Read an essay on the topic of Grinev’s love for Masha in Pushkin’s novel The Captain’s Daughter for free. Essay “Romantic love in A. S. Pushkin’s story “The Captain's Daughter”
In "The Captain's Daughter" several storylines. One of them is the love story of Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova. This love line continues throughout the novel. At first, Peter reacted negatively to Masha due to the fact that Shvabrin described her as “a complete fool.” But then Peter gets to know her better and discovers that she is “noble and sensitive.” He falls in love with her, and she also reciprocates his feelings.
Grinev loves Masha very much and is ready to do anything for her. He proves this more than once. When Shvabrin humiliates Masha, Grinev quarrels with him and even shoots himself. When Peter is faced with a choice: to obey the general’s decision and stay in the besieged city or to respond to Masha’s desperate cry “you are my only patron, intercede for me, poor one!” “, Grinev leaves Orenburg to save her. During the trial, risking his life, he does not consider it possible to name Masha, fearing that she will be subjected to a humiliating interrogation - “it occurred to me that if I named her, the commission would demand her to answer; and the idea of entangling her between the vile accusations of villains and bringing her herself to a confrontation... “.
But Masha’s love for Grinev is deep and devoid of any selfish motives. She does not want to marry him without parental consent, thinking that otherwise Peter “will not have happiness.” From a timid “coward,” she, by the will of circumstances, is reborn into a decisive and persistent heroine who managed to achieve the triumph of justice. She goes to the empress's court to save her lover and defend her right to happiness. Masha was able to prove Grinev’s innocence, faithful to his oath. When Shvabrin wounds Grinev, Masha nurses him back - “Marya Ivanovna never left my side.” Thus, Masha will save Grinev from shame, death and exile just as he saved her from shame and death.
For Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova, everything ends well, and we see that no vicissitudes of fate can ever break a person if he is determined to fight for his principles, ideals, and love. An unprincipled and dishonest person, who has no sense of duty, often faces the fate of being left alone with his disgusting actions, baseness, meanness, without friends, loved ones and just close people.
The story of A. S. Pushkin “ Captain's daughter"tells about the distant dramatic events that took place in Russia in the 18th century - the peasant uprising under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev. Against the backdrop of these events, the story unfolds about the faithful and devoted love of two young people - Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova.
Aa╪b╓╟, located forty kilometers from Orenburg.CommandantThe fortress was captain Ivan Kuzmich Mironov. Here, in the fortress, Pyotr Grinev meets his love - Masha Mironova, the daughter of the commandant of the fortress, a girl “about eighteen years old, chubby, ruddy, with light brown hair, smoothly combed behind the ears.” Here, in the garrison, lived another officer exiled for a duel - Shvabrin. He was in love with Masha, wooed her, but was refused. Vengeful and angry by nature, Shvabrin could not forgive the girl for this, tried in every possible way to humiliate her, said obscene things about Masha. Grinev stood up for the girl’s honor and called Shvabrin a scoundrel, for which he challenged him to a duel. In the duel, Grinev was seriously wounded and after the injury he was in the Mironovs’ house.
Masha diligently looked after him. When Grinev recovered from his wound, he declared his love to Masha. She in turn told him about her feelings for him. It seemed that they had cloudless happiness ahead. But the love of young people still had to go through many tests. At first, Grinev’s father refused to bless his son for his marriage with Masha on the grounds that Peter, instead of honorably serving his Fatherland, was engaged in childish things - fighting a duel with a tomboy like himself. Masha, loving Grinev, never wanted to marry him without the consent of her parents. A quarrel arose between the lovers. Suffering from love and from the fact that his happiness could not take place, Grinev did not suspect that much more difficult trials awaited them ahead. “Pugachevism” reached the Belogorsk fortress. Its small garrison fought courageously and bravely, without betraying the oath, but the forces were unequal. The fortress fell. After the capture of the Belogorsk fortress by the rebels, all officers, including the commandant, were executed. Masha’s mother Vasilisa Egorovna also died, and she herself miraculously remained alive, but fell into the hands of Shvabrin, who kept her locked up, persuading her to marry. Remaining faithful to her lover, Masha decided to die rather than become the wife of Shvabrin, whom she hated. Having learned about Masha's cruel fate, Grinev, risking his own life, begs Pugachev to free Masha, passing her off as the daughter of a priest. But Shvabrin tells Pugachev that Masha is the daughter of the deceased commandant of the fortress. With incredible efforts, Grinev still managed to save her and send her along with Savelich to. estate to his parents. It would seem that there should finally be a happy ending. However, the trials of the lovers did not end there. Grinev is arrested, accused of being in league with the rebels, and an unjust sentence is passed: exile to eternal settlement in Siberia. Having learned about this, Masha goes to St. Petersburg, where she hoped to find protection from the Empress as the daughter of a man who suffered for his loyalty to the Empress. Where did this timid provincial girl, who had never been to the capital, get such strength, such courage? Love gave her this strength, this courage. She also helped her achieve justice. Pyotr Grinev was released and all charges against him were dropped. Thus, faithful, devoted love helped the heroes of the story endure all the hardships and trials that befell them.
Story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" reveals many themes. One of the most important is the theme of love. At the center of the story mutual feelings young nobleman Pyotr Grinev and the captain's daughter Masha Mironova.
The first meeting of Peter and Masha
Masha Mironova represents the ideal of A.S. Pushkin, expressing fortitude, honor and dignity, the ability to defend one’s love, to sacrifice much for the sake of feelings. It is thanks to her that Peter gains true courage, his character is tempered, and the qualities of a real man are cultivated.
