Thematic direction path. Presentation - Preparation for the essay - Thematic direction “The Path. Fourth direction "The Path"

The concept of a path is very broad and multifaceted. This is a road in the literal sense of the word, that same movement in space, which often becomes the basis for the spatio-temporal organization of a work. And the path in the philosophical sense: the path of life, the moral ascent of a person. And fate is a blind rock that, like a stormy river, carries a person powerless to change anything.
In a literary work, the road can be a compositional basis. For example, in N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls,” the main character Chichikov travels from one landowner to another. Much of the narrative is built on these meetings. Scientists have long noticed that landowners are located on the path of the protagonist according to the increase in their main characteristic (wastefulness or hoarding). So, for example, Nozdryov’s tendency to waste is more pronounced than Manilov’s, and Korobochka is not such a money-grubber as Sobakevich. Plyushkin is distinguished by the highest manifestation of both one and the other qualities, which proves their ability to get along in one person.
But the image of the path in this poem also has a symbolic meaning. This is a person’s life path, his psychological dynamics.
It is interesting that only two heroes of this work have a backstory: Plyushkin and Chichikov himself. Researchers believe that the author is thereby hinting to us: only these heroes have a future. To grow, you need roots; In order to change somehow, you need the past. Indeed, we know that in the continuation of the poem N.V. Gogol was going to talk about the “second birth” of Chichikov, who was supposed to become an honest man. For this reason, it is generally accepted that both Chichikov and Plyushkin, unlike other landowners, can be considered “living souls.”
The path as a road and as fate is depicted in M.A. Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of a Man.” The hero of this work, Andrei Sokolov, having lost his home, becomes both literally and figuratively a wanderer. He works as a truck driver and is always on the road. Andrei finds something like a home, a refuge when he adopts Vanyushka, but soon he again has to leave everything behind. Because of a hit-and-run cow, Sokolov’s driver’s license is taken away, and the hero, along with his adopted son, has to go look for work in other places. Wandering is both a component of Sokolov’s profession and his share after he became homeless in every sense: his house was destroyed by a shell, his family died, the meaning of life was lost. It is no coincidence that Andrei sees his loved ones in nightmares, who are unattainable for him.
At the same time, the motive of the path in this story also has the meaning of fate. Rock carries Andrei through life, like the wind - a torn leaf. The hero can only accept his lot with dignity. He cannot reverse an unfavorable fate, but even in such circumstances he can preserve the dignity of a person and the ability to sympathize with the weak and take care of the defenseless. Vanyushka becomes not just his adopted son, Andrei needs him just as much, if not more, than Andrei needs him. The boy is a kind of anchor holding the main character of the story on the brink of physical and moral death.
Often in literature we come across the image of the path as a kind of moral vector. For example, in F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment,” the author depicts the spiritual path of Rodion Raskolnikov from admiration for the “great man” Napoleon through disappointment in himself as “having the right” to kill for the sake of a high goal - to the realization of the fallacy of the very goal and the very understanding about greatness. This path is given to the hero with great difficulty, because he wanders in the dark, having lost his moral guidelines. To make the path meaningful, you need signposts. But Raskolnikov has almost none of them. The hero’s only guideline at the beginning of the novel is Napoleon’s path: through blood to greatness. A lot of time must pass before the hero understands: his ideal is not a guiding star, but a crafty swamp light that lures a rash traveler into a trap. And then Raskolnikov suddenly reveals another moral guideline. This is the Gospel, namely the story of the resurrection of Lazarus. This passage, reminding us that everything is possible with God, that even the dead can be resurrected, and a sinner can be corrected, seems to offer Rodion a different path. This is not the path of a strong and cruel warrior. This is the difficult and narrow path of a humble sinner, aware of his imperfection.
Very often in a literary work the path is understood as a crossroads, a choice. This motif can be found in many books. Their hero is faced with a difficult and often ambiguous choice, which has fateful significance for him. For example, in M.A. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita” many characters are faced with the need to make an important decision. Pontius Pilate, realizing that Yeshua Ha-Nozri is innocent, still sentences him to death. The reason for this is the fear that he himself might be reported to the emperor. The procurator pays for his wrong choice with centuries of suffering and repentance for his deeds. Another example can be given. Margarita, in gratitude for playing the role of hostess of the ball during Walpurgis Night, asks Woland to bring her and the Master back, not realizing that returning to the past is death. And as a result, both of them and the Master die and receive “peace.” Berlioz also makes his choice. He believes that after death nothing awaits him - and he receives this “nothing”. That is, the choice made here, in our world, within the usual space-time framework, has significance for the posthumous state of a person - outside of time and space in the usual sense.
The path motif is found very often in literary works. But it is truly multifaceted and sounds different for each writer. However, in any case, it is more complex than just an image of the road in a spatial sense. This motive, as shown above, also has philosophical significance.

Thematic areas of the final essay 2015

Everything remains the same: you are offered thematic areas for preparation, and you will learn specific topics 15 minutes before the start of the exam. There will be a lot of topics and, most likely, you won’t be able to guess them.

