Russian agronomists, or protecting the glorious past: Museum-archive of Russian culture. Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco Museum of Russian History San Francisco

materials of Far Eastern emigration

The building with the inscription on the facade Russian Center on the street. Sutter can be seen from afar. Climbing the old stairs, you find yourself in a small hallway, from which one door leads to the museum, another to the library, and the third to the museum’s archives. Now this is the “kingdom” of the children of Russian emigrants who left their homeland “with the first wave.” Upon first glance, the museum does not inspire delight: what is striking is the purely amateur approach to creating the exhibition. And this is understandable - the museum is maintained by volunteers, as they call themselves in American. But taking a closer look at the exhibits and reading the inscriptions on them, you feel the warmth of the hearts of those who have not stopped considering themselves Russian even after decades spent in a foreign land. All exhibits of the museum bear the imprint of the individuality of their former owners - participants in the White movement or those who joined it in the sad exodus from Russia. Numerous stands with original documents and family heirlooms reflect the tragedy of the Russian people and tell about the history of Russia. The museum greets visitors with a large relic sign that was once located on the building of the Russian Empire consulate in San Francisco.

The history of the Museum of Russian Culture dates back to 1937, when emigrants from Russia who settled in America organized the Russian Historical Society. First of all, its founders, who turned to research into Russian roots in America - the history of the Russian-American Company, set about putting the crumbling Ross fortress in order and working on an essay on its history. Soon it was published in the first volume of the Society's Notes. Famous writer of Russian diaspora G.D. Grebenshchikov spoke about this work as follows: Your Notes do you credit, and I admire your energy. You just need to frame the matter not in a journal way, but in a scientific-historical way. The data for this is available, and the strength will be found. For my part, I am collecting a lot of material for the historical archive. Everything will be collected and handed over to you when you have a place where it is easier to store.

Second World War interrupted the activities of the Russian Historical Society. But in 1948, a small group of emigrants at the Russian Center in San Francisco proposed to found a Museum of Russian Culture and include in it what remained of the Russian Historical Society.

The new organization has set itself the following goals: Collection and storage of all kinds of cultural and historical materials about our homeland - Russia. 2. About the life and history of Russian emigration in different countries and the work of outstanding figures in different fields of spiritual and material culture. 3. About the true and current situation of our homeland and the life of its people. 4. About outstanding moments in the life, culture and history of the United States as a country where a significant share of Russian emigration found shelter, interesting and important from the point of view of Russian culture and Russian history.

On March 7, 1948, the first organizational meeting took place, electing Pyotr Filaretovich Konstantinov as its chairman, on whose shoulders fell all the burdens of collecting materials and forming the museum’s collections. P.F. Konstantinov was born on August 9, 1890 in the Kazan province in the family of a magistrate. After graduating with honors from the Kazan Real School, he entered the agronomic department of the Moscow Agricultural Institute and was retained at the department as a scientist agronomist. The February Revolution and then the Civil War made him a volunteer of the 2nd Kazan Battery. He was shell-shocked on the river. White, suffered from typhus. With detachments of Kappelites P.F. Konstantinov ended up in Harbin. This is where his peaceful profession came in handy: he became an assistant to the head of the experimental field of the CER at Echo station (1921 - 1924), head of the agricultural laboratory of the railway in Harbin, and gave lectures at local educational institutions(1924 - 1929). At the same time in Harbin P.F. Konstantinov published several scientific articles on agriculture. In April 1929 he left for San Francisco, where, after studying at the University of California, he worked in city government (1942 -1954). Konstantinov was fascinated by the social life of the Russian colony in California and became one of the founders of the Russian Agricultural Society in North America.

Having headed the museum, P.F. Konstantinov proposed the formation of seven main departments:

1) scientific and applied knowledge;

2) arts;

3) historical;

4) life of Russians abroad;

5) fiction;

6) library and archival and

7) newspaper and magazine. For each direction, a curator was identified, whose activities were coordinated by the board.

The founders of the Museum of Russian Culture defined the significance of its creation in the following words: This is a new public repository in the United States of materials about our past, about the spiritual creativity of the best people in emigration and about everything that illuminates the private and public life and life of Russian people scattered across different countries; with all its poverty, with all other [difficult] conditions, it grows stronger every year, it wins more and more attention and support, and its board believes that the moment is not far off when this first Russian public museum in America will turn into a large, an authoritative repository of spiritual treasures of Russian people who lost their homeland.

After the death of P.F. Konstantinov, which followed on January 24, 1954, Anatoly Stefanovich Lukashkin became the chairman. He was born on April 20, 2020 in Liaoliang (Southern Manchuria) in the family of a railway employee. After graduating from the Chita Gymnasium and the Institute of Oriental and Commercial Sciences in Harbin, he was engaged in research in Manchuria for 11 years, and was an assistant curator and curator of the museum of the Society for the Study of Manchuria. Lukashkin moved to San Francisco in 1941 and began working as a marine biologist at the California Academy of Sciences. A.S. Lukashkin was a recognized expert and enthusiast in collecting materials on the history of Russian emigration in China, and published many articles on this topic in the Russian Life newspaper. In addition, he collected biographical documents of participants in the Civil War: P.V. Vologodsky, M.K. Diterikhsa, V.O. Kappel, D.L. Horvat, A.V. Kolchak and others, which are now kept in his personal fund. A.S. died Lukashkin in December 1988

Speaking about the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco, one cannot fail to mention Nikolai Aleksandrovich Slobodchikov, long years who was part of the board, and then became after A.S. Lukashkin as director of the museum. An encyclopedic educated man with excellent knowledge of Russian history and all the funds stored in the museum, he carried out a tremendous amount of work collecting materials from Russian emigrants.

The Museum of Russian Culture today is a “terra incognita” for historians interested in the problems of emigration, revolution and the Civil War. Its creators, mostly immigrants from the Far East, laid out the following sections in it: “The Far Eastern Fund, which includes materials about the Civil War in the East, from the Urals to Kamchatka; about the Chinese Eastern Railway in Manchuria; about the Zaamursky border guard district and the Zaamursky railway brigade ; about the Transbaikal Cossack army; about the life of Russian emigration in the countries of the Far East and Australia, etc.

The museum's funds were formed mainly from the personal collections of emigrants. The documents of the diplomat and orientalist A.T. Belchenko6 are of great interest. The materials from his archive were taken out of China and gradually transferred to the Museum of Russian Culture, first by A.T. himself. Belchenko, and after his death his wife and a number of other trusted persons. The archive contains diaries and notes that A.T. Belchenko wrote down every day in thick notebooks and into which he pasted newspaper clippings, photographs, business cards, documents, letters, brochures and other materials. All his life he was interested in China, closely following what was happening there political events, collected materials for writing the book Notes of the Consul.

Another valuable collection on the history of Far Eastern diplomacy is the P.G. Vaskevich. It stores manuscripts and drafts of articles, biographical materials.

Most of the museum's archive consists of materials on the history of the Civil War in the Far East. They are mainly represented by memoirs and biographical documents of its participants. First of all, we note the meeting of the former head of the CER and the head of emigrant organizations in the Far East D.L. Horvat, It includes about 2000 documents with a volume of more than 8000 sheets, dating back to 1899 - 1921. These are official files, diaries, secret reports, as well as “Bulletins” of the American Expeditionary Force in Siberia. Among the documents is Horvath’s correspondence with the Prime Minister of the Siberian Government P.Ya. Derber, Cossack ataman G.M. Semenov, Consul General in Harbin M.K. Popov, with Russian ambassadors B.A. Bakhmetyev (Washington), V. Nabokov (London), V.A. Maklakov (Rome), V.N. Krupensky (Tokyo) and N.A. Kudashev (Beijing). With the help of the head of the military department of the CER - M.V. Kolobova Horvath wrote memoirs, which were subsequently translated into English. According to some evidence, documents of D.L. Horvat got to the Museum of Russian Culture through his last secretary, D.P. Panteleeva. There is also a personal collection of Panteleev himself, including documents for 1918 -1942.

The collection of Colonel A.G. Efimov is entirely dedicated to the history of the Civil War. It contains about 1000 documents, manuscripts of articles and books, including those about the activities of the Amur government. Only part of this wealth was used by Efimov in publishing articles about the military coup in Vladivostok in 1921 and the history of the Izhevsk-Votkinsk rifle brigade. Materials about the fratricidal war in the Far East are available in the collections of the chief of staff of the Orenburg Army A. N. Vagin and the Shanghai businessman N. V. Fedulenko. In the documents of the former, in addition, information about his journalistic career in 1937 - 1953 was deposited, in the collection of Fedulenko - the manuscript of the book he wrote in 1961, The Role of Russia's Former Allies in relation to the White Movement in Siberia. During his lifetime, Fedulenko was only able to see the book Life of Russian Emigrants in Shanghai, published thanks to a program at the University of California, and after the death of entrepreneur N.L. Slobodchikov published an excerpt from his archive. One of the brightest figures of the Civil War is a member of the Siberian and Omsk governments G.K. Gins18, who wrote the book Siberia, the Allies and Kolchak, published during his stay in Beijing. In the United States, where he moved in 1941, Gins gave public lectures on the events of cultural and social life taking place in the Russian colony, worked actively as a journalist (from 1942 to 1944 Gins was editor of the San Francisco newspaper Russian Life), published articles in the New York newspaper "New Russian Word". In 1945 - 1954 He was a professor at the University of California at Berkeley and taught at Vermont College and the Monterez Institute of Foreign Languages, where he taught the course “History of Russian Thought.” Since 1955 G.K. Gins worked at the American news agency, from where he retired in 1964 due to illness. At one time he was an editor at the Voice of America radio station, a member of the board of the Kulaev Educational Foundation, and helped the Russian Language magazine. In 1954, Gins published the book "Soviet Law and Soviet Sociel", but his greatest work, "The history of Russia as a Multinational Empire", which he worked on in recent years, Gins never completed. The documents from the American period of Gins' life were deposited in his fund.

The manuscript (in two volumes) of the managing director and co-owner of the famous trading house Churin and K N.A. is dedicated to the unknown pages of the history of Russian emigration in China. Kasyanov, entitled “Dark Deeds of Honorable Spheres,” telling about the lawlessness committed by the Japanese administration, which nationalized the company.

The theme of the Cossacks is reflected in the museum’s collections. It is presented in the documents of V.V. Ponomarenko. already in the last years of his life he was elected chairman of the General Cossack Union in San Francisco. Its collection contains manuscripts and diaries (with a total volume of 3-4 thousand sheets) telling about the life of the San Francisco Cossack village in the 1940s - 1950s.

Among the Russian emigrants who settled in the United States, there were many original writers, journalists and poets. This list is, of course, headed by the writer G. D. Grebenshchikov, who published a huge number of works, the most important of which for his work is the multi-volume epic “The Churaevs.” His manuscripts, correspondence, and other documents are kept in the Museum of Russian Culture.

The writer B.N. was not without talent. Volkov. His life was full of adventures: fulfilling secret orders from Colonel Orlov in Harbin and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Omsk, Volkov risked himself more than once; in Urga he married the daughter of a former adviser to the Mongolian government, Baron P.A. Witte; the meeting with Baron Ungern almost cost him his head. Volkov escaped from custody and settled in Harbin, where in 1921 he published ten issues of the newspaper “Life News” under the pseudonym “N.N.” your memories. Having left for America in 1925, Volkov wrote the novel “The Kingdom of the Golden Buddhas”, collaborated with the magazines “Rubezh”, the Prague “Free Siberia” and a number of other publications. The museum contains his unpublished memoirs “On Foreign Shores,” poems, letters, etc. The writer’s unpublished memoirs are also in the Hoover Institution.

The Russian emigration had talented scientists among its ranks. Unfortunately, only scattered information has survived about many of them. Let's name V.Ya. Tolmachev24 - economist, archaeologist and local historian, member of the societies of Russian orientalists and the study of the Manchurian region. His collection contains travel diaries, letters, drafts of articles on the archeology, geology and fauna of Manchuria. Probably one of the relatives who moved to America donated these materials to the museum. Tolmachev’s colleague was V.V. Ponosov. He also made a huge number of scientific excursions and expeditions, and was an active leader of the youth organization of Przewalski researchers. The list of his scientific publications looks impressive - more than 30 works. An analysis of the materials from his rich personal collection was made by O.M. Bakich.

A well-known personality among representatives of the Far Eastern branch of Russian emigration is I.N. Seryshev. He was a priest, a passionate Esperantist, and a talented journalist. During his long wandering life, I.N. Seryshev prepared a large number of works as manuscripts. “I am also enclosing a list of all my publications,” he wrote to the Australian bibliographer Khotimsky, “with blue on the side highlighting those that can be bought for cash, indicating on the side in blue pencil their price without shipping. I also inform you that I am liquidating everything that can be liquidated (archive , publications, books), and I don’t care who to sell them to - I need money to continue the publications. I have only one copy of some of the underlined publications, which can disappear at any time if someone buys them. Therefore, if you choose. to purchase, then inform me by sending me the cost of what is being purchased, then I will put it aside separately as sold, otherwise everything will disappear, because I often have the most unexpected visitors, and demands come from different places, not only from Australia...” Seryshev published the "Album of Outstanding and Famous Personalities of Russia" as a manuscript. The Museum of Russian Culture contains his personal correspondence, photographs with negatives (about 1000 sheets in total), manuscripts of works, and many documents on the history of Russian emigration in the countries of the Far East..

Unfortunately, Russian emigrants from the Far East were never able to publish biographical dictionary the most famous emigration figures. This attempt was made by the writer O.A. Morozova, author of the famous book “Fate” in those years. She took her first steps towards creating a dictionary back in the IRO (International Relief Organization) camp on the island. Tubabao, where she had to leave China. The manuscript was called “IRO Camp for Russian Refugees, 1949-1951.” Then she prepared the book “Cultural Forces of Emigration.” The writer donated these unpublished works, along with memoirs and travel diaries, to the Museums of Russian Culture. Her collection also contains a huge correspondence related to the search for information about famous emigration figures, including many of their autobiographies.

Archives occupy a significant place in the museum’s collections. various organizations: Russian-American Historical Society (1937-1948), Russian Orthodox Mission in Beijing (reports and correspondence for 1925 -1945), Russian Agricultural Society. Russian Student Society at the University of California at Berkeley (its collection contains materials on the history of the Chinese Eastern Railway, the Amur Cossack Army, the Revolution and the Civil War - 6 archival boxes). Society "Vityazi" with documents on the scout movement, the Supreme Monarchical Union. Association of Russian Workers (1952 - 1957), Society for the Protection of Russian Children (1926 - 1969), Association of Russian Drivers (about 100 documents for 1926 - 1943), Society of Lawyers (7 folders for 1941 - 1949) and other emigrant unions ,

Newspapers, which the museum’s collections are extremely rich in, are also invaluable materials for researchers. Among them: “Bulletin of Manchuria”, “Dawn”, “New Life”, “Asia”, “Tanyitsin Dawn”, “Renaissance of Asia”, “Frontier”, “Christmas Frontier”, etc.

In conclusion, I would like to inform the readers. that a large place in the museum is occupied by manuscripts and letters of A. Amfiteatrov, L. Andreev, K. Balmont, I. Bunin, J. Grot, A. Kuprin, L. Remizov, I. Repin, N. Roerich. F. Sologub, N. Teffi, A. Tolstoy, A. Chirikov, F. Chaliapin and others - a total of about 100 documents, starting from 1860.

It is impossible to describe all the materials of the Museum of Russian Culture in a short article. The description and arrangement of his collection continues. The weight of this priceless collection rests on the enthusiasm of a handful of people who all free time selflessly devote themselves to preserving documents. Today, the chairman of the board of the museum is Dmitry Georgievich Braune, a graduate of the Harbin gymnasium. F. Dostoevsky and the Oriental Faculty of the Institute of St. Vladimir. According to the spiritual will of the museum's owners, all its wealth must return to Russia. Unfortunately, our long-suffering country cannot yet provide guarantees that everything accumulated by emigrants will be preserved for posterity.

Khisamutdinov A. A.

24.06.2002

Khisamutdinov A. A. Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco: materials of the Far Eastern emigration // Domestic archives. - 1999. - 5. - pp. 22-29

Melikhov G.V., Shmelev A.V. Documents of emigration of the Far East in the funds of the Museum of Russian Culture of the Russian Center in San Francisco // Rossika in the USA: Collection of articles (Materials on the history of Russian political emigration; issue 7) - M.: Institute of Political and Military Analysis. - 2001. - S. 186-204

Documents of emigration of the Far East in the collections of the Museum of Russian Culture of the Russian Center in San Francisco

One of the most important features that distinguished Russian emigrant communities in different countries of dispersion was the desire to create center organizations that unite and contribute to the preservation of their cultural and ethnic community. In Manchuria it was first the Committee for Assistance to Russian Refugees (Refugee Committee), then the Far Eastern Emigration Association headed by D.L. Horvath, later the Bureau for Russian Emigrants. In Shanghai, the Committee for the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Russian Emigrants. The same thing, only with a greater emphasis on culture, happened in the USA and Australia, as well as in Israel.
Today, the largest center for the unification of Russians in the United States is located on the West Coast, in San Francisco it is the Russian Center; under his patronage, the Museum of Russian Culture arose here (1).
The Russian Center was created in 1939, its predecessor was the Russian Club (since 1925). The Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco (originally the Museum-Archive of Russian Culture) was founded in 1948 and has now become an independent organization, with its own Board, and permanent member Conferences of Western Museums, i.e. museums located on this West Coast of the United States. The role and merit of this and other unifying centers in preserving the ethnic and cultural community of the Russian colony in California is extremely great (2).
The goals of the Museum, as currently defined by its management, are:

A) To promote the dissemination of Russian culture among Americans of Russian descent, Americans interested in Russian history, and the general public in general;
b) Collect and store all kinds of historical materials, memoirs, books, newspapers, including government, public and private archives, libraries containing information about the activities of Russian emigrants around the world, about their life before the 1917 revolution;
c) Make these materials available to persons conducting research on Russian history and culture;
d) Organize the exchange of materials and participation in joint exhibitions, research projects, etc. with similar educational and cultural institutions;
e) Maintain the Exhibition Hall of the Museum open for free access to the general public. Provide exhibits with written explanations in Russian and English (3).
The museum consists of the following departments:

A) Exhibition hall;
b) Archival library containing about 15 thousand books published in pre-revolutionary Russia and by Russian emigrants, mostly in Russian, many of which are very rare publications;
c) Department of serial publications with an extensive collection of Russian newspapers and magazines of Russian emigrants published all over the world. Part of this collection is on microfilm;
d) Collections of archival documents consist of:
Documents on the Russian Revolution and Civil War, especially in Siberia and the Far East (4)
Documents on the Russian-Japanese and First World Wars
History of Russian emigration (archives of various organizations and societies)
Personal archives of prominent representatives of emigration
Memories
Documents of the Russian Spiritual Mission in Beijing, China
Documents related to the Chinese Eastern Railway in Manchuria Materials related to the life of Russian emigrants around the world (in the original there was a glitch in the numbering of articles by G.M. and A.Sh.)
Materials about the life of the Romanov Imperial Family, including their last days in Siberia
Materials reflecting life in Russia before the revolution (5).

The rich collections of the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco cover, perhaps, all the most important stages of Russian history of modern times. Documents and materials of the Russian emigration of the Far East are especially widely represented. There is a logical explanation for this. The last major wave of Russian emigration to America was associated with the evacuation in 1948 from Qingdao and Shanghai to the Philippines (Tubabao (Samar) island) of a large group of Russian refugees (for more details, see G.V. Melikhov, Decree cit., p. 116- 117), most of whom were former residents of Harbin and Manchuria in general. These Harbin and Shanghai residents, who had great skills in public work in various Russian organizations and managed to preserve their archives, became active employees of the Russian Center and the Museum of Russian Culture in America.
Thus, of the 75 founding members of the Russian Center, many were from China, and G.K. Bologov became its chairman; among the employees of the Museum-Archive of Russian Culture there were also many Russians from China, and of the five chairmen of the Museum’s Board, four were from Harbin: P.F. Konstantinov, a scientist agronomist and specialist in soybeans; A.S. Lukashkin is a major expert on the flora and fauna of Manchuria, curator of the Museum of the Society for the Study of the Manchurian Region in Harbin: N.A. Slobodchikov, an engineer educated at the University of Liege in Belgium; Currently, the chairman is D.G. Browns, also an old-timer in Harbin, and the vice-chairman is also a Harbin resident G.A. Tarala. Brief biographies of them were first given by O.M. Bakich (6).
The entire wealth of the archives of the Museum of Russian Culture can be fully imagined from just one figure: their collections are housed today in 4 thousand boxes! Behind the above list of these collections are tens of thousands of documents, most often still unknown to researchers, of a completely unique nature. This allows us to call today the Museum one of the largest archives in the world, containing exceptionally rich and valuable historical material, including on the history and culture of Russian emigration in the countries of the Far East and the USA. For a historian of this, in general, eastern branch of Russian emigration Particularly valuable are items 3-5 indicated in the list of funds.
Behind the short line 3. History of Russian emigration are hidden the richest collections of archival documents of the Russian Historical Society in America, the Russian Agricultural Society, the Federation of Russians charitable organizations, the Russian Student Society at the University of California at Berkeley, the Society for Aid and Patronage of Russian Children, the Scout Movement in the USA and many others.
No less, and perhaps even richer, is the content of paragraphs 4. Personal archives of outstanding representatives of the emigration and 5. Memoirs.
Here are extremely valuable and, what is important to note, already described by A.V. Shmelev and partially O.M. Bakich such personal funds as (on a short list): journalists and writers E.S. Isaenko, O.A. Morozova, B N. Volkov, E. A. Gumenskaya, G. D. Grebeshchikov (the fund has not yet been described); cultural figures, director of the All-Student Choir A.A. Arkhangelsky, Don Cossack Choir N. Kostryukov, Choir Kuban Cossacks S.D. Ignatiev, others; scientists V.N.Ipatiev, V.Ya.Tolmachev, V.V.Ponosov, A.S.Lukashkin, G.K.Gins; military N.A. Orlov, A.G. Efimov, A.N. Vagin, others; political figures and diplomats D.L. Horvat (about 2 thousand documents are not described in the fund), P.G. Vaskevich, A.T. Belchenko, I.K. Okulich, daughter of P.A. Stolypin M.P. Bok; clergy Fr. Alexander Samoilovich, Fr. David Chubov, Fr. Innokenty Seryshev; entrepreneurs brothers Vorontsov, others.
In addition to these, inventories of the funds of the prominent Russian teacher N.V. Borzov and the famous Harbin von Arnold family (founder Antonina Romanovna von Arnold) were also made. Like all others, they were kindly sent from the USA and placed at our disposal by Georgy Andreevich Tarala, for which we express our deep gratitude to him. And we publish them below.
Researchers should pay the most serious attention to all these vast funds.
The fact is that most of the Museum’s collections, until recently, remained difficult to access for specialists due to the organizational and technical difficulties experienced by the Museum, all of whose employees work exclusively on a voluntary basis. Now, in addition to the microfilming of a significant portion of newspapers and magazines in the 1980s and approximately 350 books by the Museum through its joint project with the University of California Library (which made them widely available to scholars), in 1999-2001. The Hoover Institution, together with the Museum, under a large grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (USA), carried out a broad project to process and microfilm the most important collections of the Museum, which included these funds listed above, which thus also became available to users in the reading room of the Hoover Archives (7).
Moreover, their subsequent publication on the Internet is planned, which will make this important part of the archive of the Museum of Russian Culture accessible to an even wider circle of people in all countries of the world interested in the history and culture of the Russian emigration.