At the first meeting in the Belogorsk fortress, the girl did not make much of an impression on Grinev; she seemed young man a simpleton, especially since his friend Shvabrin spoke very unflatteringly about her.
The inner world of the captain's daughter
But very soon Peter realizes that Masha is a deep, well-read, sensitive girl. A feeling is born between young people, which imperceptibly develops into true, all-conquering love, capable of overcoming all the difficulties encountered along its way.
Trials on the path of heroes
For the first time, Masha shows her steadfastness and reasonableness of character when she does not agree to marry Petya without the blessing of her lover’s parents, because without this, simple human happiness will be impossible. For the sake of Grinev’s happiness, she is even ready to give up the wedding.
Second ordeal befalls the girl during the capture of the fortress by Pugachev's rebels. She loses both parents and is left alone surrounded by enemies. Alone, she withstands Shvabrin’s blackmail and pressure, preferring to remain faithful to her lover. Nothing - neither hunger, nor threats, nor serious illness - can force her to marry another person, whom she despises.
Happy ending
Pyotr Grinev finds an opportunity to save the girl. It becomes obvious that they will be together forever, that they are destined for each other. Then the young man’s parents accept her as their own, recognizing the depths of her soul and inner dignity. After all, it is she who saves him from slander and reprisals before the court.
This is how they save each other. In my opinion, they act as a guardian angel for each other. I think that for Pushkin, the relationship between Masha and Grinev is the ideal of a relationship between a man and a woman, headed by love, mutual respect and absolute devotion.
Love is a multifaceted feeling that inspires and makes a person more talented. When falling in love, people take on different challenges, and each person copes with them differently.
In the novel by A.S. In Pushkin’s “The Captain’s Daughter,” the love line was not introduced by chance, because it helps to reveal the images of the characters even more clearly and to better penetrate the meaning of the work.
First of all, the gaze falls on Maria Mironova, after whom the author names the novel.
Maria is a sincere, simple, but at the same time brave girl who has her own personal, “honest” principles. Masha is reasonable in relationships, so she refuses Grinev after receiving a letter from his father, who was against his son’s marriage. However, she is devoted in love, which is confirmed by the phrase: “I had better decided to die and will die if they don’t deliver me.” In this respect, Maria is similar to Pyotr Grinev, who is also faithful to his beloved.
Peter fell in love with Masha for her modesty and tenderness. In the captain's daughter he felt wonderful person. Grinev treated the object of his love with care, tried to protect Maria’s feelings, and wished her all the best.
The relationship between Grinev and Masha expresses the idea that love can change a person. Grinev entered the Belgorod fortress as an uncouth Petrusha, and served there as a strong and clever man Peter Grinev.
Unlike Grinev, Shvabrin loved Masha “selfishly”, was not able to understand that she had her own feelings and her own idea of happiness, the captain’s daughter was just a beautiful thing for him. Shvabrin did not win Masha’s favor because he was mean. The author does not immediately tell the whole truth about him, but with each disgusting act of Shvabrin, readers begin to realize his essence. “The sight of an officer lying at the feet of a runaway Cossack,” this quote proves that Shvabrin’s sense of fear dulls his sense of pride and nobility.
Grinev and Shvabrin are common nouns. After all, at present there are both Shvabrins, who do not value the feelings of other people, and Grinevs, whose presence in the world gives us hope for the best.
In the image of Vasilisa Egorovna, the author presented a simple Russian woman, selfless, able to make an important decision. Quote: “An old woman in a padded jacket and with a scarf on her head was sitting by the window,” confirms that Vasilisa Egorovna was from ordinary people. Her speech characteristics also convey her simplicity: “I ask you to love and favor,” she often expressed herself in sayings.
Ivan Kuzmich is also very interesting image works. He did not rise to high ranks, perhaps because he did not know how to lie and flatter his superiors, but remained a patriot of his homeland and accepted a noble death from Pugachev.
The author considers the relationship between Vasilisa Egorovna and Ivan Kuzmich to be exemplary, because together they managed to overcome many life difficulties; honor and loyalty to duty were a priority for them until the end of their days. The author sometimes treats with condescending irony married couple, because in Vasilisa Egorovna’s love for her husband there is a lot of motherly, their relationship is imbued with tenderness, which does not prevent them from making fun of each other. Vasilisa Egorovna and Ivan Kuzmich can serve as an example of an ideal family.
Topics covered by Pushkin through the introduction love line relevant. The story says that all difficulties can be overcome, the main thing is to be true to your principles, avoid “selfishness”, and treat people with understanding.
Updated: 2016-09-09
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The theme of love in the poetry of A.S. Pushkin.
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"Captain's daughter".
In 1836, at the end of his life, A. S. Pushkin wrote one of the most beautiful works- "Captain's daughter". He seems to be fulfilling his promise made in lyrical digressions Chapter 3 of "Eugene Onegin":
Perhaps, by the will of heaven,
I will stop being a poet
A new demon will possess me...
I will stoop to despicable prose;
Then a novel in the old way
It will take my cheerful sunset.
But I’ll just tell you
Traditions of the Russian family,
Love's captivating dreams
Yes, the morals of our antiquity.
(Wrote A.S. Pushkin in 1824).