Last year, the thematic areas were formulated differently; they were more like essay topics, for example: “ How do people live?», « Questions asked of man by war», « Why is it important to be able to have compassion for others?“This year, a special council under the Ministry of Education and Science, chaired by N. D. Solzhenitsyn, managed to propose a new approach. No hints: direction is not a topic, it is precisely the direction of your future thoughts and searches. Each direction is indicated by only one word.

Special words have been chosen for you: Time. House. Path. Love. The list is completed by the phrase Year of Literature. This is the name of a cultural event that lasted in our country throughout 2015.

Let's try to understand: you have been offered special words. These are stimulus words, image words, symbol words. They denote key concepts for language, society and the individual. They evoke a response in the minds and souls of people. This means that they can be interpreted, interpreted, interpreted. You are expected to reflect on these concepts and describe in essay form how you perceive them. You are given complete freedom of expression.

Freedom. It would seem good? Who is against freedom?
But the guys are confused, they don’t know how to approach preparation, where to start. I receive letters: “SOS! Help!!!",
“I don’t know how to prepare. I asked the teacher, but she didn’t advise anything,” “I can’t imagine where to start.”

I can’t promise much, but I’ll give you some starting points. Creativity is an intimate matter. The more direct the answers, the worse: everything can again come down to template topics and clone essays. Therefore, I provide further information in dotted lines.

I don’t like FIPI’s commentary on this year’s thematic directions. He reeks of officialdom. The style conflicts with the idea of ​​helping graduates find their way. But it is FIPI that will develop the topic bank. That's why we read.

"Time"- the direction is focused on a broad understanding of time as a historical and philosophical category, perceived in the interaction of the momentary and the eternal, the real and the imaginary, the personal and the universal, the past and the future. At the center of the discussion are man and time, society and era.

"House"- the direction is aimed at thinking about home as the most important value of existence, rooted in the distant past and continuing to be a moral support in today's life. The ambiguous concept of “home” allows us to talk about the unity of small and large, the relationship between material and spiritual, external and internal.

"Love"- the direction makes it possible to look at love from different positions: parents and children, men and women, man and the world around him. We will talk about love as a lofty phenomenon that ennobles and elevates a person, about its bright and tragic sides.

"Path"- the direction actualizes the specific and symbolic meaning of the concept “path”, aiming at its moral and philosophical understanding. The range of reflections is wide: from road impressions to thoughts about the fate of a person, his way of life, the choice of a goal and the means to achieve it.

"Year of Literature"- the direction, on the one hand, is connected with the celebration of literature held in Russia in 2015 as the greatest cultural phenomenon, on the other hand, it is addressed to the reader living the next year of his life with a book in his hands. The breadth of this topic requires the graduate to have a certain reading horizons and the ability to talk about great literature.

What is important to consider?

All words that are chosen as thematic areas allow not only a narrow, everyday, but also an expanded, socio-cultural interpretation. We interpret meanings easiest for children.

- Mom, what is the path?
- Path.

But then the understanding of words in our minds expands. House- these are not only walls and a roof with a chimney (this is how children draw houses), but also native a home that one misses when apart. The person gradually realizes that homemade There are not only slippers or pies. There is also such a concept: home. And for someone house- jail. Why? What's wrong with this house? Parental house. The roots of our childhood go back to it.

Unravel the tangles of associations. Collect associations. This will help expand the horizons of your view and find your own perspective.

I already wrote that in words time, home, path, love key concepts for the language and people are identified. Therefore, we find a whole storehouse of images and meanings in folklore. Proverbs and sayings, fairy tales, songs, epics... This is all material familiar to you. Search your memory, look for examples on the Internet, select what is close or interesting to you.
And then expand the search circle, attract literary material.

I also recommend getting acquainted with commentary by N. D. Solzhenitsyna, Chairman of the Special Council under the Ministry of Education and Culture. Listen, think about it. This post contains a lot of useful first-hand information. Participants in the conversation: Dmitry Livanov - Minister of Education and Science, N. D. Solzhenitsyna and S. V. Volkov. Perhaps someone will change their attitude towards the upcoming essay and look at it as another opportunity or even a stage of personal growth.

Now let's try... no, guessing topics is a waste of time. I will try to help you in selecting literary material. To do this, let’s see whether the concepts are reflected time, home, path, love in literature.

Time

"The Passage of Time in Russian Literature"
Think about how time passes for literary heroes. The characters' sense of time. Time is subjective and objective. Reflection of a person and his time, hero and era in literature. Time at war.

A. S. Pushkin “Dubrovsky”, “The Young Lady-Peasant Woman”, “The Captain’s Daughter”, “The Bronze Horseman”
M. Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
N. V. Gogol “Dead Souls”, “The Inspector General”, “Portrait”
I. A. Goncharov “Oblomov”
L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”
I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”
M. A. Bulkakov “The Master and Margarita”
K. Simonov “The Living and the Dead”
V. Grossman “Life and Fate”

R. Senchin “Flood Zone”

"Times don't choose"
We don’t choose the time: everyone has their own. In times of any historical collisions, people lived while remaining human. How to remain human at any time?