NOTES

1.Glory Praise Honor. Anniversary collection dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the founding of the Russian Center in San Francisco, USA. - San Francisco, /1964/. S.1-ХП, 1-66; Slobodchikov N.A., editor. Museum of Russian Culture Repositories of cultural and historical monuments of Foreign Rus'. San Francisco. B.g. P.1-128; The most complete essay on its history belongs to O. Bakich. Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco. Our fiftieth anniversary // Russians in Asia, Toronto. 1998, 5. P.261-274. A separate reprint with the title in English MUSEUM of Russian Culture INC. San Francisco, b.g. S. 1-P, 1-12 (hereinafter referred to as MUSEUM); see also Khisamutdinov A. Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco: materials of Far Eastern emigration.
Domestic archives. Moscow, 1999, 5. P.22-29.
2.Melikhov G.V. Russian communities in the USA. Australia, China. General and special // National diasporas in Russia and abroad in the 19th-20th centuries. Digest of articles. M., 2001. P.113-122.
3.MUSEUM. P. 1.
4. Reviewed by A.V. Popov. See Popov A.V. Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco: materials on the history of the Russian army and the civil war // Army and Society. Conference materials.
Tambov, 2000. S.
5.MUSEUM. P. II.

6.Ibid., pp. 10-11.

7.See Hoover Institution: microfilming and organization of reference and retrieval apparatus for the collections of the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco. November 11, 2000. / S.1-1U/.
Inventory of the N.V. BORZOV FOUNDATION IN THE MUSEUM OF RUSSIAN CULTURE IN SAN FRANCISCO
When the need arose to create its own higher educational institution in Harbin, N.V. Borzov was the chairman of the Committee for the establishment of such, which opened the famous Faculty of Law in Harbin, and a member of the Board of the Society for the establishment of the Russian-Chinese Technical School in Harbin, which became two years later year by the world famous Harbin Polytechnic Institute.
Member and Chairman of the Business Committee of the Harbin Young People's Christian Union (YMCA). He headed the section for the cultural development of the region at the Society for the Study of the Manchurian Region (OMK).
In 1925, after the transition of the Chinese Eastern Railway, which was in charge of the KhKU and the Training Department of all railway schools, to a joint Soviet-Chinese administration, it was forced to leave both of its posts on the road. The Harbin commercial schools and the CER Educational Department, perfectly organized by N.V. Borzov, with all its railway schools, thus passed into the hands of the Soviet administration and were lost to emigration. At the same time, their work has since become a source of constant conflicts between the Soviet part of the Road Administration and the Chinese authorities of the Special Region of the Eastern Provinces (ESPR).
The Soviet administration of the road refused to pay Borzov the large allowance he was entitled to (super-staff), and he left for the USA to be with his son. Here N.V. Borzov continued his teaching work as chairman of the pedagogical council, teacher and chairman of the parent committee of a Russian secondary school in San Francisco.
In 1929, after the emergence Soviet-Chinese conflict Acting Manager of the CER, engineer Fan Qiguang, summoned Borzov to Harbin, where he immediately paid him the supernumerary wages due to him. N.V. Borzov took the post of director of the First Harbin Russian Real School, combining it with active social work and teaching at the Pedagogical Institute and theological courses (1929-1931).
In 1931, N.V. Borzov returned to the United States, where he taught Russian language and literature, chaired the Society for Assistance and Patronage of Russian Children, other public and charitable organizations, and the Kulaev Foundation. In 1934-1955. he is the editor of the yearbook Russian Children's Day. The fund is also interesting in that it contains documents and materials related to the activities of other members of the Borzov family, his sons Viktor Nikolaevich, who actively showed himself by working in the Russian Student Society (Harbin), which gradually moved to the far right flank of emigrant political organizations, and by working together with his father in a number of American charitable societies, and Boris Nikolaevich, daughter Alexandra Nikolaevna and wife Sofia Alexandrovna.
The fund is extremely interesting and valuable in terms of the problems of higher education in Russian emigration and the acquisition of university education by emigrants.

DESCRIPTION OF SERIES

Boxes:
1 Biographical materials
2 Correspondence, 1902-1975
3 Speeches and writings
4-12 Documents of the Russian National Student Society (RNSO), 1920-1978
Subject documents, 1918-1984
Printed materials, 1902-1969
Large materials
Memorabilia, photographs

INVENTORY OF BOXES

Box 1 BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS, 1920-1979

Folders 1-2 Welcome addresses from students of the 1st Harbin Russian Real School, 1930. See. also Thematic documents: 1st HRRU
Invitation cards. Some include appeals to N.V. Borzov
Newspaper clippings about N.V. Borzov.
Family documents
Borzov, Boris Nikolaevich. Book and material compiled from articles, poetic works and notes by Boris Borzov and entitled “Boris Nikolaevich Borzov, 1910-1979
Newspaper clippings related to polemical materials affecting B.N. Borzov

Borzov, Viktor Nikolaevich. Correspondence General and unidentified, 1925-1926
Bebutova, Olga, n.d.
Documents related to education. Includes letters of recommendation from N.V. Borzov for admission to the University of California, 1920
N.V. Borzov: Obituary written by V.N. Borzov and published in: Avtonomov N.P. Harbin Business School, San Francisco, 1956
Receipts and receipts
Meeting schedules and recordings

CORRESPONDENCE, 1902-1975. Includes correspondence from members of the Borzov family. Official correspondence of Borzov as a director or member of various Russian organizations is found in: Subject Documents, under the title Organizations
Folder 1 General, 1902-1975 and n.d.
2 Unidentified, 1939-1940
3 All-Cossack Union of San Francisco, 1951-1953. American Association of Teachers of Slavic and Eastern European Languages, 1945-1949. See Issue Papers.
Folders 4-15 contain correspondence with the following persons: Antonova, Elena, 1946-1947; Bilimovich, Alexander D., 1950-1954; Brazol, Boris A. See Pushkin Society in America; Budberg, Alexey Pavlovich, 1932 and n.d. See also Subject documents: clippings of his newspaper articles; Budberg, Pyotr Alekseevich, 1946-1952; Damascene, N. See Society named after. Pushkin in America; Daniel Evgeniy Vasilievich, 1925-1929 and n.d.; Dudorov, Boris P. and N. 1935-1954; Fedorov Mikhail M., 1937-1940; Gondatti, N.L., 1929; Gins Georgy K., 1925-1952 and n.d.; Ipatiev Vladimir N., 1946-1952 and n.d.; Isaenko Evgenia Sergeevna, 1935-1950 and n.d.; Karinskaya, Maria, n.d.;
Folder 16 Harbin Committee for Assistance to Russian Refugees, 1929-1939. Includes receipts and newspaper clippings
Folders 17-22 contain correspondence with the following persons: Horvat, Dimitri Leonidovich, 1930-1931; Kostryukov, Nikolai (Don Cossack Choir of General Platov), ​​1949-1950; Kuchinskaya, E., 1947-1952 and n.d.; Kulaev Innokenty Ivanovich, 1940-1941 and n.d.; Kulaev Ivan Vasilievich, 1925-1941 and n.d.; Kulaev, Vladimir Petrovich and Maksimova-Kulaeva, Antonina Aleksandrovna, 1949-1953. Also includes correspondence with the Kulaevs from third parties. See also Thematic documents: Society for Assistance and Patronage of Russian Children and the Kulaev Family, correspondence with the Kulaevs of third parties and biographical materials on them; Kulaeva, G., 1925-1926 and n.d.; Laub, Anna Pavlovna, 1940-1946 and n.d. Includes photograph by A.P. Laub, dated 1918; Laub, Tamara Alekseevna, 1947-1950 and previous years; Lopatin Ivan A., 1933 and n.d. Including applications: musical notes and reprint of Lopatin's article entitled Legends of the Amur Basin The Journal of American Folk-Lore, 1933
Box 3.

Folders 1-28 contain correspondence with the following organizations and individuals: National Organization of Russian Intelligence Officers, 1939-1941 Nikitin, Pavel. See Sunrise; Nikolashin, G.V., 1934-1955 and n.d.; Noyes, George and Florence, 1928-1953. Included are: an obituary of George Noyes, a letter of recommendation to Borzov, and a holograph by J. Noyes entitled My Life at the Imperial University of St. Petersburg, 1898-1900, n.d. See also Issue Papers American Association of Teachers of Slavic and Eastern European Languages; Society of Russian Veterans of the Great War, 1932-1955; Okulich, Joseph, 1936 and n.d.; Panina, Sophia, Countess, 1951; Society named after Pushkin in America, 1936-1954. See also Thematic documents: Pushkin, Alexander Sergeevich; Ryabushinsky V.P., 1952; Romanovsky, Sergei, prince, 1951; Sedykh, Mikhail D., 1940-1945; Semchevskaya, Elena Vasilievna, 1946-1954 and n.d. Including a photograph of E.V. Semchevskaya; Shapiro, Lazar Solomonovich and Nadezhda, 1925-1932 and n.d.; Slavic Union in California, 1933-1934; Struve, Gleb Petrovich, 1948-1949; Suvorov A.E., b.d.; Syroboyarsky A., 1941 and n.d.; Talberg Nikolay D., 1949; Tarsaidze, Alexander, 1947-1952; Teffi N., 1951 and n.d.; Tsurikov, N.A., 1937-1953; Tumanov, E., b.d.; Sunrise (Pavel Nikitin), 1936-1950 etc. Includes apps and photos; All-Russian Fascist Party. California Department, 1935-1938 and n.d.; Zander, L.A., 1920-1947; Foreign Union of Russian Military Disabled Persons. Main Board, 1948; Zaveryalov, I., 1928-1975; Zhelten, Elena Andreevna, 1954 and n.d. See also Thematic documents: Society for Aid and Patronage of Russian Children, California Department; mixture, empty envelopes, Performances and works, 1922-1944 etc.
Folder 29 Letter to the editor of Russian Life. b.d. Printed text
In memory of the outstanding hierarch, n.d. Printed text of Psychosis 1905. Russia, n.d. Printed text; Textbook on the Russian language, without title. See Thematic documents: Society of Russian Language Teachers Letters to the editor of Zarya (Harbin), /1922/. Typescript. Includes material related to the reconstruction of the Harbin district Green Bazaar Glinka Opera A Life for the Tsar. Russia 1936, October 29. Printed copy of Tatiana's Day in St. Petersburg. Russian life, 1944, January 22. Seal. Siberia in the 17th century. Russia, 1944, March 9. Seal Day of St. Petersburg Imperial University. Russia, 1944, March 11. Printed copy.

Russian National Student Society, 1920-1978. This series contains materials from the RNSO, which was led by Borzov’s son Viktor Nikolaevich, the chairman of this organization. The bulk of the materials date back to the first half of the 20s.
Folder 1 Correspondence between Valentina Hayes and Alexandra Nikolaevna Borzova regarding the transfer of documents to the Museum of Russian Culture, 1978
2-3 Secretary's documents. Includes minutes of meetings, correspondence, requests for loans, reports and applications, applications for membership, lists, invitations and miscellaneous notes
4 Regulations. Correspondence. Includes correspondence with the Association of Russian Emigrant Student Organizations and the Society for Assistance to Students of Higher Educational Institutions and related materials
5 Undated
Folders 6-9 Organizations, 1921-1936.

Students (members and non-members)
Folder 1 Undated
Folders 2-6 From the period 1920 to March-April 1923
Box 6.
Folders 1-5 Same. From May-June 1923 to December 1924

Folders 1-8 Financial documents, 1925-1939

Folders 1-6 Receipt books, 1922-1925

Folders 1-2 Same, 1926-1941. Statements
Folder 3 Rent. Members' documents. Includes information about members and potential members (newly arriving students)
Folders 4-6 Applications
Folder 7 Documents on payment of membership fees. See also Lists
Folder 8 Information about incoming students from China
Folder 9 Lists. Includes information about payment of membership fees. See also Large materials

Applications for membership. Minutes of meetings
Folder 1 Undated
Folders 2-5 Period from 1921 to 1936.
Publications. RNSO Bulletin
Folder 6 Correspondence
Folders 7-8 Views. Holographic and typewritten materials; include information about student life in various regions, short stories and poetry

Folder 1 Printed Materials

A russian bear
Folder 2 General. Correspondence and financial documents
Folders 3-4 Views
Folder 5 Printed Materials
Thematic documents. Includes newspaper clippings, correspondence and other materials relating to Russian students in China, Europe and throughout the United States in the 1920s and 1930s, as well as advertisements, correspondence, financial documents and other association affairs
Folders 6-7 Documents from libraries and bookstores. Includes catalogues, lists of books for sale and prices. See also financial documents General

Mutual aid fund documents. See also Financial documents Folder 1 General. Organizational documents and draft resolutions
Questionnaires distributed among RNSO members to determine their support for the mutual aid fund
Association of Russian emigrant student organizations, Prague, Czechoslovakia
4 Christian Association of Russian Students, USA
5 Russian Student Club, San Francisco, California Students, Russians
6 Estonia
7 Harbin, China Tatiana evenings
Folders 8-9 1929-1933

Folders 1-2 Same. 1934-1935
Folder 3 Miscellaneous
American Association of Teachers of Slavic and Eastern European Languages. Includes newsletters and general correspondence
Budberg, Alexey Pavlovich. Clippings from his newspaper articles. See also Correspondence: his letters to N.V. Borzov.
Bunin Ivan A. Newspaper clippings, correspondence, notes and programs in connection with the celebrations in his honor, organized by N.V. Borzov.
China Eastern Railway. Clippings, receipts, various documents and books entitled The Railwayman's Companion (Harbin, 1923)
Cossacks
Russian Children's Day
General materials include appeals, draft programs, invitations, lists of donors and participants, memorial notes, minutes of meetings, notes, reports and other materials
Folders 9-11 in box 13 and folders 1-12 in box 14 contain materials dedicated to the celebration of Russian Children's Days from 1932 to 1949-50.

Folder 13 Announcements 14 Newspaper clippings, Includes articles and letters from Borzov to the editor in connection with Russian Children's Days Correspondence
15 General, 1932-1951 and undated
16 Alekseeva Elizaveta Vitalievna, 1932-1936
Financial documents, 1932-1947. Folders 17-19 in box 14 and folders 1-4 in box 15.

Folder 5 Programs Publications Russian Children's Day
Folder 6 General. Contents, financial and other documents
7 Correspondence, 1930-1956 and undated. Relates primarily to issues of publication. See also Correspondence, additional materials mentioning Russian Children's Day
Printed materials Folder 8 of box 15, folders 1-5 of box 16 and folders 1-2 of box 17 contain this edition from 1 (1934) to 22 (1955)
Works proposed for publication

Folder 3 Osorgin Mikhail Living World, n.d., typescript
4 Stolpe, Sven Nikolai Berdyaev. n.d., typescript
5 Album of newspaper clippings. See also Large materials: Society for the Guardianship of Russian Children. Album
6 Miscellaneous. Including announcements, newspaper clippings, programs and other materials related to the celebration of Russian Children's Day in Harbin, China and New York
7 Day of Russian Culture

Orthodox Church Parish, San Francisco, California. See Holy Trinity Cathedral
Folder 1 Education. Reprints, reports and printed materials on various aspects of education, instructions, minutes of the Third All-Russian Congress on Experimental Pedagogy in Petrograd, 1916, with notes by N.V. Borzov
2 Federation of Russian Charitable Organizations. Bulletins and correspondence, 1951-1954. N.V. Borzov was at one time the director of this organization 3 Georgy Grebenshchikov. Newspaper clippings
4 Holy Trinity Cathedral, San Francisco, California. Includes newspaper clippings on the Cathedral Parish School and the charter and other documents of the Cathedral parishioners
5 Institute of the Japan-Russian Society, Harbin, China. Papers related to Russian language courses offered by this institute in the 1920s, including course materials and student papers
6 Horvat, Dimitri Leonidovich. Appeals and statements of Horvath in 1918-1928. 7 Young People's Christian Union, Harbin, China. Correspondence and other documents relating mainly to the founding of the People's University in Harbin in the 1920s under the auspices of this organization and with the participation of N.V. Borzov
8 Commission for Combating Religious Persecution and Destruction of Temples in the USSR. Including correspondence and newspaper articles of N.V. Borzov as the head of this organization, newspaper clippings, bulletins, memos and other materials. The album of newspaper clippings includes materials, clippings and photographs on the religious protests of emigration against the USSR in 1980, collected by A.N. Borzova.
Committee on the Introduction of the Russian Language in American Educational Institutions, See Society of Teachers of the Russian Language
9 Writers' Circle, San Francisco, California
10 The Kulaev family. Brochure entitled Ivan Vasilievich Kulaev, newspaper clippings, including death notices and letters to A.A. Maksimova-Kulaeva
11 Translation courses, Harbin, China. Financial and other documents
12 Kutepov, A.P. Newspaper clippings
13 Lermontov Mikhail Yurievich. Correspondence, programs and other materials,
relating to the celebration in his honor in 1941, organized by N.V. Borzov 14 Literary and Artistic Circle, San Francisco, California
15 Young Russian Party. Programs and newsletter
15 Nikolaev, Konstantin Nikolaevich. Biographical materials

Joint Committee of Russian National Organizations. Newspaper clippings, correspondence, financial statements and other material related to the activities of N.V. Borzov as director/president of this organization
Folder 1 General, 1926-1947
2 Newspaper clippings about the Joint Committee
3 Correspondence, 1928-1947. and b.d.
4 Documents on the founding of the Society for the Protection and Education of Russian Children. See also Russian Children's Day - about the participation of this organization in its celebration. N.V. Borzov was the head of the Society and the director and teacher at its evening school
General materials 5 General. Includes correspondence, financial statements, notes, notes and other materials
6 Resolutions of the Russian Evening Gymnasium
7-8 General materials

Folders 1-3 General Materials
4 Newspaper clippings
Correspondence
5 General
6 Letters from parents, 1943 etc.
7 Educational materials, including Borzov’s courses on history, geography and literature

Folders 1-2 Educational materials
3 Official documents
4 Financial documents. Receipts and receipt books
5 Library documents
6 Report cards

Box 22
Folders 1-4 Student work
Russian kindergarten
5 General. Includes materials and fragments of works on the history of the Kindergarten for more than 20 years of its existence (1925-1945)
6 Newspaper clippings, 1927-1947
7 Correspondence, 1927-1945 and n.d.

