Types and types of social mobility of society. Types and types of social mobility

7.4. Social mobility and its types

Certain social movements and changes are constantly taking place in society. These social movements lead to changes in the social structure of society, as well as changes in the social stratification of society. Such social movements in sociology are called social mobility.

Social mobility(Latin Mobile - movement, mobility) is the transition of people from one social group and layer to another.

The founder of the theory social mobility it is generally accepted to consider P. Sorokin. By social mobility, the scientist understands any transition of an individual or social object from one social position in social space to another. Social space according to Sorokin (the concept of “social space” is understood primarily social structure society), has two main classes of coordinates - horizontal (for example, social groups of Catholics, democrats, industrialists) and vertical (for example, a bishop is a parishioner, a party leader is an ordinary party member, a manager is a worker), which are parameters social space. Therefore, there are two main types of social mobility: horizontal and vertical. A social subject can advance both within one and the second parameter, and therefore there are two main forms of social mobility - horizontal and vertical. Horizontal social mobility means the transition of an individual (social object) from one social group to another, located at the same level (for example, from one citizenship to another, from one family to another, from one organization to another, etc.). Vertical social mobility refers to the relationships that arise when an individual moves ( social subject) from one social class to another. Depending on the direction of movement, there are, according to P. Sorokin, two types of vertical mobility: upward and downward, in modern terminology, according to social ascent and social degradation. Ascending and descending currents exist in two forms: the penetration of an individual from a lower layer into a higher one or the creation by individuals new group and the penetration of the entire group into a higher social stratum (for example, the Bolsheviks in Russia), and vice versa. P. Sorokin summarizes the situation as a whole as shown in Fig. 3.

Thus, vertical mobility is the starting point for the social stratification of society, because let us recall that Sorokin identified three types of it - economic, political and professional, and therefore each of these forms of stratification has its own form of vertical mobility.

Rice. 3. Types of social mobility

Since vertical mobility is observed in any society, and between layers there must be some paths along which individuals move up or down from one layer to another, according to P. Sorokin, there are channels of social circulation, the most important of which the scientist considers the following: army, church, school, political, economic and professional organizations.

IN Lately They also distinguish between mobility between generations, the essence of which is a change in the social position of children in relation to their parents, as well as mobility within one generation, which is associated with the personal success of an individual or his fall through social “steps”. Studying the parameters of intergenerational mobility is very important for establishing the factor of openness - closedness of society. In closed societies, mobility between generations is almost unacceptable, because there are rigid barriers between layers that are very difficult to overcome. Such societies, based on Giddens’ theory, include slave, caste and class societies. As for class society, intergenerational mobility is very common in it, since movement from one social group to another is open and desirable. However, as P. Sorokin points out, revealing the basic principles of vertical mobility, there are no absolutely closed societies that would not allow vertical mobility at all, and there are no absolutely open societies.

Questions for self-test and control

1. Define the social structure of society.

2. Describe the main elements of the social structure of society.

3. What is the essence of social class theory?

4. What factors influence the formation of classes?

5. What is social stratification and social stratum? What are the main reasons for the emergence of the theory of social stratification?

6. Name the main executions of Ukrainian society.

7. Name the common and distinctive features social class theory and theory of social stratification.

8. What is social mobility? What types of social mobility do you know?

9. Name examples of social mobility that have taken place in your life.

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6. Lukashevich M.P., Tulenkov M.V. Sociology: general course. - M.: "Karavella", 2004.

7. Merton R. Social theory and social structure. - M.: "Abris", in 1996.

8. Modern Western sociology: dictionary. - M.: Politizdat, 1990.

9. Sorokin P. A. Man. Civilization. Society: Translation from English. General edition by Sogomonov A. Yu. M., 1992.

10. Sociology: terms, concepts, personalities / Comp. V. Picha and others - Lviv: " New world - 2000", 2002.

11. Sociology: Textbook for higher education students educational institutions/ Ed. V. Gorodyanenko. - M.: "Academy", 2006.

12. Sociology: short encyclopedic Dictionary. / Under general ed. V. Volovich. - M.: Rus. Spiritual center. culture, 1998.

