The influence of war on human destiny. How does war affect the destinies and lives of people? The Great Patriotic War in the works of Sholokhov M.A.

Great Patriotic War passed through the fates of millions Soviet people, leaving behind a difficult memory: pain, anger, suffering, fear. During the war, many lost their dearest and closest people, many experienced severe hardships. Rethinking of military events and human actions occurs later. Works of art appear in literature in which, through the prism of the author’s perception, an assessment of what is happening in difficult times is given. war time.
Mikhail Sholokhov could not ignore the topic that concerned everyone and therefore wrote short story“The Fate of Man”, touching on the issue heroic epic. At the center of the story are wartime events that changed the life of Andrei Sokolov, the main character of the work. The writer does not describe military events in detail; this is not the author’s task. The writer's goal is to show key episodes that influenced the development of the hero’s personality. The most important event in the life of Andrei Sokolov there is captivity. It is in the hands of the fascists, in the face mortal danger various sides of the character’s character are revealed, it is here that the war appears to the reader without embellishment, revealing the essence of people: the vile, vile traitor Kryzhnev; a real doctor who “did his great work both in captivity and in the dark”; “such a skinny, snub-nosed guy,” platoon commander. Andrei Sokolov had to endure inhuman torment in captivity, but the main thing is that he managed to preserve his honor and dignity. The climax of the story is the scene at Commandant Muller's, where the exhausted, hungry, tired hero was brought, but even there he showed the enemy the strength of the Russian soldier. Andrei Sokolov’s action (he drank three glasses of vodka without a snack: he didn’t want to choke on a handout) surprised Muller: “That’s it, Sokolov, you are a real Russian soldier. You are a brave soldier." The war appears to the reader without embellishment: after escaping from captivity, already in the hospital, the hero receives terrible news from home about the death of his family: his wife and two daughters. The heavy war machine spares no one: neither women nor children. The final blow of fate was the death of Anatoly’s eldest son on May 9, Victory Day, at the hands of a German sniper.
War takes away the most precious things from people: family, loved ones. In parallel with the life of Andrei Sokolov, story line the little boy Vanyusha, whom the war also made an orphan, depriving his family of his mother and father.
This is the assessment the writer gives to his two heroes: “Two orphaned people, two grains of sand, thrown into foreign lands by a military hurricane of unprecedented force...”. War condemns people to suffering, but it also develops will, character, when one wants to believe “that this Russian man, a man of unbending will, will endure, and near his father’s shoulder will grow one who, having matured, will be able to endure everything, overcome everything on his way.” , if his homeland calls for it.”