L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”
A. N. Rybakov “Children of Arbat”
K. Simonov “The Living and the Dead”
V. Grossman “Life and Fate”
V. P. Nekrasov “In the trenches of Stalingrad”
A. I. Solzhenitsyn “The Gulag Archipelago”
V. T. Shalamov “Kolyma Tales”
R. Senchin “Nubuck”, “Flood Zone”

"Time travel"
Historical novels take us to another time. History, features and signs of the times: past and present in literature. .

A. N. Tolstoy “Peter the First”

V. G. Yan “Genghis Khan”, “Batu”
E. G. Vodolazkin “Laurel”
Walter Scott "Ivanhoe"

"Time in Dystopia"
Traits and signs of the times in dystopia. Time is real and imaginary. Man and time in the era of totalitarianism.

E. I. Zamyatin “We”
Ray Bradbury "Fahrenheit 451"
George Orwell "Animal Farm", "1984"

"Signs of the times in Russian literature"
How writers talk about time. A work of literature as a portrait of time. The XVIII century, the XIX century, the XX century in the works of Russian writers.

D. I. Fonvizin “Minor”
A. S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit”
A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”
N.V. Gogol “The Inspector General”, “Dead Souls”
I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”


A. I. Solzhenitsyn “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”, “The Gulag Archipelago”
K. Simonov “The Living and the Dead”
V. Grosman “Life and Fate”

V. M. Shukshin Stories
V. Rasputin “Farewell to Matera”, “French Lessons”
R. Senchin “Flood Zone”, “Nubuck”

"Books for all times"
The demands of time, the test of time... What is in the books that are considered books for all time? Eternal and momentary. Personal and universal.

Russian and foreign classics of your choice. Examples:

A. S. Pushkin “Little tragedies”
A. de Saint-Exupéry “The Little Prince”
V. Grossman “Life and Fate”
K. Simonov “The Living and the Dead”

House

"Houses and Their Inhabitants"
What can his home tell about a person? Images of houses that have entered the history of literature. Different people - different houses. Material and spiritual. Person and place.

N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls”
L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”
F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”
M. A. Bulgakov “The White Guard”. "Master and Margarita"
R. Senchin “Yeltyshevs”
R. Senchin “What do you want?”
R. Senchin “Nubuck”

“Beautiful and terrible houses in Russian literature”
Home as a world order. Foundations. External manifestations of deep processes. Valuable and priceless in the perception of heroes and authors of Russian literature.

D. I. Fonvizin “Minor”
A. S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit”
A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”
I. S. Turgenev “Mumu”, “Fathers and Sons”
A. N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”, “Dowry”
I. A. Goncharov “Oblomov”
L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”, “Anna Karenina”
M. A. Bulgakov: “The Master and Margarita”, Heart of a Dog”
R. Senchin “Yeltyshevs”
R. Senchin “Minus”
R. Senchin “Nubuck”
R. Senchin “Forward and upward on dead batteries”

"Happiness at Home"
“All happy families are alike, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way” (Leo Tolstoy). What do we find in common in happy homes? What makes a happy home?

L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”, “Anna Karenina”
T. L. Sukhotin-Tolstaya “Memories”

"Homeless"
What is it like to lose your home and loved ones? Find yourself without a home from birth? Orphans. The fate of people with disabilities. Losses and gains.

Ruben David Gonzalez Gallego "White on Black"
M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
V. Zakrutkin “Mother of Man”

“Famous houses: house in Obukhov lane"
History of the house. Fantastic and real. The world of Professor Preobrazhensky.

M. A. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”

“Famous houses: house on Sadovaya”
“Bad Apartment” is the location of the events of M. Bulgakov’s novel.

M. A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”

"Journeys of Literary Heroes"
Literary heroes change places. Why do literary heroes travel?

A. S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit”
M. Yu Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls”, “The Inspector General”
F. M. Dostoevsky “Idiot”
M. A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”

"Meeting on the Way"
Encounters that show us who we are. Unexpected meetings. Fateful meetings. Random encounters. Meeting as a stage of life's journey.

A. S. Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter”
N. V. Gogol “The Inspector General”
M. A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”
Antoine de Saint-Exupery "Planet of Men", "The Little Prince"

"The Knight at the Crossroads"
Literary heroes face a choice. Difficult choice of literary heroes.

F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”
M. A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”
V. Bykov “Sotnikov”

"Choosing a Path"
Young man: formation and choice of life path. Values ​​and anti-values. Finding and losing yourself.

N. V. Gogol “Portrait”
Oscar Wilde "The Picture of Dorian Gray"
Jack London "Martin Eden"
Guy de Maupossant "Dear Friend"

"Road to nowhere"
Life's dead ends. Actions that lead to punishment. Crimes against oneself.

F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”
Theodore Dreiser "American Tragedy"
V. Rasputin “Live and Remember”
V. Bykov “Sotnikov”

"Paths and Crossroads of War"
A man at war is a man on the move. Difficult roads of war.

K. Simonov “The Living and the Dead”
V. Grossman “Life and Fate”
V. P. Nekrasov “In the trenches of Stalingrad”

Love

"Power of love"
The ability to love as a human characteristic.