13. Tikhomirova E. B. Fundamentals of Sociology. - M.: +1996.

14. Philosophy. Tutorial. Ed. Nadolny I. "Vikar", 1997.

15. Shchekin G.V. Social theory and personnel policy By 2000.

16. Yakuba E. A. Sociology. - Kharkov, "Constant", 1996.

Introduction

2.2 Structural mobility

4. Open and closed mobility

5. Second mobility indicator system

5.1 Intergenerational mobility

5.2 Intragenerational mobility

6. Channels of vertical mobility

7. Migration

7.1 Labor migration

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

Sociology as a whole (i.e. general sociology) is a science that studies the relationships between groups of people occupying different positions in society, taking unequal participation in the economic, social and political life, differing not only in the level, but also in the source of their income, consumption structure, image, quality and style of life, as well as the structure of value orientations, motives and type of behavior.

Society is the totality of all methods of interaction and forms of association of people, having a common territory, common cultural values And social norms. Society is a term that denotes the collectivist integrity of the population of a particular country.

People are in constant motion, and society is in development. The totality of social movements of people in society, i.e. changes in one's status is called social mobility.

Social mobility refers to the movement of an individual or group up, down or horizontally. Social mobility is characterized by the direction, type and distance of social movements of people in society (individually and in groups).

1. Vertical and horizontal mobility

The following types of social mobility are distinguished: vertical and horizontal mobility.

Moving up and down is called vertical mobility, and there are two types: downward (top to bottom) and upward (bottom to top). Horizontal mobility is a movement in which an individual changes social status or profession of equal value. A special type is intergenerational, or intergenerational, mobility. It refers to the change in the status of children compared to that of their parents. Intergenerational mobility was studied by A.V. Kirch, and in the global historical aspect - A. Pirenne and L. Febvre. One of the founders of the theories of social stratification and social mobility was P. Sorokin. Foreign sociologists usually connect these two theories.

There are two main types of social mobility - intergenerational and intragenerational, and two main types - vertical and horizontal. They, in turn, are divided into subspecies and subtypes.

Vertical mobility involves moving from one stratum to another. Depending on the direction of movement, they speak of upward mobility (social ascent, upward movement) and downward mobility (social descent, downward movement). There is a well-known asymmetry between ascent and descent: everyone wants to go up and no one wants to go down the social ladder. As a rule, ascent is a voluntary phenomenon, and descent is forced.

Promotion is an example of an individual's upward mobility; dismissal or demotion is an example of downward mobility. Vertical mobility is a person’s change during his life from high to low status or vice versa. For example, the movement of a person from the status of a plumber to the position of president of a corporation, as well as the reverse movement, serves as an example of vertical mobility.

Horizontal mobility implies the transition of an individual from one social group to another, located at the same level. Examples include moving from an Orthodox to a Catholic religious group, from one citizenship to another, from one family (parental) to another (one’s own, newly formed), from one profession to another. Such movements occur without a noticeable change in social position in the vertical direction. Horizontal mobility involves a person changing one status to another that is approximately equivalent throughout his life. Let's say a person was first a plumber and then became a carpenter.

A type of horizontal mobility is geographic mobility. It does not imply a change in status or group, but a movement from one place to another while maintaining the same status. An example is international and interregional tourism, moving from city to village and back, moving from one enterprise to another.

If a change of location is added to a change of status, then geographic mobility turns into migration. If a villager came to the city to visit relatives, then this is geographical mobility. If he moved to the city for permanent residence and got a job here, then this is already migration.

2. Individual and group mobility

The classification of social mobility can be carried out according to other criteria. For example, a distinction is made between individual mobility, when movements down, up or horizontally occur in an individual independently of others, and group mobility, when movements occur collectively, for example after social revolution the old ruling class gives way to the new ruling class. Individual mobility is inherent in democratic civilized states. Group mobility is a painful process, a consequence of social catastrophes.

2.1 Spontaneous and organized mobility

On other grounds, mobility can be classified, say, as spontaneous or organized. An example of spontaneous mobility is the movement for the purpose of earning money by residents of neighboring countries in big cities Russia. Organized mobility (the movement of individuals or entire groups up, down or horizontally) is controlled by the state. These movements can be carried out: a) with the consent of the people themselves, b) without their consent. An example of organized voluntary mobility in Soviet time may be the movement of young people from different cities and villages to Komsomol construction sites, the development of virgin lands, etc. An example of organized involuntary mobility is the repatriation (resettlement) of Chechens and Ingush during the war with German Nazism.