Pushkin is married. He now has a large family, for whose well-being he is responsible before God. Now life has presented him with new questions: what should be the relationship between family members? What is the role of the father in the family? what is the role of the mother? how to raise children? What is the family for, its purpose?
He answered all these questions in The Captain's Daughter. But even before this novel, there was a book that gave detailed answers to many of these questions - this is “Domostroy”. And we feel that Pushkin studied it. The poet wrote the words: “Genius reveals the truth at one glance.” And with the insight of a genius, having seen its essence, its rational grains and, consequently, the Orthodox point of view on the family (Domostroi is based on the teaching of the Holy Fathers about the family and economy), he creates his own view of the family in the work “The Captain's Daughter”.
G. Fedotov in one of his articles he said that “the longer Pushkin lives, the deeper the Christian seeds grow in him.” He wrote the novel “The Captain's Daughter” on the eve of his death (three months), and it seems to me that this is the “most Orthodox” work of A. S. Pushkin.
Theme of the Father.
It is impossible not to notice that one of the most important topics in "The Captain's Daughter" - the theme of the Father, his role in the family.
Let's turn to Christianity, how does it talk about the father?
The Heavenly Father acts, first of all, as a merciful Father, endlessly loving and forgiving. People also say this: He is long-suffering and abounding in mercy.
“The Lord is not slack in fulfilling his promise, as some count slackness; but is patient with us for a long time, not wanting anyone to perish, but for everyone to come to repentance.”
God - loving Father. He is unusually close to us, but we must approach Him with complete reverence and awe - Thy will be done! Christianity speaks of the vertical relationship of the Creator to creation, to man.
It is precisely this attitude that we see in the Grinev family from the father to the household members: what the father said is a final and irrevocable decision, and is not subject to discussion. Moreover, it is accepted in advance as the only correct and fair one by both the son and the mother. Without his father's blessing, Peter does not undertake a single fateful act. (No leaving for service, no marriage).
And in another family - the Mironovs - it’s the same. When it became clear to everyone that the matter brewed by Pugachev was taking a sharp turn, Vasilisa Egorovna said: “Ivan Kuzmich, God is free in life and in death: bless Masha. Masha, come to your father.” And in this family the father is the head. They don't start lunch without it.
Both families in this work have vertical relationships. Exactly the way they should be, according to Pushkin. An interesting fact is that after A.S. Pushkin’s wedding, his mother-in-law, Natalya Ivanovna, tried to take control of his family into her own hands. But she failed, and thus Pushkin proved that a man is the master of the house. He also believed that the father's blessing was especially important.
Why is the father's blessing absolutely necessary? What does it mean?
In the book of Sirach we read;
“The father’s blessing establishes the children’s homes” (Sirach 3:9).
"Do not seek glory in the dishonor of your father, for the dishonor of your father is not your glory. A man's glory comes from the honor of his father." (Sirach 3:10).
The father's blessing, as we see, has enormous power.
So, Pushkin’s opinion coincides with the truths of the Bible.
The husband is the head of the family not because he is a man, but because he is the image of Christ in the family. A father must present an image of boundless love, devoted, selfless love, love that is ready to do anything to save, protect, console, delight, and educate his family.
Misunderstanding of the role of the father as the deputy of the Heavenly Father, responsible before God for the family, leads to a distortion of the entire spiritual life, and as a result, the family life.
"The Captain's Daughter" also answers the question of what is the role of the mother in the family.
Mother's theme.
If the father is the Vicar of God on earth, then the prototype for a woman is the Mother of God. This was the understanding among the people.
Pushkin’s attitude towards the Mother of God was complex. I remember the creative spring of 1821. It occupies a special place, in my opinion, in the history of his work.
Holy Week 1821 fell between April 5-11. It was an alarming week: the poet wrote "Rebekah" and the program of a blasphemous poem, full of sensuality and shamelessness. This poem is known as "Gavriliad" since its hero is the Archangel Gabriel. The poem has 500 lines, part of it is carefully finished, which means it was not written all at once, although there is not a single draft, not a single autograph has reached us. The poet then destroyed everything. He will write: “An incomprehensible emotion attracted me to the evil one.”
The demons swirled, twisted the poet into this fatal Holy Week. Although at the same time he wrote the bright “Muse” and suddenly, interrupting “important hymns inspired by the gods”, drowning out “love for the lofty”, other, giggling voices burst into his singing, small demons flash around him.
A year and a half later I sent this joke to P. Vyazemsky among other “dirty tricks”. Vyazemsky was delighted with “Gavriliad” and wrote: “Pushkin sent me one of his wonderful pranks.” And he is not alone, but many enthusiastic Russian readers of Voltaire’s flat, obscene “Virgin,” Love adventures in the Bible" and "Wars of the Gods" The guys accepted and approved of "Gavriliad" as a funny joke. They would not tolerate jokes about liberal ideas, but they were allowed to make fun of the Mother of God.
In "Gavriliad" last time the remnants of the original French literary influences and frivolous atheism, among which Pushkin’s bookish youth passed, affected.
The last lines of this poem sound like an eerie prophecy. These lines are especially terrible for us, who know what kind of death awaited the poet:
But the days pass, and time turns gray
My head will be silently silvered
And an important marriage with a kind wife
Before the altar he will unite me;
Joseph is a wonderful comforter!
I beg you, on bended knee,
Oh, horned protector and guardian,
Please bless me then.
Grant me blessed patience
I pray you, send it to me again and again
Peaceful sleep, confidence in your spouse,
There is peace in the family and love for one's neighbor.