M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
Stendhal "The Parma Monastery", "Red and Black"

"Waiting for Love"
The love languor of youth. Gusts of the soul. Pain.

W. Shakespeare "Romeo and Juliet"
A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”, “The Young Lady-Peasant Woman”
I. S. Turgenev “First Love”, “Asya”
L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”
A. V. Ivanov “The geographer drank his globe away”
A. V. Dmitriev “The Peasant and the Teenager”

"Unrequited love"
If love is not returned? The agony of love for the loving heart and the object of unrequited love.

A. S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit”
A. I. Kuprin “Garnet Bracelet”
A. N. Ostrovsky “Snow Maiden”, “Dowry”

"Love and fidelity, love and betrayal"
From a sense of fidelity to marital duty (Tatiana) to adultery (Anna Karenina) - how Russian literature traces the transformation of the love of its heroines. Selfishness and selflessness. Female sacrifice. Russian literary heroes in love.

A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”, “The Captain's Daughter”.
L. N. Tolstoy “Anna Karenina”, “War and Peace”.
A. N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”.

Year of Literature

https://godliteratury.ru/ is a website dedicated to the year of literature in Russia. Here you can find many interesting facts that can be used as source material.

"The Man and the Book"
"Reading Circle for Literary Heroes"
“A poet in Russia is more than a poet”

What is good?

Quite a lot has been said and written about the quality of literary material. I will repeat my opinion.

Fine write from a work that you know: you have read yourself (preferably recently) and which you really remember.

Very good write based on a text that made a strong impression on you. Your reactions will be sincere.

Great, if the work allows you to tell about it in an interesting and meaningful way, and most books of classical literature are just like that.

Wonderful, if you manage to show yourself as a mature reader who does not shy away from the classics, ours and/or foreign. Classic works have passed the most important test - the test of time.

Fabulous, if you use works that you have read beyond the school curriculum. But not examples of pulp literature, cheap detective stories, romance fiction, or works of amateur (non-professional) authors from the Internet. This kind of “literature” is of no interest to anyone. Show that you are familiar with the modern literary process.

If you take the trouble to look through the list offered to you, you will notice that there are books that can be used as a literary basis for essays in any field. I relied heavily on books that are included in the school curriculum and are therefore familiar to you. Perhaps there will be new names for some here. As you read and reread books, think about how they reflect concepts. time, home, path, love.

K. G. Paustovsky “The Tale of Life” (There is so much material here for a variety of arguments that there is still enough left for everyone. But there is nothing stupider than reading Paustovsky just for the sake of arguments!)
S. D. Dovlatov (What to read? Yes, everything! I love everything. Take a three-volume book and read everything)

What to look for on the Internet?

In any case, not ready-made essays, not templates and diagrams.

Look for reader reviews, expert reviews, and interviews with book authors. This material is of a completely different kind. It will significantly raise the level of your own work. This is important for those who intend to submit their work to a university in the future.

Let me give you an example. I recommended here the stories of the modern Russian writer R. Senchin. His “Flood Zone” was included in the shortlist of Russia’s most prestigious national award, “Big Book,” this year. What information about the author should I look for?

Publication in the media

Last year, for the first time, we took the trouble to support those of our visitors who wrote good works.
The guys sent their work for review, and we selected the best of them. Immediately after the exam, the essays were published on the website, and we sent their authors Certificates of publication in the media.
We inform you that we intend to continue this work in the 2015-2016 academic year. You can send your works. works.

GOOD LUCK EVERYONE!

In contact with

The path motif can perform both a compositional and symbolic function. Most often, the image of a road is associated with the life path of a hero, a people or an entire state; it is the ability to create, the path to knowledge, and so on. This material proposes to consider 9 thematic blocks. Each of them names literary works and defines a range of questions and problems that will help in preparing for the final essay.

Download:

Preview:

Close to the road motif

Exercise:

• A.P. Chekhov "Sakhalin Island"

Next block: "

• N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"

on the following questions:

Another block: " Off-road, crossroads"

A. Block “Twelve”

M. Bulgakov “The White Guard”

Let's highlight questions and problems, solved by writers:

• What is a crossroads?

choice heroes' journey of life.

A. Block “On the Railroad”

The story of the prodigal son

N.V. Gogol "Portrait"

A.S. Pushkin "Boris Godunov"

A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"

L. Andreev “Judas Iscariot”

M.Yu. Lermontov "Masquerade"

V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember"

Let's think about these questions:

- The selection of works is large:

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”

M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don"

Let's consider the questions:

• What issues are being addressed?

"The Path of the Righteous"

I.S. Turgenev "Living Relics"

• Who are the righteous?
• What do the righteous teach us?

"Roads of War" - Works discussed:

V. Bykov “Sotnikov”

V. Kondratyev “Sashka”

Let's consider the questions:

• The path of the traitor and the hero
• The roads of captivity

"The Path to the Dream" Let's look at the works:

A. Green “Scarlet Sails”

V. Kaverin “Two Captains”

Sample questions

• What do heroes dream about?
• What is a dream for them?