Folder 1 Equipment
2 Financial documents
3 Cash
Society of Russian Language Teachers. Borzov was the founder and director of this organization
General. Includes correspondence, memos, minutes of meetings, notes Newspaper clippings
6 Textbook on the Russian language, compiled by N.V. Borzov, untitled, n.d.
7 Society of Russian Veterans of the Great War, San Francisco, California
8 Pasternak, Boris, articles about him
9 Institute of Education, Harbin, China. Correspondence, memos, leaflets and other documents
10-11 The first Harbin Russian real school. Newspaper clippings, correspondence, notes, programs and other materials relating mainly to the period when N.V. Borzov was the head of this school, 1929-1931. See also Biographical documents: Greetings to Borzov for his activities in this capacity and Memorable items

Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich. Materials related to the festivities in his honor, organized by N.V. Borzov or with his participation, in 1937 and 1949. See also Correspondence: Society named after. Pushkin in America
Folders 1-2 General Materials
3 Newspaper clippings
Correspondence
4 1935-1938
5 1947-1949
6 Financial documents
7 Mixture. Periodicals, programs and other printed materials

Folder 1 Rakitin, Sergey S. Newspaper clippings
2 Refugees, Russians. Correspondence and bulletins relating mainly to displaced Russians in Europe and the Far East after the Second World War.
Society for Helping Russian Children. N.V. Borzov was a member of the California department of this organization. For her participation in the celebration of Russian Children's Day, see also the documents: Russian Children's Day and Large materials: Society for Helping Russian Children. General materials
Folders 3-4 Annual reports
5 Appeals
6 Brochure - Society for Aid to Russian Children Abroad, 1926-1951: Brief historical overview of the society’s activities, New York, 1951
7 Regulations
8 Newspaper clippings. Albums of newspaper clippings. See Large Materials
9 Miscellaneous
California Division
10 General materials. Including notes, lists of names, etc. Correspondence. Letters addressed mainly to N.V. Borzov and A.A. Maksimova-Kulaeva and E.A. Zhelten, President and Secretary of the California Department from various correspondents
11 General materials, 1936-1946

Folder 1 Letters from displaced people in Europe asking for help for their children, 1947-1948.
2.. Borzov, N.V., 1945-1950. See also Russian Children's Day, Correspondence: Alekseeva, Elizaveta Vitalievna, as a representative of the Society, in connection with the celebration of Russian Children's Day
3 Maksimova-Kulaeva, Antonina Aleksandrovna, 1946-1947. See also the Kulaev Family about other letters to her
4..Zhelten (Dzhelten), Elena Andreevna, 1946
5 Financial documents, 1936-1946
Russian Public Schools and Library in Berkeley. N.V. Borzov was the head of the school and a teacher in it.
6-8 General materials

Folder 1 School Christmas Celebrations, 1932-1933
2 Correspondence (official). See also Student works, student letters to Borzov
Financial documents
3-4 General
5 Receipt books
6 Reports
7 Student works. Includes letters from students to N.V. Borzov
8 House of Mercy for Russian Women, San Francisco, California. Newspaper clippings and invitations
Russians in China. General materials. Newspaper clippings.
Harbin. See also Issue Papers: China Eastern Road
10 General materials. Newspaper clippings and materials related to the functioning of Russian city government; bulletins of the Bureau for Russian Emigrants in the Manchu Empire

Folder 1 General Materials
2 Education. Correspondence, reports and other documents of Russian educational institutions in Harbin. See also the Institute of the Japanese-Russian Society, the Christian Union of Young People, the Pedagogical Institute and the 1st Harbin Russian Real School
3 Foreign countries. Newspaper clippings
4-6 United States. Newspaper clippings, brochures, leaflets, periodicals and photographs of anti-communist demonstrations. See also Russian Orthodox Church, USA

Folder 1 USA, continued
2 Russian Orthodox Church USA. Bulletins, newspaper clippings and other materials related to the activities of the Church outside Russia. See also: Commission for Combating Religious Persecution and Destruction of Temples in the USSR; For additional materials on the Church in the USSR and in San Francisco, see Holy Trinity Cathedral and Printed materials, individual church magazines and religious bulletins
3 Russian Club, San Francisco, California
4 Russian male choir, San Francisco, California. Newspaper clippings and photographs
5 Russian Center, San Francisco, California. General materials, correspondence, financial documents, invitations
6 Newspaper clippings
Russian University Club, San Francisco, California
7 General materials
Correspondence
Documents on the basis
10 Materials about Club members
11 Miscellaneous. Materials related to special events: reports, concerts, etc.

Folder 1 Russian-American Union for the Protection and Assistance of Russians Outside Russia, New York. Newspaper clippings and leaflets
2 Russian-American Society, San Francisco, California. Newspaper clippings, leaflets and notes
Church of St. John the Baptist, Berkeley, California
Mainly, documents of N.V. Borzov, who worked in the parish council
3 Bulletins
4 Correspondence
5 Financial documents 6 Lists of parish members and other Russians living nearby
7 Minutes of meetings of the Parish Council. Includes activity reports, 1939-1940
8 Mixture, including schedule church services and printed religious materials
Soviet Union - history
9-10 1925-1953. Newspaper clippings and typewritten recordings of intercepted radio transmissions from Khabarovsk, 1940
11 1953-1985. Newspaper clippings
12 Tolstoy, Lev Nikolaevich. Clippings, correspondence, financial documents, notes and other materials related to celebrations in his honor, 1935
13 Tolstoy Foundation, New York
Yashik 31 World War, 1914-1918Russia - veterans
Folder 1 General Materials. Correspondence, financial documents, reports and other documentation related to N.V. Borzov’s participation in charitable activities to help Russian military invalids abroad
2 Newspaper clippings
3-5 Miscellaneous
Printed materials, 1902-1969. Includes rare pre-revolutionary Russian periodicals, such as Libavskie Exchange News (Libava, 1910), Taganrog Bulletin (Taganrog, 1902), Bulletin of Students (Vladivostok, 1917), as well as periodicals published outside Russia New Life (Harbin, 1917) and Good morning (Italy, 1950-1954). Emigrant religious periodicals are also well represented.
6 Books

Folders 1-5 Magazines

Folders 1-2 Newspapers
3-5 Programs

Large documents, 1921-1973. Ledgers, newspaper clippings albums, miscellaneous
Folders 1-4 Albums of newspaper clippings related to the Society for Aid to Russian Children
Russian National Student Society
5 Ledgers
Documents related to membership in the Society
7 Album of newspaper clippings
8 Miscellaneous

Folders 1-2 Memorabilia and objects, n.d. Board with the name and diagrams of the 1st Harbin Russian Real School
Photos, n.d.
3 Album
4 Photo cards. Fifteen photographs depicting a large number of people, including V.P. Kulaev and S.P. Kovalev. /end of inventory/

“ACTIVITIES OF THE RUSSIAN EMIGRATION TO PRESERVE THE HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE (based on materials from the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco) ...”

-- [ Page 1 ] --

RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF PUBLIC SERVICE

UNDER THE PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

____________________________________________________________________

As a manuscript

Menyailenko Margarita Kvetoslavovna

ACTIVITIES OF THE RUSSIAN EMIGRATION FOR THE CONSERVATION

HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE

(based on materials from the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco) Specialty 07.00.02 - Russian history Dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences

Scientific director– Candidate of Historical Sciences M.Yu. Roshchin

Scientific consultant Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor M.R. Zezina Moscow - 2008

INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1. PREREQUISITES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A COLLECTION CENTER IN THE USA

COMMON EMIGRANTS HERITAGE

1.1. The formation of the center of Russian post-October emigration in San Francisco in the 1920-1930s…..…………………………………………………….23

1.2. Formation in the USA in the post-war years of the largest of the Russian diasporas……….....……....…………………..…………………………………………………………… .47

1.3. The critical state of heritage conservation in the Russian diasporas before and after the Second World War………………………...………………62

Chapter 2. ACTIVITIES OF EMIGRATION IN COLLECTING HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE POST-WAR TIME

2.1. Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco. Principles of organization.

Activities. …………………..………………………..….………………76

2.2. Relationship between the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco and the Archive of Russian and East European History and Culture at Columbia University in New York..……….....………………………….……………. ..….……114

Chapter 3. MUSEUM OF RUSSIAN CULTURE IN SAN FRANCISCO IN THE SYSTEM

PRESERVATION OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE

3.1. Review of receipts.

Work on preserving the collected materials.…….....126

3.2. Joint activities of the Board of the Museum and American scientists to introduce the collected heritage into scientific circulation………………………………..153 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………… ……………..….164 LIST SOURCES AND LITERATURE USED…………...171 APPENDICES……………………...………………………………………………194

INTRODUCTION

The Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco, whose holdings are still not completely systematized.

The activities of the emigration to create this archive have not yet become the subject of special research either in foreign or domestic historiography.

Meanwhile, the work of enthusiasts to collect cultural and historical heritage, which has spanned many countries, is a unique social experience.

Understanding this experience is necessary for a deeper understanding of the role of the Russian diaspora in maintaining continuity in the development of Russian culture.

Studying the sixty-year history of the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco will contribute to the introduction into scientific circulation of a large complex of historical sources and thereby expand research on the history of emigration. The study of the collecting activities of Russian emigration is also of interest for modern Russia in connection with the task of preserving the values ​​of national culture and history that ended up abroad due to the collapse of the USSR.

Purpose The research is a reconstruction of the activities of the Russian post-revolutionary emigration to preserve historical and cultural heritage using materials from the history of the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco.

To achieve the stated goal, it is planned to solve a number of specific research tasks:

To identify the features of the social and cultural life of the Russian post-revolutionary emigration of San Francisco in the 1920-1930s;

To reveal the nature of the activities of the Russian diaspora in providing assistance to “displaced persons” in the post-war years;

Find out the prerequisites for the creation of a general emigrant archive on the American continent;

Describe the principles of organizing the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco;

Explore areas of collecting activity;

Conduct a comparative analysis of the activities of two general emigrant archives in the United States (the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco and the Archive of Russian and Eastern European History and Culture at Columbia University in New York);

Highlight the main areas of activity of the Board for the preservation, systematization, description and introduction of the existing complex into scientific circulation;

Determine the role of Russian emigration in collecting and preserving historical and cultural heritage. The object of research is the historical and cultural heritage of the Russian Abroad.

Subject of study– the activities of the Russian emigration to preserve historical and cultural heritage, which led to the formation in San Francisco of a large museum and archival center engaged in the systematic collection of materials related to the history of Russia and Russian emigration.

The chronological scope of the study covers the period from the early 1920s, when the formation of the Russian diaspora in San Francisco began and the first steps were taken to collect historical and cultural materials, to the present day. Particular attention is paid to the period since 1948, when the Museum of Russian Culture was created.

The territorial scope of the study is determined by the socio-cultural ties of the Russian emigration, aimed at collecting historical and cultural heritage. They reflect the settlement of post-revolutionary emigration and cover Eurasia, Africa, Australia, North and South America.

Scientific novelty is determined both by the formulation of the problem itself and by the results obtained during its development. For the first time, a special study is being undertaken on the activities of Russian emigration in the city.

San Francisco, aimed at preserving the common emigrant heritage in the post-war period, taking into account the preconditions that developed in the pre-war period.

For the first time, based on sources stored in the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco, the connections that existed during the period under review between the centers of Russian emigration in various countries and determined the nature of the collection of documents of the general emigrant archive in San Francisco were traced, the main directions and features of the collecting activity of the Russian emigration were studied.

The dissertation is the first to highlight and illustrate in detail the history of the great migration of Russian emigration from the Eurasian continent after the end of World War II.

The dissertation introduces into scientific circulation a large complex of unknown archival sources on the history of Russian emigration, stored in the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco.

The methodological basis of the dissertation is determined by the tasks set and is characterized primarily by an integrated, interdisciplinary approach to the problem located at the intersection of history and archival source study.

The main directions of research were developed within the framework of a systems approach based on structural-functional analysis.

The principles of historicism and scientific objectivity became fundamental in the study of the problem. Of the methods that are generally significant for historical knowledge, the work uses retrospective, periodization, problem-chronological and comparative-typological (comparative).

Among the general scientific methods - cause-and-effect, inductive search and deductive analysis, illustrative.

Along with the general methods of historical science, methods of archival source study1 were used - a heuristic approach, a descriptive method and a “continuous” review method, which made it possible to reduce the element of subjectivity, more fully convey the specifics of incoming materials and preserve the real context of a gradually emerging set of sources. The reliability of archival materials has not been assessed.

Oral history methods were used as an interdisciplinary research method. To increase the level of objectivity of oral sources, an expanded sample of informants was used. The analysis of the obtained factual data and its further enrichment was carried out on the basis of published and unpublished sources.

See Starostin E.V. Archival source studies: terminological disputes // Source studies and local history in Russian culture. Sat. to the 50th anniversary of S.O. Schmidt’s service to the Historical and Archival Institute. - M., 2000; Starostin E.V. Source studies and archival studies: facets of interaction // Archivistics at the turn of the century: XX, XXI: Proceedings of the Historical and Archival Institute, volume 35. - M., 2000; Starostin E.V. Arch-revelation.

Archaeography. Dzhereloznavstvo.// Mizhvidomchiy zbirnik naukovikh pratz. Issue 5. Archival source study. – Kyiv, 2002. - P.172-177.

A number of concepts used in the dissertation have ambiguous interpretation. The concept of “historical and cultural heritage” is understood as the archival and museum heritage of the Russian post-October emigration, which partly includes the pre-revolutionary one. The definition of the Museum as “general emigrant” was introduced by the author to more accurately reflect the nature of the organization, on the one hand, which undertook the collection of materials of Russian emigration from all continents, and on the other hand, its independent nature from American organizations. Since the name “Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco” enshrined in the Charter does not fully reflect the nature of the organization, focused primarily on collecting archival materials, the author, along with the official name, uses the original name of the organization - “Museum-Archive”.

Degree of knowledge Topics.

In Soviet historiography, the history of Russian post-October emigration was studied from the standpoint of official ideology. The objective study of this topic in domestic science began in the late 1980s1.

About 20 years of intensive study of emigrant issues in Russia led to the formation of an extensive historiography, including both popular essays and basic research, carried out at the interdisciplinary level. At the present stage, we can talk about erasing the differences in the approaches of Russian and foreign authors and the formation of a unified historiography of the Russian post-revolutionary abroad, a comprehensive historiographic analysis of which was carried out by A.A. in 2000. Pronin2. This review includes only literature that was directly used or had an indirect influence on the dissertation.

Shkarenkov L.K. The agony of white emigration. M.: Mysl, 1987; Kostikov V.V. Let us not curse the exile... The paths and destinies of the Russian emigration. M., 1990.

Pronin A.A. Historiography of Russian emigration. - Ekaterinburg: Publishing house. Ural University, 2000.

Although the activities of emigration to preserve historical and cultural heritage were not specifically studied, certain aspects of it were touched upon in general works, as well as in works devoted to individual problems in the history of emigration.

The historiography of the Russian colonies of pre-war Europe is represented primarily by foreign publications1. Problems of cultural identity were posed by P.E. Kovalevsky and M. Raev2. The organization of museum and archival affairs in Czechoslovakia is highlighted in the articles of domestic researchers L.P.

Muromtseva, V.B. Perkhavko, T.F. Pavlova and L.I. Petrusheva3. The picture of this period is complemented by the emerging domestic studies on diasporas in China4, Turkey5, Great Britain1, Germany2, as well as thematic Mayevsky V. Russians in Yugoslavia: Relations between Russia and Serbia. - T. I, New York, 1960; - T. II, New York, 1966; Verbin E. The Czech Republic that you don’t know... - Prague, Ceske Budejevice, 2003. - 256 p. ISBN/ISSN 80-239-0206-7; Savitsky I. Prague and foreign Russia.

Essays on the history of Russian emigration 1918-1938 - Prague, 2002. - 153 pp.; Jovanovic M.

Russian emigration in the Balkans / Transl. from Serbian A.Yu.Timofeeva. - M.: Russian way, 2005. p.

Kovalevsky P.E. Russia Abroad: History and cultural and educational work of the Russian diaspora for half a century (1920 – 1970). Paris: Librairie Des Cinq Continents, 1971. 348 pp.; Add.

issue: Paris: Librairie Des Cinq Continents, 1973. 147 pp.; Raev M. Russia abroad. History of the culture of Russian emigration 1919-1939. / Per. from English A. Ratobylskaya. Preface O. Kaznina.

M.: Progress Academy, 1994. - 296 pp.;

Muromtseva L.P., Perkhavko V.B. Public museum collections of the Russian diaspora in Czechoslovakia // International scientific conference "Cultural heritage of Russian emigration: 1917-1940s". Collection of materials. - M., 1993 – P. 108-109; Pavlova T.F.

Russian Foreign Historical Archive in Prague and General N.N. Golovin. // Rossika in the USA:

Collection of articles (Materials on the history of Russian political emigration; issue 7) - M.: Institute of Political and Military Analysis. - 2001. - P. 290-297; Petrusheva L.I. Russian action of the government of Czechoslovakia. Entry article. Catalog of the exhibition “There is a place on the map...” Marina Tsvetaeva. From the series "Poems to the Czech Republic". – Minsk, 2002.

Melikhov G.V. Russian emigration in international relations in the Far East. 1925M.: IRI RAS, 2007. - 318 p.; Pecheritsa V.F. Spiritual culture of Russian emigration in China. - Vladivostok: Far Eastern University Publishing House, 1999. - 276 pp.; Ablazhey N.N. Siberian regionalism in emigration. - Novosibirsk: Publishing House of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS, 2003; Ablova N.E. CER and Russian emigration in China. International and political aspects of history (first half of the twentieth century). - M.: Russian Panorama, 2005.

Ippolitov S.S., Karpenko S.V., Pivovar E.I. Russian emigration in Constantinople in the early 1920s // Domestic history. - 1993. - No. 5. - P. 75 – 85; Russian emigration research within the framework of new approaches to military-political problems3 and educational problems4.

The second post-October wave of emigration continued work on collecting heritage. In domestic historiography, quite objective studies on the problems of forced repatriation of V.N. are devoted to this period. Zemskova and P.M. Polyana, Yu.N. Arzamaskina5. Being based on the sources of the repatriation authorities, these articles hardly touch on the problems of those who avoided repatriation, that is, those who continued to work to preserve the heritage. No special research has yet been devoted to the great resettlement of Russian post-October emigration after the end of World War II, but meanwhile, it was the post-war resettlement of Russian emigration from Eurasia that radically changed the geography of Russian diasporas and determined the need to create new centers for collecting cultural and historical heritage in the United States.

in Turkey, South-Eastern and Central Europe of the 20s (civilian refugees, army, educational institutions) / Pivovar E.I. Educational allowance. - M., 1994.

Kudryakova E.B. Russian emigration in Great Britain in the period between the two wars. - M.:

INION RAS, 1995. - 66 pp.; Kaznina O.A. Russians in England: Russian emigration in the context of Russian-English literary connections in the first half of the twentieth century. - M., 1997. - 416 p.

Russian Berlin: 1920–1945. International scientific conference / Comp. M.A. Vasilyeva, L.S. Fleishman. – M.: Russian way, 2006. – 464 p.

Volkov S.V. The tragedy of Russian officers. - M., 2002, 509 pp.; Ershov V.F. Russian military-political abroad. 1918-1945 M., 2000.

Ershov V.F., Pivovar E.I. Military educational institutions and military-scientific thought of the white emigration of the 1920s - 30s. // The role of Russian diaspora in the preservation and development national culture. Scientific conf. Moscow, April 13-15, 1993: Abstracts of reports. - M., 1993. - P. 58-61;

Postnikov E.S. Students in Russia and the problems of obtaining higher education in emigration // Cultural mission of the Russian Abroad. History and modernity. - M.: Russian Institute of Cultural Studies, 1999. - P.92–102; Ippolitov S.S. The education system of the Russian Abroad as an integral condition of the integration process // Soglasie-Moscow. – 2003.

Zemskov V.N. The birth of the “second emigration”. 1944-1952 // Sociological studies.

1991. No. 4. P.21; Zemskov V.N. Repatriation of displaced Soviet citizens // Skepticism. – May 26, 2007. ; Polyan P.M. Victims of two dictatorships: life, labor, humiliation and death of Soviet prisoners of war and ostarbeiters in a foreign land and at home / Preface. D. Granina. 1st edition. M., 1996; Ed. 2nd, revised and additional M.:ROSSPEN, 2002.;

Arzamaskin Yu.N. Hostages of the Second World War. Repatriation of Soviet citizens in 1944. / Series: Russian Historical Military-Political Library. – M., 2001. - 144 S.

The problems and paths of the resettlement process itself, which explain why the topic of heritage preservation has become so acute, are touched upon in the works of I.A. Batozhok, N.V. Moravsky, A.A. Khisamutdinova, E.L. Nitoburga, T.I. Ulyankina1.

The post-war situation of the “disappearing” post-October diasporas in France, China, and Japan is illuminated in the studies of P.E. Kovalevsky, A.A.

Khisamutdinova, K.B. Keping, D. Pozdnyaeva, P.E. Podalko2. The situation of Russian emigrants in the countries of new settlement - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay - Vladimirskaya3.

illuminated M.N. Moseikina, A.A. Khisamutdinov and T.L.

The post-war period is also examined in a number of case studies on military4, political1 and Orthodoxy2.

Batozhok I.A. Russian emigration from China to California (Specifics of the migration process, 1920-1950s): Author's abstract. dis. ...cand. ist. Sci. - St. Petersburg, 1996; Nitoburg E.L. At the origins of the Russian diaspora in the USA: the third wave // ​​USA and Canada, 1999, No. 2; Moravsky N.V.

Tubabao Island. 1948-1951: The last refuge of the Russian Far Eastern emigration.

M.: Russian way, 2000. ISBN 5-85887-068-6; Khisamutdinov A.A. By country of dispersion. Part 1:

Russians in China; Part 2. Russians in Japan, America and Australia. - Vladivostok: Publishing house VGUES, 2000. - 360 +172 pp.; Ulyankina T.I. The role of the Tolstoy Foundation (USA) in saving Russian scientists

– emigrants from repatriation in post-war Europe (1944-1952) // IIET RAS. Annual scientific conference 2002 M.: Dipol-T. 2002; Ulyankina T.I. “Wild Strip”: immigration of Russian scientists from post-war Europe// Russian Berlin: 1920–1945: International scientific conference / Scientific. ed. L.S. Fleishman; Comp. M.A. Vasilyeva, L.S. Fleishman. M.: Russian way, 2006. 464 p., ill. ISBN ISBN 5-85887-242-5 Kovalevsky P.E. Russia Abroad: History and cultural and educational work of the Russian diaspora for half a century (1920 – 1970). Paris: Librairie Des Cinq Continents, 1971. 348 pp.; Add.

issue: Paris: Librairie Des Cinq Continents, 1973. 147 pp.; Khisamutdinov A.A. By country of dispersion. Part 1: Russians in China. Part 2. Russians in Japan, America and Australia. - Vladivostok:

Publishing house VGUES, 2000. – 360+172 pp.; Keping K. Latest articles and documents / comp.