2.2 Structural mobility

Structural mobility should be distinguished from organized mobility. It is caused by changes in the structure National economy and occurs beyond the will and consciousness of individual individuals. For example, the disappearance or reduction of industries or professions leads to the displacement of large masses of people.

3. Social mobility indicator system

Social mobility can be measured using two indicator systems. In the first system, the unit of account is the individual, in the second, status. Let us first consider the first system.

The volume of mobility refers to the number of individuals who have moved vertically up the social ladder over a certain period of time. If the volume is calculated by the number of individuals who moved, then it is called absolute, and if it is the ratio of this quantity throughout the entire population, then it is relative volume and is indicated as a percentage.

The total volume, or scale, of mobility determines the number of movements across all strata together, and the differentiated volume - across individual strata, layers, classes. The fact that in an industrial society two thirds of the population are mobile refers to the aggregate volume, and 37% of the children of workers who become employees refers to the differentiated volume.

The scale of social mobility is defined as the percentage of those who changed their social status in comparison with their fathers.

Changes in mobility across individual strata are described by two indicators. The first is the coefficient of mobility of exit from the social stratum. It shows, for example, how many sons of skilled workers became intellectuals or peasants. The second is the coefficient of mobility of entry into the social stratum, which indicates from which strata, for example, the stratum of intellectuals is replenished. He discovers social background of people.

The degree of mobility in a society is determined by two factors: the range of mobility in a society and the conditions that allow people to move.

The range of mobility (amountmobiliti) that characterizes a given society depends on how many different statuses exist in it. The more statuses, the more opportunities a person has to move from one status to another.

IN traditional society the number of high-status positions remained approximately constant, so there was moderate downward mobility of offspring from high-status families. For feudal society characteristically there are very few vacancies for high positions for those who had a low status. Some sociologists believe that, most likely, there was no upward mobility here.

Industrial society has expanded the range of mobility. It is characterized by a much larger number of different statuses. The first decisive factor in social mobility is the level of economic development. During periods of economic depression, the number of high-status positions decreases and low-status positions expand, so downward mobility dominates. It intensifies during periods when people lose their jobs and at the same time new layers enter the labor market. On the contrary, during periods of active economic development Many new high-status positions are emerging: Increased demand for workers to fill them is the main reason for upward mobility.

Main development trend industrial society is that it simultaneously increases wealth and the number of high-status positions, which in turn leads to an increase in the size of the middle class, the ranks of which are replenished by people from lower strata.

2. Individual and group mobility and factors influencing it.

3. Channels of vertical mobility (according to P. Sorokin).

4. Marginality and marginalized people.

5. Migration and the reasons for its occurrence. Types of migration.

1. The concept of “social mobility” was introduced into sociology by the famous Russian-American sociologist P. Sorokin.

Under social mobility understand the totality of social movements of people between different positions in the hierarchy of social stratification.

There are two main types and two types of social mobility.

TO main types include:

ü Intergenerational mobility, which assumes that children occupy a lower or higher status position in relation to their parents.

ü Intragenerational mobility, which implies that one individual changes status positions several times throughout his life.

tions. Intragenerational mobility has a second name - social career.

TO main types social mobility include:

ü Vertical mobility, which involves moving from one stratum to another.

Depending on the direction of movement, vertical mobility can be rising(upward movement, example: promotion) and descending(downward movement, example: demotion). Vertical mobility always involves a change in the status of an individual.

ü Horizontal mobility, which implies the transition of an individual from one social group to another located at the same level. With horizontal mobility, there is no change in the status of the individual.

A type of horizontal mobility is geographic mobility.

Geographic mobility involves the movement of an individual or group from one place to another while maintaining the same status. She can turn into migration, if a change in status is added to a change in the individual’s place of residence.

2. Social mobility can be classified according to other criteria. There are also:

ü Individual mobility, when social movements (up,

down horizontally) occur in an individual independently of others.

On individual mobility is influenced by factors such as:

Social status of the family;

Level of education;

Nationality;

Physical and mental abilities;

External data;

Location;

Advantageous marriage, etc.