The road of creativity works:

M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”

• Writer among people

Preview:

Preparing for the final essay

In the thematic direction “The Path”

In order to prepare schoolchildren for an essay in the “Path” direction, it is necessary to highlight the blocks and the corresponding works, as well as outline the range of questions and problems.

Close to the road motifrelated theme of travel, wanderings. According to A. Blok, “the first sign of the originality of a Russian artist is a sense of the path, the road.”

Exercise:

Remember which of the writers spent a lot of time on the road, traveling around Russia and beyond its borders. What works reflected their travel impressions? For example, you can take the following works:

• A. Nikitin “Walking across three seas”
• N.M. Karamzin “Letters of a Russian Traveler”
• A.P. Chekhov "Sakhalin Island"
• I.A. Goncharov "Frigate Pallada"
• N. Gumilyov Cycle of poems, the result of a trip to Africa

Schoolchildren, under the guidance of a teacher, can select material and prepare reports about these writers and poets. During the conversation, we will find out what significance travel had for the formation of the writer’s personality. How did travel experiences affect his work? How do the writer’s works about his trips around the country and abroad characterize him?

Next block: "From road impressions to the fate of the Russian people, Russia.”For Russian writers and poets, one of the main themes is the theme of the road, the path. Starting from the 5th grade, schoolchildren get acquainted with ancient Russian literature. This means they will be able to use their knowledge when writing an essay. Writers of the 18th – 20th centuries continue the traditions of ancient Russian literature. The road impressions of the heroes develop into broad generalizations about the fate of the Russian people from Russia. You can invite the children to name such works. Let's remember some of them:

• A.N. Radishchev “Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow”
• N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
• ON THE. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'”, “Railway”
• A. Blok “On the Kulikovo Field”, “Rus”, “Russia”.

To write an essay, you need to thinkon the following questions:

• What are the hero’s travel impressions?
• Attitude to what he sees while traveling, wandering
• What questions does the author solve in the work?
• How does the path of the Russian people draw?
• How does he see the country’s development path?
• What images and symbols does he use to create the image of Russia?

Another block: " Off-road, crossroads"and consider the following works:

A.S. Pushkin “Demons”, “Blizzard”, “The Captain’s Daughter”, “Road Complaints”

A. Block “Twelve”

M. Bulgakov “The White Guard”

M. Sholokhov “Don Stories”

Let's highlight questions and problems, solved by writers:

• What is a crossroads?
• What does the image of a blizzard (blizzard, blizzard) symbolize?
• What is the literal and figurative meaning of the word “off-road”?
• How is the problem of the hero choosing his path solved?
• How does this choice characterize him?
• What helps “wandering” heroes find the right path?
• What does a crossroads mean for a country?
• What periods in history can be called a crossroads?

The most understandable for high school students is the block of topics related to choice heroes' journey of life. You can take almost any work the children have read. The main thing is not to go into retelling and correctly place the emphasis, draw conclusions depending on the wording of the topic.

ON THE. Nekrasov “On the Road”, “Troika”, “Drunkard”, “Reflections at the Front Entrance”

N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls” (life path of Plyushkin, Chichikov)

A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin” (the fate of Tatyana, Eugene Onegin)

I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons” (the fate of P.P. Kirsanov)

I.A. Goncharov “Oblomov” (Oblomov’s life path)

A.I. Solzhenitsyn “Matryonin’s yard” (Matryona’s fate)

A. Block “On the Railroad”

Talking about the difficult life path of the heroes, one more theme can be highlighted: “The path of degradation and spiritual rebirth, the fall and repentance.”For analysis, let’s take the works:

The story of the prodigal son

N.V. Gogol "Portrait"

ON THE. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'” (robber Kudeyar)

F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment” (Sonya Marmeladova and Rodion Raskolnikov)

A.S. Pushkin "Boris Godunov"

A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"

L. Andreev “Judas Iscariot”

M.Yu. Lermontov "Masquerade"

V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember"

Let's think about these questions:

• How does the life path of the heroes develop?
• On what or who does it depend?
• How does the hero behave when faced with difficulties and temptations on his life path?
• What moral qualities does he lose or gain?
• How does it change over the course of life?
• What lessons does he learn for himself?
• How and why does spiritual rebirth occur?

In each work, this topic is solved differently depending on the tasks that the writer sets for himself. But the essence of moral categories should be clear to schoolchildren.

“Each of us has only one true calling - to find the way to ourselves,” wrote Hermann Hesse. Another meaning of the word “path”- the path of spiritual quest, the path to oneself.The selection of works is large:

L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”

M.Yu. Lermontov “I go out alone on the road”, “Both boring and sad”, “Duma”

N. S. Leskov “The Enchanted Wanderer”

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don"

Let's consider the questions:

• How do you understand the phrase “path to yourself”?
• What does spiritual and moral quest mean?
• What trials do the heroes go through to find purpose and meaning in life?
• What issues are being addressed?
• What helps to overcome a spiritual crisis?
• What moral qualities do they have?
• What is the result?