B.Alexandrov. - St. Petersburg: Omega, 2003. ISBN 5-7373-0259-8; Pozdnyaev D., priest: Orthodoxy in China (1900-1997). - M.: St. Vladimir Brotherhood, 1998; Podalko P.E. Japan in the destinies of Russians. Essays on the history of tsarist diplomacy and the Russian diaspora in Japan. M.: Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, 2004. - 352 pp. ISBN 5-89282-230-3, 5-93675-080-9.

Khisamutdinov A.A. Russians in Brazil // Latin America, No. 9, 2005; Moseikina M.N. From the history of the “third wave” of Russian emigration to Latin America.// Study of Latin American studies at the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia: Reports and speeches by RUDN scientists at the X World Congress of Latin Americans, June 26-29, 2001./ Rep.

ed. Savin V.M. - M.: publishing house RUDN, 2002; Vladimirskaya T.L. Russian emigrants in Paraguay (based on materials from the magazine “Latin America”) // website “Compatriots” Tsurganov Y. White emigration in the Second World War. Failed rematch. - M., 2001;

Alexandrov K.M. Army of General Vlasov 1944-1945. - M.: Yauza, Eksmo, 2006. - 576 p.

The history of the Russian colonies in the United States is still poorly reflected in the domestic scientific literature. Of the foreign researchers, V.P. was the first to attempt to illuminate Petrov3 and the topic of post-October emigration to the USA.

The interwar period was devoted to the work of B. Raymond and D. Jones4, the post-war period is covered in the dictionary of E. Aleksandrov5 and in the work on the history of Orthodoxy in North America prepared by M. Stokoe and L. Kishkovsky6. Articles by N. are devoted to the history of the Russian post-October diaspora in San Francisco.

Dombrovsky about the San Francisco bishopric see7 and M. Sakovich about Russian immigration to San Francisco at the beginning of the century8.

Recently, there has been an increase in the number of domestic studies on the Russian diaspora in the United States. The first half of the twentieth century is devoted to the research of E.V. Petrova about the scientific and pedagogical activities of Russian historians In search of truth. Paths and destinies of the second emigration: Sat. Articles and documents / Comp.

V.S. Karpov, A.V. Popov, N.A. Troitsky. Under the general editorship of A.V. Popov. Entry article by A.V. Popov. Materials for the history of Russian political emigration. Vol. III. - M.: IAI RGGU, 1997. - 376 p.; Popov A.V. Munich Institute for the Study of History and Culture of the USSR and the second wave of emigration // New Historical Bulletin. - M.: RSUH, 2004. - N 1 (10). - P. 54-70.

Popov A.V. Russian Orthodox Diaspora: History and Sources. With the application of a systematic bibliography. – M: Institute of Political and Military Analysis. 2005. - 619 p.

Petrov V. Russians in America in the 20th century. - Washington D.C.: publication of the Russian-American Historical Society, 1992. – 150 pp.;

Raymond B., Jones D. The Russian diaspora: 1917-1941. – Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow press, 2000. p Alexandrov E.A. Russians in North America: a biographical dictionary. – Hamden (Connecticut, USA) - San Francisco (California, USA) – St. Petersburg (Russian Federation), 2005. – 599 p. ISBN 5-8465-0388-8 Stokoe M., Kishkovsky L. Orthodox Christians in North America, 1794-1994. – USA: Orthodox Church of America, 1995. ISBN-13: 9780866420532 Dombrovsky N. San Francisco bishop’s see before its transfer to New York // Western American Diocese. Russian Orthodox Church Abroad.

Sakovich M. Russian Immigrants at Angel Island Immigration Station // Passages. The quarterly newsletter of Angel island immigration station foundation. Vol. 3, No. 2. – San Francisco, 2000. - C.

4-5 emigrants to the USA1 and A.B. Ruchkin about the processes of legal, socio-economic and socio-cultural adaptation of Russian immigration2.

The post-war period of the history of Russian emigration to the USA is covered in the review studies of E.L. Nitoburg3 and A.A. Khisamutdinova4.

The activities of the Russian diaspora in the United States to preserve cultural and historical heritage are not covered in these publications. Even the history of the creation of the Bakhmetev Archive in New York, so popular among researchers, has not yet become the subject of a separate scientific study - the issue is partly touched upon in the articles of I.A. Shomrakova, E.V. Petrova P.N. Bazanova and T.

Chebotareva5. Stories of the B.A. Humanitarian Foundation Bakhmetev's article is devoted to T.I. Ulyankina6. Activities of P.E. Kovalevsky’s work on preserving the legacy of emigration in the post-war period is covered in the article by Z.S. Bocharova7.

Petrov E.V. Scientific and pedagogical activities of Russian emigrant historians in the USA (first half of the twentieth century): Sources and historiography. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg branch of RTA, 2000. p.

Ruchkin A.B. Russian diaspora in the United States of America in the first half of the twentieth century. – M., 2007. – 446 p.

Nitoburg E.L. Russians in the USA: history and destinies, 1870–1970: ethnoist. essay / Rep. ed. N.N.

Bolkhovitinov; Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. M.: Nauka, 2005. - 421 p.

Khisamutdinov A.A. Activities of communities of Russian Americans on the Pacific coast of North America and the Hawaiian Islands. 1867 - 1980s: Abstract of thesis.

... Ph.D. - M.: MGIMO, 2004.

Shomrakova I.A. Materials on the history of the book business of Russian abroad in the Bakhmetyevsky archive // ​​Rossika in the USA: Collection of articles (Materials on the history of Russian political emigration; issue 7) - M.: Institute of Political and Military Analysis. - 2001. - P. 80-85; Petrov E.V. Archival Russian studies in the USA in the first half of the twentieth century // Russian studies in the USA: Collection of articles (Materials on the history of Russian political emigration; issue 7) - M.: Institute of Political and Military Analysis, 2001. - P. 146-160; Bazanov P.N. Materials on the publishing activities of the Russian emigration in the Bakhmetev Archive // ​​Berega. Information and analytical collection about Russian abroad, Vol. 2., St. Petersburg. – 2003; Chebotareva T. About Paris, Paris: on the history of acquisition of the funds of the Bakhmetev archive // ​​Documentary heritage of Russian culture in domestic archives and abroad. Materials of the international scientific and practical conference. October 29-30, 2003 - M.: ROSSPEN, 2005. - P. 187-197 Ulyankina T.I. B.A. Bakhmetev Humanitarian Foundation (USA) // Russia and modern world. 2003.

No. 2 (39). P.225-235.

Bocharova Z.S. The cultural spread of Russia began in the 20th century. through scattering.

(P.E. Kovalevsky) // Cultural mission of the Russian Abroad. History and modernity. M.:

Russian Institute of Cultural Studies, 1999. - pp. 108–114.

The dissertation uses information about emigration figures published in articles by Yu.V. Kostyashova, V. Volkova, Yu.I. Solovyova, S.A.

Pakhomchika, A.Yu. Gorchakova1 and scientific and journalistic publication by G.V.

Vasiliev and G.B. Bashkirova2.

The first publications about the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco appeared in foreign archival studies. Until the end of the 80s, the Soviet consulate in San Francisco officially declared that there was no information about the existence of such a Museum; in turn, the Russian emigration to San Francisco considered it unacceptable for scientists and archivists from the USSR to visit the Museum. The first archival guides and bibliographic catalogs were prepared by American scientists3. The first inventories were compiled by Slavist from Canada O.M. Bakich4. During the implementation of the project for microfilming materials from the Museum of Russian Culture, the Hoover Institution prepared a two-volume volume with Yu.V. Kostyashov. Russian consular offices in East Prussia at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. // Kaliningrad archives. - Kaliningrad, 2000; Volkov V. Ipatiev Vladimir Nikolaevich // Russian compatriots. ;

Soloviev Yu.I. Vladimir Nikolaevich Ipatiev and Alexey Evgenievich Chichibabin // Tragic fates: repressed scientists of the USSR Academy of Sciences, M.: Nauka, 1995, pp. 46-53; Pakhomchik S.A. The legacy of I.V. Emelyanov as a scientist-cooperator // Foreign Russia. 1917-1939

Digest of articles. Answer. ed. V.Yu.Chernyaev. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house "European House", 2000. Gorchakova A.Yu. P. Hansel: creative biography (1878-1949) // Foreign Russia.

1917-1939 Digest of articles. Answer. ed. V.Yu.Chernyaev. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house "European House", 2000. - 151-155.

Bashkirova G.B.., Vasiliev G.B. Travel to Russian America. Publishing house of political literature. - Moscow, 1990. – 318 p.

The Russian Empire and Soviet Union. A Guide to manuscripts and archival materials in the United States. / Comp. by Steven A. Grant and John H. Brown., Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies, the Wilson Center.

Boston, MA: G.K. Hall, 1981. - 632 rub. ISBN 0-8161-1300-9; Russian migr Serials: A bibliography of titles held by the University of California, Berkeley, Doe library reference collection / Comp. by Allan Urbanic. - California. Berkeley: Berkeley Slavic Specialties, 1989. - 125p.; Russian Emigre Literature: A bibliography of titles held by the University of California, Berkeley, Doe library reference collection / Comp. by Allan Urbanic. - California. Berkeley: Berkeley Slavic Specialties, 1993. - 329 rub. ISBN 0933884885

Russians in Asia. Literary-historical yearbook / ed. Olga Bakich. - Canada. Toronto:

Center for Russian and Eastern European Studies at the University of Toronto, 1997-2000. inventories of more than half of the funds1. For the 50th anniversary of the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco, articles by O.M. Bakich and A.V. Shmelev2 were published.

In domestic publications, the first information about the Museum of Russian Culture appeared in the monograph by A.V. Popov3. Based on visits to the Museum of A.A.

Khisamutdinov, A.V. Kvakin and I.V. Volkova prepared review articles4. G.V. Melikhov and A. Shmelev published the first inventory of the fund in Russian5. Information about the microfilmed funds of the Museum of Russian Culture is presented in the articles by E. Danielson and A. Shmelev6.

The results of the description of the periodicals of “displaced persons” and the People's Labor Union (NTS) stored in the Museum were published by the author of the Museum of Russian culture in San Francisco. Microfilming project. 2 volumes. - California: Stanford University. Hoover Institute, 2001.

Bakich Olga. Our fiftieth anniversary // Literary and historical yearbook Russians in Asia.

Canada. Toronto: Center for Russian and Eastern European Studies at the University of Toronto, 1998. No. 5. - pp. 261-274; Shmelev A.V. 50 years of the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco // Russian American. - San Francisco. No. 22. - 2000.

Popov A.V. Russian Abroad and archives. Documents of Russian emigration in the archives of Moscow: problems of identification, acquisition, description, use / Materials on the history of Russian political emigration. - M.: IAI RGGU, 1998. - Issue. IV. - 392s. ISBN 5 Khisamutdinov A.A. Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco: materials from the Far Eastern emigration // Domestic Archives. - 1999. No. 5. - P.22-29; Kvakin A.V.

Archive of the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco: untapped opportunities // Foreign Archival Russia:

Results and prospects for identification and return. Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference, November 16 – 17, 2000, Moscow. M., 2001. - P.65-72; Volkova I.V.

Documents of Russian emigration in San Francisco // Domestic archives. - 2002. No. 2. – P. 47Melikhov G.V., Shmelev A.V. Documents of emigration of the Far East in the collections of the Museum of Russian Culture of the Russian Center in San Francisco // Rossika in the USA: Dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Bakhmetev Archive of Columbia University. Collection of articles (Materials on the history of Russian political emigration; issue 7) - M.: Institute of Political and Military Analysis. - 2001. - S.

Danielson E. Archives of Russian emigrants at the Hoover Institution // Foreign Archival Russia. Results and prospects for identification and return. Materials of the international scientific and practical conference November 16 – 17, 2000, Moscow. M., 2001. - P.57-65; Shmelev A.V. On the history of Russian emigration in China: archival funds of the Museum of Russian Culture on microfilm // Documentary heritage of Russian culture in domestic archives and abroad. Materials of the international scientific and practical conference. October 29-30, 2003

M.: ROSSPEN, 2005. - pp. 176-186.

of this dissertation1. Based on the microfilms of the Museum of Russian Culture received by GARF, a review article by K. B. Ulyanitsky2 was prepared. Results of the completed project to describe all archival periodicals of the Museum of thesis3.

The conducted historiographical review allows us to conclude that there are still many “blank” spots in the extensive historiography of Russian emigration. The multifaceted activities of the Russian emigration to preserve the historical and cultural heritage have been poorly studied. The post-war period, the problems of resettlement of the Russian diaspora from Eurasia and the history of the Russian diaspora in the USA are not sufficiently covered in scientific research.

The source base for the dissertation consisted primarily of published and unpublished archival materials stored in the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco and oral sources. Documents stored in the archives of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University were also used.

The archive of the Museum of Russian Culture is currently closed to researchers due to the difficulties of maintaining them. Half of the archival complex has been described, microfilmed and made available to researchers at GARF. Although certificates have been partially compiled for the remaining archival materials, a significant number of documents remain scattered. Catalogs have been compiled for the archival library, including periodicals.

Menyailenko M.K. Publishing activity of “displaced persons” in Germany and Austria after the end of World War II in 1945-1953. (From the archive-museum of Russian culture in San Francisco) // Foreign archival Russia. Results and prospects for identification and return.

M., 2001. - P.114-122 Ulyanitsky K.B. Documents of the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco in microphotocopies of the State Archive of the Russian Federation // Berega. Information and analytical collection about Russian abroad. - Vol. 2. St. Petersburg, 2003.

Menyailenko M.K. Collection of periodicals of the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco // Russian intelligentsia at home and abroad. - M., 2005.

The work uses mainly unpublished sources from the collections of the Museum of Russian Culture. The Museum of Russian Culture Foundation, containing materials about the history of its creation, has not yet been described. It served as the basis for writing my dissertation. Valuable information is available in the Regulations on the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco in 1948, in the books of receipts, minutes of meetings, chronicle albums, correspondence of the board, handwritten memoirs, reports, account books, questionnaires, drafts of unpublished materials for the collection “Museum of Russian culture” . Repositories of the history and culture of Foreign Rus'”1. The same fund contains materials about the transfer of the affairs of the Russian Historical Society to the Museum of Russian Culture in 1948.

Analysis of the personal funds of the chairmen of the Museum of Russian Culture P.F.

Konstantinova, A.S. Lukashkin and N.A. Slobodchikova contains information about the activities of the board up to the present day. Personal funds of A.I. Delianich, K.N. Nikolaeva, R.V. Polchaninova, N.V. Vashchenko, A. Aristova, K.V. Boldyrev (Hoover Institution) helped to reconstruct the resettlement of Russian emigrants from Western Europe. In the N.V. Foundation Borzov contains materials on the resettlement of Russian emigrants from China.

The funds of emigrant organizations were also used - “Russian Historical Society in America”, “Russian Agricultural Society in North America”, “Russian Foreign Society of Disabled Persons”, “Society of Great War Veterans”, “Committee for Assistance to Russian Military Disabled Abroad in San Francisco”, “Russian Center in San Francisco”, “Federation of Russian Charitable Organizations”, “Business Commission for Assistance to Russians on the island. Tubabao.” They contain documents about emigrant organizations in San Francisco and their activities to assist compatriots in other countries.

The author studied the thematic collections formed by the Museum employees - the collection “Displaced Persons”, the collection “Manuscripts”, “Certificates for the funds of the Museum of Russian Culture, compiled by M. Shaw”. In the “Displaced Persons” Collection, a letter from E.V. is of particular interest. Kalikin, which details publishing activities in camps for “displaced persons” in Germany and Austria1. In the “Manuscripts” collection, the story of I.K. became valuable for research. Okulich about the Russian Historical Society in America2.

In the Single Income Fund, the author was most interested in materials on the activities of various emigrant organizations in the city.

San Francisco and its surroundings.

From unpublished reference material, preliminary service catalogs of the Museum, compiled with the participation of the author, were used, which made it possible to navigate the variety of funds and collections of the Museum, as well as the “Obituaries and Biographies” fund.

Post-war migration routes were so diverse that, based only on written sources, it is not possible to reconstruct the picture of settlement that determined cultural ties and the flow of documents to the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco. The dissertation makes extensive use of RTOs. DP collection, additional materials.

Okulich I.K. Russian Historical Society in America, typescript, n/d. 13s. MRK.

“Manuscripts.” 3134m Brief overview of the life of the Society of Former Russian Naval Officers for 25 years of its existence, from 1925 to 1950, typescript, 23p. / comp. The Historical Commission for the celebration of the 25th anniversary of the Society under the direction of. Rear Admiral B.P. Dudorov. - San Francisco, 1950. Copy. Personal archive of Menyailenko M.K.; A brief history of the society of Russian veterans of the Great War and the military museum, computer layout / comp. S.N. Zabelin. San Francisco, 2004. Personal archive of Menyailenko M.K.

oral sources - interviews of participants and witnesses of events collected by the author in the period 1998-2008, which, according to the objectives set during the interviews, covered three groups: participants in the “Chinese” wave of emigration to the USA, participants in the “European” wave of emigration to the USA and indirect witnesses of the initial period of formation post-October diaspora in San Francisco.

Published sources were used along with archival documents and oral history data.

Regulatory documents include the Charter of the Museum of Russian Culture of 1955, which formulates the main goals, nature of management, composition and means of the Museum1. Changes to the charter were made in 1976, 1997 and 2006.

A large amount of information is contained in collections, including anniversary ones, published by various emigrant organizations. Unique material about the state of emigrant archives in the early fifties is presented in a collection of articles prepared by employees of the Museum of Russian Culture and published only in 19662. Information about the activities of various public organizations is contained in anniversary publications and America3;

thematic brochures of the Russian Historical Society in the Joint Committee of Russian National Organizations in San Francisco4; Committee for Assistance to Russian Military Disabled Persons Abroad5;

Charter of the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco. - San Francisco, 1955.

Museum of Russian culture. Repositories of cultural and historical monuments of Foreign Rus'.

Collection. / Ed. N.A. Slobodchikov. - San Francisco: Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco, 1966 Fort Ross - outpost former glory Russia in America (on the 125th anniversary). Historical album. 1812-1937. Comp. and ed. A.P. Farafontov. Ed. board: G.E.Rodionov, V.N.Arefyev, P.V.Olenich. Printed by The Slovo print Publishing Co., Shanghai, 1937; 200th anniversary of the discovery of Alaska. 1741-1941. Anniversary collection. A publication of the Russian Historical Society in America, edited by Chairman M.D. Sedykh. - 1941, San Francisco. - 128s.

Essay on the activities of the Joint Committee of Russian National Organizations in San Francisco. 1925-1950. / comp. A.N. Vagin. Publication of the Joint Committee of Russian National Organizations in San Francisco. – San Francisco, 1950.

Barsky K.P. etc. Debt of honor. Anniversary collection of the Committee for Assistance to Russian Military Disabled Persons Abroad. - San Francisco, 1955;

Russian Center1, San Francisco Department of the Russian-American Union for the Defense of Russia2, and assistance to Russians outside the St. Cyril and Methodius Russian Church Gymnasium3.

Among the emigrant periodicals, the newspaper “Russian Life” (San Francisco) is of great interest for studying the problem. It regularly, from 1948 until the end of the 1980s, published reports from the board of the Museum of Russian Culture, as well as summaries of the receipt of new materials and documents. The same newspaper published informative reviews as of 1993 - a review of the museum’s exhibition compiled by A.A.

Karamzin and a review of the archival collection, including the archival library, by Petrov4.

compiled by V.P. Materials published in other periodicals in San Francisco were also used - in the magazine “Russian Business”, “Bay Guardian”, “San Francisco Examiner”, in the New York Russian periodicals “Russia”, “New Russian Word”, “For a Free Russia”, “Russian American”, in the newspapers of the camps for “displaced persons” Our Time” and “Echo”, in the newspaper “Russian Thought” (Paris), etc.

San Francisco, 1964.

Avtonomov N.P. Review of the activities of the San Francisco Department of the Russian-American Union for Assistance to Russians Outside Russia. – San Francisco, no earlier than 1968.

Anniversary album of the St. Cyril and Methodius Russian Church Gymnasium of San Francisco 1948-1998. – San Francisco, 1998.

Karamzin A.A., curator of the Museum. Museum of Russian Culture // Russian Life, vol. LXX, No. 12354, March 12, 1993 and vol. LXX No. 12355, March 13, 1993; Petrov V.P. Museum of Russian Culture // newspaper “Russian Life” May 21, 1993.

Lodyzhensky Yu.I. From the Red Cross to the fight against the communist International. M:Iris-press, 2007. - 576 pp.; Slobodchikov V.A. About the sad fate of the exiles... Harbin, Shanghai. Series Russia forgotten and unknown. - M. 2005. – 358 S.; Stark Y.K. The last stronghold.

St. Petersburg: Russian-Baltic Information Center “BLITS”, 2003. - 340 p. ISBN 5-86789-032-5;

Serebrennikov I. I. My memories. - Tianjin: Our knowledge, T.1., 1937; T2., 1940.

oral sources must be treated critically, however, they allow us to understand the situation through the eyes of contemporaries, more deeply.

Thus, the source base is quite extensive, it reliably and adequately reflects the subject of the study and meets the objectives.

Most archival materials are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

Practical significance of the dissertation.

The provisions and conclusions of the dissertation can be used to prepare historical, sociological and cultural studies about the Russian diaspora and in the development of special courses on the history of the Russian diaspora. Experience in preserving cultural and historical heritage has practical significance in relation to modern development Russian-speaking diasporas in countries near and far abroad.

