the city. Having become a victim of brutal violence, in an atmosphere of general indifference, Lyudochka commits suicide.
V. Astafiev “Postscript”
The author describes with shame and indignation the behavior of listeners at a symphony orchestra concert, who, despite the excellent performance famous works, “they began to leave the hall. Yes, if only they left him just like that, silently, cautiously - no, they left him with indignation, shouting, and abuse, as if they had been deceived in their best lusts and dreams.”
Losing contact with the parental home
Dusya, the heroine of the story, having left for the city, has lost all ties with her home, the village, and therefore the news of her mother’s death does not cause her any worries or desire to visit her homeland. However, having arrived to sell the house, Dusya feels lost and cries bitterly at her mother’s grave, but nothing can be fixed.
Loss of connection between generations
V. Astafiev “Izba”
Young people come to Siberian timber industry enterprises for big money. The forest, the land once protected by the older generation, turns into a dead desert after the work of lumberjacks. All the moral values of our ancestors are eclipsed by the pursuit of the ruble.
F Abramov "Alka"
The heroine of the story went to the city in search of a better life, leaving behind her old mother, who died without waiting for her daughter. Alka, having returned to the village and acutely aware of the loss, decides to stay there, but this impulse quickly passes when she is offered a lucrative job in the city. The loss of native roots is irreparable.
Katerina Izmailova, The wife of a rich merchant fell in love with the worker Sergei and was expecting a child from him. Fearing exposure and separation from her beloved, she uses it to kill her father-in-law and husband, and then little Fedya, her husband’s relative.
R. Bradbury "Dwarf"
Ralph, the hero of the story, is cruel and heartless: he, being the owner of the attraction, replaced the mirror in which the dwarf came to look, consoled by the fact that at least in the reflection he sees himself tall, slender and beautiful. Once again, the dwarf, who expected to see himself the same again, flees with pain and horror from the terrible sight reflected in the new mirror, but his suffering only entertains Ralph.
Y. Yakovlev “He killed my dog”
The hero of the story picked up a dog abandoned by its owners. He is full of concern for the defenseless creature and does not understand his father when he demands to drive the dog out: “What did the dog do? I couldn’t kick the dog out; it had already been kicked out once.” The boy is shocked by the cruelty of his father, who called the gullible dog and shot him in the ear. He not only hated his father, he lost faith in goodness and justice.
Betrayal, irresponsible attitude towards the fate of others
V. Rasputin “Live and Remember”
Desertion Andrey Guskov, his selfishness and cowardice caused the death of his mother and the suicide of his pregnant wife Nastya.
L. Andreev “Judas Iscariot”
Judas Iscariot, betraying Christ, wants to test the devotion of his disciples and the correctness of the humanistic teachings of Jesus. However, they all turned out to be cowardly ordinary people, like the people who also did not stand up for their Teacher.
N.S. Leskov "Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk"
Sergey, the lover and then the husband of the merchant Katerina Izmailova, committed the murders of her relatives with her, wanting to become the only heir to a rich fortune, and subsequently betrayed his beloved woman, calling her an accomplice in all crimes. At the hard labor stage, he cheated on her, mocked her as best he could.
S. Lvov “My childhood friend”
Arkady Basov, whose narrator Yuri considered his true friend and to whom he entrusted the secret of his first love, he betrayed this trust, exposing Yura to general ridicule. Basov, who later became a writer, remained a vile and dishonest person.
Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich-a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and received a refusal, he takes revenge by speaking ill of her; During a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of ideas about honor also predetermines social betrayal: as soon as Belogorsk fortress goes to Pugachev, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.
F.M. Dostoevsky "Demons"
U Verkhovensky Pyotr Stepanovich, one of the main characters of the novel, the concept of freedom has turned into the right to lies, crime and destruction. He became a slanderer and a traitor.
A.S. Pushkin “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish”
As soon as greedy Old woman Having gained from the fish the power of a pillar noblewoman, and then a queen, she began to see in her husband a serf who could be beaten with impunity, forced to do the most menial work, and exposed to public ridicule.
Stupidity and aggressiveness
A.P. Chekhov "Unter Prishibeev"
Non-commissioned officer Prishibeev for 15 years he has been keeping the entire village in fear with his absurd demands and rude physical strength. Even after spending a month in custody for his illegal actions, he could not get rid of the desire to command.
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin “The History of a City”
Stupid and aggressive Foolov's mayors, especially Gloomy-Burcheev, amaze the reader with the absurdity and grotesqueness of their orders and decisions.
A. Platonov “Doubting Makar”
Makar Gannushkin, the hero of the story, went to Moscow to look for truth and soul. But the Freaky bureaucrats, as he became convinced, reign everywhere, developing in people lack of initiative, disbelief in their own strengths and capabilities, and fear of government paper. Bureaucracy is the main inhibitor of all living innovative ideas.