Like demons, grimacing and laughing, in a magic mirror they vaguely outlined his own future before the poet. And he laughed with them, not knowing that he was laughing at himself. But, as you know, “what you laugh at, you will serve.”
In 1828, the case of "Gavriliad" arose and there is something terrible in the fact that a blasphemous poem forced a sincere honest Pushkin lie, humiliate, renounce - Pushkin, who never renounced political poems, even the most harsh ones.
In 1826, when the poet had already created "Prophet" he suddenly writes, “You are the Mother of God, there is no doubt...” Not without wit, he plays on the image of a woman who has aroused love for herself. She gives birth to cupid, the god of love, and therefore becomes the “Mother of God.” And then again playful thoughts addressed to the true Mother of God. Why such insensitivity? Why does the poet, who had a “classical sense of proportion and is not mistaken?” artistic taste" (I.A. Ilyin) there was no desire to stop. Unfortunately, there is still no true reverence when thinking about God, about the spiritual. Although in the fairy tale "O dead princess and the seven heroes" princess "to the character of such a meek one."
In a poem "Madonna"(1830) Pushkin paints the Virgin Mary and Her Child like this:
She with greatness, He with reason in his eyes -
We looked, meek, in glory and rays
My wishes came true. Creator
Sent you to me, you, my Madonna.
Yes, he loves Natalya Nikolaevna Goncharova. Yes, she is beautiful, but in her comparison comparison
makes almost blasphemous. The final line of the sonnet rings false:
Pure beauty the purest sample
The word "lovely" in the dictionary IN AND. Dahl is given in the following interpretation:
seduction, charm that seduces to the highest degree; deception, temptation, cunning, deceit, slyness, seduction from evil spirit.
In Pushkin, the word “charm” sounds in positive value.
This is the background to this issue. But in "The Captain's Daughter" Pushkin's view of the Mother of God is absolutely Orthodox man. To be convinced of this, let us turn to the Life Mother of God.
The Mother of God possessed many Virtues, but the highest of them are three: the deepest humility, fiery love for God, physical and spiritual purity.
If the mother possesses these qualities, then peace, tranquility, prosperity, and order will reign in the house. According to Domostroi, there was a clear division of responsibilities in the family, a division of labor between spouses. In “Domostroy” she is the mistress of the house, so many women were characterized by “strong courage and immutable intelligence - qualities that are certainly masculine, which is why they could firmly rule another home - Russia. Russian history shows the strong Russian character of both Princess Olga and Martha Posadnitsy. But the last word in the family it was still the father. He had the right to punish and exercised general leadership in the house.
There are two families in the novel. Let's see what the role of the mother is in the family.
The Grinev family.
In the Grinevs' house, the mother takes care of the housework. We find her making jam, literally on the very first pages.
When a husband needs his son’s passport, he turns to his wife, she knows where and what is, there must be order in the house.
The basis of life was work, hence the sharp condemnation of laziness, idleness, drunkenness - everything that distracts from work.
Peter is seventeen years old, and he is still chasing pigeons and playing with a kite. His father dramatically changes his lifestyle: “so as not to hang himself.”
The thought of imminent separation “struck mother so much that she dropped the spoon into the saucepan, and tears streamed down her face.” She knew her husband’s character well: “he did not like to change his intentions or delay their implementation.” But, as we see, Peter also knew this, he knew and respected his father for it. “His word did not diverge from his deed.” The day of Petrusha’s departure was also set. As expected, everything was prepared for him for the journey; his mother took care of it. Seeing off her son, she “in tears” ordered him to take care of his health. This shows us her humility.
When Pyotr Andreich "loaded up" in the Simbirsk tavern, Savelich read him an instruction: "... And who did you go to? It seems that neither the father nor the grandfather were drunkards; there is nothing to say about mother: ... from birth, except for kvass, they didn’t deign to take anything from their mouths...” Savelich’s remark is also a characteristic of Peter’s parents.
Let us recall another episode where we see the role of the mother in the Grinevs’ house: “The washerwoman Palashka... and the cowwoman Akulka,” as Pyotr Grinev writes in his memoirs, “complaining with tears about the monsieur who had seduced their inexperience, they threw themselves at mother’s feet, apologizing in criminal weakness." And he continues: “Mother didn’t like to joke about this and complained to the priest” (remember, only the father could punish). To remain silent in such a situation and not to punish is to indulge immorality. This is how the image of Pyotr Grinev’s mother emerges quite clearly from individual strokes. Every family has children. Raising children is a difficult task. The theme of education is also in the Gospel.
We know the four Gospels, but in them the Mother of God belonging phrases- just a few.
First episode. When Jesus was 12 years old, they came to Jerusalem for a feast. At the end
holidays were returning home. He was not among his relatives and friends. Not finding Him, they returned to Jerusalem, looking for Him. They found Him three days later "in the temple, sitting in the midst of the teachers, listening to them and asking Him; ... And His Mother said to Him: Child! What have You done to us? Behold, Your father and I have been looking for You with great sorrow" [Lk . 2,45,48].
But there is a similar episode in the Grinev family. Having learned about his injury in a duel with Shvabrin, the father writes in a letter to his son: “Your mother, having learned about your duel, fell ill and is now lying down.” And also the lines: “What will become of you? I pray to God that you will improve, although I have no hope for His great mercy.”
The mother fell ill at the thought that her son could have been killed. Perhaps an equally terrible thought flashed through: “Have I gone astray from the true path?” Peter's parents also probably mentally exclaimed: “Child! What have you done to us?”
