The influence of natural conditions and natural resources on the territorial organization of society. The influence of natural conditions on human health

MBOU Sosvinskaya Secondary School

Open lesson in 8th grade

GEOGRAPHY

Lesson topic: “Influence natural conditions on human life and health"

Geography teacher:

Loginova V.V.

Sosva 2014.

Lesson topic: “The influence of natural conditions on human life and health”

Lesson on Russian geography in 8th grade.

Lesson objectives:
-form an idea of favorable and extreme living conditions for people;

Deepen knowledge about the influence of natural conditions on human life and health;

Develop skills in working with different sources of geographic information.

Create conditions for the development of students’ speech in the classroom;

Using a regional component to increase interest in the native land

Equipment: maps of Russia, computer, atlases, handouts.

During the classes

Organizing time:

Determining the topic and setting the goal of the lesson.

Teacher's opening speech.

Today we have an unusual lesson. Its topic is painfully familiar to all of us firsthand: it is talked about on the radio and shown on television, experts discuss it at conferences. This topic has too many unresolved issues, controversial issues, and therefore will always be relevant.

you.

Associations : deer, moss, lakes, Arctic Circle, permafrost, Taimyr (tundra)

Black Sea, Caucasus Mountains, cruise ships (South of Russia)

II Updating knowledge

The connection between natural conditions and human health obvious. The quality of water, air, soil, and climatic conditions determines a person’s health, ability to work, and longevity.

Remember in which areas of our country the largest number of centenarians live. Think about what explains this.

It has long been noted that a positive effect on a person is exerted by beautiful landscapes: sea, mountains, fields, forest, steppe, lakes, rivers, etc. The best proof of this is the recreation and treatment of people at resorts, as well as the widespread use of such a form of recreation as tourism.

III Study new material.

Natural factors play an important role in maintaining people’s health and treating various diseases: sun rays, sea, forest, mountain air, sea water, mineral waters, healing mud.

- Air temperature and humidity. Atmosphere pressure
- Proximity or distance from bodies of water, quality drinking water;
- Condition of landscapes and sanitary condition of soils on which vegetables and fruits eaten are grown

There is a special branch of science - MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY, studying the patterns of spread of human diseases.

RECREATIONAL GEOGRAPHY– the science of organizing recreational areas for people.

Warm sunny summer Cold summer

Moderately Cold winter Very wet summer

Sufficient rainfall Harsh winter

Abundance beautiful places(bodies of water) Poor natural resources

Mountain air

Favorable conditions for human life and activity. Part of the territory of our country is characterized by favorable conditions for human life and health: warm sunny summers, moderate cold winter, sufficient rainfall, an abundance of attractive picturesque landscapes.

The climate of the middle and southern part of the European territory, the south, is very favorable for health Western Siberia, North Caucasus. For example, for a resident of temperate latitudes, the most favorable conditions are: temperature in winter -8...-10°C, in summer +23...+25°C, wind speed in winter reaches 0.15 m/s, in summer - 0, 2-0.4 m/s, relative air humidity is 40-60%, respectively. These territories have been developed for a long time and have a high population density.

Development of territories with extreme conditions. However, in our country there are many places with unfavorable conditions for human life.

Extreme conditions (from the Latin extremus - extreme, extreme, severe) are conditions that are extremely unfavorable for the human body: with very low winter temperatures, very high summer temperatures, strong winds, and very high humidity.

On the territory of our country, the following territories with extreme conditions can be distinguished: tundra, deserts, areas of sharply continental climate in Siberia, the Far Eastern monsoon zone.

In Primorye, for example, the summer is very damp: people suffer from shortness of breath, everything iron quickly rusts.

In Eastern Siberia there are the coldest regions of the Northern Hemisphere, where it is extremely difficult to build any buildings due to the presence of permafrost soils. In winter the thermometer shows -50...-60°С, and in summer sometimes more than +30°С. Here are the largest annual temperature ranges on our planet: 95°C in the south and 105°C in the north; in winter the highest atmospheric pressure is observed in Russia. Frosts of -45... -50°C can remain here continuously for 1.5 to 3 months.

Rice. 137. Degree of discomfort during the cold season (according to F. Reimers)

Natural conditions have a great impact on human life and health. By looking at Figure 137, you can determine for which areas of the country certain buildings and types of clothing are typical.

Such conditions create great difficulties not only for the people living in them, but also for the tools of labor. Temperature -45°C is critical for mechanisms. For northern regions it is necessary to make them from special frost-resistant materials.

The development of territories with extreme conditions requires significant expenditures of funds, as well as the enthusiasm of people.

Difficult natural conditions create great difficulties in the development of territories and require significant material costs for construction and maintaining a certain standard of living.

IV . Practical work “Studying the degree of favorableness of natural conditions for people’s lives.”

This practical work allows us to conclude that unfavorable conditions for the life and economic activities of the population prevail on the territory of Russia. Russia is the coldest country on the planet (not counting Antarctica).
Territories with favorable conditions for human habitation occupy only 1/3 of its area in Russia.

We would all very much like to know your general opinion on the ecology of such a large and rich country as Russia, and then each group will be given the opportunity to determine the most ecologically clean and dirty areas, as well as determine the reasons for their cleanliness or outline ways to improve their ecological condition, but first we will give the floor to our guest - an ecologist.

Now each group will try to make mineenvironmental hazard rating in natural areas of Russia. You can do this work by filling out a table of the general environmental situation in Russia, and then we will compare your data with the data of ecologists and determine the level of your environmental competence relative to ours home country. You fill out the data for each natural area based on a 10-point scale and determine GPA.

Teacher:

You have received your GPA according to the degree of environmental comfort of the territory of Russia . Raise your hands who scored 10 points; 1 point; 5 points or close to it. As can be seen from your activity, the environmental condition in Russia is average.

How do experts evaluate it?

You can give many more examples of your good and not so good activities in the environment, but every person who lives on Earth must remember that he is part of it, and therefore must treat everything living and inanimate with care and not alienate himself from nature.

Area of territories favorable for living of the population by country of the world
(in million sq. km)

The maximum population density is observed in areas with favorable natural conditions for life:

North Caucasus and South-West of the European part of Russia (the most favorable conditions);

The central regions of the East European Plain, the south of Western Siberia, the foothills of the mountains of Southern Siberia, the extreme south of Central Siberia and the Far East (favorable conditions).

V. Fixing the material.

"Attention! Problem"
“Can a person completely free himself from the influence of the natural environment on his life and activities?”

Man cannot completely free himself from the influence of the natural environment, but headapts, adapts to the conditions in which it lives and engages in economic activities.

Try to determine the extent of your impact on nature and evaluate it. To do this, each of you is invited to draw a person (yourself) in the center on a separate piece of paper, and from it, using arrows in different directions (like rays of the sun), draw what you personally do in nature.

Now say out loud: a) what, in your opinion, everything should be done to make the environmental situation of our homeland better; b) something that should never be done in the environment.

I'm not against progress, neither - nor!

I understand the scope and greatness. But I ask you, century:

Save at least some small wildness.

Save the lakeside reeds, Save the village cherries,

Preserve the pristine silence from which we once emerged.