Reverence (of human insignificance)
A.P. Chekhov "Death of an Official"
Official Chervyakov to an incredible degree infected with the spirit of veneration: having sneezed and splashed the bald head of General Bryzzhalov sitting in front (and he did not pay attention to it), Ivan Dmitry was so frightened that after repeated humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear.
A.P. Chekhov "Thick and Thin"
Hero of the story, official Porfiry, met at the Nikolaevskaya station railway school friend and found out that he was a Privy Councilor, i.e. advanced significantly higher in his career. In an instant, the “subtle” one turns into a servile creature, ready to humiliate himself and fawn over him.
A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Molchalin, negative character comedy, I am sure that one should please not only “all people without exception,” but even “the janitor’s dog, so that it is affectionate.” The need to tirelessly please also gave birth to his affair with Sophia, the daughter of his master and benefactor Famusov.
Maxim Petrovich, the “character” of the historical anecdote that Famusov tells for the edification of Chatsky, in order to earn the favor of the empress, turned into a jester, amusing her with absurd falls
N.V. Gogol "The Inspector General"
Mayor, Skvoznik - Dmukhanovsky, bribe taker and embezzler, who deceived on his own century three governors, I am convinced that any problems can be solved with the help of money and the ability to show off.
A.P. Chekhov "Gooseberry"
Chimsha-Himalayan, dreaming of an estate with gooseberries, he is malnourished, denies himself everything, marries for convenience, dresses like a beggar and saves money. He practically starved his wife to death, but he achieved his dream. How pitiful he is when he eats sour gooseberries with a happy, self-satisfied look!
M. Zoshchenko “Case History”
A satirical story telling about the attitude of medical staff towards an unfortunate patient allows you to see how rudeness is ineradicable in people: “Perhaps you will be ordered to be put in a separate room and a sentry will be assigned to you so that he will drive away flies and fleas from you?” - stated nurse in response to a request to restore order in the department.
A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
Drama character Wild- a typical boor who insults Boris’s nephew, calling him a “parasite”, “damned”, and many inhabitants of the city of Kalinov. Impunity gave rise to complete unbridledness in Dikiy.
D. Fonvizin “Undergrowth”
Mistress Prostakova She considers her boorish behavior towards others to be the norm: she is the mistress of the house, whom no one dares to contradict. That’s why she has Trishka as a “cattle”, a “blockhead” and a “thief’s mug”.
S. Dovlatov “This is the untranslatable word “rudeness”
The writer is sure that “rudeness is nothing more than rudeness, impudence, impudence, taken together, but at the same time multiplied by impunity.” Man has nothing to oppose this phenomenon except his own humiliation. With impunity, rudeness kills you outright.
A.P. Chekhov "Chameleon"
Police warden Ochumelov grovels before those who are higher than him on the career ladder and feels like a formidable boss in relation to those who are lower. In every situation, he changes his opinions to the exact opposite ones, depending on which person - significant or not - is affected by it.
For the love of a beautiful polka Andriy renounces his homeland, relatives, comrades, voluntarily goes over to the side of the enemy. This betrayal was further aggravated by the fact that he rushed into battle against his father, brother, and former friends. An unworthy, shameful death is the result of his moral fall.
The destructive influence of money
Doctor Startsev, in his youth, a talented doctor, gradually getting rich, becomes important and rude, he has only one passion in life - money.
Image Stepan Plyushkina, a stingy landowner, personifies complete mortification human soul, the death of a strong personality, completely consumed by the passion of stinginess. This passion became the reason for the destruction of all family and friendly ties, and Plyushkin himself simply lost his human appearance.
A.S. Pushkin "The Queen of Spades"
Hermann, the central character of the story, passionately longs to get rich, and for this, he, wanting to take possession of the secret of three card numbers and win, becomes the involuntary killer of the old countess, the cause of the suffering of Lizaveta Ivanovna, her pupil. The treasured three cards helped the hero win several times, but his passion for money played a cruel joke on him: Hermann went crazy when he accidentally put the Queen of Spades instead of the Ace.
F.M. Dostoevsky: “Green is wine. bestializes and brutalizes a person, hardens him and distracts him from bright thoughts, dulls him in front of all good propaganda. A drunk has no time for compassion for animals; a drunk abandons his wife and children.”
A.P. Chekhov: “Champagne is a brilliant cocotte, mixing its charm with the lies and impudence of Gomorrah, it is a gilded coffin full of dead bones and all uncleanness. A person drinks it only in hours of grief, sadness and optical illusion.”