A whole complex of unknown archival sources has been introduced into scientific circulation, the value of which is determined on the basis of the scientific information contained in the dissertation. Research results will help navigate the existing complex of sources both for archivists working at the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco, and for domestic researchers who have gained access to the microfilmed part of the collection at GARF.

Approbation of the dissertation work, its main provisions and conclusions are reflected in the author’s speeches, publications and scientific articles, two of which were published in peer-reviewed journals on the Higher Attestation Commission list.

Dissertation structure corresponds to the purpose and objectives of the study and consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusion, list of used sources, literature and applications.

Chapter 1. PREREQUISITES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A COLLECTION CENTER IN THE USA

COMMON EMIGRANTS HERITAGE

1.1 The formation of the center of Russian post-October emigration in San Francisco in the 1920-1930s.

Before the revolution, there was only a small Russian colony in San Francisco. The Russian Imperial Consulate General was established here in 1851,1 shortly after the start of the California Gold Rush, which multiplied the population of this convenient Pacific port tenfold. The first Orthodox church in the city was consecrated in 1867. Founded by Russian missionaries in Alaska, the Orthodox diocese cared for predominantly Orthodox Serbs, Arab-Syrians, Greeks, and Rusyns in San Francisco;

Russians made up a small part of the parishioners2. In 1872, shortly after the sale of Russian America, the bishop's see was moved from Sitka (Alaska) to San Francisco, and the city became the Orthodox center of the entire North American continent for 33 years. Only in 1905 did Archbishop Tikhon (Belavin), the future Russian Patriarch, for missionary reasons transfer the Bishop's See to the multinational Orthodox Church in North America from the Holy Trinity Cathedral in San Francisco to the purpose-built New York3.

St. Nicholas Cathedral in In 1906, the city's only Orthodox Holy Trinity Cathedral burned down during the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. Guide / Ed. I.V. Budnik. Minneapolis, 1995. P. 271.

On the ethnic composition of the Orthodox parish in San Francisco, see: Th. Pashkovsky. On Church life in SF // Orthodox American Bulletin. American Orthodox Messenger. New York, May 1-13, 1897. No. 17.

See: Dombrovsky N., prot. San Francisco episcopal see before its transfer to New York // website of the Western American Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad.

fire caused by the devastating earthquake of 1906, but already in 1909

was re-erected in a new location with funds from the Russian government1.

The Russian population of San Francisco began to grow rapidly after the defeat of the White movement in Siberia. Already in 1923, Archbishop Theophilus (Pashkovsky), the future head of the Orthodox Church in America, noted that the parish in San Francisco had become predominantly Russian2. Russians arrived in San Francisco through China, Japan and the Philippines3.

With the end of the civil war, Russian civilians and military personnel, including the wounded and children, began to arrive in significant numbers on the territory of Manchuria along the line of the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER), which had a special status in accordance with the Russo-Chinese Treaty of 1896.

At the beginning of the Civil War in Russia, more than a hundred thousand Russians lived in the city of Harbin, founded by the Russians, and along the CER line. The special status allowed newcomers to be safe and, on the basis of an immigrant’s certificate, to get a job. The population along the China Eastern Railway grew by hundreds of thousands.

Russian communities in Chinese cities:

Harbin, Changchun, Mukden, Dairen, Tianjin, Qingdao, Hailar, Shanghai have expanded significantly. However, some Russians chose to move away from the border to other countries.

For those leaving China for the USA, Japanese shipping companies were popular as they were the cheapest. Steamships from Dairen (China) stopped in Japan at the port of Yokohama, and non-stop routes were offered from the ports of Shanghai and Hong Kong. The main destination on Appendix 1 is a lithograph of the new cathedral.

Entry dated June 1, 1923 by bishop. Theophilus (Pashkovsky), the future Metropolitan of America and Canada, in the diary of Fr. Vladimir (Sakovich), rector of Holy Trinity Cathedral in San Francisco (from a letter dated September 14, 2007 from the granddaughter of Father Vladimir M. Sakovich to M.K.

Menyailenko).

Sakovich M. Russian Immigrants at Angel Island Immigration Station // Passages. The quarterly newsletter of Angel island immigration station foundation. Vol. 3, No. 2. – San Francisco, 2000. - C.

4-5 on the west coast of the USA was San Francisco (California), less often - Seattle (Washington State)1.

The first emigrants were able to enter the United States without visas - all they needed was $50 in cash. With the introduction of quotas on the entry of immigrants of various nationalities into the United States in 1921, queues arose for obtaining a visa.

Some Russian emigrants preferred to wait for an American visa in Canada or Mexico. Some of them went to Australia, or by private invitation to other countries.

The American government issued out-of-quota visas to Russian students in China to study at US universities. Beginning in 1921, once a quarter, up to 40 students went to the west coast of the United States - to Seattle and San Francisco2. Support for students in moving was provided by the former Russian Imperial Consulate, which, by decree of the President of the Republic of China on September 3, 1920, had to cease its activities, as well as the Harbin Committee for Assistance to Russian Students, the Harbin branch of the YMCA, and in finding work in a new place - the Pacific Secretary of the YMCA in San Francisco G.M. Day (G.M. Day).

In the third decade of October 1922, after the fall of the Amur government, the second wave of Russian military personnel, members of their families, cadets, wounded and civilians moved through Korea to Manchuria, or by steamship to Shanghai and Yokohama.

Since February 1920, the Japanese have taken measures to prevent the influx of Russian refugees into Korea and Japan. To enter Japanese territory, it was necessary to obtain a letter of guarantee from a patron from Appendix 2 presents a standard declaration for entry into the United States in 1923 from Harbin through the port of Yokohama (Japan).

List of students who left Harbin for the United states for the purpose of continuing education, typescript, copy, 14 p. Personal archive of M.K. Menyailenko.

Japan, or present 1,500 Japanese yen to customs1. Meanwhile, several thousand participants of the White movement found themselves in the port of Yokohama and Tokyo.

It is known that one group, without receiving permission to go ashore, traveled in the hold of an American steamer to the west coast of the United States of America (USA) to Seattle (Washington State), and a few days later moved to the vicinity of San Francisco2.

Those who stayed in Yokohama had to survive the devastating earthquake of September 1, 1923. Among the 100 thousand dead were many Russian emigrants. Although the Japanese government provided some money for food and provided immigrants with passage to Kobe, it forced foreigners to leave the country, threatening forced evacuation. In Kobe, under the Foreign Committee for Assistance to Refugees, a Russian Subcommittee was created to ensure the departure of Russian refugees. Governments of various countries, primarily the United States, provided significant assistance to Japan. With funds from the American government, ocean-going ships were rented for the removal of foreign citizens, including Russians3. Most wanted to move to the United States.

In October 1922, two dozen ships of the Siberian Flotilla, the last active naval organization of the former Russia, led by Rear Admiral G.K. Stark, left Vladivostok and headed to the port of Genzan (North Korea). The situation of the ships, overcrowded with passengers, including women and children, was on the verge of destruction. However, Japanese rule in Korea did not allow the arriving Russians to go ashore and did not provide them with any assistance, demanding their return to Vladivostok. Only under pressure Podalko P.E. Russian colony in Kobe: from the history of post-war emigration // Asia and Africa today. – Moscow, 2004. - N 7. - P. 59-67 According to T.V. Ivanitskaya, who made this route with her parents.

Podalko P.E. Earthquake of 1923 and the fate of the Russian diaspora in Japan // Japan today.

The American Red Cross Society and the consulates of several countries, the Japanese authorities in Genzan allowed women, children, the sick and wounded to land ashore, provided them with the necessary assistance and provided them with maintenance for the first time.

Meanwhile, the flotilla of G.K. Starka moved towards Shanghai.

However, in 1922, China, fearing an influx of refugees, followed Japan in introducing prohibitive measures on the admission of Russians. To take women, children and the wounded ashore, it took the intervention of representatives of the Chinese and American Red Cross societies, as well as the former Consul General of the Russian Empire in Shanghai and Honorary Member of many foreign organizations V.F. Grosse1, who organized and headed several societies until his death in 1931 - the “Emigrant Committee”, the “Help” society and the “Russian Legal Society”.

The Philippine archipelago, under the American flag, was initially the distant goal of the Flotilla command. The chairman of the Manila American Red Cross guaranteed to provide food for the crew and passengers in Manila for 4 months and to transport 500 people to the United States. With the support of Governor General L. Wood, the US Naval Command provided space and the American transport USS Merritt to move to the United States. In July 1923, 500 participants in the campaign moved to San Francisco, several people remained on Chernikova L. Essay on the history of the Russian Consulate General in Shanghai // Russian Club in Shanghai Philippines, because they could not pass the necessary medical examination1.

Rear Admiral G.K. himself Starck left Manila for Paris2.

During the 20s, Russian emigrants from China replenished the Russian community in San Francisco, which was facilitated by the unstable situation of Russians in Manchuria.

After the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of China and the USSR in 1924, the latter transferred 50% of the rights to the Chinese Eastern Railway to China.

At the request of the USSR, the Chinese administration introduced a restriction for Russians working on the CER, according to which they had to accept either Soviet or Chinese citizenship. A significant portion of those laid off moved south to Shanghai or Tianjin, where to work in international concessions it was enough to have an immigrant certificate.

With the capture of Manchuria by the Japanese in 1932, the Chinese part of the road began to be managed by the buffer state of Manchukuo, which was under Japanese control, and in 1935, the USSR sold its part of the rights to the Chinese Eastern Railway to the state of Manchukuo. After this event, and especially after the conclusion of the Anti-Comintern Pact between Japan and Germany in 1936, the Japanese administration canceled the Chinese passports issued to Russians. They were now ordered to re-register every six months with the Bureau for Russian Emigrants in Manchuria (BREM) created by the Japanese authorities. Some of the Russian railway workers were dismissed from service on the Chinese Eastern Railway: some of them returned to the USSR, others moved to Shanghai. In general, in the 1930s, the departure of Russians from China to the United States decreased, and with the outbreak of World War II it stopped completely.

–  –  –

Military emigrants and members of their families were in the most difficult situation, having practically no means of subsistence. They agreed to any job until they got comfortable in the new country. But graduates of the Harbin Polytechnic Institute received good offers from employers in San Francisco. Holy Trinity Cathedral in San Francisco became for everyone and the Scheme was compiled by M.K. Menyailenko.

a unifying center, and support in solving priority problems with work, apartments, kindergartens, etc.

The rector of Holy Trinity Cathedral in San Francisco since 1918 has been Fr.

Vladimir Sakovich (1884-1931), who in 1913 arrived from Russia to Montreal (Canada) as a missionary1. Since 1931, Fr. Alexander Vyacheslavov (1884-1938). A Sunday school for Russian children was organized at the cathedral.

The first public organizations arose among former military men. Already in 1923, former ranks of the Russian Navy began to gather at the apartment of the former commander of the destroyer "Angry" during the (1860-1934)2 defense of Port Arthur, Rear Admiral E.V. Klupfel. At these meetings, Admirals E.V. made presentations on historical topics. Klupfel and B.P. Dudorov (1882–1965), the latter was the organizer of naval aviation in the Baltic Sea, from July 1917 he served as Deputy Minister of Navy, and from September 1917 he became the Russian naval attache in Japan3. On constituent assembly On August 30, 1925, the Society of Former Russian Naval Officers in San Francisco adopted the name “The Wardroom of Officials of the Former Russian Navy and Maritime Department located in California”4.

Another public organization of the military was the Circle of Artillerymen living in San Francisco, its environs and throughout the United States, founded on February 8, 1924. Its creation was a response to an appeal from the Artillery Group at the Union of Labor and Mutual Assistance of Officers in Harbin (chaired by General G.I. Soldner) to create a special fund to assist in emigration to America. That same year, the Circle became known as Buried in the Serbian Cemetery in San Francisco in front of the chapel.

Russian Imperial Navy.

Army at the service of Russia.

In 1941, the society was registered under the laws of the state of California under the name “Association of former Russian naval officers in San-Francisco”.

The chief supply officer at the headquarters of Admiral Kolchak of the General Staff, Lieutenant General Baron A.P., was elected chairman. Budberg (1869-1945)1.

Priest Vladimir Sakovich provided the Society with free use of a small room in the basement of the church building, where a library was opened and lunches were organized for those in need. In 1944, the society established a military museum.

As the Russian colony grew, so did the number of Russians. commercial enterprises. In addition to lessons in American schools, Russian language, history, geography, piano and ballet classes were opened for children. Doctor A.A. Maksimova-Kulaeva organized a kindergarten. Inspector of the Tomsk Commercial School and director of the Harbin commercial schools of the CER N.V. Borzov (1871-1955) - evening gymnasium. Russian grocery stores opened Tochilin2, Syromyatnikov3, Latveizen; famous for the shop-factory of sweets and chocolate cakes Astredinova4. Among the bookstores, “Novinka” by General Martynov and “Russian Book” by V.P. were popular. Anichkova5.

Since 1921, the newspaper “Russian Life” was published; the newspaper “New Dawn” was popular, which existed until the mid-70s. The real estate sales office was run by P.F. Teslyuk6.

Of the theatrical associations, the first is considered to be the Drama Club, founded in 1922 by E.A. Malozemova (1881, St. Petersburg -). She found herself in exile since 1920, in 1922 she received a bachelor's degree, in 1929 she received a master's degree, Zvyagin S.P. Author of "The Diary of a White Guard" // Civil Wars. Political crises.

Internal conflicts. History and modernity. Materials of the All-Russian scientific-historical conference. – Omsk, 1998.

Alex Mikhailovich Tochilin (1874-1932) and his son Ivan A. Tochilin (1892-1961) were buried in the Serbian Cemetery in San Francisco in accordance with the inscription on the slab.

Nikolai Alekseevich Syromyatnikov (1874-1948) is buried at the Serbian cemetery.

Ivan Astredinov (1884-1958) is buried at the Serbian cemetery.

At the end of the 30s, Gen. Martynov bought his store from V.P. Anichkov.

The review of the Russian efforts in San Francisco was compiled based on information from T.V. Ivanitskaya.

in 1938 she defended her dissertation on Russian literature as a candidate of science at the University of California at Berkeley, taught Russian at this university, and was a member of the Russian Historical Society in America.

Subsequently, the Drama Club was headed by E.P. Belyaev. Along with him there was a drama club led by V.P. Varzhensky, the Russian Society of Culture (ROK), the ART society (“Union of Artists of the Russian Theater”, or Artists of Russian Theater club, later renamed the “Society of Performing Arts Lovers”)1, there were productions by the League of American Citizens of Russian Origin under the leadership of V.P. . Ikonnikova and Yu.G.

On September 12, 1925, in San Francisco, at a parade dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the annexation of California to the United States of America, the Russian group was awarded the second prize - a silver cup2. Participation in a joint event contributed to establishing contacts. On October 3, 1925, the Joint Committee of Russian National Organizations was created.3.

The Joint Committee included: the Church Committee of the Holy Trinity Cathedral (N.V. Smirnov), the Society of Russian Veterans of the Great War (A.P. Budberg), the Wardroom of Former Officers of the Russian Fleet in San Francisco (E.V.

Klupfel), Society for the Patronage and Education of Russian Children (N.V.

Borzov), Russian National Student Society at the University of California (V. Vaganov, A.I. Tyurleminsky), Club of Russian Artists Chairman of the board of the society - N.N. Pershin, G.A. Korshun-Osmolovsky.

The inscription on the cup is “1850-1925. California Diamond Jubilee. San Francisco. Second prize. National Unit. Sept. 12. 1925. Parade. Won by “Russia”. The Cup is kept in the society of veterans of the Great War (See Essay on the activities of the Joint Committee of Russian National Organizations in San Francisco. 1925-1950. / Compiled by A.N. Vagin. Publication of the Joint Committee of Russian National Organizations in San Francisco. - San Francisco, 1950) Ibid.

Russian Mutual Assistance Society1 (A.A. Martynov), (Avenir G. Le Gardt), Society of Russian Engineers and Technicians (M.D. Sedykh, A.N. Davidenko).

The first chairman of the Joint Committee of Russian National Organizations in California was the Consul General of the Russian Empire A.M.

Vyvodtsev, who, starting from 1883, held consular posts in Hamburg, Singapore, Trieste, Koenigsberg, Nagasaki, and from 1915 headed the Russian consulate in San Francisco. An active state councilor, he was awarded the Order of St. Anne of the second degree, St. Vladimir of the fourth degree, the Montenegrin Order of Prince Daniel I of the third degree, and the Order of the Romanian Crown of the Cavalier Cross.

The second chairman of the Joint Committee of Russian National Organizations in California was Rear Admiral E.V. Klupfel, and in 1935 he was replaced in this post by Major General A.N. Vagin.

A.N. Vagin (August 13, 1884, Kyiv - April 18, 1953, San Francisco), b. in the family of a centurion of the Orenburg Cossack army, in 1910.

Graduated from the General Staff Academy. He took part in the First World War and from 1915 to 1920 was the chief of staff of the Irkutsk Military District. In February 1920 he emigrated to Harbin; in October 1922, with the fall of Primorye, he joined the partisans at the invitation of General I. Shilnikov. After the arrest of I.

Shilnikov returned to Harbin by the Chinese authorities and in December of the same year emigrated with his family through Japan to the United States. A.N. Vagin took an active part in the work of the Great War Veterans Society and ROWS2.

The main area of ​​activity of the Joint Committee was the protection of the interests of Russian emigrants and their compatriots in other countries.

To prepare letters of recommendation for Russians in China, there was also a left-wing Russian-American Mutual Aid Society. It collected funds and sent them to the USSR. (according to T.V. Ivanitskaya) MRC, No. 6. Inventory compiled by O.M. Bakich Western Europe and in Soviet Russia1, about 300 Orthodox parishes around the world were involved, as well as influential American organizations2. The Joint Committee achieved passage through Congress of a special law on the legalization of Russians who entered America after 1924, as well as the law of June 8, 1934, known as the “White Russian Law.” In 1925, with the support of the Joint Committee, the Russian Charitable Foundation. V.P. and M.P. Anichkov and other persons founded the Russian Club, which was also called the Russian House. The founder and head of the library of the Russian House, and later the Russian Center in 1931-1952, was A.L. Isaenko (July 2, 1894, Orenburg - November 15, 1957, San Francisco), graduate of the Faculty of Law of Moscow State University, candidate of legal sciences, participant in World War I, graduate of the Alexander Military School in 1917, fought in the Orenburg Cossack Army in 1918-1920, from 1923 emigrated to the USA3.

The outstanding work of the Russian colony was the assistance to Russian military invalids taken from Russia after the First World War and the Civil War.

The Russian colony in San Francisco became the leader among all Russian emigration in collecting one-time assistance, which was used in Europe to purchase medicines, clothing and even the purchase of nursing homes. This activity was a response to an appeal from Paris in 1925 to the entire Russian Abroad by General N.N. Baratov (1865-1932), chairman of the Foreign Union of Russian Military Disabled Persons. N.N. Baratov was involved in organizing assistance to disabled people on behalf of General P.N. Wrangel since 1920. Metropolitan Evlogy and writers from the Russian Abroad made an appeal to provide assistance to disabled people.

Invitations to leave Russia for relatives and friends were drawn up until 1929.

Essay on the activities of the Joint Committee of Russian National Organizations in San Francisco. 1925-1950. / comp. A.N. Vagin. Publication of the Joint Committee of Russian National Organizations in San Francisco. – San Francisco, 1950. - P.11.

Biography of A.L. Isaenko. MRK, 102-3 On the initiative of a member of the Society of Great War Veterans, Colonel V.M. Korzhenko, a Committee to help Russian military invalids abroad was created in San Francisco. Prince Vasily Alexandrovich, son of Grand Duchess Xenia, daughter of Emperor Alexander III, became the honorary chairman of the Committee.

Beginning in 1926, in San Francisco, for more than 35 years, annually, excluding the years of World War II, charity “Invalid” balls were held in the huge hall of the Scottish Club, organized by the Russian colonies of San Francisco, Berkeley and Monterey. The central events were the mazurka and the election of the queen of the ball. “Disabled” balls have become a noble tradition of Russian San Francisco. The collected funds were sent to the Main Board of the Foreign Union of Russian Military Invalids in Paris, and from there they were distributed among the Unions of Bulgaria, Belgium, Yugoslavia, France, Germany and other countries. After the end of World War II, this activity was also aimed at helping refugees in “displaced persons” camps in Austria and Germany. The number of parcels sent to the camps was in the thousands.

Another area of ​​assistance to compatriots was the holding, starting in 1932, in support of the initiative of European emigration, of the annual charitable Day of the Russian Child to help Russian refugee children and orphans in Europe (Estonia, Bulgaria, Finland) and China.

The ROCOR, with the blessing of the Synod of Bishops, also founded a temple in San Francisco, which was illuminated in honor of the icon of the Most Holy Theotokos “Joy of All Who Sorrow.” Under him, the St. Cyril and Methodius Russian Church Gymnasium was organized, at the origins of which were Archpriest Vasily Shaposhnikov and Abbot Afanasy Stukov. The level of teaching in the gymnasium can be evidenced by the fact that in 1951 among the teachers there were five former directors of Russian foreign gymnasiums1.

Activities to preserve the historical and cultural heritage in San Francisco began already in 1925 and were caused by the need to restore, preserve and popularize the southern outpost of Russian pioneers, located 100 km north of San Francisco during their exploration of California - the Fort Ross fortress, sold by the Russians in 18412.

The initiative group “Fort Ross Committee” was founded by A.P. Farafontov (1888-1958), an orientalist scientist, a member of the Russian Imperial Geographical Society, and later an employee of the Russian Academy of Sciences and a number of museums in the Far East3.