They are the reasons why one person achieves great things.

success than the other. A mobile individual begins socialization in one class and ends in another.

ü Group mobility- change in the position of a social group in the system of social stratification.

The reasons for group mobility, according to P. Sorokin, are the following factors:

Social revolutions;

Military coups;

Change of political regimes;

Replacing the old constitution with a new one.

Group mobility occurs when the social significance of an entire class, estate, caste, rank, or category increases or decreases. And it takes place where there is a change in the stratification system itself.

3. There are no impassable boundaries between strata, but there are various “elevators” along which individuals move up or down, as P. Sorokin believed.

Used as social circulation channels social institutions.

ü Army how a social institution functions as a channel of vertical circulation to a greater extent in war time.

ü Church- is both a downward and upward circulation channel.

ü School, which refers to institutions of education and upbringing. In all centuries it has served as a powerful impetus for the social upliftment of individuals.

ü Own, manifested in the form of wealth and money - they are one of the simplest and most effective ways of social advancement.

ü Family and marriage becomes a channel of vertical mobility if representatives of different social strata join the union.

4. Marginality(from the French marginal - side, in the margins) is a special phenomenon of social stratification. This concept describes the position of large social groups of people occupying positions “on the borders” between strata.

Marginalized- these are people who left one stratum and did not adapt to another. They are on the border of two cultures and have some identification with each of them.

In the twentieth century, Park (founder of the Chicago School of sociology in the United States) put forward the theory of marginals and marginal groups.

In Russia, the phenomenon of marginality was first addressed in 1987. According to domestic sociologists, the reason for the emergence of marginal groups is the transition of society from one socio-economic system to another. In Russia, marginalization covers huge masses of the population. Particular concern is caused by the increase in the number of persistent marginal social groups (“homeless people”, refugees, street children, etc.) But the marginalized can be quite prosperous people who have not defined themselves in the current social structure of society.

5. Migration(from Latin migration - relocation) - change of place of residence, movement of people to another territory (region, city, country, etc.)

In migration they usually distinguish four types : episodic, pendulum, seasonal and irrevocable.

Irreversible migration is important for social, economic and demographic development.

The state directly or indirectly influences the direction of migration.

The reasons for migration can be political, economic, religious and criminal.

Migration has a significant impact on ethnic processes. As a result of the migration exchange of various ethnic groups, various interactions occur in language, life, and culture.

There are also immigration and emigration.

Migration- population movement within the country.

Emigration- leaving the country for permanent residence or long-term residence.

Immigration- entry into this country for permanent residence or long-term residence.

38 social relationships

Intergenerational mobility suggests that children achieve higher social positions or fall to a lower level than their parents. Example: a worker's son becomes a professor.

Intragenerational mobility occurs where the same individual throughout life changes social positions several times. Otherwise it is called social career. Example: a turner becomes an engineer, and then a workshop manager, a plant director, and a minister.

Vertical mobility implies movement from one stratum (estate, class, caste) to another.
Depending on the direction of movement, there is upward mobility ( social ascent, upward movement) and downward mobility (social descent, downward movement).

Promotion - an example of an ascendant mobility, demotion is an example of downward movement.

Horizontal mobility involves the transition of an individual from one social groups to another, located on the same level.

An example is the movement of one labor collective to another, from one citizenship to another, from one family (parental) to another (one’s own, newly formed), from one profession to another. Such movements occur without a noticeable change in social position in the vertical direction.

A type of horizontal mobility serves as geographic mobility. It does not imply a change in status or group, but a movement from one place to another while maintaining the same status.

An example is international and interregional tourism, moving from city to village and back.

If a change of location is added to a change of status, then geographic mobility turns into migration.

If a villager came to the city to visit relatives, then this is geographical mobility. If he moved to the city for permanent residence and found work here, then this is already migration. He changed his profession.

Social mobility can be classified according to other criteria. So, for example, they distinguish:

Individual mobility, when movements down, up or horizontally occur in one person independently of others,

Group mobility, when movements occur collectively, for example, after social revolution, the old class cedes its dominant position to the new class.

All kinds and shapes social mobility P. Sorokin systematized it as follows.

To individual factors mobility, that is, the reasons that allow one person to achieve greater success than another, sociologists include:

Social status of the family;

Level of education;

Nationality;

Physical and mental abilities, external data;

Getting an education;

Location;

A profitable marriage.