VI. Reflection

Students relate “new” information to “old” information using knowledge acquired at the comprehension stage

The connection between natural conditions and human health is obvious. The quality of water, air, soil, and climatic conditions determine a person’s health, ability to work, and longevity.

Remember in which areas of our country the largest number of centenarians live. Find out what explains this.

It has long been noted that beautiful landscapes have a positive effect on people: the sea, mountains, fields, forests, steppes, lakes, rivers, etc. The best proof of this is the recreation and treatment of people at resorts, as well as the widespread use of such forms of recreation as tourism.

In maintaining people's health and treating various diseases, natural factors play an important role: sunlight, sea, forest, mountain air, sea water, mineral waters, healing mud.

Name the resort areas you know in our country. Explain their placement.

There is a special branch of science - medical geography, which studies the patterns of geographical distribution of human diseases and develops measures to combat these diseases. Medical geography studies the natural features of a territory in order to determine their impact on the health of the population, and contributes to a more complete and comprehensive assessment of natural conditions when designing and carrying out a set of measures to transform nature.

Attention to people, concern for their health and recreation requires a reasonable, careful attitude towards nature and its riches.

Favorable conditions for human life and activity. Part of the territory of our country is characterized by favorable conditions for human life and health: warm sunny summers, moderately cold winters, sufficient rainfall, and an abundance of attractive picturesque landscapes.

The climate of the middle and southern part of the European territory, the south of Western Siberia, and the North Caucasus is very favorable for health. For example, for a resident of temperate latitudes, the most favorable conditions are: temperature in winter -8...-10°C, in summer +23...+25°C, wind speed in winter reaches 0.15 m/s, in summer - 0, 2-0.4 m/s, relative air humidity is 40-60%, respectively. These territories have been developed for a long time and have a high population density.

Development of territories with extreme conditions. However, in our country there are many places with unfavorable conditions for human life.

Rice. 136. The degree of favorableness of natural conditions for human life

On the territory of our country, the following territories with extreme conditions can be distinguished: tundra, deserts, areas of sharply continental climate in Siberia, the Far Eastern monsoon zone.

In Primorye, for example, the summer is very damp: people suffer from shortness of breath, everything iron quickly rusts.

Rice. 137. Degree of discomfort during the cold season (according to F. Reimers)

Natural conditions have a great impact on human life and health. By looking at Figure 137, you can determine for which areas of the country certain buildings and types of clothing are typical.

The development of territories with extreme conditions requires significant expenditures of funds, as well as the enthusiasm of people.

Rice. 138. Structure of the concept, “natural benefits” (according to N. F. Reimers)

When developing these territories great value has the use of advances in science and technology.

Give examples of the development of territories with the help of achievements of science and technology, known to you from courses in physics, chemistry, as well as from periodicals.

Natural phenomena and their causes. Significant difficulties in human life and activity are associated with natural phenomena. Natural disasters usually mean unexpected disruptions in the normal course of natural processes that have terrible consequences for humans.

Natural disasters can become catastrophic. The types of natural disasters are very diverse (Fig. 139). Often these phenomena cause superstitious fear in people and give rise to belief in supernatural forces. Volcanic eruptions have always inspired people with particular fear. Here the “forces of hell” escaping from the bowels of the Earth were visible: red-hot lava, hot ash, scorching clouds, mud flows. Air whirlwinds - tornadoes - are notorious: they overturn cars, fell forests, carry almost tattered haystacks, destroy buildings and can maim and even kill people.

In order to understand and explain the causes of various natural phenomena, it is necessary to know the laws of development of the Earth's shells.

Rice. 139. Interrelation of natural phenomena in the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere

Analyzing the diagram (see Fig. 139), indicate what reasons cause this or that natural disaster. (Check your answers using the materials in §44.)

Tell us what the consequences of these natural phenomena are (you can use materials from periodicals).

Geography of natural phenomena. Many natural phenomena - earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc. are associated with areas of active mountain building. In Russia, such areas are located in the Caucasus and Far East. Avalanches, landslides, and mudflows also form in the mountainous regions of the Caucasus, as well as in the Urals, in the Khibiny Mountains.

River floods occur mainly on rivers with unregulated flow. With the construction of dams and reservoirs, the risk of flooding is sharply reduced.

Tornadoes occur in the center of the European part of the country; their formation is associated with sharp changes in pressure and changes in air masses, but their manifestation, as in the classic “tornado country” - the southern states of the USA, is prevented by forests.

Surge floods occur when headwinds block river mouths, raising the water level in the bay into which the river flows, causing it to turn back. Such, for example, are the famous floods of St. Petersburg.

Depending on in which area, inhabited or undeveloped, this or that natural phenomenon occurs, it is either classified as a natural disaster or not. In a populated area, it causes great material damage and sometimes leads to death, which is why it is called a disaster.

Measures to combat natural disasters. To combat natural phenomena, you must first of all know well the reasons for their origin. Scientists come to the aid of people by studying and trying to predict natural phenomena. This is very difficult and hard work, despite the fact that it uses latest achievements science and technology, in particular space methods.

In our country, forecasts of volcanic eruptions in Kamchatka are successfully carried out, and local forecasts of avalanches, mudflows, and floods are carried out. To protect people from some of the natural disasters, special structures are created.

People have already learned to predict droughts and floods, hurricanes and storms, blizzards and snow drifts in advance. But there remains a lot of unknowns, which require great effort in studying natural elements.

More detailed space methods for studying them will provide great assistance in understanding the formidable forces of nature, because they make it possible to obtain new operational information about formidable natural phenomena. In the future, people will conduct regular observations covering the entire Earth, and predict natural processes, and in some cases, prevent them.

To protect the country's population from natural and man-made disasters, a special Ministry of Emergency Situations was created. Well-trained and equipped professionals quickly move to the disaster area and provide assistance to victims.

Questions and tasks

Name natural phenomena that prevent a person from mastering nature.
What natural conditions are considered extreme?
In what areas of our country and why do natural disasters occur? What measures are taken to combat them?
Draw it in your notebook and fill out the table.

Table 11. The degree of comfort of territories for people’s lives

XIIRegional competition for young researchers
"Step into Science"
Section: Geography

The influence of natural conditions on the life of the peoples of Russia.

Completed by: Ponomoreva Margarita

Scientific adviser:

Rostunova Tatyana Yadullaevna

Vladikavkaz 2014

Introduction. 1

Chapter 1. Man is part of nature. 3

Steppe people. 3

1.3. Residents of the taiga. 4

Residents of the tundra. 5

Chapter 2. Chukchi. 6

2. 1. Traditional housing. 6

2. 2. Clothes. 6

2. 3. National cuisine. 7

Chapter 3. Russians. 7

3.1. Russian hut. 8

3. 2. National clothes. 9

3.3. Russian kitchen. 9

Chapter 4. Ossetians. 10

4.1. House of Ossetians. eleven

4.2. National clothes of Ossetians. eleven

4.3. National food. 14

Conclusion. 15

Literature. 16

Introduction.