L.N. Tolstoy: “It is impossible to say that wine is tasty, because everyone knows that wine and beer, if they are not sweetened, seem unpleasant to those who drink them for the first time. One gets used to wine, like another poison - tobacco - little by little, and one likes wine only after a person gets used to the intoxication that it produces. To say that wine is good for health is also impossible now, when many doctors, dealing with this matter, have admitted that neither vodka, nor wine, nor beer can be healthy, because they have no nutritional value, but only poison, which is harmful "
Proverbs and sayings:
“There was Ivan, but he became a blockhead, and it’s all his fault”; “Drinking vodka means ruining yourself”; “The wine comes, the shame goes away”; “He who gets drunk with wine washes himself with tears”; “A drunkard among the people is like a weed in the garden”; “Glass and small glasses will reach your purse.”
F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
Marmeladova drunkenness has made him a pitiful creature who, realizing the extremely poor situation of the family, nevertheless does not find the strength to cope with this vice.
Actor- a drunkard who suffers from the emptiness and meaninglessness of his life. Drunkenness led him to the point that he even forgot his name, favorite monologues and roles. The picture of the terrible “bottom” in the play is the natural ending of those who seek salvation from life’s problems through drunkenness.
V. Erofeev “Moscow - Petushki”
For Venechki Erofeeva heavy drinking has become an illusory salvation from the vulgarity of life, but this path only leads to death at the very bottom of society.
ON THE. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'”
Chapter « drunken night» shows a picture of the complete breakdown of a person under the influence of alcohol.
Drunkenness, according to the writer, is the cause of murders, robberies, collapse family relations, complete decomposition of personality.
Infringement of human rights in modern society
Comparing Western Europe and Russia, the author notes that Europe inherited Roman law from the Catholic Church, in which individual rights were a priority. Ancient Rus', having accepted the Christianity of Byzantium, also accepted its law, in which the most important thing was the priority of power. The Soviet government took on board the Byzantine understanding of priority rights, and therefore in Russia, unlike Western Europe, many human rights are still infringed.
Distortions of the concept of “patriotism”
B. Vasiliev “Ring A”
The author claims that now this “great concept is tattered, dirty and worn out” in all speeches from high stands. But love for the Motherland is proven only by deeds. Patriotism is Practical activities for the good of the country.
Anatol Kuragin invades the life of Natasha Rostova to satisfy her own ambitions.
A, P. Chekhov "Anna on the Neck"
Anyuta Having become the wife of a wealthy official by convenience, she feels like a queen, and the rest - slaves. She even forgot about her father and brothers, who are forced to sell the most necessary things so as not to die of hunger.
D. London “In a distant land”
Wetherby and Cuthfert Having gone to the North for gold, they are forced to spend the winter together in a hut located far from inhabited places. And here their boundless egoism appears with cruel obviousness. The relationship between them is the same competitive struggle, only not for profit, but for survival. And given the conditions in which they found themselves, its outcome could not be different from the ending of the story: the dying Cuthfert, crushed by the body of Wetherby, whom he killed in an animal fight over a cup of sugar.
B. Vasiliev “Don’t shoot white swans”
The little hero of this story and his father, forester Yegor Polushkin, are horrified by how barbarically people can treat living nature: poachers burn anthills, peel linden trees, kill defenseless animals.
V. Astafiev “Sad Detective”
D.S. Likhachev “Letters about the good and the beautiful”
The author tells how indignant he felt when he learned that on the Borodino field in 1932 the cast-iron monument on Bagration’s grave was blown up. At the same time, someone left a giant inscription on the wall of the monastery, built on the site of the death of another hero, Tuchkov: “It’s enough to preserve the remnants of the slave past!” At the end of the 60s, the Travel Palace was demolished in Leningrad, which even during the war our soldiers tried to preserve and not destroy. Likhachev believes that “the loss of any cultural monument is irreparable: they are always individual.”
Bunin assumed that the revolution was inevitable, but even in a nightmare he could not imagine that brutality and vandalism, like elemental forces, breaking out from the recesses of the Russian soul, would turn people into a maddened crowd, destroying everything in its path.
Slave love (uncomplaining, humiliated submission to a loved one)
Story General Anosov about the novels of Lieutenant Vishnyakov and Lenochka, the ensign and the wife of the regimental commander, they allow you to see how unhappy people can be whom love has made slaves: they become a laughing stock in the eyes of others, they are despised and pitied.
Love of convenience
A.N. Ostrovsky “Our people - we will be numbered!”
Podkhalyuzin, the hero of the comedy, loves Lipochka, the daughter of a merchant, as a means of achieving wealth, a profitable place and a symbol of his life success: He is flattered that his wife speaks French.
D. Granin “I’m going into the storm”
The world of physicists in the novel is a battlefield on which there is a struggle between genuine scientists (Dan, Krylov) and careerists (Denisov, Agatov, Lagunov). Incapable of creativity, seeking an administrative career in science by hook or by crook, these opportunists almost destroyed the scientific search of Tulin and Krylov, who were looking for effective method thunderstorm destruction.