The initiative group undertook the organization and preparation of annual trips to Fort Ross on American Independence Day with the priests of the Holy Trinity Cathedral celebrating the Divine Liturgy in the Fort Ross Church. The growing popularity of the Russian fortress led California authorities in 1944 to repair the dangerous road leading to the Fort along the steep coast of the Pacific Ocean.

Members of the “Fort Ross Committee” searched for historical evidence about this fortress in libraries and archives. They prepared a commemorative illustrated collection for the 125th anniversary of its founding4, which was sent to Archpriest Chernavin; Archpriest P. Kokhanik; Rear Admiral B.P. Dudorov; participant in the wars of 1904 and 1914, author of several books, who had been in the United States since 1923, Rear Admiral D.V. Nikitin (Seattle, State Anniversary album of the St. Cyril and Methodius Russian Church Gymnasium San Francisco 1948-1998. - San Francisco, 1998; Zhilkina T. Standing in truth. - M.: Summer, 2005. – 163 p.

On the sale of Fort Ross, see N.N. Bolkhovitinov, “History of Russian America.” In 3 volumes. T.3. M:

International relations, 1999. - P.221-230.

Toward the organization of the Museum archive // ​​Russian Life. - San Francisco, February 14, 1948 Fort Ross. An outpost of Russia's former glory in America. Historical album. 1812-1937 / Initiative group “Fort Ross”. - San Francisco - Shanghai: Word, 1937.

Washington); gene. N.G. Volodchenko; former member of the editorial board of the magazine “Russian Messenger” (St. Petersburg), participant of the Russian Church Abroad Council in Sremski Karlovci, rector in 1934-1935. Russian Institute for Americans at the N. Roerich Museum in New York E.A. Moscow (New York)1, prof. G.L. Lozinsky (Paris), representative of the Russian Foreign Historical Archive (hereinafter referred to as RZIA) prof. S.G. Svatikov (Paris), to the editorial office of the newspaper “New Russian Word” (New York), to the upcoming reference book “Russian in America”2, to universities.

Members of the “Fort Ross Committee” became aware of the difficulties faced by the Russian Historical Society in Prague in the second half of the 30s: the 179th issue of “Notes of the Russian Historical Society in Prague” could only be published in Narva (Estonia), 180- nd was confiscated by the Nazis, and the society was banned3. On June 13, 1937, A.P. Farafontov and members of the “Fort Ross Committee” decided to establish the Russian Historical Society in America (RIOA) in San Francisco. The first issue of “Notes” of RIOA appeared in 1938.

under No. 181, emphasizing the continuity with the Prague editions.

A.P. Farafontov is considered the eighth chairman of the Russian Imperial Historical Society since its founding in St. Petersburg in 1866.

The head of the American Orthodox Church since 1934, Metropolitan Theophilus of America and Canada, formerly the Archbishop of San Francisco, as well as the representative of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, Archbishop Tikhon of Western America and San Francisco, agreed to become honorary patrons of RIOA. Representatives of society in the pre-war period were the writer G.L. Grebenshchikov (Connecticut), director of the historical library and museum of A.P. Kashevarov (Juneau, Alaska), prof. S.G. Svatikov See Religious activities of the Russian diaspora: a biobibliographic reference book.

Krymsky V.D. Russians in America: A Complete Russian-American Directory. - NY:

ed. N.N. Martyanova, 1939. - 64 p.

Website of the Russian Historical Society in Moscow http://www.russkymir.ru/out.php?cat=6 (Paris), Doctor of Philosophy E.A. Moskov (New York), prof. G.Z. Patrick (University of California) and K. Andrews (Clarence L. Andrews, 1805-1948, Eugene, Oregon), journalist, customs officer in Sitka (Alaska), author of a monograph on A. Baranov and articles in Alaska magazines Yukon magazine” and “Alaska Daily Empire”1, etc.

IN tasks The society included: collecting scientific and historical materials about the stay of Russians on the shores of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans and preparing them for publication, searching for monuments about the stay of Russians in America and possible care for them, creating an archive in San Francisco that would become a repository of materials about history Russia, as well as materials and memoirs of former government, political and public figures living in America. An important area of ​​RIOA’s work was the dissemination of truthful information about historical development Russian state, both among Russian youth and in American society.

Conducting public work was a feature of RIOA, distinguishing it from academic societies in Russia2.

A list of publications prepared by RIOA dedicated to the advancement of the Russians to the east and their stay on the Pacific islands and the west coast of America was published in 1937 in Nos. 2184 and 2223 of the newspaper “Novaya Zarya” (San Francisco). The list subsequently expanded to include more than 350 publications. RIOA collaborated with the director of the University of California Library, G. Priestley; Responsible figure of the Library of Congress G.

Vinokurov (Washington); American California Historical Society.

As part of the organization of the museum, library and archive, the board of RIOA organized the collection of all publications published by Russians abroad. Special Information about K. Andrius. MRK, No. 102-4 Farafontov A.P. The Russian Museum is an urgent need: the activities of the Russian Historical Society in America // gas. New dawn. – San Francisco, January 27, 1938.

attention was paid to the collection and registration of Russian periodicals, reflecting the search for Russian thought in the post-October period. Appeals with a request to send all emigrant publications to RIOA free of charge were sent to the Konstantinov book warehouse (New York), the publishing house of the newspaper “Rassvet” (Chicago, Illinois), the Russian United Society for Mutual Aid in America ROOVA (Cassville, New Jersey), to the publishing house “Our Way” (Harbin, China), the editors of the magazine “Beach” (New York), the chairman of the committee for distributing the album “White Russia” E.A.

Shkurkina. An expert in Chinese literature and culture, lifelong member of the Society of Russian Orientalists in Harbin, member of the Society for the Study of the Manchurian Region P.V. Shkurkin (1868-1943, Seattle, Washington) was a professor at the Institute of Oriental and Commercial Sciences in Harbin, editor-in-chief of the journal “Bulletin of Asia”. Since 1928, he lived in Seattle (Washington State)1.

Lists of received publications were published in the newspaper “New Dawn” (San Francisco). An exhibition “Russian Printing in America”2 was planned for 1939.

Metropolitan Theophilus allocated a small room for the society in the Holy Trinity Cathedral, where a free reading room and archive were organized, and lectures were held. Lecturers: Archpriest Makariy Baranov (St. Paul Island, Alaska), M.V. Bryzgalova (nee Annenkova, granddaughter of the Decembrist I.A.

Annenkova), Baron A.P. Budberg, N.V. Borzov, N. Prishchepenko, prof. G.V. Lantsev, prof. G.K. Gins et al.

Bakich O.M., Shkurkin V.V. Far Eastern archive of P.V. Shkurkin: preliminary inventory. San Pablo, CA, 1996. ISBN 0932732518, 2nd ed. - 1997.

Letter from the Board of the Russian Historical Society in America to the editors of Beach magazine (New York) dated January 7, 1939. MRK, No. 102-3.

Georgy Konstantinovich Gins (April 1887, Novogeorgievsk, Poland, Russia - 1971, Berkeley, California). Legal education received from St. Petersburg University, privat-docent of St. Petersburg University, in 1917 - senior legal adviser of the Ministry of Supply, in 1918-1920. - manager of the affairs of the Siberian, later the All-Russian Provisional Government, 1921 - 1941 - in China, in 1921 published the memoirs “Siberia, Allies, Kolchak”, in 1929 - law degree in Paris. Since 1941 - in the USA, since 1946 professor of international law at Berkeley University.

The second issue of “Notes of the Russian Historical Society in America” number 182 is the work of a member of the Russian Historical Society in America P.V.

Shkurkin “The Discovery of America Not by Columbus” - published in 1939.

In 1940, A.P. Farafontov’s friend and colleague, M.D. Sedykh, was elected Chairman of the society. The new business committee included N.V. Borzov, E.A. Malozemova, M.V. Olfereva, M.D. Sedykh, A.I. Tyurleminsky. To the Audit Commission - P.F. Konstantinov, I.P. Orlov, L.A. Sharaev.

With the new chairman, the company's activities continued to develop. In 1941, edited by M.D. Sedykh published a commemorative collection for the 200th anniversary of the discovery of Alaska1. The authors of the collection, along with the message of Metropolitan Theophilus, were M.D. Sedykh, poetess L. Nelidova-Fiveyskaya (New York), N.V.

Borzov, P.V. Shkurkin, O. Makariy Baranov, bishop. Leonty of Chicago, Archpriest of the Orthodox Church in Berkeley Alexander Prisadsky, who graduated from seminary in Russia and served as a missionary in Alaska, A. Tarsaidze (society of former Russian naval officers in America, New York), K. Andryus, A. Sedykh, V.

Dobrovidov, N.M. Languages. Anniversary historical collection was distributed free of charge to Russian schools throughout America. The RIOA board also celebrated the 200th anniversary of the discovery of Alaska. 1741-1941 / Publication of the Russian Historical Society in America, ed. M.D. Sedykh. - San Francisco, 1941. -114 p. Circulation 500 copies.

anniversary badges were prepared, some of which were sent with Archimandrite John Zlobin to Alaska.

RIOA's activities in searching for monuments about the Russians' stay in America continued into the 1940s. M.D. Sedykh found information in old American journals that after the sale of the Fort, the Russians took only two church bells with them to Alaska, and the third, identical one, was left to Mr. Sutter, who bought the Fort.

After several years of searching, in 1945 M.D. Sedykh managed to find this bell - the Petaluma department of the American socio-historical organization “Sons and Daughters of the Golden West” pointed out its possible location. A bell with the inscription: “Heavenly King, glorify every man. Cast in St. Petersburg at the factory of the master merchant Mikhail Makarov Stukolnik” for some time was on the estate of the legendary General Mariano Guadelupe Vallejo (Mariano Guadelupe Vallejo, 1808-1890), commandant of the fort on the Northern border of Mexico, founder of the Sonoma settlement near Fort Ross, who was on friendly terms with the latter Commandant of the Russian-American Company A.G.

Rotchev1.

Subsequently, the bell summoned prisoners in the prison of the town of Petaluma near San Francisco, and for the last 50 years it served in the Petaluma Fire Department. On September 9, 1945, after 104 years of absence, a ceremony took place to return the Russian bell to its original location at Fort Ross. RIOA members prepared and presented two stands with photographs of “Fort Ross in the Past” and “Fort Ross in the Present” and a silk flag of the Russian-American campaign, which once flew over Fort M.D. Sedykh, as a gift to representatives of the Fort Ross Park. Report on the activities of the Russian Historical Society. Typescript. - San Francisco, May 23, 1948, typescript. MRK No. 102-6 Ross - Russian national flag with an extended white stripe on which the coat of arms of the Russian Empire is embroidered. The second flag made remained in RIOA1.

Another organization related to the creation of a general emigrant archive is the Russian Agricultural Society in North America (Russian Agricultural Association of North America). The creation of the society was caused by the extraordinary rise of agricultural science at the beginning of the 20th century, due to the advent of chemical methods for studying the mineral nutrition of plants. The initiator of its creation was RIOA member P.F. Konstantinov (1890, Kazan province - 1954, San Francisco) - a graduate of the Moscow Petrovsko-Razumov Agricultural Academy, a volunteer of the White movement, who received the Order of St. Anne, as part of the detachments of General V.O. Kappel ended up in Harbin. From 1925 until leaving for the USA in 1929, he was the head of the first Agricultural Chemical Laboratory of the CER, founded by a graduate of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow State University V.A.

Cherdyntsev in 1923, the creation of the Russian Agricultural Society in North America was supported by the former comrade of the Minister of Agriculture and the Minister of Public Education of the Russian Empire in 1915-1916, Count P.N. Ignatiev (1870 - 1945, Quebec, Canada), who became an Honorary Member of the Russian Agricultural Society in North America. He warmly supported the creation of the Society and I.K. Okulich (1871, Krasnoyarsk - January 21, 1949, Vancouver, Canada). Having been educated at the Polytechnic University in Zurich, he was appointed manager of state property in the Yenisei region in 1911

- financial and trade attaché in the Balkans, in 1916 - member of the council of the Ministry of Trade and Industry, in 1917-1918. - sent to Siberia to ensure fuel supplies, in 1918 he was the head of the representative office of the Union of Siberian Oil Mills in London, and in 1919 Ibid.

year became special. representative of the Government of Admiral Kolchak, the Primorsky Government and the Cossack Troops in conducting affairs with the USA, Great Britain and France. In 1920-1921 I.K. Okulich became the plenipotentiary representative of the Amur government in the USA in 1923-1926. in Yugoslavia was engaged in the export of wood. In Canada he was engaged in agriculture and journalism.

The chairman of the Russian Agricultural Society in North America was the head of the Kharkov Zemstvo Administration in 1919, the manager of the London representative office of the Agricultural Union, which united 20,000 Russian cooperators, deputy. Director of the Russian Institute of Agricultural Cooperation in Prague, ed.

magazines “Agriculture”, “Khutor”, author of 42 monographs and about 100 articles on cooperation issues, Agriculture and industry, professor at Rutgers University (New Jersey) I.V. Emelyanov (1880, Tobolsk province - December 17, 1945, Washington D.C.)1. Soon P.F. assumed the position of chairman. Konstantinov. The Russian Agricultural Society in North America has united over 50 Russian agronomists and foresters scattered across cities in the USA and Canada. V.M. became an active member of the society.

Gasoline (1881-), which in 1910-1912. received a master's degree from the University of Minnesota (USA), author of many articles, since 1920 - in Czechoslovakia, since 1930 - in the USA, teacher at the University of Alaska, director of the experimental station2.

Another associate of the Agricultural Society was a prominent refrigeration scientist, founder of the American company M.T.

Zarochentsev (Los Angeles). In 1907 he graduated from the Moscow Institute of Railways, then the Moscow Commercial Institute, in 1909 together with Pakhomchik S.A. The legacy of I.V. Emelyanov as a scientist-cooperator // Foreign Russia. 1917 Digest of articles. Answer. ed. V.Yu.Chernyaev. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House "European House", 2000. - 175-178.

MRK, No. 104 -1 prof. Golovin founded the Committee on Refrigeration at the Imperial Moscow Society of Agriculture. He received several patents for the process of quick freezing of meat and poultry, which was later called the “Z-process”. Under his leadership, 50 meat processing plants and 3,000 refrigerator cars were built, providing the Russian army with fresh meat products during the First World War. In 1919 he managed a meat packing plant in Southern Russia, from 1921-1927. founded and managed a fast-frozen meat and bacon factory in Tallinn. Since 1928 - worked in Paris, England. In 1931, he founded the American Z corporation in the USA.

He spread the use of the "Z" method in South America, Europe, and Asia. Since the 1950s, he has been involved in social activities1.

The Society collected information on the use in soil science of North America, Canada and Alaska of Russian varieties of wheat (“Kubanka” and “Arnautka”), alfalfa “Turkestanskaya”, Russian varieties of flax, barley, oats, Siberian frost-resistant apple trees, apple trees from Central and Southern Russia , Michurinsky frost-resistant cherries and Michurinsky frost-resistant grapes2.

He collected materials on the use in American soil science of the works of famous Russian soil scientists - V.V. Dokuchaeva, N.M. Sibirtseva, V.I.

Palladin, data on the activities of Russian agronomist colleagues in America, Alaska and Canada, their photographs, works. A separate event of the society was the collection of materials about the master of chemistry B.M. Dule. The Agricultural Society also collected materials on the state of agriculture in the USSR and the fate of the peasantry. The society established a library, and plans were made to create a “Museum of Russian and American Agriculture.” From 1939 to 1941, 7 issues of “News of the Russian Agricultural Society in North America” were published. The society arose a significant library. Since 1942 MRK, No. 97-1.

Konstantinov P.F. On the desirability of uniting forces around the Russian Center. Memorandum. Addendum to the report. Typescript. - P.3-4. MRK No. 102-1 of the year, under the Russian Agricultural Society, there was a “Russian Assistance Committee”, which was engaged in the supply of planting material to the Soviet Union. Fundraising was carried out during the Russian Peasant Days.

Along with those mentioned earlier, in the 1930s in San Francisco there existed the Society of Russian Culture, the Literary Fund, the Kulaevsky Fund, the Union “Unity of Rus'”, the All-Cossack Union, youth organizations (the House of Scouts and the Union of Musketeers named after His Highness Prince Nikita Alexandrovich, the son of the Great Princess Xenia), sport Club“Mercury”, Women's Club, Chess Club, Volunteer Union, Trustee Committee of St. Vladimir's House, Russian-American Credit Union, nursing homes and other enterprises.

Balakshin, who moved from Primorye through Shanghai and then Japan to the USA.

Later, his printing house was acquired by M.N. and T.V. Ivanitsky. T.V. Ivanitskaya (came to San Francisco with her parents in 1922 through Japan, and M.N.

Ivanitsky (1910-2003) moved from Harbin through Canada to San Francisco in 1923. They carried on extensive correspondence, in particular with Teffi and Bunin1.

On average, for every 5-6 thousand Russians there was one private and tri-library2.

four public The United Committee of Russian National Organizations by the mid-1930s included almost 20 different associations.

In 1938, at a meeting of the Joint Committee of Russian National Organizations, which at that time included 19 different associations, the issue of expanding the Russian Club was raised. The Board of the Future Russian In Appendix 3 - a photograph of the old-timers of Russian San Francisco, the owners of the Russian printing house M.N. and T.V. Ivanitskikh.

Dolgopolov A.F. Russian book in S.A.S.Sh. // Museum of Russian culture. Repositories of cultural and historical monuments of Foreign Rus'. -1966. – San Francisco: Museum of Russian Culture. – P.33-36 of the Center (chairman A.N. Vagin) in 1939, the large building of the former German Club, built in 1911, was purchased in installments.

Donations for the initial payment ($3000) were collected over three years by a special commission1.

On May 24, 1940, the grand opening of the Russian Center building took place. The Russian Center houses children's clubs, the ART society, the Literary and Art Club, the Joint Committee of Russian National Organizations, the Russian House library and other organizations. Since 1941, the building has housed the Russian Historical Society in America, the Russian Agricultural Society in North America, and the editorial office of the newspaper “Russian Life”2.

Thus, in San Francisco in the 1920-1930s, an active and united Russian colony arose with a complex network of Russian social, cultural, historical and commercial organizations. They covered different social groups of emigration - military men, scientists, diplomats, a significant part of whom were extraordinary personalities. United by the end of the 1930s around the Russian Center, the colony in San Francisco not only provided its compatriots in Europe and China with legal support and regular economic assistance, but also maintained diverse social and cultural ties with diasporas of different countries.

Appendix 4 shows a photograph of this building.

Okulich I.K. Russian Historical Society in America, typescript. MRK, 3134M.

1.2. The formation of the largest Russian diaspora in the United States in the post-war years.

The picture of the settlement of the European wave of emigration underwent, as in China, some changes in the 1920-1930s. Russian colonies in all European countries grew until the end of the 20s, as a result of which several large centers of Russian emigration emerged. The bulk of the military and civilians who went with General Wrangel’s White Army to Turkey settled in Yugoslavia, partly in Bulgaria and other European countries. Those who went with the Russian squadron to Bizerte (French Tunisia), most moved to France, which needed labor force, to other European countries, to Australia or to relatives in the USA. With the support of King Alexander, Belgrade became a major center of Russian military emigration and a stronghold of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad. With the financial support of the first President of Czechoslovakia, Tomas Masaryk, Prague in the 30s became the center of Russian academic life abroad, according to Baroness Wrangel, “Athens” of the Russian emigration. In England, according to A. Baikalov1, a noticeable post-October diaspora did not develop. The vibrant cultural center of Russian emigration, which had developed in Berlin by the early 20s, soon lost its significance as a result of the economic depression; Russian emigrants began to move from Germany to Paris. However, in France the situation of Russian emigrants was not as favorable as in Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia; the majority were unable to get a job in accordance with their level of education.

With the outbreak of World War II, the situation of Russian emigrants in Europe changed. The Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia put an end to the existence of centers of Russian emigration in Eastern Europe, and the entry of A.V. Baikalov. Russian book depositories and archives in England // Museum of Russian culture.

Repositories of cultural and historical monuments of Foreign Rus'. – San Francisco, 1966. – 125 p.

Soviet troops forced the bulk of the Russian emigration to leave these countries due to fear of possible reprisals.

By the summer of 1945, millions of people of different nationalities had accumulated in the occupation zones of Germany, Austria and Italy. Back on November 9, 1943, at the White House, representatives of 44 states signed an agreement on the creation of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, abbreviated UNRRA, hereinafter UNRRA. This was the first step towards the creation of the United Nations (UN), established on April 25, 1945 at a conference in San Francisco.

Participating countries agreed to donate 1% of national income for this purpose, amounting to almost US$1 billion. The American government provided more than half of UNRRA's financial support. This organization began to work in full force when the countries of Europe, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean were liberated. Without waiting for the approval of its charter, UNRRA began placing people in former German barracks, providing them with rations and returning them to their countries of residence. WITH light hand Americans began to call them DP (DP - an abbreviation for “displaced persons”)1. Most of the persons were returned to their countries. However, it turned out that a significant part of the citizens of the USSR did not want to return.

In the Russian-speaking part of the population of the occupation zones, several groups could be distinguished - Soviet prisoners of war; Soviet citizens taken to work in Germany; Soviet subjects who wished to leave with the Germans to the west; prisoners of war organized into the Russian Liberation Army and pre-war emigrants from Eastern and Central Europe.