The desire for knowledge is one of the main human traits. Even in ancient times, people sought to understand the surrounding nature. At first it was a practical necessity - it was necessary to get food for ourselves and protect ourselves from wild animals. And people began to study the world in which they lived. The first knowledge was very great importance for humanity: they learned to cook food, smelt metals, and protect their homes. At the same time, the foundations of most modern sciences. First of all, natural sciences developed, which were of practical importance for human life - geography, physics, biology. In addition, people have always been interested in knowing about themselves. Man lives in nature, in society and obeys their laws. This knowledge is often very useful: the experience of our ancestors helps in modern life. Although the sciences describe nature and man himself with complete different sides, but all together they give a complete and detailed description of the world, they make a person smarter, kinder, mentally richer. According to F. Bacon, “Knowledge is power, power is knowledge.” Unfortunately, now living conditions and small everyday worries sometimes suppress the desire to gain knowledge. Ignorance is very scary and dangerous. C. Helvetius said that “Anyone who studies the history of national disasters can be convinced that most of the misfortunes on earth are brought about by ignorance.” Ignorant people are overly self-confident; they often do not understand what they are doing; due to their lack of education and ignorance, they can blindly follow an idea, even the most wrong and dangerous one. Therefore, they can cause many troubles, both for an individual person and for an entire state.

Our favorite subject is geography. Not a single person and not a single science can do without geography. Knowledge of geography helps in life. She studies nature, population and economy.

The Russian Federation is the most multinational country. It has about 130 nations. It is very interesting to know the characteristics of the peoples of the country in which we live. That is why we decided to choose this topic.

Purpose of the work: to form ideas about the dependence of the lives of the peoples of Russia on the nature that surrounds them. What natural conditions and how did they affect clothing, food, housing.

It is impossible to tell about all the peoples of Russia in full. We will tell you about some of them.

Chapter 1. Man is part of nature.

Natural conditions are a set of environmental properties that significantly influence human life. The strongest influence on human life and economic activity is exerted by relief and climate.

Man is a part of nature and cannot live outside of it. Nature is a habitat for humans, since humans satisfy their needs for food, water, clothing and shelter due to the various properties of nature.

The part of nature with which humanity interacts in its life and production activities is the environment.

Natural conditions are a part of nature that has a direct impact on the settlement of people, their life and health, on the location of production and other forms of human activity.

The very first thing all living things need is food. In second place are housing and clothing that can protect against external conditions. The beauty in nature has always been reflected in folk life, household utensils, national costumes, folk crafts, embroidery, ornaments, where motifs are wonderfully intertwined in drawings and bright colors native nature.

We tried to conduct a virtual interview with friends living in different regions of our vast country and understand how the features of nature affected their lives.

1.1. Steppe people

We live in the natural steppe zone, where the main vegetation is grass. The soils are chernozems. These are the most fertile soils. The terrain of the steppes is open, there is a feeling of spaciousness and a lot of air. Our characteristic feature is collectivism, because... before the steppe were subject to frequent raids by nomads, it was possible to defend against them by living closely together in large villages. There are more than 5 thousand people in our village. The village is located along the river. Our summers are dry, so it is important to live near water. A flat plain stretches to the horizon, and there is no end to it. In the steppe you can ride a horse for a long time, the roads are straight. In Cossack villages, the horse has always been the most important assistant in the household. Now almost the entire steppe is plowed, and wheat, sunflowers, corn, and sugar beets are grown in the fields. Our house in the village was built from raw brick - adobe. Adobe is clay mixed with straw. You have to knead it with your feet in a hole that they dig right in the yard. The adobe houses are coated with clay and whitewashed. And now more houses are built from real baked bricks; they are more durable and stronger. Our wood is expensive and imported. The house has small windows that can be closed with shutters. Shutters provide protection from the hot rays of the sun in summer, and from dust storms and snowstorms in winter.

1.2. Pomors

We live on the shores of the White Sea. Our winter is cold, windy, and the winter nights are long. The Arctic Circle is located very close to the White Sea. In winter there is a lot of snow. Summer is cool, but summer days are long and nights are short. We say “Dawn catches up with dawn.” There is taiga around us, so our houses are made of logs. The house is large with winter and summer halves. The windows of the house face south, west and east. In winter, sunlight must enter the house, because the days are so short. So the windows “catch” the sun’s rays. The windows of the house are high above the ground, firstly, there is a lot of snow, and to prevent snow from filling the windows, you need to raise them higher, and, secondly, the house has a high underground floor where livestock lives in the cold winter. Our yard is covered, otherwise it will snow over the winter. In the summer, haymaking must be done quickly, otherwise it will rain and spoil the hay. There are mushrooms, berries, fur-bearing animals in the forest, and there is a lot of fish in the forest rivers. Previously, there were many bivalve mollusks in the rivers. Pearls grew inside the shells. The obtained pearls decorated the clothes and kokoshniks of women. Men prepare firewood for the winter, saw and plan in winter. Our houses are decorated with beautiful wood carvings. And in winter, men repair fishing nets, in spring they tar the boats, preparing to go out to sea for fish. And on long winter evenings, women spin wool, knit warm socks, sew warm sheepskin coats, and run the household. In winter we ride on sleighs and harness horses, and in summer we ride on carts, and along the river and sea in boats (boats). We sell furs; caught by hunting, various fish, wood, river pearls. And we buy bread, vegetables, fruits, fabrics (chintz, silk).

1.3. Residents of the taiga

We live in the taiga. Our village consists of 3 houses. The houses are large, made of thick logs, with a courtyard under a roof. There is a Russian stove in the house, which we heat with wood. The stove retains heat for a long time, so the house is warm even in severe winter. In the summer, you need to prepare firewood for the winter, and cut and dry the hay. The cow is our nurse, milk is an important food product. The men are all excellent hunters; they can hit a squirrel in the eye with a gun. They hunt both elk and fur-bearing animals. Sable fur is especially prized - it is beautiful and durable. There is a lot of fish in the rivers, especially tasty grayling. He loves forest clean rivers. There are a lot of mushrooms and berries in the taiga. In summer and autumn you can prepare them, and in winter you can bake delicious pies with mushrooms and berries. Women spin, knit, and weave lace in winter. In winter there is more rest, but in spring, summer and autumn you have to work a lot. We say: “A summer day feeds the year.”

Residents of the tundra

We are residents of Chukotka. There is tundra around us - mosses, lichens, dwarf birches and willows. In summer we have a polar day - the sun does not set below the horizon. There are many different berries in the tundra: cloudberries, blueberries, cranberries. We prepare berries for the winter. There are also a lot of mushrooms in the tundra. We live in a reindeer herding village. Parents roam the tundra with a herd of deer. Reindeer is everything for a tundra dweller. This includes food, clothing, and shoes. Reindeer are also a warm home - chum. You can hunt the Arctic fox in the tundra; it has fluffy and warm fur. There are a lot of fish in the rivers. And our neighbors, who live on the seashore, engage in marine fishing for whales, walruses and seals and catch fish in the sea. In the summer we have a problem - midges: mosquitoes, midges. Only the wind from the ocean saves you from the midges. Deer also suffer from bites, so in the summer the herd must be moved closer to the seashore, where the wind blows stronger; And in winter it is very cold on the shore; a herd of deer is taken away from the wind into the forest-tundra. Reindeer do not need to prepare food for the winter; they get it themselves from under the snow. But they cannot graze on one pasture for a long time: eaten mosses and lichens take 10-15 years to recover. There is only one way out - to wander. Parents are nomadic, but children need to study and attend school. So we live in a boarding school from vacation to vacation. During the holidays, we help our parents look after the reindeer herd.