A person’s responsibility to himself and society as a whole for the realization of his abilities
I. Goncharov “Oblomov”
Oblomov, the main character of the novel, with all his positive inclinations and abilities, was unable to realize himself due to laziness and turned into a living corpse.
Loneliness (indifference, indifference to the fate of others)
A.P. Chekhov "Vanka"
Vanka Zhukov- orphan. He was sent to study as a shoemaker in Moscow, where he had a very hard life. This can be learned from the letter he sent “to grandfather Konstantin Makarovich in the village with a request to pick him up. The boy will remain lonely, uncomfortable in a cruel and cold world.
At the cab driver's Iona Potapova the only son died. To overcome melancholy and an acute feeling of loneliness, he wants to tell someone about his misfortune, but no one wants to listen to him, no one cares about him. And then Jonah tells his whole story to the horse: it seems to him that it was she who listened to him and sympathized with his grief.
True and false values in life
A.P. Chekhov "The Jumper"
Olga Ivanovna searched all her life famous people, tried to earn their favor at any cost, not noticing that her husband, Doctor Dymov, was the very person she was searching for. Only after his tragic death did the heroine realize her frivolity.
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH POSITIVE MORAL QUALITIES OF PERSONALITY
K.F. Ryleev " Ivan Susanin»
Peasant Ivan Susanin, saving from certain death young Mikhail Romanov, a contender for royal throne, leads one of the Polish detachments into impenetrable forest wilderness. Realizing that death is inevitable, Susanin says that he is a Russian man, among whom there are no traitors, and is ready to joyfully die for the Tsar and his homeland.
K.F. Ryleev “The Death of Ermak”
Ermak is depicted by Ryleev as a hero who thinks not about Siberian riches, but about honestly serving the Fatherland: “Siberia was conquered by the Tsar, And we did not live idly in peace!”
D.S. Likhachev “Thoughts about the Motherland”
The academician believes that the Motherland is a comprehensive concept. “She is like a huge tree on which you cannot count the leaves. But every tree has roots. what we lived yesterday, a year ago, a hundred, a thousand years ago. This is our story. A people that does not have such deep roots is a poor people. Without the past it is impossible to understand well or appreciate the present.”
B. Ekimov “Moving”
The narrator argues that only in his native land can a person be happy: “Yes, no darkness can hide from a person’s eyes that inch of earth that was born with him and held him in the arms more often than his mother; she offered her soft palm when he fell, unable to stay on his still unsteady legs; I treated his boyish abrasions - without any doctors, with her own grass. ; fed her throughout the years. gave me something to drink clean water and lifted her to her feet. No darkness, except mortal darkness, will hide from a person’s eyes that inch of earth that is called his homeland.”
Nostalgia (longing for the Motherland; love for the Motherland)
S. Dovlatov “Letter from There” (from the series “Invisible Newspaper”)
A. Nikitin “Walking across three seas”
The famous Russian traveler visited many countries, saw the amazing beauty of Southeast Asia, but constantly lived with memories of his homeland and yearned for it.
N. Teffi “Rus”, “Town”
The collections recreate the sad life of emigrants and compatriots deprived of their homeland. Longing for the Russia they left behind forces them to call their existence " afterlife", "life above the abyss."
N. Teffi “Memories”
The writer predicted the fate of an entire generation of emigrants who left Russia during the revolution and the Civil War. These people, homesick for their homeland, are doomed to tragic loneliness together in foreign countries.
Belief in the power of Russia
Let's go together - without "hurray"
Without hysterical reproaches
Let's look, brothers, into yesterday
Into the darkness of historical lessons!
And illuminating the faces of the years,
Let's look into their eyes as if into an abyss.
Yes, it hurts, but it's useful,
To us, running away from troubles.
And then we’ll sit by the fire
And let’s keep quiet for as long as we can.
While the century has not yet lived,
Let us rise up, preserving the spirit of Rus'.
An unbreakable connection with the homeland, native land
A. Solzhenitsyn “Matrenin’s Dvor”
For Matryona Vasilievna her house, yard, village have much higher value than the place where you live. For the heroine, this is the meaning of her existence, a part of her life, a memory of the past, of loved ones.
True to your word
A.S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky"
Masha Troekurova, married to an unloved man - the old man Vereisky, refuses to break the oath of lifelong fidelity given to him in the church when Dubrovsky, with whom she was in love, was late to save her from this marriage and stopped the wedding procession only on the way back from the church.
Tatyana Larina, true to her marital duty and given word, rejected the feeling of her secretly beloved Onegin. She became the personification of sincerity and moral strength.
I. Bunin “Youth and old age”
Old Kurdish man With his parable, he made it clear to the handsome Greek that youth is not a physical state, but a mental one: only those who have retained their dignity and humanity remain always young.