We see great mother's love, but also filial too. Having received a letter from his father, Peter says: “... what upset me most of all was the news of my mother’s illness.” He always says the word "mother" in relation to her. And her father calls her that, which means he loves her and feels sorry for her, despite all the severity, even the severity of his character.
The entire life of the Mother of God was spent in anxiety for her Son. Let us remember the following episode from Her life.
After fasting for forty days, the Lord returned to Galilee. He taught in synagogues and was glorified. He also came to Nazareth, where he was raised, and also taught in the synagogue. But the envious scribes and Pharisees began to reason among themselves: what kind of new teaching is this? We know this Teacher. He is the son of a carpenter, a Galilean. Ridicule and curses rained down on Him. Jesus rebuked them. Their hearts were filled with rage, they drove Jesus out of the city and took him to the top of the mountain to overthrow Him from there. At this time, the Mother of God was in Nazareth, she hurried there. From the furious screams and angry faces of the Nazarenes, the Mother of God understood what horrors threatened Her Son. But His hour had not yet come. Jesus passed among them unharmed and departed from Nazareth.
Tradition also indicates the location of the event: this mountain is located on the southern side of Nazareth. And on the upper ledge, through the zeal of the first Christians, in memory of the torment endured here by the Mother of God, the “Church of the Frightened Mother” was built.
Each mother can be given one such “Church of the Frightened Mother”. Including the mother of Peter Grinev.
The most terrible event throughout the life of the Virgin Mary - the crucifixion of the Son, Her presence at the Cross. The Gospel of John says: “At the Cross of Jesus stood His Mother and His Mother’s sister...” There is no indication anywhere that she uttered a word. Numb with suffering, she remained silent and watched. Are there words with which She could console Her Son? Moreover, She knew that He was born for this hour. But church poetry says that the Mother’s lips whispered: “The world rejoices, accepting deliverance from You, and My womb lit at form, How crucified You... » The Mother of God always suffered in silence. To suffer in silence was her lot on earth. Sometimes they talk about the cause of death like this: he bled to death. So the Mother of God had an eternal procession of invisible martyrdom.
Every mother has her own Golgotha, for the Grinev family this is the news of their son’s betrayal.
When the Grinevs' parents received the news that Peter had been arrested for participating "in the plans of the rebels" and that only "out of respect for the merits and advanced years of his father" Catherine II pardoned Peter and ordered him to be exiled "to the remote region of Siberia for an eternal settlement, everyone suffered. The rumor about him The arrest “struck the whole... family,” and my father “this unexpected blow almost killed.”
Peter's mother cries silently, in front of her father she “didn’t dare to cry,” “to restore his cheerfulness,” “frightened by his despair.” When the pain of the heart is unbearable, you really want to scream, moan, cry out loud. And here the situation is such that the mother cannot even cry. Then at such moments you burn with an unquenchable fire.
Precisely the words of the Mother of God "My womb is burning" best and most accurately reflect the state of Pyotr Grinev’s mother.
As we see, the correlation between the life of the Mother of God and a simple Russian woman is obvious.
Mironov family.
The story shows another family - the Mironov family.
Pyotr Andreevich Grinev came to serve in Belogorsk fortress, came to Captain Mironov to introduce himself and report his arrival: “I entered a clean room, decorated in the old-fashioned way.”
It was as if he had found himself in his native element. The captain was not there, and Vasilisa Egorovna, his wife, ordered everything. For her, the fortress is home. She manages all household affairs: “She looked at the affairs of the service as if they were her master’s, and managed the fortress as accurately as her own house.” She ordered the constable to be called and ordered: “Maksimych! Give the mister officer an apartment, and a cleaner one... Take Pyotr Andreevich to Semyon Kuzov.” Immediately she turns to him with a question: “Well, Maksimych, is everything all right?”
“Everything, thank God, is quiet,” the Cossack answered, “only Corporal Prokhorov got into a fight in the bathhouse with Ustinya Negulina for the gang.” hot water. Here he immediately asks:
Ivan Ignatyich! - the captain said to the crooked old man. - Sort out Prokhorov and Ustinya, who is right and who is wrong. Punish both of them.
The advice is correct: in a quarrel, both are always to blame.
She herself punishes Grinev and Shvabrin for the duel. Ivan Ignatich says: “She ordered everything without the knowledge of the commandant.”
Shvabrin calmly noted that only Ivan Kuzmich could judge them, “that’s his business.” The commandant objected: “... aren’t husband and wife one spirit and one flesh?”
Grinev was received... “like family.” In the fortress there is a domestic hierarchy of values. Rhythm Everyday life"cabbage soup" and "guests" dictate. Vasilisa Yegorovna says to Palashka: “Tell the master: the guests are waiting, the cabbage soup will catch a cold.” They don't start dinner without their father. The head of the house here is the father. During dinner, Vasilisa Yegorovna did not stop talking for a minute and said to Pyotr Grinev: “And here, my father, we only have one girl, Palashka; thank God, we live small. One problem: Masha; a dowry? a fine comb, a broom, and an altyn of money (God forgive me!), with which to go to the bathhouse. It’s good if you find a kind person; It seems that they live very calmly, but this is apparent calm. Vasilisa Egorovna said out loud what her soul ached about every day. And she, as we see, lived in constant anxiety for the fate of her daughter.