A topic that is rarely discussed in class is"The Path of the Righteous"If high school students know the appropriate vocabulary and this topic is close to them, it can be revealed using

The Tale of Peter and Fevronia of Murom"

Life path (life) of Xenia of Petersburg, Matrona of Moscow, Princess Elizabeth Feodorovna

I.S. Turgenev "Living Relics"

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin's yard"

V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera"

Let's consider the following questions:

• Who are the righteous?
• What qualities do they have?
• How are they different from other people?
• Why is their life not easy, why are they often not understood and accepted by people?
• How often does life’s journey end and why?
• What do the righteous teach us?
• Why has there been a revival of interest in the genre of hagiography in the 21st century?

"Roads of War" - another block of topics worth working on. This year we celebrated the 70th anniversary of victory in the Great Patriotic War and, most likely, in literature classes and extracurricular readingWorks discussed:

V. Bykov “Sotnikov”

V. Kondratyev “Sashka”

M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”, “They Fought for their Motherland”

K. Vorobyov “Killed near Moscow”

B. Polevoy “The Tale of a Real Man”

A. Tvardovsky “Vasily Terkin”

Let's consider the questions:

• Growing up of yesterday's boys during the war.
• How do heroes manifest themselves on the roads of war?
• The battle path of one person and the whole country
• The path of the traitor and the hero
• The roads of captivity
• What qualities help you survive and win in war?
• Why is it necessary to know and remember the heroes of the war?

"The Path to the Dream" - another direction. “He who goes to the stars never turns back,” said Leonardo da Vinci.Let's look at the works:

A. Green “Scarlet Sails”

M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”

V. Kaverin “Two Captains”

I.S. Turgenev “On the Eve”, “Rudin”

People tend to dream. The Manilovs dream, but do nothing. Their dreams are fruitless. And we'll talk about heroes who are going to realize their dreams. “Fight and search, find and not give up,” - this is the motto that Captain Tatarinov and Grigoriev live by (Kaverin’s novel “Two Captains”). A dream comes true for Assol (A. Green “Scarlet Sails”), heroes I.S. Turgenev are going towards their dream, no matter how illusory it may seem.

Sample questionsthings to work on:

• What do heroes dream about?
• What is a dream for them?
• What do they do to make their dream come true?
• What are you willing to sacrifice to achieve it?
• How do you show yourself on the way to your dream?
• How did their dream come true?

The road of creativity– another block that can be selected in the “Path” direction. In literature lessons we spend a lot of time studying the biographies of writers, looking at the evolution of their work(for example, the path from romanticism to realism). Analyzing the poems, we pay attention to how the authors themselves view the role of the poet in society. This topic can be explained using an example. works:

A S Pushkin “Prophet”, “Poet”, “To the Poet”

M. Yu. Lermontov “Poet”, “Prophet”

V. Mayakovsky “Anniversary”, “To Sergei Yesenin”, “At the top of my voice”

M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”

Let's consider questions such as

• Why is the creative path of a writer (poet) difficult?
• Writer among people
• What does he see as his purpose?
• What is the significance of the work of talented artists for society, especially when the country is at a crossroads?
• What legacy did the writer leave?

The road is an image used by all generations of writers. The motif originated in Russian folklore, then it continued its development in works of literature of the 15th century, was picked up by poets and writers of the 19th and 20th centuries, and is not forgotten now.

The path motif can perform both a compositional (plot-forming) function and a symbolic one. Most often, the image of a road is associated with the life path of a hero, a people or an entire state. Thus, the philosophical sound of the road motif helps to reveal the ideological content of the works. The road is unthinkable without travelers, for whom it becomes the meaning of life, an incentive for personal development.

The road is an artistic image, it is a source of change, life and help in difficult times.The road motif also symbolizes processes such as movement, search, testing, renewal.

The road is both the ability to create, and the ability to understand the true path of man and all humanity, and the hope that contemporaries will be able to find such a path.

The fourth direction is "The Path".

Here is the definition given by FIPI: “The Path” - this direction actualizes the specific and symbolic meaning of the concept “path”, aiming at its moral and philosophical understanding. The range of reflections is wide: from road impressions to thoughts about the fate of a person, his way of life, the choice of a goal and the means to achieve it.” This is how this direction is commented.

PATH. The widest direction of all presented. It invites you to reflect on such a concept as “path”, and it is possible to consider it from different angles: from impressions after road adventures to reflections on the path of development chosen by humanity and the results to which this path can lead.

WHAT TOPICS CAN BE ON DECEMBER 2:

A journey of a thousand miles begins with the first step.
Either I will find my way, or I will make it myself.
Follow your path and let people say whatever they want.
We are given the opportunity to choose, but we are not given the opportunity to avoid choice.
Way home.
My exciting journey.
Spiritual quest of the main characters.
Life is a journey.
Sometimes you want to go to nowhere.
When you're on the road.
A road without beginning or end.

WHAT BOOKS YOU MUST READ WHEN
PREPARATION FOR THIS DIRECTION:

Homer "Odyssey".
A.N. Radishchev "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow."
A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin", "The Captain's Daughter".
M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time".
L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet".
I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco", "Clean Monday".