A person’s aspirations for goodness and happiness (belief in happiness, one’s own strength; love for life)
V.G. Korolenko "Paradox"
Jan Załuski- a cripple, but he believes that “man is created for happiness, like a bird for flight.” The hero's innate misfortune forced him to learn to masterfully, paradoxically control his body, surprising those around him and making them believe that every person is the creator of his own happiness.
IN Anya Ranevskaya there is a youthful faith in happiness, in one’s own strength. She sincerely rejoices at leaving the old estate, because a new life begins.
A.P. Chekhov "The Bride"
Nadya Shumina leaves the provincial town on the eve of the wedding to start a new one, happy life so as not to turn into an idle creature.
F.M. Dostoevsky "The Brothers Karamazov"
Elder Zosima tirelessly admires the divinity of the world, the godlikeness of man, and teaches love for others.
Prince Myshkin believes in the possibility of heaven on earth, in the ability of people to transform. He does not judge people, but treats others openly and brotherly. His main quality is humility, the ability to understand others and compassion. He believes that beauty will “save the world.”
Selfless life service (ability to
selflessness, sacrificing oneself for the sake of another person
Y. Golovanov “Sketches about Scientists”
Vladimir Arsenyev, an outstanding traveler, ethnographer, historian, geographer, did everything to ensure that the riches of the Far East served for the benefit of Russia.
A.P. Chekhov "Darling"
Olga Semenovna had the amazing ability to become a double of the person with whom she fell in love, to look at the world through his eyes, to think like him, giving all of herself to her loved one.
Doctor Dymov, saving a boy who fell ill with diphtheria, sucks out diphtheria films from him through a tube, becomes infected and dies.
N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer"
Ivan Flyagin, the hero of the story frees a young peasant from hard military service, going to serve in the army under his name.
K.M. Stanyukovich "Sailor"
The hero of the story, Ilya Kushkin, is infinitely kind and ready to help everyone. He went to serve in the navy instead of his newly married fellow villager. Ilya saved the crew when the ship was in distress, and he himself died.
B. Vasiliev “My horses are flying. »
The writer talks about the doctor Jansene, who had the rare gift of living not for himself. The inhabitants of Smolensk considered him a saint, because there was no more selfless and honest man, giving himself to people, helping them in everything. He died saving children.
Moral strength of a person
Sotnikov, physically weak and sick, mentally turns out to be much stronger than Rybak, the partner with whom he went on reconnaissance. The fisherman became a traitor, and Sotnikov preferred death to such shame.
Be true to your beliefs
A. Petrov “The Life of Archpriest Avvakum”
Habakkuk, a disgraced priest, an Old Believer who fought for his beliefs during the years of church reforms. He did not change his convictions even under the threat of death, and deliberately went to voluntary martyrdom.
M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
The fate of the hero of the story Andrey Sokolov very tragic; Not every person could endure what the hero had to endure: captivity, the news of the death of his wife and daughters, and subsequently his son. However, Andrei managed to survive and even take in Vanyushka, who was also orphaned by the war.
A. Solzhenitsyn “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”
Ivan Shukhov retained his dignity, managed in hellish conditions Stalin's camps remain human, don’t break. Shukhov's life is not limited to the camp, he remembers the village, family, war, and this gives him the strength to live.
I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
Bazarov believed that “every person must educate himself.”
N. Chernyshevsky “What to do?”
Rakhmetov He devoted his entire life to physical and moral improvement and for many became a model of self-education.
Famous Russian navigator Vasily Golovin I became an orphan early and realized early responsibility for my future. He worked hard on himself and therefore subsequently became an example for all Russian sailors. Polar explorer Roald Amundsen Since childhood, he prepared himself for harsh travels: in winter he slept with the window wide open, skied 50 kilometers a day, worked as a sailor on a hunting schooner. The scientist believed that willpower is the main thing in self-education.
Taras Bulba, the central character of the story, believed that partnership is higher than family, higher than blood kinship, higher than everything earthly.
D. London “In a Distant Land”, “Love of Life”
Comradely support is, according to the writer, the decisive condition for victory over nature. The morality of the North is based on trust and mutual honesty. Harsh conditions reveal the true value of a person. A coward, an insignificant person, according to the author, is more likely to die than a brave one. This is how the gold miners who lost their composure perish in the short story “In a Distant Land” and Bill, who abandoned his comrade, in the story “Love of Life.”
Internationalism (interethnic relations)
K.M. Stanyukovich "Maximka"
The story of the sailors’ rescue of a little black man, later named Maksimka, shows that everyone has the right to freedom, love and care
S. Dovlatov “I needed it. "(from the cycle "Sentimental March")
Kenneth Bauer, the hero of the essay, considers all people of the world of different nationalities to be his relatives, brothers, and teaches this wisdom to those around him.
Yu. Bondarev “Shore”
Love of a Russian Lieutenant Nikitina and German Emma, their
humanity is the desire to overcome national and ideological barriers.