In quiet times, the fortress was “ruled” by Vasilisa Egorovna. But when the fortress was besieged by Pugachev, when the matter took sharp turn and when the bullets began to whistle past her ears, she became subdued, turned to her husband and said: “Ivan Kuzmich, in life and death God is free: bless Masha. Masha, come.” Then she says: “Let’s send Masha. Don’t even ask me in a dream: I won’t go. There’s no point in me parting with you in my old age and looking for a lonely grave on a foreign side. Live together, die together.”
AnthonySurozhsky wrote that for the sake of the husband and wife she must “leave everything, forget everything, break away from everything out of love for him and follow him wherever he goes, if necessary, even to suffering, if necessary - to the Cross.”
That’s what Vasilisa Egorovna did.
So, in The Captain's Daughter there are two families.
In both, the parents' marriages were for love. Vasilisa Egorovna and Avdotya Vasilievna were women, wives, housewives, mothers.
Peter Grinev's father "married the girl Avdotya Vasilyevna Yu., the daughter of a poor nobleman." People usually don’t marry a poor woman under duress. We lived in harmony. Married a girl. Pushkin emphasized. He has every word in its place.
Blessing his daughter, Captain Mironov said: “If there is a kind person, God give you love and advice. Live as Vasilisa Egorovna and I lived.” And in this family love, peace reigned, they held on to their love for each other.
But this one began family world from the image of a girl who later becomes a faithful wife. Let's see how and how the author of the work draws the image of a girl.
For the first time we see Masha Mironova through the eyes of Pyotr Grinev: “Then a girl of about eighteen came in, chubby, ruddy, with light brown hair, combed smoothly behind her ears, which were on fire.” Flaming ears indicate her modesty. Next we read: “At first glance, I didn’t really... like her.” Grinev, because Shvabrin described her as “a complete fool.” She came in, “sat down in the corner and began to sew.” And Masha was not raised to be a slacker. And his words sound like a conclusion: “I found in her a prudent and sensitive girl.” By that time he had formed his own view of the girl. “Prudence,” according to Dahl, is prudence in words and deeds, worldly wisdom, useful caution and prudence. "Sensitive" - impressionable, who has keen feelings, highly developed moral feelings, again according to Dahl.
Pyotr Andreevich takes a dowry-free woman as his wife. But Savelich is right when he says, “that such a bride does not need a dowry.” Her prudence, her purity, chastity, the fire of her love for God - this is her best dowry.
The saints greatly extol the purity of the body. It is no coincidence that “the Lord, Jesus Christ wanted to have His Pure Mother, putting on Her pure flesh, as in royal purple,” according to the church fathers.
The feat of virginity, chastity, about which the venerable SeraphimSarovsky spoke as about the highest feat, today it acquires special beauty. "Virginity is the highest of all virtues, virtue. And even if they lacked others good deeds“, then this alone would be enough to replace all other virtues - virginity is an equally angelic state,” Masha possessed spiritual and physical purity - these are the traits of the Mother of God. She also has a fiery love for God.
Marya Ivanovna is as firm in her faith as flint. The poor girl is wooed by Shvabrin, “a smart man, with a good family name, and has a fortune.” But she doesn’t marry him. Why? Here is her answer: “... but when I think that it will be necessary to kiss him under the aisle in front of everyone... No way! not for any well-being!” She, a beggar, does not want to get material well-being at such a price. In the face of God, people lie that they love the unloved! She does not want impurity, insincerity of heart. She wants to be clean not only in body and soul, but also with her lips. At first, Peter’s father did not give his blessing to his son to marry the captain’s daughter: he did not know then what kind of treasure this girl was. And she refused to marry Grinev without the blessing of his parents, keeping Peter from sin. Then she tells him: “If you love someone else... I will pray for you.” Note “for you”, not “for you”. This is an example of pure, high Christian love. She never spoke a word against her parents. Pushkin emphasizes her humility, meekness, spiritual and physical purity, chastity, ardent love for God, that is, Masha possesses the traits of the Mother of God. And for her purity, the Lord rewards her with prudence - prudence, and the gift of reasoning is given to those “who are pure in heart, body and lips” (“The Ladder”). The Fathers of the Church say that “humility is the ability to see the truth.” And she was given this. She gives a correct assessment of Shvabrin, saying about him: “He is very disgusting to me, but it’s strange: I wouldn’t want for anything in the world if he didn’t like me the same way.” She saw his anger.
Pushkin thereby wants to say that Masha Mironova’s parents fulfilled their task, their parental destiny, raising a wonderful daughter.
Pushkin, when he was about to marry Natalya Nikolaevna, also asked his parents for their blessing:
"I ask for your blessing not as a mere formality, but because it necessary for our happiness. May the second half of my life bring you more comfort than my sad youth."
As we see, he came to understand the need for this. But he also understood something else: the power of his mother’s prayer. His letters to his wife very often ended with the words:
"Christ is with you, my children... I kiss and baptize Masha, Red Sashka and you. The Lord is with you... Farewell, all mine. Christ is risen, Christ is with you... I hug you, I bless the children, you too. Everyone Every day you pray, standing in the corner." (July 14, 1834)
“I thank you for praying to God on your knees in the middle of the room. I pray to God little and hope that your pure prayer is better than mine both for me and for us” (August 3, 1834).
And these were not just ritual words, but an expression of genuine feelings. With relatives, dear people Pushkin did not play with words, especially with such words: he knew their value too well.