1.5. Highlanders

We live in the Caucasus mountains. Our village is an aul. Located on the slope of a mountain. Houses climb up the slope using a ladder. The house is called saklya. Saklya is a building with stone walls and a flat roof. Such a roof can be used as a patio, because there is little convenient land in the mountains. Adults are engaged different things. Women run the household: they cook food, sew clothes, and men tend the sheep. In the summer, flocks of sheep are driven into the mountains to subalpine and alpine meadows and lush grasses. And in winter the sheep are driven into the valleys. There is no snow in the valleys even in winter. And the high mountain meadows lie under snow in winter. We have two halves in our houses: one is female, and the other is male. Women do not dine at the same table with men. It is best to ride through the mountains on horseback, but the paths are sometimes so narrow that it is difficult for a horse to walk along them. Lots of rocks and cliffs. We take water from a mountain river. The water is cold, clean, tasty, because the river begins with a mountain glacier. Women bake flatbreads (lavash) in round ovens buried in the ground, men wear a sheepskin hat on their heads, and a Circassian hat for clothing.

Chapter 2. Chukchi.

The Chukchi live in Chukotka and Kamchatka.

The climate here is harsh, characterized by low, not only winter, but also summer temperatures, which is due to the influence of the seas, especially the Chukotka and Okhotsk seas, which are abundant in ice throughout the summer.

The territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle. Nature is harsh and strict. Severe and simple, but powerful in the strength of its resilience and survival. It just seems that the vegetation and fauna are poor. It only seems that thin larches and small birches, mosses and lichens, blueberries and lingonberries barely survive in these harsh conditions, and, as it seems, are “breathing on their last legs.” The nature of the north is strong and solid.

2. 1. Traditional housing

The Chukchi live in camps of 2-3 houses, which are removed as the reindeer food runs out. In the summer, some go down to the sea. Yaranga is ideally adapted to the open spaces of the tundra. Their streamlined shape gives the home stability.
The housing can be easily assembled and disassembled. This takes 50 - 60 minutes.

The Chukchi yaranga is a large tent of irregular polygonal shape, covered with panels of reindeer skins, with the fur facing out. Resistance against wind pressure is provided by stones tied to the pillars and cover of the hut. The fireplace is in the middle of the hut and surrounded by sleighs with household supplies. The actual living space, where the Chukchi eat, drink and sleep, consists of a small rectangular fur tent-canopy, fixed at the back wall of the tent and sealed tightly from the floor. The temperature in this cramped room, heated by the living warmth of its inhabitants and partly by a fat lamp, is so high that the Chukchi strip naked in it.

2. Clothes.

Chukchi winter clothing is made from the fur of fawns (grown up autumn calf of deer) and for men consists of a double fur shirt (the lower one with the fur towards the body and the upper one with the fur outward), the same double pants, short fur stockings with the same boots and a hat in the form of a woman's bonnet . Women's clothing is completely unique, also double, consisting of seamlessly sewn trousers together with a low-cut bodice, cinched at the waist, with a slit on the chest and extremely wide sleeves, thanks to which Chukchi women can easily free their hands while working. Summer outerwear includes robes made of reindeer suede, as well as kamleikas (outer waterproof fishing clothing, sewn from the intestines of sea animals and skillfully decorated with bird beaks and small feathers) made of fine-haired deer skin with various ritual stripes. The infant's costume consists of a reindeer bag with blind branches for the arms and legs.

Festive kamleikas were richly decorated with fringes made of seal wool, dyed red and Blue colour, strips of colored leather, bird skins and beaks of seabirds, especially the puffin. Chukotka women, as well as children under 6 years of age, wore fur overalls.

2. 3. National cuisine.

Traditional Chukchi food, as you might expect, is venison, meat and fat of sea animals, boiled and raw (brain, kidneys, liver, eyes, tendons). They also use fresh and frozen deer blood. The Chukchi consider walrus meat especially healthy and satisfying. They prepare a so-called roll (k'opalgyn-kymgyt) from the walrus; square pieces of meat are cut out of the back and sides and the liver and all sorts of other entrails are wrapped in them. K'opalgyn is eaten exclusively fresh and frozen. Beluga whale meat is eaten fresh and boiled, just like gray whale meat.
Since the meat of many sea animals is too fatty, herbal supplements are required. Therefore, the Chukchi often and out of necessity eat a lot of herbs, berries, seaweed, and roots. The leaves of dwarf willow and sorrel are often mixed and fermented with fat. A unique dish is the so-called monyalo - half-digested moss extracted from a large deer stomach; Various canned food and fresh dishes are prepared from monyal. Semi-liquid stew made from monyal, blood, fat and finely chopped meat until very recently was the most common type of hot food.

Residents of the North, whose diet is by nature meager, favor raw frozen fish and meat (stroganina) - at -40 ° C, microbes die, and such food quickly saturates with calories and vitamins.

Chapter 3. Russians.

Russians live mainly in the eastern part of Europe on the Russian Plain, covered with forests, filled with rivers, lakes, and swamps.

Russia has a harsh climate and long, frosty winters. Heat deficiency in Russia is a natural “limiter” on the life and activities of the population. Even in relatively warm areas, "warmth" is a fairly relative concept. In Moscow, frosts are possible 9 months a year, snow lies for 120-130 days, and frosts sometimes reach -40°C. The discomfort for a person is especially great during the cold season with low temperatures and strong winds. The warm period in Russia is very short (the number of days with an average daily temperature above +10°C); in most of the country this period lasts less than 3 months.

3.1. Russian hut.

If you have ever been to the Russian outback, to a village, or read Russian fairy tales, then you can imagine what traditional Russian houses might have looked like in ancient times. Rus' has always been rich in forests, so the first and main building material was wood. Of course, a lot has changed since then, even log houses today are built using a different technology, but before they were assembled only with the help of an ax, ropes and simple carpentry tools in just a few weeks. The ability to build a house was as natural for a man as the ability to weave and sew for a woman.

Pine or spruce was considered the best wood: the house made from it was strong, the logs gave off a pleasant pine smell, and people in such a house got sick less often. If there was no coniferous forest nearby, then oak or larch was cut down.

They used to build here extensively, on a bold Russian scale. There is a lot of land, forest is at hand, and there is no shortage of workers. The huts are large, massive, cozy, solid. Sometimes on one floor, often on two with a light above them, with a vast covered courtyard.

A log was laid along the roof, decorated with skillful carvings on the facade, most often it was a horse or a rooster. It was a kind of amulet that protected the house from harm.

A Russian hut usually had one room. The main place in it was occupied by the stove. The larger the stove, the more heat it provided; in addition, food was cooked in the stove, and old people and children slept on it. Many rituals and beliefs were associated with the stove.