MRK, 132-2 According to the agreement adopted by the Allied powers at the Yalta Conference on February 11, 1945, citizens living in the USSR on September 1, 1939 were to be transferred to the Soviet authorities regardless of their wishes. Thus, the agreement did not apply to pre-war emigrants, as well as representatives of nationalities who received Soviet citizenship after September 1, 1939 as a result of the expansion of the borders of the USSR - Poles, Latvians, Lithuanians, Estonians, Galicians (Western Ukraine) and residents of Western Belarus.

The Yugoslav delegation also made demands for the forced repatriation of the Serbs.

Soviet commissions “For returning to the homeland” appeared in all occupation zones of Germany. If it could not be proven that on September 1, 1939, a person was outside the Soviet Union, then he was escorted to a Soviet camp, surrounded, unlike other camps, by barbed wire, for transportation to the USSR.

The camps were naturally divided according to language – Latvian, Lithuanian, Estonian, Polish, Western Ukrainian and Western Belarusian1. It is not surprising that Russian and Serbian camps were practically absent. The Russian camp “Colorado” united only “old” Russian emigrants. Poles, Latvians, Lithuanians, Estonians helped many Russians avoid repatriation by “hiding” them in their camps during raids by Soviet commissions. Some of the former Soviets, not wanting to declare themselves, lived outside the camps in empty houses, not receiving the rations assigned to those in the camps, and earning their food by working at the Germans’ homes or from farmers. This group included former military men whom SMERSH 2 was looking for, and the majority of pre-war emigrants.

The Belarusian camp was located near Brunswick. The Main Directorate of Counterintelligence SMERSH, created on April 19, 1943 // Wikipedia.

Free encyclopedia The Soviet leadership under the Yalta Agreement actually obliged the allies to facilitate forced repatriation to the Soviet Union from all occupation zones. Not fully understanding the situation in the USSR, the American, British and French occupation authorities initially assisted the Soviet authorities and even participated in bloody renditions.

Pre-war emigrants, using their passports, knowledge of languages, Western morals and having connections with emigrants in many countries, began to fight against the Allies' assistance in forced repatriation to the USSR. It consisted, first of all, of informing the allied authorities of the occupation zones about the reasons for refusing to return to their home country. K.V. Boldyrev and other members of the People's Labor Union (NTS), who were in the camp for “displaced persons” in Menhehof, turned to their wife for support former president E.

Roosevelt1. In New York, a temporary committee was organized to provide assistance to compatriots, chaired by the editor of the Rossiya newspaper N.P. Rybakov, which later grew into the Russian-American Union for the Protection and Assistance of Russians outside Russia in New York, headed by Prince S.S. Beloselsky Belozersky. In the western United States, in California, an organization with similar tasks arose, which on October 14, 1945 entered this Union as the San Francisco Department, chaired by a major public figure N.V. Borzov, who was the director of the society for the patronage and education of children, since 1932 the chairman of the editorial commission of the magazine “Day of the Russian Child” in San Francisco, and a member of the business committee of the Russian Historical Society in America.

The Tolstoy Fund for Assistance to Russians, founded in 1939 by A.L., provided comprehensive support to “displaced persons” in Europe. Tolstoy, the youngest daughter of a Russian writer, forced to leave the USSR in 1929.

To the UN, US State Department, to senators and congressmen Stanford University, Hoover Institution Archives. Collection name: Boldyrev K.V. Box 4.

Various Russian organizations contacted the United States. The San Francisco department established contact with four dozen influential people in America and the UN:

“There is absolutely no one to help our suffering brothers, with the exception of us, the same Russian refugees who, by a lucky chance, settled in America and became US citizens,” noted in the appeal of the San Francisco department1.

A bill to legalize the situation of refugees in all occupied zones of Europe was introduced by Senator A. Vandenberg in the US Senate, and by Congressman K.B. Luce - to the House of Representatives on December 11, 1945, and in the spring of 1946, General Eisenhower signed an order, according to which persons who had not committed any crime and did not want to return to their homeland for political reasons or for fear of possible reprisals were legalized under the category of “untitled ” (stateless). The category of “stateless” was enshrined in the UNRRA Charter, approved on December 15, 1946, which secured their right to asylum and resettlement. This effectively meant the end of forced repatriation. Nevertheless, the representative of the Soviet delegation, A.A. Gromyko, continued to insist that the UNRRA should not provide assistance to those “who, for hostile reasons, do not want to return to their homeland.”

In June 1947, UNRRA was merged with the Intergovernmental Committee on Emigration, created in 1939, and renamed the International Refugee Organization (IRO), which began resettling “displaced persons.”

To receive a job assignment in the country of new residence, it was necessary to pass a selection committee (Screening). Many NKVD agents penetrated such commissions and were engaged in identifying Soviet citizens. Therefore, there is only one way left for Russian refugees - to submit a Circular Letter to Russian charitable, public and church organizations. San Francisco. January 14, 1946. MRK, placer.

false documents confirming residence on September 1, 1939 in Poland, or Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and demonstrate knowledge of the relevant language. Orthodox organizations, national committees (Polish, Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian and Ukrainian) and even special groups began to search for official forms and prepare documents. Private assistance was often provided by Catholic priests, Germans, and representatives of the occupation authorities.

Later, a trial was held in the United States in the case of the writer R. Berezov, who openly stated that he entered the United States using false documents. R. Berezov was threatened with deportation. However, he was acquitted at the trial - American congressmen stood up for him.

IRO's first offer was to work in mines in Belgium, France and Ethiopia. Preference was given to healthy and unmarried people. Everyone, with the exception of the Russians, was offered work in England - in textile factories, in mines, or agricultural work - under a strict contract, that is, without the right to change jobs. Subsequently, the main resettlement routes of the IRO were oriented towards Latin America, Canada and Australia. Agricultural work in Australia, Argentina, Canada, Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil, and Venezuela required, first of all, young, healthy men. In particular difficult situation there were large families, elderly and disabled people. Even liberal Belgium did not accept people over 65 years of age. No mental work was offered. A complex process of resettlement began.

Russian emigrants in different countries made incredible efforts to help their brothers in Europe. The Russian Church Abroad appealed to the governments of overseas countries with a petition to accept Russian emigrants.

Eva Perron, wife of the President of Argentina, achieved the submission of 25,000 visas to the Synod1. Thanks to the merit of NTS member K.V. Boldyrev (1909 Gatchina -1995 Washington), son of a participant in the White movement, General V.G. Boldyrev, a professor at Georgetown University in Washington since 19482, began organizing the relocation, first of all, of participants of the Russian Liberation Movement to French Morocco. Famous public figures San Francisco N.V.

Borzov and A.S. Lukashkin, who was an employee of the Harbin Committee for Assistance to Russian Refugees from 1921 to 1940,3 had to visit Washington more than once.

N.V. Borzov (April 26, Old Art. 1871, Glazov, Vyatka Province - November 25, 1955, Berkeley, California), inspector of the Tomsk Commercial School, director of the Harbin Commercial Schools of the CER. Since 1931 in the USA, director of the Society for the Protection and Education of Children, since 1932, long-term chairman of the editorial commission of the magazine “Day of the Russian Child” in San Francisco, since 1940, member of the business committee of the Russian Historical Society in America, chairman of the California department of the Russian-American Defense Union and assistance to Russians outside Russia, in 1949, chairman of the Committee for the celebration of the 150th anniversary of the birth of A.S. Pushkin. Long-term Chairman of the Board of the Educational Foundation named after I.V. Kulaev4.

A.S. Lukashkin (May 3, 1902 – October 6, 1988, San Francisco), biologist, published 86 scientific papers on the physiology of behavior of commercial fish in the Pacific Ocean. Director of the Museum of the Study Society Archbishop Nathanael (Lviv). Orthodox Russian Church Abroad // Conversations on the Holy Scriptures and Faith, vol. V. - New York: Committee of Russian Orthodox Youth, 1995.

Stanford University, Hoover Institution Archives. Collection name: Boldyrev K.V.; See also Popov A.V. The mystery of General Boldyrev: new documents on the history of White Siberia. // History of White Siberia. Theses III scientific conference. Kemerovo. - 1999. P. - 48-54 See Delianich A. A new one has been published treatise A.S. Lukashkina // Russian life. San Francisco, March 5, 1965.

See Avtonomov N.P. Review of the activities of the San Francisco Department of the Russian-American Union for Assistance to Russians Outside Russia. – San Francisco, no earlier than 1968.

Manchurian Territory (OIMC) in Harbin at the CER. From 1921 to 1940 he worked in the Harbin Committee for Assistance to Russian Refugees. Since 1941 - in the USA. Since 1947, member of the council of the California Academy of Sciences. In 1950, based on the results of his work, he was elected a member of the American Association for the Encouragement of Science, since 1958 a member of the board of this Association, founder of the Church Committee for Assistance to Russians in China, 1952 to 1955 chairman of the board of the Russian Life corporation, chairman of the Joint Committee of Russian National Organizations of San Francisco .

In 1947, Senator Ferguson introduced a bill to the Senate and Congressman Staton to the House of Representatives to allow 400,000 refugees in excess of immigration quotas to enter the United States. The Displaced Persons Act was signed into law by President Truman on June 25, 1948.

In accordance with it, 202 thousand were admitted to the United States over the course of 2 years.

“displaced persons” of various nationalities in excess of the annual quota, as well as 3 thousand orphans. Subsequently, the period was extended to December 31, 1951, and the number of visas was increased. In 1953, in accordance with the Refugee Relief Act, an additional 214 thousand people of various nationalities were able to enter the United States above the quota2.

To enter the United States, in addition to a visa, it was necessary to obtain security from US citizens or organizations financial support and help with getting a job (affidavit). Letters of guarantee were prepared by the American-Russian Union for Assistance to Russians Outside Russia, its department in San Francisco, the European office of the Tolstoy Foundation, which was located in Munich from 1947 to 1954, various public and church associations, special committees to help immigrants and dozens of other organizations. Individuals could also send letters of guarantee to refugees, but no more than 12. However, R. Polchaninov From UNRRA to IRO // For a free Russia. Reports from a local NTS organization in the eastern United States. - New York, February 2005. - But. 29(58) - P.3 Ibid.

There is a known case that an American citizen of Russian origin from San Francisco prepared a total of about 200 letters of guarantee.

The move from Germany to the United States was carried out on American warships from the German port of Bremen, located in the American occupation zone. Transport expenses, in a significant number of cases, were paid by the Church World Service, created in the United States in 1946, with the condition of gradual payment of the debt after employment1. “Displaced persons” who refused IRO offers had to look for work themselves. Only pre-war emigrants could remain in Germany, but they preferred to use the opportunity to go to the United States. This opportunity was also used by pre-war emigrants in France, whose situation was aggravated by the German occupation - devastation, cold and hunger forced the residents of Paris, including Russian emigrants, to evacuate to the unoccupied part of France. At the end of 1950, Metropolitan Anastassy and the Holy Synod also followed the bulk of emigration to the United States.

Meanwhile, Soviet troops entered Manchuria in August 1945.

With the arrival of Soviet troops, SMERSH branches immediately began to operate. In Harbin alone, five of its branches operated simultaneously. Leaders and members of various Russian organizations were arrested. According to rough estimates, about 10 thousand Russians were deported from Manchuria to the USSR and repressed.

With the departure of Soviet troops in 1946, the Chinese Red Army began an offensive in Manchuria against the nationalist troops. By 1949, China was almost completely captured by the Communists. On the eve of this event, from the main regions of China, one part of the Russian emigrants, succumbing to the calls of the Society of Soviet Citizens, began to look for the opportunity to leave for the USSR, while the other part of the debt to pay transport costs in most cases was written off after some time.

some, on the contrary, preferred to move away from the USSR, abroad, fearing reprisals from the Chinese communists. Those who were able to obtain a visa and had enough funds for a ticket by air or by sea across the Pacific Ocean traveled to the United States. But for many, the wait for a US visa was lengthy.

A significant number of emigrants wishing to travel to the USA and Shanghai1.

concentrated in Russian emigrants used various opportunities to leave China. Of the 9,000 Russian emigrants who lived in Shanghai, according to A.S. Novikov, by the summer of 1948 there were about 5,000 people left2.

The European Refugee Assistance Act, adopted in 1948 by the US Congress, provided for the entry of hundreds of thousands of refugees in excess of the quota did not apply to Russian refugees from China. Chairman of the Russian Emigrant Association of Shanghai G.K. Bologov, who was also the chairman of the Cossack Union of Shanghai, sent requests for help to Russian organizations in the United States.

The San Francisco branch of the Russian-American Union for the Protection and Assistance of Russians Outside Russia collected about 5,000 signatures in support of California Senator William F. Knowland’s bill to extend the status of “displaced persons” to Russian emigrants from the Far East and, as a consequence, , the possibility of entry into the United States in accordance with the 1948 Act, that is, outside the quota. The San Francisco department carried out tremendous work among many dozens of US senators and congressmen, and sent an appeal personally to US President Harry Truman3. W.F. Knowland proposed a two-step plan to temporarily move Russian refugees to safety while awaiting a bill to extend the status of displaced persons to Russians. The model registration document issued by the Association of Russian Emigrants in Shanghai is presented in Appendix 5.

Novikov A.S. Irkutsk Cossacks in Shanghai // White Guard. - No. 8. Cossacks of Russia in the White movement. - M.: Sowing. – 2005. – P. 278-279.

Avtonomov N.P. Review of the activities of the San Francisco Department of the Russian-American Union for Assistance to Russians Outside Russia. – San Francisco, not earlier than 1968.. – 104 p.

Far East. General Wood, head of the Washington Department of the IRO, supported this plan. The young Philippine Republic responded to the IRO’s appeal and allocated an uninhabited part of the small island of Tubabao (near the island of Samar) for temporary settlement of refugees from China. In January 1949, shortly before the arrival of the Chinese communists, the evacuation of refugees from Shanghai to the island began. Tubabao on American ships. The IRO took upon itself the organization and payment of expenses associated with the move to Shanghai, evacuation from Shanghai by ship and plane, detention in Tubabao and further resettlement1. About 6 thousand people were taken out, who had to make paths among the kingdom of monkeys, poisonous snakes, scorpions, and clear the jungle to set up tents2.

Documents for obtaining a US visa were forwarded to Manila.

Some refugees who received US visas on a first-come, first-served basis traveled by ship from Manila (Philippines) en route to Hong Kong, Kobe (Japan), Hawaii, and San Francisco. The rest lived on the Philippine island for more than two years while awaiting resettlement. Agents from Australia were the first to arrive in Tubabao. They selected only young, healthy men to work as laborers on sugar plantations. Soon the opportunity opened up to move to the countries of South America - to Argentina and Brazil, Venezuela, Chile, Peru, and partly to Paraguay and Uruguay - mainly for agricultural work. Workers were needed for logging in Canada. A small part of the Russians ended up in Guiana, Suriname and French Guiana.

As part of the project, Senator V. Nowland visited the island of Tubabao. In turn, Archbishop John (of Shanghai) arrived in Washington in the summer of 1949 to petition the American Congress about the Russians in the Philippines. At the beginning of 1950, the bill was approved.

Appendix 6 presents a standard Refugee Status Certificate issued by the IRO.

Moravsky N.V. Tubabao Island. 1948-1951: The last refuge of the Russian Far Eastern emigration. M.: Russian way, 2000.

To increase the influence of Russian organizations in the United States, the head of the Central Representative Office of Russian Emigration in the American Zone of Germany, S. Yuryev, and his colleagues proposed that Russian emigrant organizations in the United States unite into one organization - being the only one, it could be endowed with certain powers from the US State Department. The unification was achieved only in 1950, when the Federation of Russian Charitable Organizations (FRBO) was registered. The headquarters of this organization, headed by Prince Beloselsky Belozersky, was located in the eastern United States; the executive directors were representatives of emigrant organizations in the western United States - N.V. Borzov and A.S.

Lukashkin. Unfortunately, the scope of activity of this organization, by decision of the US State Department, was limited to the Asian region, therefore, in order to provide assistance to Russian refugees in Europe with the preparation of letters of guarantee, the FRBO entered into an agreement with the Church World Service.

The departure from China to the United States and other countries continued until the end of the 1950s - the gratuitous transfer of all rights to the Chinese Eastern Railway to China in 1950 by the Soviet Union and the policy of the Chinese communists left no prospects for Russian emigrants. IRO and Church World Service entered into contracts with shipping companies and paid transportation costs. Ships heading from Hong Kong to Latin America passed through the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar, some bypassing Africa from the south.

This journey by boat took up to a month and a half. Upon arrival at the site of the new settlement, refugees had to gradually pay the costs of transport and maintenance1.

For those who found themselves in Latin America and even in prosperous Australia and Canada, the United States remained the most preferred country with As in the case of “displaced persons” from Europe, the debt of many was simply written off.

in terms of standard of living. A significant portion of these emigrants also eventually moved to the United States.

Estimating the size of Russian post-revolutionary emigration to the United States is complicated by the fact that “displaced persons” who arrived from Europe during the “Sifting” Commissions used every opportunity to acquire citizenship other than Soviet and to avoid forced repatriation to the USSR. According to N.P. Avtonomov, who prepared a Review of the activities of the San Francisco Department of the Russian-American Union for Assistance to Russians Outside Russia, by 1947 there were more than a million Russians in camps for “displaced persons” in Germany and Austria, and almost two million lived outside the camps1. These figures do not contradict the information of P. Polyan, who writes that 5.7 million people out of more than 8 million Soviet citizens who found themselves in occupation zones returned to the USSR voluntarily and forcibly. As a result of the resettlement of “displaced persons,” according to N.L. Pushkareva, more than half ended up in the USA2, not counting those who changed countries again after resettlement. According to the prevailing opinion among the emigration community, about 1 million Russians have passed through China since the post-revolutionary period. Based on the presented facts and identified trends, the author considers it possible to state the fact of the formation in the United States by the end of the 50s of the largest Russian diasporas on the basis of two post-revolutionary waves.

Thus, after the end of the Second World War, emigrant centers in Belgrade, Berlin and Prague disappeared, and Russian “Paris” was unable to restore its former importance for emigration after the war. The “Russian Atlantis” in Manchuria also disappeared. The Great Migration of the Russian Post-October Autonomov N.P. Review of the activities of the San Francisco Department of the Russian-American Union for Assistance to Russians Outside Russia. – San Francisco, no earlier than 1968. – 104 p.

See Pushkareva N.L. The emergence and formation of the Russian diaspora abroad // Domestic History. - 1996. - No. 1 - pp. 53-65 emigration from the Eurasian continent after the end of World War II led to a sharp change in the pre-war settlement pattern and the formation of the largest Russian diaspora in the United States.

DIAGRAM 2 Steamship routes of Russian emigrants during the great migration from Eurasia to Australia, North and South America. Late 1940 - early 1950s1.

The diagram was compiled by M.K. Menyailenko.

1.3. The critical state of heritage preservation in Russian diasporas before and after the Second World War.

In the 1920-1930s, emigrants of the European and Far Eastern branches managed to create a significant number of repositories of cultural property, and, in addition, maintain the condition of libraries, museums, and archives that already existed outside the Russian Empire. Activities to collect and preserve historical and cultural heritage were carried out despite the instability of emigrants, when the search for housing, work, and kindergartens was aggravated by the lack of knowledge of the language and means of subsistence. Both the preserved and the repositories created by the emigration itself - libraries, archives, museums - were the result of self-sacrifice of a significant number of representatives of the Russian emigration and the overwhelming majority were of a non-profit nature. The governments of different countries provided all possible assistance to the arriving Russian emigrants.

In Europe, with the support of President T. Masaryk and King Alexander I, it was possible to create large emigrant storage facilities in Prague and Belgrade, respectively. The Russian Foreign Historical Archive, founded in Prague under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czechoslovak Republic, became the central archive of both the European and Far Eastern waves of emigration. The fate of other repositories is less known. Many of them were formed and received a certain status only by the mid-1930s, such as the Museum of Memory of Emperor Nicholas II in Belgrade and the Russian Cultural and Historical Museum in Prague (Zbraslov)1. However, with the growth of Germany’s military ambitions, concern grew in European countries about the fate of the only recently established archive activities. The world crisis of the late 20s - early 30s, and then the demands of the Czechoslovak communists to refuse support for Russian emigration, which began with Flug V.E. Information about the Museum of Memory of Emperor Nicholas II in Belgrade // Museum of Russian culture. Repositories of cultural and historical monuments of Foreign Rus'. – San Francisco, 1966.

– P. 103-104; Savinov S.Ya. Prague Russian Cultural and Historical Museum // Ibid. P. 109with the establishment of diplomatic relations with the USSR in 1934, led to a gradual reduction in funds for the “Russian Action” of the Czechoslovak government by more than ten times1.

In 1936, the question of the need to create a more reliable place for storing the Russian archive in America was raised by Ya.I. Lisitsyn2. He was the representative of the RZIA in the USA and at the same time the secretary of the Russian National League, which was engaged in the search for rare Russian books sold in the USA. At the initiative of the Russian National League, a New York court suspended many auctions of royal valuables3.

After the occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1938, the Nazis established strict control over emigrants - the “Russian Action” ceased, Russian organizations closed. It is no coincidence that in June 1939, representatives of Columbia and Boston universities, fully aware of the real threat to the Prague archive, negotiated the possible purchase of RZIA4. Absence necessary funds became an obstacle to the removal of archives of emigration before the Nazi occupation of the Czech Republic and Yugoslavia. However, when the Germans occupied Prague, a significant part of the Kondakov Library, according to V.A. Mayevsky, was secretly taken to Belgrade5.

In France, some representatives of the Russian emigration, concerned about the victory of the Popular Front in the 1936 elections and the possible improvement of relations with the USSR, moved their archives to Belgium, while others, along with their archives, crossed the ocean and settled in America.