Let's remember the next episode. Marya Ivanovna went to St. Petersburg “to seek patronage and help from strong people, like the daughter of a man who suffered for his fidelity." Peter’s mother prayed for her son, for the successful completion of the matter. There is nothing higher than a mother’s prayer. And she helps her son. It is said: a mother’s prayer will reach him from the bottom of the sea. This is what they say only about a mother’s prayer. Her own He transferred his understanding of his mother’s prayer to the pages of the story.
AND. A. Ilyin writes:
“Pushkin searched and studied all his life... And what he found, he found not as abstract reflection, but as his own being. Himself was becoming what he taught to be. He taught not by teaching, and not by wanting to teach, but by becoming and embodying.”
Let us remember: “marriage is a kind of asceticism, renunciation. A strict, religious, moral marriage is only a slightly softened monasticism - monasticism alone or with children as disciples,” wrote K. Leontyev.
In church, crowns are worn over the heads of those getting married; these crowns are symbols of martyrdom. Martyrdom because a person decides to live for another, stepping over his egoism and giving up life for himself. And this is not for one day, but for life.
After all, love is a desire, a desire to give oneself everything to another. This is exactly how Pushkin understood marriage.
This is exactly what the outstanding Russian philosopher emphasizes in his article about Pushkin IN. WITH. Soloviev.
ABOUT education.
In "The Captain's Daughter" the theme of education is clearly visible. Let's listen to what the Church Fathers say about this.
“Everything for parents should be secondary in comparison with caring about raising children,” taught JohnZlatoust.
A. S. Pushkin wrote from Mikhailovsky to his brother:
“Do you know my activities? Before lunch I write notes, I have lunch late; after lunch I ride horseback, in the evening I listen to fairy tales - and thereby compensate for the shortcomings of my damned upbringing. What a charm these fairy tales are.” (1824, November). We know that Pushkin did not receive proper education as a child.
He will say again: “Lack of education is the root of all evil.” (He apparently judges this from his own experience).
But in the story, the parents work and raised their children to be hardworking. The Mironovs’ house is always clean, daughter Masha knew how to sew.
In the Grinevs' house, the mother is always at work, but they did not spoil their son either, they did not want him to grow up as a slacker, and they sent him to the service.
"Education... must tell the child new way life. Its main task is not to fill the memory and not to educate the intellect, but to ignite the heart,” he said AND. A. Ilyin, wonderful Russian philosopher, about the purpose of education.
The parents in both families were believers and raised their children like this: they lit the hearts of their children with fire Great love to God. In everything difficult moments all members of the Grinev family live trusting in the mercy of God. But Pushkin, at the end of his life, came to the same thought: main task families is education children V God, believers And living By laws God.
UpbringingatGrinev plays a very important role. The head of the family is the father (as already noted), and his order is part of the upbringing of Pyotr Grinev. Pyotr Andreevich never disobeys his parents, and this shows us his prudence. An excellent example for his son is his father himself, who was a “respectable man,” as the general calls him. His parents early childhood took care of raising their son. They hire him a French teacher so that he is brought up no worse than others. But, having learned about the tricks of Monsieur Beaupré, the father immediately removes him from the teenager. In this way he intuitively follows the truth of the Gospel: “Do not be deceived: bad communities corrupt good morals. .
We again find clear examples that raising children in the Grinev and Mironov families was truly successful in the story:
When Peter was arrested, they put a chain on his feet and shackled it tightly, he realized that such a beginning did not bode well, and therefore, “he resorted to the consolation of all those who mourned and, for the first time tasting the sweetness of prayer poured out from a pure but torn heart, calmly I fell asleep, not caring what would happen to me." Completely relied on the will of God. Peter always relies only on God at critical moments. When Pugachev occupied the fortress and hanged the commandant of the fortress, Ivan Ignatievich, it was Peter’s turn. When Pugachev gave the command: “Hang him!”, Peter “began to read a prayer to himself, bringing to God sincere repentance for all sins and begging Him for the salvation of all those close to my heart.” Peter loves his father very much. He has a dream: he arrived “to the master’s courtyard ... of the estate.” He even worries in his sleep: “My first thought was the fear that my father would be angry with me for my involuntary return to my parents’ roof and would consider me for deliberate disobedience.” This is not the fear of punishment, it is the fear of losing the love of the father.
Peter Grinev, when he sent Masha to his family, was not worried about her fate, since he knew that she would be accepted by his parents “with that sincere cordiality that distinguished the people of the old century. They saw the grace of God in the fact that they had the opportunity to shelter and caress the poor orphan." He speaks so highly of his parents. Being away from home, he realized what his parents were like.
The Mironov family also loves God. Blessing his daughter, the father gives Masha an order: “Pray to God: he will not leave you.”
After the death of her father and mother, left homeless, without a piece of bread, “having neither relatives nor patrons,” she writes in a note to Pyotr Grinev: “God was pleased to suddenly deprive me of my father and mother”... We, the present, when trouble happens to us, we perceive everything differently - as punishment, and only ask: “Lord, why did you punish me?! Why me?” We grumble, but she thanks God for the suffering. Maria Ivanovna believes in God so much that she always relies on His love in everything, knowing that He does everything for the good of man. It often amazes modern reader. Pushkin understood everything correctly: we must thank God for both sorrow and joy.
When Ivan Kuzmich was late for dinner, Vasilisa Yegorovna said to him: “... I should have sat at home and prayed to God, it would have been better that way...”