Children - Russian Kolka and Chechen Alkhuzur- became real brothers despite the madness that adults were doing in the country, in particular in the Caucasus. The little Chechen felt how hard it was for Kolka after the terrible death of his brother Sashka, he was full of compassion. Only such familiar brotherly help helped Kolka return to life. Alkhuzur renounced his own name, saving his friend: he called himself Sashka. His wise act performed the expected miracle: Kolka got up, but nothing would make him see the Chechen as an enemy.
Children of different nationalities were gathered in the children's reception center: Tatar Musa, Nogai Balbek, German Lida Gross. There lived Armenians, Kazakhs, Jews, Moldovans and two Bulgarians. For them there was no concept of national hostility: the children were friends, protected each other. - Teacher Regina Petrovna asserted: “There are no bad peoples. There are only bad people."
Eleven year old Kolka, despite the horror he experienced, he did not go wild, but tried to understand why the Chechens killed his brother. He thought like a true internationalist: can’t it be done so that no one bothers anyone, no one kills anyone, so that all people live together as one family.
Love and mercy
M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”
Margarita capable of deep, devoted, selfless love, and therefore she is morally invulnerable. Just as Yeshua remains a man even when in the power of murderers, and sympathizes with and helps one of them, so Margarita, having found herself in a monstrous company of molesters, hanged men, poisoners, scoundrels of all times and peoples, remains a man: none of them is disgusting to her , she tries to understand them, sympathizes with them. She lost the most precious thing - her Master, but did not become isolated in her grief: she sees the grief of another person and actively sympathizes with him.
Amy, the heroine of the story, sees in the dwarf, who visits the attraction of crooked mirrors and is consoled by the fact that his ugliness in the mirror is transformed into beauty and becomes, a person with a big soul. It was she who decided to give this mirror to the dwarf, so that at least something would bring joy to the poor man in his unhappy life.
In the bishop's house Miriel no constipation, day and night he helps the poor. He distributes his salary to the poor and sets up a hospital in the bishop's palace. The whole life of this person is devoted to serving man.
Courage, heroism, moral duty
B. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet”
Anti-aircraft gunner girls died while destroying a detachment of saboteurs. They were not afraid of the enemy's numerical superiority.
V. Bykov “Sign of Trouble”
Peasant Stepanida, the heroine of the story, during the war she fights the Germans as best she can: she milks a cow into the grass so as not to give milk to the Nazis, hides a rifle, tries to blow up a bridge and, so that the bomb does not fall to the Germans, burns her house and herself in it.
B. Vasiliev “Not on the lists”
Lieutenant Pluzhnikov, who came to serve in the Brest Fortress on the eve of the war, became one of its last defenders. Even his enemies were amazed by his courage and unbending will.
B. Polevoy “The Tale of a Real Man”
Pilot Alexey Maresyev, the hero of the story, only thanks to his will and courage survived even after his frostbitten legs were amputated when he crawled towards ours behind enemy lines. The hero subsequently returned to his squadron, proving to everyone that he had control over his destiny.
Vasily Glechik, still just a boy, did not leave his position during the war. The thought of salvation was unacceptable to him. He did not violate the battalion commander’s order, fulfilled it at the cost of his own life, and remained faithful to his oath and duty to his homeland.
E. Hemingway "Undefeated"
The old matador, for the sake of a piece of bread and out of professional feeling, does not want to admit that he is disabled. He enters the arena and even seriously wounded by the bull remains undefeated to the end.
Old fisherman Santiago from the breed of unbending people. “Man was not created to fail,” he says. His fight with the big fish is an example of unbending courage, perseverance, and invincibility.
Are replaced political eras, but in our country the attitude of the authorities towards monuments national culture, to churches, museums, and libraries never inspired optimism. The ecology of culture should become one of the most important tasks of our time: after all, it is the origin of morality, without which man is unthinkable.
A. Adamovich “Mute”
During the war, punitive forces were supposed to burn one of the Belarusian villages, but the German Franz cannot kill Polina and her mother, the owners of the house in which he lived. He kills his mentor, a fascist, and, together with Polina and her mother, hides in the cellar. When the Soviet troops arrive, Polina imagines the German as a mute brother, saving him as Franz once saved them.
The Cossack Gavrila, having lost his son Peter, fell in love with the enemy, the communist Nikolai Kosykh, as a loved one, a stranger, whom he picked up seriously wounded and left. The all-consuming hatred of the Reds was replaced by fatherly love and care.
B. Ekimov “Night of Healing”
Teenager Grisha, the hero of the story, came on vacation to his grandmother, who often screams, cries, and begs for help at night: every night she dreams that she has lost her cards and her children will remain hungry. Grisha does not shout to his grandmother: “Be silent!”, as his mother advised him to do, he healed her from terrible memories with compassion and love.