ADDITIONAL LITERATURE:

Afanasy Nikitin “Walking across Three Seas.”
L.N. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina".
F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment".
N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls".
ON THE. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”
N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer".
M.A. Bulgakov “Running”, “The Master and Margarita”.
A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin's Dvor".
V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains".
Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince".

QUOTE MATERIAL:

Proverbs and sayings about the road that “accompanies” us all our lives.

The road ran from village to village and led across the entire land.
The road together, tobacco in half.
The one who walks, albeit slowly, will overcome the road.
The one who walks will master the road.
You eat for a day, but take bread for a week.
If you give your enemy a way, you yourself will be left without a road.
The familiar road seems short.
A familiar crooked road is shorter than an unfamiliar straight path.
Those who travel quickly will have no trouble on the road.
He who knows the way does not stumble.
To each his own way.
I started walking and got halfway there.
Don't look for a country road when there is a highway.
Don't boast about leaving, boast about arriving.
To go alone is a long road.
The road is open to an open heart.
It’s bad when a distant path emerges from a nearby road.
Sometimes, without even leaving home, we set off on a long journey.

SKETCHES FOR A FUTURE ESSAY.

And the range of thoughts is wide, and the range of literary works is correspondingly wide. Today we will look at a work on the material of which you can write a final essay on the thematic area “The Path”.
This is a novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". After all, this novel is not about fathers and sons, but about a person’s journey!

1. Introduction Biographical is appropriate here.

I.S. Turgenev, the great Russian writer of the mid-19th century, although he belonged to the nobility, always looked and listened sensitively and with genuine interest to everything that did not belong to this privileged layer. In “Notes of a Hunter” he portrayed peasants with deep sympathy, and in his novels he portrayed heroes just coming onto the Russian historical stage. In the novel “Fathers and Sons” this is Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov, who is not at all like Turgenev’s other heroes. The author peers at the hero with genuine interest. Who is he? Will he survive the path of life prepared for him?

2. Main part

Before we begin the main part of the final essay, let's ask the following questions:
What path (from what to what) does the main character take?
What changes in his views and in himself?
What does the hero come to in the end?
Before you is an essay plan, from which we will not deviate.
In the novel, Evgeny Bazarov goes from an irreconcilable nihilist, a materialist, a person with simplified views on life to a person aware of the complexity and diversity of life.
This is the thesis. Let's prove it.
1. In the novel there is Bazarov’s external path: he travels around the province, meets different people. These are the parents, the Kirsanov brothers, Anna Odintsova. Each of the characters brings something into Eugene’s life that enriches the young man’s views and life, changing his worldview and attitude.
2. At the beginning of the novel, this is a person who does not accept someone else’s position. He considers the aristocracy to be an obsolete class, does not recognize any authorities, the spiritual life of man, the role of art, and romanticism and love for the hero are “women’s tales” and games of the mind. But he still accepts the strength and dignity of Pavel Kirsanov (they shake hands at the end, saying goodbye after the duel).
3. A meeting with Anna Odintsova reveals to Bazarov the power of love. He is simply overwhelmed by the feeling, if not crushed, because this refutes his theory of the materialistic nature of man. No, it turns out that he is also capable of loving and suffering from this feeling.
4. After breaking up with Odintsova, Bazarov returns to Maryino a little different. He is no longer so harsh and irreconcilable. Turgenev subtly illustrates the change in his views in a dream before the duel: Pavel Petrovich dreams of the hero in the form of a dark forest. And such a forest in the popular consciousness is something incomprehensible, unknown. Bazarov cannot renounce his views, but he already recognizes the complexity of life, as well as the ambiguity of his opponent’s personality.
5. Before his death, Bazarov admits: “Does Russia need me? Apparently, it’s not needed...” Such a confession is bitter, but we like the hero because he has outlived his categorical and categorical attitude.
These are just abstracts! You need to select illustrative material from the novel for them.

3. Conclusion

Here you need to repeat the thesis or paraphrase it, not forgetting to mention the author of the novel.

I.S. Turgenev treats his hero with respect, but “tests” the strength of his views, guiding Bazarov through the pages of the novel, showing that a person’s path is not exhausted and is not motivated by his worldview, and life is not equal to a simple sum of knowledge. Bazarov’s path is most accurately expressed in the popular saying: “Living life is not crossing a field.” It’s just a pity that the hero realized this too late.

Make sure that the words “path”, “movement” are used in the essay, that is, the key words of the topic.