That is, just faith is enough and everything will be fine - it was Pushkin who first expressed this idea. It will be expressed later F. M. Dostoevsky as a result of his thoughts:
“The Russian people are all in Orthodoxy. They don’t have anything else in them - and they don’t need to, because Orthodoxy is everything.”
This is what he talks about NikolayVasilevichGogol in "Selected places from correspondence with friends":
“This (Orthodox) Church... alone is able to resolve all... our questions.”
The love of Masha and Peter has passed the test of life. For Masha’s sake, he travels from Orenburg to Pugachev’s camp to rescue her from Shvabrin. But she also agreed that it would be better to die, but not to be Shvabrin’s wife. They went through all the trials that befell everyone with dignity, and deserved each other, because people say that good husband or a wife must be earned.
The parents of Masha and Peter fulfilled their duty, but they, in turn, raised good children.
"Their descendants prosper in the Simbirsk province."
This is how it should be, for the Lord Himself instills faith in a person with the words:
“I was young and old, and I have not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his descendants begging for bread: he has mercy every day and lends, and his descendants will be a blessing.”
[Ps. 36, 25-26]
The epilogue of the novel speaks specifically about the prosperity of descendants. Peter and Masha had children, and the serfs - only three hundred souls, which are now owned by ten people, but they live together and prosper.
Grandchildren continue to develop the traditions of their fathers. They were kind and offered the author his grandfather’s diary themselves, having heard that he was going to write about those times. They also keep Catherine’s letter, which praises “the mind and heart of the captain’s daughter.” One can be proud of Catherine’s praise, for she was a good judge of people (according to IN. ABOUT. Klyuchevsky).
Conclusions.
So, in The Captain's Daughter there are three images of women. In three images - the fate and example of the Russian woman in the concept of Pushkin. From the bride (Masha Mironova) to the wife who will go to Calvary for her husband (Vasilisa Egorovna). Isn’t this his view of a woman, a family, the upbringing and future of children?
"The Captain's Daughter", in my opinion, is Pushkin's great repentance before the Mother of God and his last forgiveness to his already departed mother.
Pushkin once said about the Gospel: “There is a book in which every word is interpreted, explained, preached to all ends of the earth, applied to all possible circumstances of life and events of the world.” In the story, he showed us the correlation between the fate of a Russian woman and the fate of the Mother of God, the main milestones, stages of Her life - these are also the milestones, stages of the fate of any woman: a girl, pure soul and body, modest; when she gets married, becoming a wife and mother, she begins her eternal journey through martyrdom with invisible blood: “Child! What have you done to us!”, “My Womb is Burning!”, “Church of the Frightened Mother.”
And this correlation is obvious, moreover, it is one of the evaluation criteria women's destinies.
Final thoughts on the topic.
The poet and I experienced pure youthful love with its heart frozen with fear and trembling with delight; And the numbness of the lips from the greatness of grief unrequited love; but also the fullness of happiness, where
And deity and inspiration,
And life, and tears, and love;
And also jealousy to the point of gnashing of teeth and self-denial in the name of the happiness of your beloved: “...God grant that your beloved be different” the way you were loved by me.
Life is difficult, it confronted the poet with a problem love triangle, that is, “freedom of feelings.” Pushkin told us that freedom of feelings will always color life in tragic tones, and offered a solution to the problem, salvation: “I will be faithful to him forever,” that is, fulfillment of duty. The decision is correct, because the poet suffered through torment, in the struggle with his conscience, with his passionate heart.
He is against such love, when only the lust of the body is satisfied, when “everything goes into the body,” he is for real, pure, high love. Beauty is purity.
IN last years he glorifies girlish purity. Moreover, he warns readers that love, which serves only to satisfy lust, perverts human nature, his nature, which we are witnessing today.
How modern Pushkin is! We all want to put it somewhere on a distant shelf, but it just won’t disappear into the academic wilderness. He is alive, always modern and, in his versatility and genius, our eternal companion and mentor.
The writer, with his brilliant story “The Captain's Daughter,” answered many questions (they are indicated at the beginning of the work). But I would like to draw attention to the fate of the Russian woman in the work. We clearly see its correlation with the life of the Mother of God and Her destiny. The milestones and stages of Her life are the milestones and stages of the life of an earthly woman: girlhood with its mental and physical purity, meekness and humility; life in marriage, almost equal to monastic asceticism, full of anxiety, tragedy, when lips, parched with grief, often whisper: “Child! What have you done to us?”, “My womb is burning...” Every woman has her own Golgotha, and every woman can have her own Church of the Frightened Mother.
Of course, we all understand that the Son of the Mother of God atoned for the sins of the world and the suffering of the Mother of God is immeasurable. It is blasphemous to even compare the torment of the Mother of God and the torment of a simple woman. We carry only our sins, but due to our weakness, this burden seems terrible and unbearable to us.
The words spoken by the Mother of God on wedding feast in Cana of Galilee: “What will He say, That do it” is a crown, a reward for any mother. But not every mother can say them about her son, but only the one who raised wonderful person.
“The Captain’s Daughter,” I think, is Pushkin’s great and modest repentance to the Mother of God, and his last “forgiveness.”
Bibliography:
Hieromonk Philadelph "The Zealous Intercessor", M., Russian Spiritual Center, 1992 ..
Goricheva T. Christianity and modern world. St. Petersburg, "Aletheia", 1996
Ilyin I.A. "Pushkin's prophetic calling" (article)
Nepomnyashchiy V. Poet and fate. M., " Soviet writer", 1983
A.A. Akhmatova Article about Pushkin