Such a hut stands, facing the road, a river or a lake, its windows high above the ground glistening in the sun. The extensive porch welcomes kind guests; looking at the hut is fun and joyful. Not a hut - a palace, a bright mansion! Grandfathers, fathers, sons and grandchildren lived under her roof as one family. In the old days, twenty people at a time would go out into the field from such houses.

Most likely, many today would not refuse to live in such a house, of course, if it had central heating, electricity and other modern amenities.

3. 2. National clothes.

For many centuries, the natural conditions in which Russians lived, the nature and working conditions dictated by the natural environment, rituals, beliefs, everything remained practically unchanged. folk life. As a result, the folk costume turned out to be maximally adapted to the life of the people.

One of characteristic features characteristic of all folk costumes is its functionality. It does not restrict movement, is light, not hot, and at the same time warm enough and protects from bad weather.

At the same time, despite all its simplicity, it was very bright, decorative clothing that adorned a person.

For different circumstances of life in different conditions, different types of clothing were developed: from light jackets or kazakin to covering the entire body from crown to toe, an army coat and a sheepskin coat.

Men wore blouse shirts, worn over narrow trousers and belted with a belt. Various caftans were used as outerwear. In winter they wore sheepskin coats, sheepskin coats and long sheepskin coats, belted with bright sashes.

The main part of the women's costume was a long shirt made of white canvas, the sleeves of which had special inserts on the shoulders, and the collar was gathered into a gather. A sundress was worn over the shirt, which was belted with a woven belt. With a sundress, married women on holidays wore various kokoshniks, richly decorated with embroidery and pearls. On weekdays, they wore a warrior on their head (the warrior did not allow a woman to flaunt one of her main decorations - her hair) and a scarf. A girl's headdress differed from a woman's one in that the top of the head remained open. The girl's hair was braided and decorated with ribbons.

The most common type of women's and men's shoes were bast shoes. Boots were the peasants' holiday footwear. Felt boots made of sheep's wool served as winter footwear.

3.3. Russian kitchen.

Russian cuisine was based on custom, not art, and its dishes were simple. Because of the custom of fasting, the table was divided into fast and fast.

Russian cuisine, rich in proteins and fats, was designed to provide all the necessary nutrients to a person engaged in physical labor and living in the middle zone, where winter lasts longer than summer. Food traditions also arose under the influence of natural conditions.

The Russian table is widely known abroad mainly for its delicacies: smoked sturgeon back (balyk), stellate sturgeon with horseradish, lightly salted salmon (salmon), red, black and pink (whitefish) caviar, pickled and salted mushrooms (mushrooms and white mushrooms).

Stories about rich Russian feasts are just a beautiful picture. A mountain feast could be arranged on the day of the holiday, and the rest of the time the food remained simple and even primitive.

main feature Russian national cuisine - a variety of products used for cooking. In addition to flour products, traditional Russian cuisine is characterized by a wide range of dishes from various cereals: porridge, casseroles, krupeniki.

The use of animal products - milk, cottage cheese, cream and especially sour cream - is also typical for Russian cuisine. Huge forests were sources of mushrooms, berries, honey, and nuts. The abundance of rivers, internal and external reservoirs, rich in all kinds of fish, made it possible to use fresh, dried, salted and smoked fish in Russian cuisine.

Traditional was a variety of soups, among which the most famous are cabbage soup, borscht, rassolnik, solyanka, ukha, and okroshka. The main vegetable was turnip. Cabbage, turnips, radishes, peas, cucumbers - vegetables - if not eaten raw, then salted, steamed, boiled or baked.

Russian peasants, going to work in the fields or other hard work, took kvass with them, as they believed that it restored strength and relieved fatigue.

Chapter 4. Ossetians.

Caucasian nature, distinguished by its beauty and severity, generosity and scarcity of land, had an ennobling influence on the character of people, their behavior, and their way of life in general. It was the nature of the Caucasus that was the foundation on which an aesthetic attitude towards the surrounding people, work, life, and art was developed.

Appearance and interior decoration homes, clothing and jewelry, weaving, carpentry, decorative applied arts- all this reflected the desire for beauty and harmony with nature.

4.1. House of Ossetians.

In the Caucasus, in the mountainous regions, where initially there were many forests, wooden buildings first predominated, and when the forests disappeared, stone became the main building material.

The type and type of housing construction for Ossetians, like many other peoples, is determined by location, climatic conditions and many other factors, such as the availability of building materials and terrain. Today, in the mountains of Ossetia, ancient towers are still preserved, which were divided into several types: residential, defensive and observation.

A distinctive feature of Ossetian towers is the flat, as if chopped off roof, which makes the tower seem unfinished. Perhaps there was a trick in this; if the enemies saw such a tower, they considered it non-working, boldly approached right next to it, and received a worthy rebuff.

Residential buildings were stone structures, usually consisting of one room with an adjoining storage room.

The most important detail The interior of the house had a hearth with an unquenchable fire and a chain descending over it; this structure was the greatest shrine. When girls got married, they asked for blessings at the hearth; in the new house, the bride was led around the hearth, introducing her to the house and new family. The hearth chain was kept and protected as a great value; stealing or throwing this chain out of the house was considered a terrible insult to the entire family and caused literally blood feud and immediate revenge. Even when moving to another house, the family always took their chain.

Also, the house was necessarily divided into two halves: the right - male, left - female. The pantry was considered another particularly revered place in the house, most likely because all food supplies were stored there (grain, cheese, ghee, beer, meat and much more).

Traditional feasts with Ossetian pies, beer and other culinary delights were held in the main room, where there was usually a large table and chairs for guests.

4.2. National clothes of Ossetians.

The economic activities of the Ossetians in the past, and geographical conditions, left a certain imprint on the costume of our people. Before joining Russia, the clothing of the Ossetians, who lived in inaccessible mountain gorges, was made mainly from material that was produced in their subsistence economy.

Lovingly creating and decorating things whenever possible, the highlanders tried to create according to the laws of beauty. They were industrious, and they drew inspiration from nature.

All Ossetian clothing, both women's and men's, has long been made exclusively by female craftswomen. However, like all household chores: baking Ossetian pies, maintaining a home and also sewing clothes - all this fell on women’s shoulders.

The national clothing of Ossetian men is underwear, on top of which they put on trousers, a Circassian coat, a beshmet, a hat, shoes (also homemade), and, in the appropriate season, a fur coat, a burka and a bashlyk. It is noteworthy that women's and men's outerwear is very beautiful.

The cherkeska (a single-breasted cloth caftan without a collar, gathered at the waist) was made from fabric of different colors; it could be white, gray, brown, black or even red. Circassian coats made from goat fluff were also highly valued.

Beshmet (caftan with a stand-up collar) is the most ancient and main element Ossetian national clothing had pockets on the sides of the beshmet and on the left side of the chest.

The popular outerwear of Ossetians was the burka - a cape with a large collar and wide shoulders, length to the toes. Some Ossetians did not part with the burka all year, because it served as protection from snow, rain and cold, and also perfectly protected from the heat, and for the shepherd it was also a bedding for sleeping.