B. Ekimov “Sale”
After the collapse Soviet Union mother and daughter, like many others, became refugees from Tajikistan. They left native home, fleeing from robberies and murders. On the train, these women witnessed a drunken mother selling her three-year-old daughter. In rescuing the girl, the refugees gave the drunkard all their meager savings, and this was the last money they had.
B. Ekimov “How to tell. »
Welder Gregory once helped Aunt Varya, a frail old woman, dig up a vegetable garden. She invited him to the table and sincerely thanked him. Grigory then left for Moscow, but every spring he came to the Don to help Aunt Varya. He didn’t tell anyone about this, he just felt like she needed help. Gregory, an orphan, was once warmed by the sailor Vasya, who took him to the circus and treated him to ice cream, and the controller, Aunt Katya, who fed him delicious pies with cabbage. A person doesn’t need much to be happy - love and care
B. Ekimov “Just neighbors”
Nyura in the 30s she was fired from the kindergarten where she worked as a cleaner, as the wife of an enemy of the people. She was left without work, without a livelihood, with a nine-year-old son in her arms. Their neighbor, a seamstress, who for three years paid Nyura money every day for sewn buttons and simple help, saved them from starvation.
R. Bradbury "Shore at Sunset"
Hero of the story Volume, an aging man, retained his childlike spontaneity, faith in miracles and goodness. Tom, not listening to his friend promising mountains of gold, resists the power of money and returns the mermaid to freedom.
Faith in the future, love of life
D. London “Love of Life”
The hero sprains his leg, and his partner, Bill, abandons him - after all, the weak cannot survive the battle for life. But the hero survived. The story became a hymn to man - his perseverance, courage, will. Love of life guided the process of struggle for existence.
A. Adamovich, D. Granin “Siege Book”
The feat of the Leningraders was not caused by the threat of annihilation. The 900 days of blockade included not only unimaginable suffering, but greatest faith to the future, to victory.
Faith in man
M. Gorky “At the Bottom”
Luke, a character in the play, believes that every person is a mystery, but everyone lives for the best, therefore every person must be respected: “We don’t know who he is, why he was born and what he can do. Maybe he was born for our luck. for our great benefit. "Luke is eager to help hidden forces a person goes from being secret to being revealed. His faith in people mainly corresponds to their inner aspirations and capabilities (Actor, Ash).
V. Tendryakov “Bread for the Dog”
Volodya Tenkov in the hungry year of 1933, he saves a dog from death by giving it bread, and feeds the dispossessed people who are dying at the station.
A. Pristavkin “Goldfish”
The hero talks about his sister Lyusenka, who lived in an orphanage during the war and how she was saved from starvation by the girls who lived in the same room with her.
Jean Valjean lives not for himself, but for other people. He helps all the heroes of Les Misérables: Fantine, Cosette, Marius, Enjolras, and saves the spy Javert, who was sentenced to death.
K. Vorobyov “The Tale of My Contemporary”
Grandfather Matvey during civil war saved the child, Alyosha, warmed his orphan childhood, adopted his cathode grandson.
Goodness (love) as a resurrecting force
The power of good, the human power that embodies Yeshua, in that he sees the soul of another, understands him and tries to help him. This is what first of all strikes Pilate with the prisoner. Yeshua performed the greatest miracle: he gave a place in his soul to a person who threatens his life, who could become his executioner - he loved him! And something turned in Pilate’s soul. And from this moment his rebirth begins.
L. Ulitskaya “Poor Relatives”
Asya, a poor and weak-minded woman, regularly gives the money and things she received from Anna Markovna, a relative, to a semi-paralyzed old woman. Asya took money to the sick old woman just for the sake of one “thank you”; she did it secretly and took pleasure in being needed by someone.
L. Ulitskaya “Pearl soup”
Marina, the mother of the heroine of the story, in the terrible thirties did not remain indifferent to the misfortune of others: she helped the poor, fed them, forgave even lies and betrayal. The pearl barley soup that she cooked for the unfortunate is a reminder of both the indifference of people and the selfless warmth of Marinochka herself.
B. Ekimov “Speak, mother, speak. »
U old lady Katerina daughter lives in the city. It’s hard for a mother to live alone on a farm, but her daughter bought her a mobile phone. Katerina wanted to tell her daughter a lot, but she, saving money, got away with only a request to talk specifically about health. But the little things in the life of a mother, loved one, are also important. Fortunately, her daughter realized this in time, and Katerina immediately felt how much she loved her daughter and how much she needed to communicate with her.
B. Ekimov “Containers and bars”
Petty grievances destroyed family relationships Lyuba's grandmothers: the daughter and granddaughter almost did not communicate with her, the intimate evening conversations that the old woman lived with stopped. However, a moment came when the family suddenly acutely sensed that Grandma Lyuba was short-lived and humble: she never once reproached them for being heartless. The family realized that they needed to give her their warmth and love while it was possible, while she was alive.