SAMPLE ESSAY

on the topic “A road without beginning or end”

“The one who walks can master the road,” a sage once said. At first glance, this is a common, banal phrase for those who are on a journey, life or spiritual. Let's try to think about this phrase. The meaning of this phrase is much wider and deeper than we saw the first time. But indeed, a confident, purposeful and persistent person will master the path of life. Any business can be brought to its logical conclusion if you put effort into it. And then any road will be within our reach.
Often, while on the road, we make casual acquaintances and trust strangers with our most intimate thoughts. This happened with M.A. Sholokhov, when he met Andrei Sokolov on the way. When we met, Andrei told the writer about his life and destiny. This is how the wonderful story “The Fate of Man” was born.
The main character of this story is an ordinary Russian man with the most ordinary fate. Before the start of the war, he worked at a factory, got married, had children and lived like an ordinary person, but the war put everything in its own way.
Andrei Sokolov, together with his eldest son, voluntarily goes to the front. He did not have to fight for long, as he was captured. While in captivity, Andrei behaves very courageously and bravely. The episode of Andrei Sokolov's interrogation is one of the most powerful episodes. The hero, without taking a bite, drinks three glasses of vodka for his death and the victory of the Soviet army! The episode in the prison cell also evokes respect. Even there he behaves like a Man with a capital M - he shares a piece of lard and bread with all his cellmates. This act is a vivid example of mutual assistance and support during a difficult period. After escaping from captivity, Andrei ends up with our people, and after the hospital he goes to visit his family. Grief, despair, and horror overcome him when he sees a crater in the place of his house. His wife and two sons died... The climax of the story is the episode of Andrei’s meeting with the boy Vanyusha, whom he decides to adopt. Vanya’s words shake me to the core: “Folder! Dear! I knew you would find me!” Vanya brought Sokolov back to life, and he gave Vanya a chance to live.
After reading this work, I thought about the main character, about his difficult fate, and I wanted to adopt his best traits. Indeed, with a character like his, you can master any path. Our life is a long, unknown and difficult road that we have to travel. Now we are 11th grade graduates. In six months we will graduate from school, fly off in different directions and each choose our own path. And it will depend only on us how we follow our path.

Biographical is appropriate here.

I.S. Turgenev, one of the galaxy of great Russian writers of the mid-19th century, although he belonged to the nobility, always looked and listened sensitively and with genuine interest to everything that did not belong to this privileged layer. In “Notes of a Hunter” he portrayed peasants with deep sympathy, and in his novels he portrayed heroes just coming onto the Russian historical stage. In the novel “Fathers and Sons” this is Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov, who is not at all like Turgenev’s other heroes. The author peers at the hero with genuine interest. Who is he? Will he survive the path of life prepared for him?

Main part

Before we begin the main part of the final essay, let's ask questions: what path (from what to what) does the main character go through?

What changes in his views and in himself?

What does he end up with?

Before you is an essay plan, from which we will not deviate.

The essay plan can be presented in the form of logical diagrams. Thesis definition - “subthesis” + illustrations from the text (there may be several of them). This way you won’t move away from the topic, and this is the main flaw in the essay.

So, Evgeny Bazarov in the novel goes from an irreconcilable nihilist, materialist, a person with simplified views on life to a person aware of the complexity and diversity of life. This is the thesis.

Let's prove it.

1. In the novel there is Bazarov's external path: he travels around the province, meets different people. These are the Kirsanov brothers, Anna Odintsova, parents. Each of the characters brings something into Eugene’s life that enriches the young man’s views and life, changing his worldview and attitude.
2. At the beginning of the novel, this is a person who does not accept someone else's position. He considers the aristocracy to be an obsolete class (and rightly so!), does not recognize any authorities, the spiritual life of man, the role of art, and romanticism and love for the hero are “women’s tales” and mind games. But Pavel Kirsanov still accepts the strength and dignity (they shake hands at the end, saying goodbye after the duel).
3. A meeting with Anna Odintsova reveals to Bazarov the power of love. He is simply overwhelmed by the feeling, if not crushed, because this refutes his theory of the materialistic nature of man. No, it turns out that he is also capable of loving and suffering from it.
4. After breaking up with Odintsova, Bazarov returns to Maryino a little different. He is no longer so harsh and irreconcilable. Turgenev subtly illustrates the change in his views in a dream before the duel: Pavel Petrovich dreams of the hero in the form of a dark forest. A dark forest in the popular consciousness is something unknown, incomprehensible, unknown. Bazarov cannot renounce his views, but he already recognizes the complexity of life, as well as the ambiguity of his opponent’s personality.
5. Before his death, Bazarov admits: “Does Russia need me? Apparently, it’s not needed...” Such a confession is bitter, but we like the hero because he has outlived his categorical and categorical attitude.

These are just abstracts! Match them with illustrative material from the novel!

Conclusion

In conclusion, you need to repeat the thesis at a new level, or paraphrase it, not forgetting the author of the novel.

I.S. Turgenev treats his hero with respect, but “tests” the strength of his views, guiding Bazarov through the pages of the novel, showing that a person’s path (THEME and DIRECTION!) is not exhausted and is not motivated by his worldview, and life is not equal to a simple sum of knowledge. Bazarov’s path is most accurately expressed in the popular saying: “Living life is not crossing a field.” It’s just a pity that the hero realized this too late...

Let me repeat: in order not to deviate from the topic, follow the logical chain: question - answer (thesis) - arguments ("subthesis") - illustrative material from the text.

Make sure that the words “path”, “movement” are used in the essay, that is, the key words of the topic.

The material was prepared by Karelina Larisa Vladislavovna, teacher of the Russian language of the highest category, honorary worker of general education of the Russian Federation