The necessary accessories of the costume of the Ossetians, like other highlanders of the North Caucasus, were: a narrow Caucasian belt, decorated with metal and silver plaques, and a dagger, which mostly had a gilded or silver frame.

Ossetian headdresses are famous for their great variety. In making hats, the craftswomen showed all their talent in order to bring to life not only their ideas, but also to convey a piece of the history of this ancient people. Felt hats and bashlyk were very popular (a pointed cloth hood, worn over some kind of headdress in bad weather, has long bladed ends for wrapping around the neck). National culture The shoes of the Ossetians also reflect them; they were woven from wicker and made from other materials. Men's dress shoes were made of soft black morocco; it consisted of chuvyak (khadbyn dzabyrta), cut from a single piece, and leggings (zangaytta) or soft boots of the same cut as chuvyak (khadbynta). These shoes were decorated national ornament, embroidered with gold or silver thread, and sometimes with leather appliqué. Legs were tied with special straps (zangbattanta), which the rich had gold or silver jewelry. Such shoes were usually sewn by eye with the expectation that the morocco would stretch, and they were put on the bare foot, and before this the inside of the shoes was moistened with water and greased with soap. Morocco shoes were beautiful, elegant and comfortable for riding, but unsuitable for walking, as they wore out quickly. Usually soles made of cow or calf leather were sewn onto it.

Of course, today, even in distant mountain villages, Ossetians have become modernized and wear quite ordinary clothes: hats, caps, caps, outerwear - coats, quilted jackets and other types of clothing.

The Ossetian women's costume was initially not very different from the men's in cut. But at the end of the year before last and the beginning of the last century, it underwent significant changes. The festive women's dress now has a straight back without gathering, but still with a continuous slit in the front. A richly ornamented velvet apron, which protruded from under the dress, was usually tied to the hips. In cases where the sleeve was narrow, pendant sleeves made of heavy burgundy velvet embroidered with gold threads were often tied to the wrist. The waist was tied with a beautiful gilded belt. Necessary accessory The costume of a girl and a young woman was a low round velvet cap on a cardboard frame, embroidered with gold or silver braid (gold, silver or tinsel (copper, tin) braid).

As an everyday dress, they wore a dress with ruching at the waist, with a stand-up and turned-down collar, with a straight slit on the chest to the waist, and with sleeves tapering towards the wrists.

The modern women's national Ossetian costume is a kind of bridge between the past and the future. A luxurious interweaving of ancient cultures: Alan, Scythian, Kuban and modern Ossetian. IN National Costume, richly decorated with embroidery, ornaments and beads, is worn by the Ossetian bride to this day.
Mother-of-pearl and glass beads are woven into intricate patterns. It was as if someone, with a slight movement, had scattered them on iridescent satin. The skillful hands of craftswomen carefully create intricate patterns on the fabric. They contain the centuries-old behests of our ancestors. Every detail of the Ossetian traditional women's costume has a thousand-year history. Each has absorbed the beauty, grace, valor and honor of its glorious ancestors for centuries.

4.3.National food.

The characteristics of Ossetians are clearly manifested in their national food.
The nature of the Ossetians' food was determined by their economic activities, natural and geographical conditions of life of the people. Everything that was produced on the peasant farm was consumed as food: bread, meat, milk and dairy products, vegetables and fruits.
Preparing food, from bread to national drinks, was done exclusively by women. One of the main places in the Ossetian diet is bread, which was baked in the past in the mountains, especially in the highlands, almost exclusively from barley.

A favorite dish of Ossetians is also pies with cheese (habizdzhyn, ualibykh), prepared from lightly salted cheese. In addition, pies are often baked with a wide variety of fillings - from beans (khaadurjyn), green beet leaves (tsakharajyn), pumpkin (nasjyn), cabbage (kabuskaadzhyn), potatoes (kartofjyn). Pies with various fillings can be considered the national food of Ossetians.

In the past, when cattle breeding in the mountains was the only leading industry, dairy products prevailed over the rest. Of the dairy products, the most consumed is cheese. It is served as a snack, pies are made from it, and also the most favorite National dish Ossetian - dzykka, (mashed lightly salted or salted melted cheese is turned into mush and seasoned with a small amount of wheat flour).
Meat foods are consumed less frequently than dairy foods. In the past, meat was sometimes smoked using the smoke of burning dry nettles over a fireplace, which gave it a special flavor. An important place in the diet of Ossetians is occupied by vegetables: onions, garlic, wild garlic, which were familiar to the highlanders from ancient times and were widely distributed throughout Ossetia. Some national drinks of the Ossetians are also unique, in particular, not found among the peoples of the North Caucasus: bagany beer and the intoxicating drink with honey, rong, which has disappeared from use.

Conclusion.

The very existence of man is inseparable from nature, which provides material for housing and clothing, food, and determines the rhythm human life the change of day and night, the alternation of seasons.

Nature influences the life of man and society as a whole in the most direct way, since man himself is a part of it. And, consequently, changes occurring in nature, one way or another, are reflected in human life. It is important for a person to be in harmony with the nature around him, since from it he draws the energy he needs. For a person, it is necessary to be close to those places to the nature of which he is accustomed, they are native to him, and it is with the nature of these places that he has an invisible connection, which a person is not aware of, and sometimes denies it. Forests, rivers, mountains of our native land give us natural forces that we need to learn to accept correctly. And man, in turn, gives the energy of his soul to the surrounding nature, influencing it, transmitting his condition to it.

Unfortunately in Lately the relationship between nature and society is losing its value in the worldview of people, perhaps due to progress, perhaps due to a very rapid change in culture and values. Since man is a part of nature, the relationship between people is also the relationship of man to nature.

Having examined the four peoples of Russia, we saw that the differences in culture and way of life are caused by the geographical location of the territory where the people live. In such big country like Russia, where there are many peoples, the right policy is needed. This policy requires a respectful attitude towards each other, towards the traditions and culture of any people of Russia.

Literature.

B.A.KALOEV. “Material culture and applied art of Ossetians” Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Institute of Ethnography named after. N.N. Miklouho-Maclay. North Ossetian Research Institute. Publishing house "Science", Moscow, 1973

Dode Z.V. Costume of the population of the North Caucasus VII–XVII (reconstruction of ethno-social history. M., RAS 2008

V. Yochelson, “Notes on the population of the Yakut region” (“Living Antiquity”, issue II, 1895);

Chukchi. Peoples of Russia. Atlas of cultures and religions - M.: Design. Information. Cartography, 2010.

Bliev M. M., Bzarov R. S. History of Ossetia from ancient times to late XIX century. - Vladikavkaz, 2000

http://www.ossetia.ru/ir/ass-oss

Article “Ossetians” Peoples of Russia. Atlas of cultures and religions. - M.: Design, Information. Cartography, 2010

Agnaev G. Ossetian customs. - Vladikavkaz, 1999

Peoples of the European part of the USSR, vol. I. - M., 1964.

Russians. Historical and ethnographic atlas. - M., 1967.

Russian Peoples of Russia. Atlas of cultures and religions - M.: Design. Information. Cartography, 2010.