Mobile individuals begin socialization in one class and end in another. They are literally torn between dissimilar cultures and lifestyles. They do not know how to behave, dress, talk from the point of view of the standards of another class. Often adaptation to new conditions remains very superficial.

Social mobility types and examples

Concept of social mobility

The concept of “social mobility” was introduced into scientific use by Pitirim Sorokin. These are various movements of people in society. Each person at birth occupies a certain position and is built into the system of stratification of society.

The position of an individual at birth is not constant, and throughout life path it can change. It can go up or down.

Types of social mobility

There are various types of social mobility. Typically the following are distinguished:

• intergenerational and intragenerational;
• vertical and horizontal;
• organized and structured.

Intergenerational mobility means that children change their social position and become different from their parents. So, for example, the daughter of a seamstress becomes a teacher, that is, she increases her status in society. Or, for example, the son of an engineer becomes a janitor, that is, his social status decreases.

Intragenerational mobility means that an individual's status can change throughout his life. An ordinary worker can become a boss at an enterprise, a plant director, and then a manager of a complex of enterprises.

Vertical mobility means that the movement of a person or group of people within a society changes the social status of that person or group. This type of mobility is stimulated through various reward systems (respect, income, prestige, benefits). Vertical mobility has different characteristics. one of them is intensity, that is, it determines how many strata an individual goes through on his way up.

If the society is socially disorganized, then the intensity indicator becomes higher. An indicator such as universality determines the number of people who have changed their vertical position over a certain period of time. Depending on the type of vertical mobility, two types of society are distinguished. It's closed and open.

In a closed society, moving up the social ladder is very difficult for certain categories of people. For example, these are societies in which there are castes, estates, and also a society in which there are slaves. There were many such communities in the Middle Ages.

IN open society equal opportunities for everyone. These societies include democratic states. Pitirim Sorokin argues that there are no and never have been societies in which opportunities for vertical mobility were absolutely closed. At the same time, there have never been communities in which vertical movements were absolutely free. Vertical mobility can be either upward (in this case it is voluntary) or downward (in this case it is forced).

Horizontal mobility assumes that an individual moves from one group to another without change social status. For example, this could be a change in religion. That is, an individual can convert from Orthodoxy to Catholicism. He can also change his citizenship, he can start his own family and leave his parents’ family, he can change his profession. In this case, the status of the individual does not change. If there is a move from one country to another, then such mobility is called geographical mobility. Migration is a type of geographic mobility in which the status of an individual changes after moving. Migration can be labor and political, internal and international, legal and illegal.

Organized mobility is a state-dependent process. It directs the movement of groups of people down, up or horizontally. This can happen with or without the consent of these people.

Structural mobility caused by changes that occur in the structure of society. Social mobility can be group or individual. Group mobility implies that movement occurs in entire groups. Group mobility is influenced by the following factors:

• uprisings;
• wars;
• replacement of the constitution;
• invasion of foreign troops;
• change of political regime.
• Individual social mobility depends on the following factors:
• level of education of the citizen;
• nationality;
• place of residence;
• quality of education;
• his family status;
• whether the citizen is married.
• Great importance for any type of mobility have age, gender, fertility and mortality.

Social mobility examples

Examples of social mobility can be found in our lives in large quantities. Thus, Pavel Durov, who was initially a simple student of the Faculty of Philology, can be considered an example of increasing growth in society. But in 2006, he was told about Facebook, and then he decided that he would create a similar network in Russia. At first it was called “Student.ru”, but then it was called Vkontakte. Now it has more than 70 million users, and Pavel Durov has a net worth of more than $260 million.

Social mobility often develops within subsystems. Thus, schools and universities are such subsystems. A university student must learn curriculum. If he successfully passes the exams, he will move on to the next course, receive a diploma, become a specialist, that is, he will receive more high position. Expulsion from a university for poor performance is an example of downward social mobility.

An example of social mobility is the following situation: a person who received an inheritance, became rich, and moved to a more prosperous stratum of people. Examples of social mobility include the promotion of a school teacher to director, the promotion of an associate professor of a department to a professor, or the relocation of an enterprise employee to another city.