Verbin E. The Czech Republic that you don’t know... - Prague, Ceske Budejovice, 2003.

P.F. Konstantinov. Museum of Russian Culture at the Russian Center in San Francisco // Collection of articles about the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco. 1948-1953. p.2. Typescript. MRK No. 102-6.

Petrov E.V. Archival Russian studies in the USA in the first half of the twentieth century // Russian studies in the USA: Collection of articles. Materials on the history of Russian political emigration; issue 7. – M.: Institute of Political and Military Analysis, 2001. – P. 146-160.

Mayevsky V.A. Russian Library in Belgrade // Museum of Russian culture. Repositories of culture and history of Foreign Rus'. – San Francisco, 1966. – P. 100.

In China, in the second half of the 1920s, in order to preserve information about Russian emigration in China, an attempt was made to prepare the publication of the “World Encyclopedia of Russian Emigration.” In 1926, former Life Guards second lieutenant A. Karmilov was elected responsible editor of the future encyclopedia in Beijing1. The archives of the Museum of Russian Culture contain an Album of handwritten reviews and wishes of prominent representatives of the Russian colony of Mukden, Shanghai and other cities of China regarding the possible publication of the “World Encyclopedia of Russian Emigration”, starting in June 19302.

The album contains over a hundred reviews dating back to June 1930, including:

Chinese General3, Lieutenant General. D.L. Horvat, Archbishop of Harbin and Manchuria Meletius, Ataman Semyonov, pres. Cossack Union in China G.K.

Bologova, Gen. headquarters of Major General Petrov, rector of the Grado-Mukden Spassky Church Archpriest Judah Prikhodko, General Staff Colonel G.I. Klerzhe, former Russian consul in Shanghai, and then head of the Office for Russian Emigrants A.V. Grosse and many others.

The publication of this encyclopedia was not carried out, since with the capture of Manchuria by the Japanese in 1931 social activity Russians was very limited. Later in 1945, with the arrival of Soviet troops, A. Karmilov was arrested by representatives of SMERSH and died during the stage4. It is unknown where the collected material is located.

In Shanghai, where Russian emigrants felt more free, starting in the 1930s, the author of the three-volume work “Fate”, O.A., began working to preserve the legacy of emigration.

Album “World Encyclopedia of Russian Emigration”. MRK, placer. This unique album with the dedicatory inscription “In memory of the wife of Vasily Ivanovich Gusev” was transferred to the Museum-Archive of N.M. Guseva December 1, 1979.

Text in Chinese.

Interview with A. Khisamutdinov // gas. Vladivostok. Appendix No. 6. - Vladivostok, December 1, 2000.

Morozova. She corresponded with figures of the Russian emigration to prepare the biographical dictionary “Cultural Forces of the Russian Emigration.” Later, before leaving in 1949 for the island. Tubabao (Philippines), through priest Innokenty Seryshev (Australia), she transferred to the organizing Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco her unfinished manuscript about 335 Russian cultural figures and scientists, as well as about 400 letters received in response to her requests1.

In Tianjin and Shanghai, former Minister of the Government of Admiral Kolchak I.I. Serebrennikov, who, back in Irkutsk at the Museum of the East Siberian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, organized the “Archive of War and Revolution” and, according to him, managed to collect a significant collection, organized two significant libraries in Shanghai and Tianjin. In addition, from 1925 to 1935, he was an employee of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where he sent his materials, and starting from the mid-30s, for more than 15 years he was an employee of the Hoover Military Library at Stanford University, where an archive was opened in his name2.

The cultural life of the Australian Russian diaspora in the 1920-1930s was not as pronounced as in Eurasia and the USA. Materials relating to Russians in Australia were collected thanks to the enthusiasm of individual representatives. One of these figures was the priest. Innokenty Seryshev (August 14, 1883, Bolshaya Kudara, Transbaikal District - August 23, 1976, Sydney, Australia), full member of the Society of Russian Orientalists in Harbin, full member of the Trinity-Kyakhta Branch of the Amur Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, Esperantist, the first Russian Orthodox priest in Sydney, founded in 1932 by P.F. Konstantinov, A.L. Isaenko. Museum-archive of Russian culture. Information report No. 4 // Russian life. - San Francisco, August 26, 1948.

See Serebrennikov I.I. My memories. - Tianjin: Our knowledge, T.1., 1937; T2., 1940.

Sydney was the first and in those years the only Russian printing house in Australia1. Since 1935, he, almost single-handedly, began publishing the monthly magazine “The Emigrant’s Path,” which he designated as the print organ of the Association of Russian Emigrants in Australia.

In the countries of Latin America in the 1920-1930s, there was a process of formation of Russian post-revolutionary diasporas, but there is no need to talk about the formation of a large emigrant center there and activities to collect the general emigrant heritage in the pre-war period2.

In the eastern United States, emigrants who left Russia during and after the end of the Civil War founded many Russian public associations, which established their own libraries and archives. In 1923, the Society of Former Russian Naval Officers in America (New York) was founded. In 1926, on the basis of various mutual aid societies that arose at the end of the 19th century, the Russian United Mutual Aid Society in America (ROOVA) was formed (Cassville, near Jackson, New Jersey). In 1930, the Holy Trinity Monastery came under the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad (Jordanville, New York). In the 30s, the Society of Russian Culture named after A. A.S. Pushkin in America3, Russian Historical and Genealogical Society4, Tolstoy Foundation1, etc. There were many private ones and M.K. Menyailenko. Educational and publishing activities of the Esperantist priest Father Innokenty Seryshev (from the archives of the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco) / ed. Olga

Bakich // Literary and historical yearbook Russians in Asia. - Canada. Toronto:

University of Toronto. Center for the Study of Russia and Eastern Europe, 2000. - Vol. 7. - S.

See Moseikina M.N. From the history of the “third wave” of Russian emigration to Latin America // Study of Latin American studies at the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia: Reports and speeches by RUDN scientists at the X World Congress of Latin Americans, June 26-29, 2001./ Rep. ed. Savin V.M. - M.: publishing house RUDN, 2002; Vladimirskaya T.L. Russian emigrants in Paraguay (based on materials from the magazine “Latin America”) // Compatriots.

; Khisamutdinov A.A. Russians in Brazil // Latin America, 2005. - No. 9.

founded in 1935.

founded in 1937.

public libraries. However, as a member of RIOA, future chairman of the Museum-Archive of Russian Culture in San Francisco, P.F. Konstantinov, in the hands of the Russian emigration in America, “there were no repositories of large public order with broad tasks”2.

In the western United States, at the end of the 1930s, a clause on the creation of an archive of historical and cultural values ​​of Russia and the Russian Abroad was included in the charter of RIOA, and Chairman A.P. Farafontov even published an article in the newspaper “Russian Life” in 1938 entitled “The Russian Museum is an urgent necessity”3.

However, after the end of the war, RIOA was unable to revive. Neither A.P.

Farafontov, nor M.D. The Sedykhs no longer felt strong enough, the society’s library was transferred to the library of the Russian Center in San Francisco.

However, with the end of the war, the question of the need to create a Public Archive of documents of Russian post-October emigration on the American continent arose with renewed vigor - the war led to catastrophic losses of established libraries, archives and private collections of Russian emigrants in Europe and China.

In 1947, RIOA member P.F. Konstantinov, the future chairman of the Museum of Archives of Russian Culture in San Francisco, set about collecting information about the state of archives, museums, libraries, and private collections of Russian post-October emigration around the world. Such an enterprise, according to P.E. Kovalevsky, would have been undertaken for the first time in the history of post-October emigration4. Founded in 1939.

Konstantinov P.F. Draft article “Museum of Russian Culture at the Russian Center in San Francisco. A brief history of creation, its construction and current state” for the unpublished Collection of articles about the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco. 1948-1953.

Typescript. MRK. No. 102-6 Farafontov A. The Russian Museum is an urgent need. Activities of the Russian Historical Society in America // Russian Life. - San Francisco, January 27, 1938. MRK No. 102-1, album “Museum-Archive 1947-1955. Volume I”, additional folder.

Konstantinov P.F. Appeal. MRK, No. 102-5, album No. 31.

editorial board of the future collection “Museum of Russian Culture.

Repositories of cultural and historical monuments of Foreign Rus'” included P.F.

Konstantinov, A.A. Kurenkov, A.S. Lukashkin, N.P. Mashevsky, N.A.

Slobodchikov, N.A. Tsytovich. (Until 1954, the editorial board managed to collect enough materials for the collection, but due to the death of P.F. Konstantinov, it was published only in 1966). These materials testified to the catastrophic state of heritage conservation.

Reviews on the state of storage facilities in the major centers of emigration Belgrade and Prague were sent by the personal secretary of the Serbian Patriarch Varnava, the author of the major work “Russians in Yugoslavia” V.A. Mayevsky and lawyer, writer and translator, who ended up in the Feldmoching camp (Munich) after Prague S.Ya.

Savinov. A general overview of the state of emigrant repositories in Europe, including the state of the emigrant archives of France after the German occupation, was compiled and sent by P.E., Doctor of Historical and Philological Sciences at the University of Paris.

Kovalevsky (1901–1978), who in 1951 published “A Brief History of the Russian Diaspora and Its Cultural Role” (in French). Since March 1933, he was the secretary of the Russian Emigrant Committee, which united over 300 Russian organizations in France, whose activities extended to the entire Russian Abroad1.

Separate articles were received on the state of emigrant repositories in different European countries: in England (editor of the newspaper “Russian in England”, member of the initiative group for the creation of a general emigrant center A. Baikalov2), Belgium (Yu.P. Mirolyubov), Italy (hieromonk Nikolai Bok, brother of the husband of Maria von Bock - daughter of P.A. Stolypin), Switzerland (V.A. Mayevsky). Brief information was received from a member of the commission of the Museum of Russian Cavalry in Belgrade Bocharov Z.S. The cultural spread of Russia began in the 20th century through dispersion (P.E. Kovalevsky) // Cultural mission of the Russian Abroad. History and modernity. M.: Russian Institute of Cultural Studies, 1999. - P.108–114.

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2017 www.site - “Free electronic library - electronic materials”

The materials on this site are posted for informational purposes only, all rights belong to their authors.
If you do not agree that your material is posted on this site, please write to us, we will remove it within 1-2 business days.

The museum's current objectives:

Support Russian culture and collect evidence of its influence on US culture.

Collect and store all types of historical materials, books, newspapers, magazines and things, including state, public and private archives and libraries containing information about the activities of the Russian emigration around the world, and about their life before the 1917 revolution.

Collect and preserve materials about Russian Americans who have made outstanding contributions to U.S. culture, science, and technology.

Collect and preserve materials about the history and activities of Russian society and various Russian-American organizations in the San Francisco area, the Bay Area and the entire West Coast.

Make these materials available to individuals conducting research on Russian history and culture.

Organize the exchange of materials and participation in joint exhibitions, research projects, etc. with similar educational and cultural institutions.

Since 1953, the Archives Museum has been registered as a non-profit organization, exempt from taxes under the laws of the State of California and the United States of America.

The President of the Museum-Archive is Nikolai Koretsky.

SLOBODCHIKOV, Nikolai Alexandrovich(Dec. 15, 1911, Samara - Oct. 4, 1991, San Francisco). Graduated from the Russian gymnasium. F.M. Dostoevsky in Harbin, the University of Liege in Belgium, Healds College in San Francisco. In Harbin and Shanghai he took part in the work of scientific organizations. Having moved to the USA (1948), he worked as a designer and engineer. Chairman of the Board and head of the archive of the Museum of Russian Culture (1965-91).

data from the book -

The Slobodchikov family. A.Ya.Slobodchikov, E.N.Vedenyapina - grandmother (in the center), A.A. Slobodchikova;
Children: Nikolay, Vladimir, Lev

Vladimir Slobodchikov - and his book: "About the sad fate of exiles... Harbin. Shanghai"

“…..Here I became friends with my brother Kolya. It’s an amazing thing: during the entire long journey - in Ufa, in Omsk, on the train - I didn’t feel the presence of my brothers at all, even when in Chelyabinsk we walked around the city under the guidance of the elder “ wise brother Lev. And here Kolya became an integral part of my existence. I was with him all the time.

All our interests turned out to be common. The two of us went up the mountain in search of Japanese bullets that had been lying there since the war. Together we caught large black and iridescent swallowtails, which the Vladivostok children, and we too, for some reason called hens. Together we rummaged in the ground in search of treasures left by our distant ancestors; Of course, we didn’t find any treasures, because there were no treasures there, Naturally, it wasn’t. We prayed together and talked like children about our lives, about our dear mother, who seemed to us a guardian angel......"http://esj.ru/2005/01/03/bezhenstvo/

Slobodchikov Vladimir Alexandrovich (1913, Samara). From the 1920s to 1953 he lived in Harbin and Shanghai. Participated in the literary association "Churaevka". Published in the newspaper "Churaevka", in the collection "Bends", in the magazines "Parus", "Thought and Creativity". Returning to the USSR, he lived in Saratov, from there he moved to Moscow. Author of a number of scientific works and French textbooks for schoolchildren.

Speaking about the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco, one cannot fail to mention Nikolai Alexandrovich Slobodchikov, who was part of the board for many years, and then became after A.S. Lukashkin as director of the museum. An encyclopedic educated man with excellent knowledge of Russian history and all the funds stored in the museum, he carried out a tremendous amount of work collecting materials from Russian emigrants.

Russian Center (Museum of Russian Culture) (San Francisco)

In 1948, the Russian Museum was founded in San Francisco - seven main departments: 1) scientific and applied knowledge; 2) arts; 3) historical; 4) life of Russians abroad; 5) fiction; 6) library and archive and 7) newspaper and magazine.

In 1965, the Russian Center was founded on the basis of the museum.Library – 15,000 volumes.

1. founder and director of the museum: Peter Filarit. Konstantinov, agronomist of the US Department of Agriculture (1948-54) (08/9/1890 - 01/24/1954, San Francisco), son of a justice of the peace. He graduated from the Kazan Real School and the agronomic department of the Moscow Agricultural Institute. Participant in the Civil War, shell-shocked in battle on the river. White. Since 1920 in exile in China. He lived at Echo station, where he worked as an assistant to the head of the experimental field of the CER (1921-24). In 1924-29 lived and worked in Harbin. He was the head of the agricultural laboratory of the CER, and gave lectures at local educational institutions. Published several scientific articles on agriculture. In 1929 he moved to San Francisco. Graduated from the University of California.

2. Chairman of the center (Director of the Russian Museum): engineer Nikolai Aleksan. Slobodchikov (since 1991).

3. museum director: (b. 1902) (1954-66), marine biologist.

Dmitry Geor. Browns

4. honorary director of the museum:

5. Vice-chairman: N.A. Slobodchikov (1966-91).

6. Vice-chairman: N.Yu. Afanasiev. Wife, daughter.

7. Museum employee: O.M. Bakich

8. Museum employee: A.A. Karamzin

9. Nicholas Peter. Lapikyan

source: http://whiterussia1.narod.ru/EMI/SOCUSA.htm

1982 - article by museum director Nikolai Aleksandrovich Slobodchikov

MUSEUM OF RUSSIAN CULTURE.

The museum is one of the valuable acquisitions of the Russian community of San Francisco and has now grown into a large organization, known not only in America, but also abroad. The idea of ​​the Museum appeared a long time ago. In Russian newspapers, this idea begins to creep in from the 30s and more and more voices are heard for the need to create an organization that would preserve Russian values. But the Russian public of the 30s, like the whole of America, suffered from depression and , although the idea of ​​​​preserving monuments of Russian culture was dear to the Russian heart, being busy getting their daily bread did not make it possible to begin this difficult feat. In those years, the Russian community in San Francisco was just beginning to unite and organize.

By the end of the 30s, when the depression began to weaken, such a large group as the Russian Center appeared, which in the 40s bought the building of the current Russian Center. Both the Center and the Russian newspaper are moving to new premises, where there is a lot of space and one can think about a Museum. By this time, the Russian Historical Society already exists, headed by Mr. Farafontov, it sets itself the goal of “collecting and preserving Russian cultural and historical values.”

But the Russian Historical Society took up mainly Fort Ross and achieved great success in this matter. Mr. Sedykh finds a bell that was in the Fort Ross church, members of the society are reviewing local documents, collecting and publishing detailed material about Fort Ross from the period 1812-41. Probably this society would have taken up its original goal - the preservation of Russian cultural values, but the Second World War begins, which separates Russians from cultural work. Some Russians join the army, some go to factories and shipyards. There was no time to think about collecting Russian cultural treasures, and until the end of the war this thought was abandoned, but not forgotten.

In 1945, with the end of this destructive war, information about lost Russian material and spiritual values ​​began to arrive from all over the world. The library there burned down and was captured by the Soviets. The Prague archive was taken to the USSR, the library named after Emperor Nicholas II in Belgrade also went to the Soviets. The Turgenev Library in Paris was partially destroyed.

All this prompted the Russian public to take action.

In 1947, Pyotr Filaretovich Konstantinov, after consulting with the board of the Russian Center and members of the Russian Historical Society, decided to again implement the idea of ​​the Museum of the Russian Archive and send letters to all famous Russian people, as well as the entire Russian public of San Francisco and California, asking them support. It was decided to organize a Museum-Archive of Russian Culture.

In 1947, the already existing Russian Historical Society convened a meeting, but due to the small number of its members, it decided to liquidate and its members entered the newly designed Museum-Archive. In 1948, the museum began to function. The Board of the Russian Center gives the Museum the top floor. Soon, in response to Konstantinov’s requests and letters, a flow of objects, documents and other valuables begins to arrive. At the same time, an appeal was sent to all corners of the world inviting all Russians to donate historical treasures to the Museum. Ten thick volumes of records of receipts indicate a response to the Museum’s request. Soon, as the matter developed, it was decided to somehow strengthen the organization of the Museum. The “Temporary Regulations of the Museum-Archive of Russian Culture” was written and approved by the general meeting. After the death of General Vagin, the main patron of the Museum, the Museum’s relations with the then board of the Russian Center became rather “cool”. This came from the desire of the Board to make the Museum absolutely dependent on the Russian Center, which did not really please the Board of the Museum headed by P.F. Konstantinov. In fact, the final break never occurred, but the Board of the Russian Center could not give the Museum what it wanted, namely, independence of action in determining the political course, so in 1953. it was decided to incorporate the museum, and it was registered in the state of California as an independent organization with its own charter. He remains so to this day.

The first stage of the Museum’s work, collecting Russian valuables, was quite stormy and the volunteer workers were not able to put in order everything that was given to them, but the valuables arrived were very large. For example, letters from Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna to her father, Alexander 2 and other high-ranking officials were received from Poland. Letters from famous Russian writers and poets were received from Japan - Nekrasov, Maykov, Aksakov, Goncharov and others, and also a lot of valuable books and portraits. All this came in a very short time and, of course, with the small number of volunteers, it was difficult to master all this at once. The second period began in the 60s, when the influx of valuables became more or less regular. During this period, the Museum workers began to sort out the existing valuables, but this went slowly, because there were few enthusiasts of the business, and there was a lot of work, however. remains to this day. In the 70s, the third period of growth of the Museum began - on an American scale. We set up a Museum on the 3rd floor of the Russian Center and began paying a small rent for the premises. It's only $75 a month, but initially even a fee of $900 a year was very difficult for the Museum.

With the organization of the exhibition part of the Museum, we increased the influx of American and Russian visitors and aroused interest in it from the American public. We registered with the Association of American Museums and then interest in the Museum appeared on the part of American scientists and in a relatively short time almost all the famous professors working on Russian issues visited us. Then American universities and scientific organizations became interested in us. The Kennan Institute sent us a young employee to rewrite the interesting documents and manuscripts we have. As a result of the work of this American scientist, the Kennan Institute published in its newsletters about the values ​​we have. These newsletters were sent to all universities, and the Museum became known throughout the world. We receive requests from all over the world and this creates another difficulty for museum workers, who are not only engaged in their work of sorting out received materials, but must also host excursions for schoolchildren, students and help professors in finding the materials they need. and answer letters. This year the University of California decided to microfilm part of our archives and will probably receive money from the government to do so. There is a lot of work in the Museum now, the only thing that is missing is funds. Museum members pay only $6 a year, or 50 cents a month, which is not enough even to cover the rent of the Russian Center. The museum exists mostly on donations and bequests. Lack of funds prevents the Museum from fulfilling its dream of having its own building. Unfortunately, this is currently absolutely impossible. We need volunteer workers, we welcome them with open arms. We invite everyone who wants to come and work with us.

N. Slobodchikov

24.06.2002 21:46 | Russian Abroad

Melikhov G.V., Shmelev A.V. Documents of emigration of the Far East in the funds of the Museum of Russian Culture of the Russian Center in San Francisco // Rossika in the USA: Collection of articles (Materials on the history of Russian political emigration; issue 7) - M.: Institute of Political and Military Analysis. - 2001. - S. 186-204

Documents of emigration of the Far East in the collections of the Museum of Russian Culture of the Russian Center in San Francisco

One of the most important features that distinguished Russian emigrant communities in different countries of dispersion was the desire to create center organizations that unite and contribute to the preservation of their cultural and ethnic community. In Manchuria it was first the Committee for Assistance to Russian Refugees (Refugee Committee), then the Far Eastern Emigration Association headed by D.L. Horvath, later the Bureau for Russian Emigrants. In Shanghai, the Committee for the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Russian Emigrants. The same thing, only with a greater emphasis on culture, happened in the USA and Australia, as well as in Israel.
Today, the largest center for the unification of Russians in the United States is located on the West Coast, in San Francisco it is the Russian Center; under his patronage, the Museum of Russian Culture arose here (1).