Lecture 3. Natural conditions as a development factor human society

Plan:

1. The concept of natural conditions and their characteristics

2. The influence of natural conditions on the life and economic activities of people

3. Adverse and dangerous natural phenomena

Natural conditions have played and continue to play a vital role in the life and development of human society. Undoubtedly, scientific and technological progress has significantly influenced the growth of human power in relation to nature.

Since 1992 - the year of the UN Environment Conference in Rio de Janeiro - the idea has become generally accepted that the primary condition for the sustainable development of individual countries and all of humanity as a whole is the totality of natural factors.

Taking into account and adequate understanding of the role and place of natural development factors are of vital importance in modern conditions in the field of management at almost all territorial levels. The concept of “natural factors” usually includes the following categories: natural conditions, natural resources, landscape sustainability and environmental situation.

Natural conditions– a set of the most important natural characteristics of the territory, reflecting the main features of the components of the natural environment or local natural phenomena.

They influence the life and economic activities of the population, the settlement of the population, the development and location of productive forces, and their specialization depend on them. They determine the cost, and, consequently, the competitiveness of the products produced, which is especially important for countries with a significant prevalence of extreme natural features, which include Russia.

Among the components of the natural environment, climate, geological environment, surface and groundwater, soil, biota, landscape or landscape conditions in general are considered as characteristics of natural conditions.

The specificity of the natural conditions of an area depends on its location in a particular natural zone and the presence in it of a certain combination of natural landscapes.

Natural areas- large divisions of the geographical envelope, expressed in the form of wide belts of the earth's surface, united by the similarity of such characteristics as the amount of solar radiation, moisture, type of soil, vegetation and fauna.

Natural landscapes– these are relatively homogeneous areas of the geographical envelope, distinguished by the natural combination of its components and phenomena, and the nature of their interrelations. Along with natural ones, anthropogenic or cultural landscapes are also distinguished, characterized by varying degrees of purposeful or spontaneous transformation of the original natural complexes.

Landscape– the main category of territorial division of the natural environment. The processes of exchange of matter and energy between the components of landscapes (rocks, soils, vegetation, etc.) determine their structure. Both natural and anthropogenic landscapes are subject to rhythmic and irreversible changes, therefore both are objects of regulation in human activity.

Among the landscape-forming factors that shape the most important properties of landscapes, there are external (cosmic and geodynamic) and internal (manifested in the processes of interaction of individual natural components) factors. All landscape-forming factors are also divided into zonal (climate, soil, vegetation) and azonal (relief, geological structure).

In management in general and in regional policy in particular, landscapes are considered as the natural basis for people’s lives and economic activities. At the same time, such features as their genesis, type, resistance to anthropogenic influences, aesthetic merits, degree of disturbance or preservation, and the nature of anthropogenic influences are taken into account.

At the heart of the selection natural areas and landscapes lie the climatic features of the territory, manifested primarily in the ratio of heat and moisture.

Climate- This is the average long-term weather regime in a particular area. Being the result of various natural processes continuously occurring in the atmosphere, the climate of the Earth and its individual regions is constantly changing, significantly affecting people's lives.

The most important climatic factor is heat. Thermal resources determine the energy of plant growth. The amount of heat required to complete the vegetation cycle (growth period) is called the biological sum of temperatures. It should be emphasized that this most directly affects the country’s economy, the economy, many aspects of the population’s life and politics.

A consequence of climatic conditions is permafrost, sometimes called permafrost, widespread in the countries of the northern hemisphere. The specifics of permafrost must be taken into account when creating engineering structures: pipelines, bridges, railways, etc.

Water(humidification), primarily in the form of precipitation, is the second most important climatic factor. A lack of water, as well as its excess, adversely affects the development of both agriculture and the economy as a whole, bringing significant costs to the budget.

The most important factor the formation of natural specificity is relief. By influencing all components of the natural environment, it contributes to the emergence of various landscapes. Over the past centuries, the formation of anthropogenic relief has become widespread. Humans influence the relief directly (mining and technical work, hydraulic construction, etc.) and indirectly through other components of the natural environment. For example, deforestation in savannas contributes to desertification and the development of aeolian landforms; overgrazing leads to increased water erosion, etc.

For agriculture and a number of other areas of the economy, soil conditions are of utmost importance. The soil is a special natural body that is formed as a result of the transformation of the surface layer of the earth’s crust, air and biota and combines the properties of living and inanimate nature. The valuable properties of the soil are reflected in its fertility - the ability to provide plants with digestible nutrients and moisture and create conditions for harvesting. Natural and artificial fertility are distinguished. Comparative qualitative assessment of soils according to developed scales in relation to a given area is carried out using grading.

Biota is understood as a historically established set of living organisms living in any territory, i.e. flora and fauna of the area. The characterization of the natural conditions of the area also includes an assessment of the flora and fauna.

Vegetation is a set of plant communities (phytocenoses). This or that type of vegetation has a significant impact on the development of the economy - agriculture, forestry and other opportunities.

Animal world is a collection of animal communities living within a specific territory.

Natural conditions influence almost all aspects of the daily life of the population, especially their work, leisure and life, people’s health and the ability to adapt to new, unusual conditions.

The total assessment of natural conditions is determined by their level comfort for a person. To measure it, up to 30 parameters are used (duration of climatic periods, temperature contrast, climate humidity, wind conditions, the presence of natural foci of infectious diseases, etc.).

According to the level of comfort there are:

· extreme territories (polar regions, high-mountain regions of high latitudes, etc.);

· uncomfortable territories - areas with harsh natural conditions, unsuitable for life of the non-indigenous, unadapted population; are divided into cold humid (arctic deserts, tundra), arid territories (deserts and semi-deserts), as well as mountainous areas;

· hyper-comfortable territories – areas with limited favorable conditions for the resettled population; divided into boreal (temperate forests) and semiarid (temperate steppes);

· pre-comfortable territories – areas with minor deviations from the natural optimum for the formation of a permanent population;

· comfortable territories – areas with almost ideal environmental conditions for the life of the population; characteristic of the southern part of the temperate zone, etc.

The concept of natural conditions in itself presupposes one or another type of economic activity. Natural conditions predetermine the economic diversity of human activity, the sectoral specialization of individual regions, the pace of economic and social development. At the same time, the influence of natural conditions on the national economy is ambiguous and largely depends on the level of development and economic situation of the country.

Natural conditions are of primary importance for those industries National economy that operate in the open air. First of all, these are agriculture, forestry and water management. Their specialization and development efficiency are directly related to soil fertility, climate, and water regime of the territory. Transport and many other sectors of the economy are also under their influence.

For example, when organizing the extraction of mineral resources, not only reserves and quality characteristics are taken into account, but also the conditions of their occurrence, which directly affect the method, scale and cost of extraction. In practice, it often happens that the most economical fields become not the richest, but the relatively poor ones, but located in more favorable natural conditions.

Almost all types of construction are highly dependent on natural conditions. Its cost is determined by such terrain parameters as soil strength and water content, the degree of seismicity, swampiness of the area, the presence of permafrost, mountainous terrain, etc.