Vertical social mobility

Vertical mobility has been subject to the largest number research. The defining concept is mobility distance. It measures how many steps an individual goes through as he moves up in society. He can walk one or two steps, he can suddenly fly up to the very top of the stairs or fall to its base (the last two options are quite rare). The amount of mobility is important. It determines how many individuals have moved upward or downward through vertical mobility in a given period of time.

Social mobility channels

There are no absolute boundaries between social strata in society. Representatives of some layers can make their way into other layers. Movements occur with the help of social institutions. In wartime, as social institution there is an army that promotes talented soldiers and gives them new ranks if their previous commanders have died. Another powerful channel of social mobility is the church, which at all times has found devoted representatives in the lower classes of society and elevated them.

Also channels of social mobility can be considered Institute of Education, and also family and marriage. If representatives of different social classes married, then one of them climbed the social ladder, or descended. For example, in ancient Roman society, a free man who married a slave could make her free. In the process of creating new layers of society - strata - groups of people appear who do not have generally accepted statuses or have lost them. They are called marginalized. Such people are characterized by the fact that they find it difficult and uncomfortable in their current status, they experience psychological stress. For example, this is an employee of an enterprise who became homeless and lost his home.

There are these types of marginals:

• ethnomarginals - people who appeared as a result of mixed marriages;
• biomarginals whose health society has ceased to care about;
• political outcasts who cannot come to terms with the existing political order;
• religious marginals - people who do not identify themselves with a generally accepted confession;
• criminal outcasts are people who violate the Criminal Code.

Social mobility in society

Social mobility may vary depending on the type of society. If we consider Soviet society, it was divided into economic classes. These were the nomenclature, the bureaucracy and the proletariat. Mechanisms of social mobility were then regulated by the state. Employees of district organizations were often appointed by party committees. The rapid movement of people occurred with the help of repression and construction projects of communism (for example, BAM and virgin soil). Western societies have a different structure of social mobility.

Main mechanism social movement there is competition. Because of it, some go bankrupt, while others make high profits. If this is the political sphere, then the main mechanism of movement there is elections. In any society there are mechanisms that make it possible to soften the sharp downward transition of individuals and groups. This different shapes social assistance. On the other hand, representatives of higher strata seek to consolidate their high status and prevent representatives of lower strata from penetrating into the high strata. Social mobility largely depends on what kind of society it is. It can be open or closed.

An open society is characterized by the fact that the division into social classes is arbitrary, and it is quite easy to move from one class to another. To achieve a higher position in the social hierarchy, a person needs to struggle. People are motivated to work constantly because hard work leads to an increase in their social status and improved well-being. Therefore, people of the lower class constantly strive to break through to the top, and representatives of the upper class want to maintain their position. Unlike an open one, a closed social society has very clear boundaries between classes.

The social structure of society is such that the advancement of people between classes is practically impossible. In such a system, hard work does not matter, and the talents of a member of the lower caste also do not matter. Such a system is maintained by an authoritarian ruling structure. If the government weakens, then it becomes possible to change the boundaries between strata. The most outstanding example of a closed caste society can be considered India, in which the Brahmins, the highest caste, have the highest status. The lowest caste is the Shudras, the garbage collectors. Over time, the lack of significant changes in society leads to the degeneration of this society.

Social stratification and mobility

Social stratification divides people into classes. In post-Soviet society, the following classes began to appear: new Russians, entrepreneurs, workers, peasants, and the ruling class. Social strata all societies have common features. Thus, people of mental labor occupy a higher position than simply workers and peasants. As a rule, there are no impenetrable boundaries between strata, but at the same time, a complete absence of boundaries is impossible.

Recently, social stratification in Western society has undergone significant changes due to the invasion of Western countries by representatives of the Eastern world (Arabs). Initially they arrive as work force, that is, they perform low-skilled work. But these representatives bring their own culture and customs, often different from Western ones. Often, entire neighborhoods in Western cities live according to the laws of Islamic culture.

It must be said that social mobility in conditions of social crisis differs from social mobility in conditions of stability. War, revolution, and prolonged economic conflicts lead to changes in the channels of social mobility, often to mass impoverishment and increased morbidity. Under these conditions, stratification processes can differ significantly. So, in ruling circles Representatives of criminal structures can sneak in.