Jean Valjean, embittered by the life of a convict, becomes a highly moral man thanks to good deed Bishop" Miriel, who treated him not as a criminal, but as a person in need of moral support.
Relationship between inner and outer beauty
Yu. Yakovlev “Blueberry”
Kolya Lukovkin fell ill in a pioneer camp and was placed in isolation. The boy felt completely alone and suffered greatly from this. An outwardly ugly girl came to him and treated him to blueberries. But behind her plain appearance he saw kind heart. For Kolya, the world became completely different, he recovered, and the girl began to seem more beautiful and smarter to him than everyone else.
V. Tendryakov “Nakhodka”
Gloomy, stern fisheries inspector Trofim Rusanov found an abandoned, newborn child in a remote forest hut. The inspector was unable to save the baby, but this incident and subsequent events forced him to reconsider his attitude towards people and sympathize with them.
The uplifting power of love
A. Kuprin “Sulamith”
Tsar Solomon transformed by the power of his love Shulamith, a simple girl from a vineyard, into a queen.
For the little one official Zheltkov love for Princess Vera Sheina became the meaning of life, and the beloved woman became the one in whom “all the beauty of the earth was embodied.” This feeling helped him become morally superior to Bulat-Tuganovsky, Vera’s brother, who decided that with the help of the authorities it was possible to prohibit love.
Talent, natural giftedness
N.S. Leskov “Lefty (The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea)”
Oblique and poor command right hand Tula gunsmith Lefty shoed a flea that was invisible to the eye.
Leonardo da Vinci was not only a sad artist, but also a mathematician, astronomer, biologist, botanist, anatomist, physiologist, military engineer, singer, poet, musician.
Responsibility (for loved ones; others; for one’s actions)
I. Babel “Cavalry”
The old Jew Gedali dreamed that the revolution would bring good and justice. However, he also says: “Does good deeds good man. Revolution is a good thing by good people. But good people don't kill. This means that the revolution is being made by evil people.”
A. de Saint-Exupéry “Planet of People”
The writer talks about an accident that happened to a pilot in the Andes, about how, lost in the snow, he forces himself to crawl forward, forgetting about the pain. He was saved by a sense of responsibility, first for his wife, then for himself, for the post office, for his comrades who were waiting for his return.
V. Rasputin “Money for Maria”
Kuzma trying to save his wife from prison Maria, who committed embezzlement in the store, and the money that he collects throughout the village makes it possible to test each of the villagers for moral strength.
Everyone chooses a woman, a religion, a path for themselves. To serve the devil or the prophet - everyone chooses for himself. Everyone chooses their own word for love and prayer. Everyone chooses a sword for a duel, a sword for battle. Everyone chooses for themselves. Shield and armor. Staff and patches. The measure of final retribution. Everyone chooses for themselves. Everyone chooses for themselves.
V. Hugo "Les Miserables"
Jean Valjean himself dooms himself to loneliness, losing his beloved Cosette to Marius and voluntarily removing himself from her life so as not to interfere with her happiness.
V. Bykov “Obelisk”
Teacher Oles Moroz voluntarily went to execution with his students. He could have lived. But he could not leave the boys alone in the last hours, minutes of their execution, because for him this would mean betrayal of his students, betrayal of his moral principles.
A radio operator dies in an unequal battle with punitive forces. Klava, and wounded Levchuk, saves her newborn son, making his way through forests and swamps, going through inhuman torment.
V. Bykov “Sotnikov”
During the war, performing the next task of the commander of a partisan detachment, Sotnikov goes through difficult trials with honor and accepts death without renouncing his beliefs, and Rybak becomes a traitor, saving his life. In the face of death, a person remains as he really is. Here the depth of his convictions and his civic fortitude are tested.
B. Ekimov “Boy on a Bicycle”
One of the characters in the story, reflecting on the meaning of life, comes to the following conclusion: “A person, in general, needs a piece of bread and a mug of water. The rest is superfluous. Bread and water. This is where he lives. And a living soul."
Finding happiness in life
The hero understands that happiness is not in money, not in the world of material interests, but in life itself in his native land:
“I stayed at home for fifteen days. And this is equal to fifteen years of life. Long days, wise, happy. Go to Vikhlyaevskaya Mountain and sit, look, think. How grasses grow. How the clouds float. How does the lake live? This is human life. Work in the garden, weave fence in the yard. And live. Listen to the swallows, the wind. The sun rises for you, the dew falls, the rain - everything is good and sweet. Earn your bread with something and live. Live long and wisely, so that later, at the very edge, you don’t curse yourself, don’t grind your teeth.”
R. Bach “Jonathan Livingston Seagull”
A seagull named Jonathan Livingston has become a symbol of the limitless possibilities of someone who knows how to dream, believes in perfection and loves life.