The natural parameters of the territory also have a significant impact on the organization of urban utilities. Thus, the cost of heating, water supply, sewerage, lighting of dwellings, as well as their construction, also vary significantly depending on the climate and engineering and geological conditions. In the northern regions of Russia, the heating season lasts up to 10 months, and in the south of the country 4-5 months.

The issue of natural conditions for agriculture deserves special attention. The specialization and efficiency of the agricultural sector of the economy are directly related to the natural fertility of soils, climate, and water regime of the territory.

Methods of growing various crops and breeding farm animals depend on agroclimatic conditions - climate resources in relation to agricultural needs.

Agroclimatic conditions vary significantly from place to place. Understanding the patterns of agroclimatic differentiation is necessary not only for managing the agricultural sector of the national economy, but also for the purposes of political and economic analysis. It is calculated, for example, that the agroclimatic potential of the United States is approximately 2.5 times higher than that of Russia. It follows that, given equal inputs, the productivity of US agriculture will always be higher.

When assessing agroclimatic conditions and for a number of other practical purposes, data on zonal differences in the country's territory are used.

A specific form of natural conditions is the inherent unfavorable and dangerous natural phenomena or natural disasters inherent in certain areas.Disaster- this is dangerous a natural phenomenon, causing emergencies. Under emergency means a critical situation in a certain territory, resulting from a natural disaster or man-made accident and resulting in human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and disruption of normal living conditions of people.

The most common and at the same time dangerous natural disasters for humanity include earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes and storms, tornadoes, typhoons, landslides, landslides, mudflows, avalanches, forest and peat fires. Typical examples of unfavorable natural phenomena are droughts, frosts, very coldy, thunderstorms, heavy or prolonged rains, hail and some others.

According to their genesis, all main types of adverse and dangerous natural phenomena are divided into hydrometeorological and geological-geomorphological. Among the less common ones, there are also solar-cosmic (magnetic storms, meteorite impacts), biogeochemical (soil salinization, biogeochemical corrosion) and biological (reproduction of agricultural pests, epizootics, etc.).

Floods are among the most common hazardous phenomena. They threaten almost ¾ of the earth's surface. Usually, seasonal floods are observed on rivers, associated with the manifestation of regular climatic factors, in particular with snow melting (for example, the Lena River). Catastrophic floods are often caused by heavy rainfall.

China's largest river, the Yellow River, is especially famous for its catastrophic floods; more than 80 million people live in its valley. More victims are recorded here than in all other regions combined. It holds the most tragic record in human history: in the fall of 1987, the water level in the Yellow River rose by 20 m. 300 settlements were flooded, about 2 million people were left homeless, and the death toll reached 1 million.

Floods have been and continue to be a formidable and treacherous element for humans. According to UNESCO, over the last century they have killed 9 million people. The material damage they cause is also colossal.

The most important prerequisite for effective flood protection is accurate flood forecasting. Flood protection can be active (construction of dams, dams, diversion canals, regulation of river beds) or passive (warning and evacuation of people, their use of places that are likely not to be flooded, etc.).

Earthquakes– the most significant geological element in its consequences. Every year, about 10 thousand people die from them in the world, and material damage, according to far from complete data, reaches 400 million dollars.

Earthquakes are generated by seismic shock waves and elastic vibrations of the earth's crust. In addition to natural ones, earthquakes caused by human activity occur and can be destructive - flooding of deep reservoirs, oil production, injection of industrial wastewater into the depths, creation of deep quarries, etc.

Destructive force earthquakes are characterized in conventional intensity scores. Russia has adopted a 12-point intensity scale that describes the result of an earthquake.

The earthquake in the Chinese province of Shaanxi (1556) with a death toll of 830 thousand people is considered the most catastrophic.

Other widespread geological hazards of exogenous origin include landslides, landslides, mudflows, and coastal abrasion.

Despite the undoubted achievements of science and technology, the vulnerability modern society for natural disasters is constantly increasing. The number of victims of adverse and dangerous natural phenomena increases annually by approximately 6%. This is due to rapid population growth and high concentration of population in cities; environmental degradation causing dangerous natural processes.

The greatest economic losses in the world are caused by floods, tropical storms, droughts and earthquakes.

Direct impact is, first of all, the impact of climatic conditions, primarily affecting the thermal state of a person, which not only affects well-being and performance, but can also be accompanied by certain changes in the body and diseases. Climate zoning based on its impact on the human body is called anthropoclimatic zoning.

Methods for assessing the impact of climate on the human condition

Methods for assessing the influence of climate on a person’s thermal state are based on taking into account the combined influence of four factors: temperature, relative air humidity, wind speed and solar radiation. In this case, the change in these indicators by season of the year should also be taken into account, since it has a pronounced seasonal nature. The length of the seasons of the year, which varies by region, is also important. For example, it is believed that in Western Siberia, winter lasts from 240 days a year in the north to 135 days in the south, and summer lasts from 30 to 140 days, respectively. Summer is defined as a period with average daily air temperatures above 10°, and winter - below 0°. Selected according to this criterion summer period lasts up to 240 days a year on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, about 180-200 days in the North Caucasus, 120-150 days in the Moscow region and about 90 days in Arkhangelsk.

Anthropoclimatic zoning also uses such indicators as the degree of weather variability (which is important for assessing the possibility of adverse reactions in people), the duration of the period with ultraviolet starvation, the number of days with precipitation, and so on. An assessment of the contrast of the seasons of the year is also interesting: winter and summer can either not differ too significantly from each other (for example, on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, where the average temperatures of July and January differ by 15°), or be sharply different (in Verkhoyansk the amplitude is 66° : in winter minus 48°, and in summer plus 18°).

Geochemical conditions are the content in the environment of certain elements and their compounds, the deficiency or excess of which causes deviations in the health of the population. The main line of influence is biochemical: trace elements contained in rocks are absorbed by plants and animals through water and soil, and then enter the human body through food of plant and animal origin. Currently, the impact of natural geochemical anomalies on public health has significantly decreased, since knowledge of the geochemical situation makes it possible to carry out preventive measures and, in addition, products from other areas play an increasingly important role in the nutrition of the population. But man-made changes in the geochemical situation are becoming increasingly important.

Biotic conditions (the nature of vegetation and fauna) can have a direct impact on humans through the causative agents of various diseases, that is, through natural foci of diseases. A significant part of these outbreaks in our country have either been completely destroyed or their danger to the population has been sharply reduced. If these foci persist, then the population needs to take special protective measures (for example, against tick-borne encephalitis and others).

In a number of cases, individual representatives of the animal world are not so much dangerous as carriers of infections, but simply interfere with being on outdoors. For example, Viktor Ivanovich Perevedentsev considers the abundance of blood-sucking insects (botflies, mosquitoes and midges, united under common name"gnus") one of the most difficult living conditions of the population in the taiga part of Siberia, and sometimes in the forest-steppe. In some periods, in many places in Siberia, the number of midges is so great that without special protective measures it is impossible to work in the open air. Application special clothing and mesh is associated with a number of inconveniences, greatly interferes with work, reduces productivity, and significantly worsens the well-being of workers.