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1. In our time, the attitude towards Sholokhov’s work is very ambiguous. Now, decades later, we know that the novel “Virgin Soil Upturned” was written by order of Stalin, and therefore, the purpose of this work was to praise the era of collectivization. But the attitude is completely different modern reader to Read More......
2. Turning to the story “The Fate of a Man,” first of all, one should remember that M. Sholokhov, through the fate of a specific hero, shows the life of an entire people. This work is not just a narrative about military events, but also, of course, a study internal tragedy personality. Read More......
3. Sholokhov is one of those writers for whom reality is often revealed in tragic situations and destinies. The story “The Fate of Man” is a true confirmation of this. For Sholokhov it was very important to succinctly and deeply concentrate the experience of the war in the story. Under the pen of Sholokhov this Read More......
4. “I saw and see my task as a writer in that with everything that I have written and will write, I should repay the debt to this working people, this heroic people.” These words of M. Sholokhov, in my opinion, in the most precise way reflect the idea of ​​one of best works writer, story “The Fate of Man.” Read More......
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7. Without a doubt, the work of M. Sholokhov is known all over the world. His role in world literature is enormous, for this man in his works raised the most problematic issues surrounding reality. In my opinion, a feature of Sholokhov’s work is his objectivity and ability to convey events Read More......
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The theme of war in the works of Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov Completed by: Student of the 11th “b” class Lyudmila Kravchenko Supervisor: Bondareva Natalya Petrovna Taganrog, 2005 Laureate Nobel Prize, Hero of Socialist Labor, Lenin and State Prize laureate - Mikhail Sholokhov began his literary career in 1923. He created a galaxy of bright works that rightfully took their rightful place in world literature: “The Fate of Man”, “Virgin Soil Upturned”, “They Fought for the Motherland” and, of course, “Quiet Don”. And his work relentlessly followed the stormy, rapid flow of history. The First World War, the Civil War, collectivization, the Great Patriotic War - all these themes entered Sholokhov’s work as organic impulses of his living mind, which missed nothing, were refracted through the prism of his talent and life experience. In the mouth of Sholokhov, these topics are natural and ordinary, like breathing. The life of the people, the destinies of people - that’s what worried the minds of writers of all generations. And Mikhail Alexandrovich could not remain indifferent to the events taking place in the Fatherland. Just as at one time the Cossacks were divided into whites and reds, so now the population Chechen Republic stood on two sides: “federals” and “Mujahideen”. What about families? Has anyone thought about mothers, wives, children? What should old people do when one brother is a terrorist, and the other is the one who is looking for the first? History returns to normal. War is a serious test for the entire state. Whether it is a battle with foreigners or a civil war, it falls heavily on the shoulders of the people and leaves an indelible mark on the destinies of generations. Sholokhov knew firsthand about the war. While still a 15-year-old boy, he joined the food detachment. And during the Great Patriotic War he went to the front as a military correspondent. His experience, his memories and feelings were especially clearly manifested in “The Fate of a Man.” Sholokhov's style Critics consider the master's approach to creativity to be socialist realism. Here is the opinion of Sholokhov scholar M. Khrapchenko: “Sholokhov is an artist of great insight and high creative integrity. The embodiment of life's truth, no matter how difficult and cruel it may be, is for him a constant and immutable law of creativity. Sholokhova notes genuine fearlessness in the search for truth. He not only does not shy away from the difficult, tragic sides of life, but also persistently and closely examines them, without losing in the slightest degree the historical perspective, faith in man, in his creative, constructive capabilities.” In my opinion, in Sholokhov’s description of the war, three components need to be distinguished: firstly, landscapes and detailed portraits, through which the author conveys the atmosphere of events, actions, secondly, the fate of the main characters, and lastly, crowd scenes where we see horror and mercilessness war. “Melekhovsky yard is on the farm itself. The gates from the cattle base lead north to the Don. A steep eight-fathom descent between mossy green chalk blocks, and here is the shore: a pearlescent scattering of shells, a gray, broken border of pebbles kissed by the waves” ... - we read at the very beginning of the novel. Don-Father is beautiful and majestic. He keeps untold riches within himself. The most magnificent greenery grows along the banks, as if asking for a Kazakh farmer “black from work, with flattened fingers” to pluck it with his hand. Don beckons: “near a sunken elm, two carp jumped out at the same time in the bare arms of the branches; the third, smaller one, spinning into the air, persistently beat against the ravine over and over again.” Sholokhov captured the rough imprint of the war in nature. “The earth groaned dully, crucified under many hooves.” The author repeatedly mentions “leaning huts”, speaking about the troubles that the war brought to every farm, every village. * The image of Grigory Melekhov is drawn larger than others. All the convolutions of his complex, contradictory path are traced with extraordinary attention. You really can’t tell right away whether he’s a positive or negative character. He wandered for too long at the crossroads of history, shed a lot of human blood... He fell in love with Aksinya and fell in love with her for the rest of his life. This love reveals one of the best sides of his soul. Having become the commander of the Red Guard division, Melekhov, an experienced front-line soldier, soberly notes how little order there is in the Red Army, how easily it succumbed to panic in Glubokaya, how sluggish the commanders are... “The first post-war spring in the Upper Don was unusually friendly and assertive. At the end of March, warm winds blew from the Azov region, and within two days the sands of the left bank of the Don were completely exposed, snow-filled ravines and gullies in the steppe swelled, breaking the ice, and the steppe rivers began to leap madly”... His path in the war was tragic. Andrei Sokolov is captured under circumstances in which, unfortunately, thousands of people find themselves. Andrei Sokolov, having gone through the crucible of war, lost everything: his family died, his home was destroyed. Has arrived peaceful life, the time has come for spring awakening, the time for hope. And he looks at the world around him with eyes “as if sprinkled with ashes”, “filled with inescapable melancholy”, the words come out of his lips: “Why have you, life, crippled me so much? Why did you distort it like that? I have no answer either in the dark or in the clear sun. No, and I can’t wait!”* An important feature of Sholokhov’s style is the writer’s persistent faith in a bright future, in the humanity and justice of the people. That is why the cold sun “shines” over Grigory and Mishutka. And here are Sholokhov’s words from the story “The Fate of Man”: “What awaits them ahead? And I would like to think that this Russian man, a man of unbending will, will endure, and near his father’s shoulder will grow one who, having matured, will be able to endure everything, overcome everything on his way, if his Motherland calls him to it.” Yes, no matter what terrible situations the war puts a person in, he, according to the writer, will be able to overcome them with dignity. The bloodshed reaches its climax during the battalion scenes. After all, some are guided by Chuboty’s once expressed thought: “Cut a man boldly!..” Most likely, the daily contemplation of blood, violence, cruelty bears fruit - the Cossacks (and everyone who finds themselves in this “meat grinder”) become less susceptible to human suffering , hearts become hardened. In general, war is a terrible, crazy action, where the main role is assigned to death. A gloomy shadow, she walks among the army, noticing the victim in advance. She chooses human hatred as her weapon. That is why on the faces of those who died in battle one can read the silent question: “For what?!” Anti-humanity, the unnaturalness of war - this is the main thing that Sholokhov’s works convey. A heartfelt “thank you” to him for these lines: “I would like my books to help people become better, to become purer in soul, to awaken love for man, the desire to actively fight for the ideals of humanism and the progress of mankind.” He not only wanted, he nurtured in the hearts and minds of generations the unwritten truth that “life is the most valuable thing a person has.” Probably, this truth flows in each of us thanks to the efforts of Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov.

During the war, Sholokhov was at the front as a correspondent for central newspapers, and was seriously shell-shocked in a plane crash. His mother was killed during the shelling of Vyoshenskaya.

Sholokhov wrote reports from the front, and in 1942 the story “The Science of Hate” was written. The impressions of this time were also reflected in the unfinished novel “They Fought for the Motherland” (1943).

After the war, Sholokhov continued active social work and wrote journalistic works.

In 1956, Sholokhov created the story “The Fate of a Man,” also dedicated to the war. In it, the writer first addressed the topic of former prisoners of war. His hero escapes from captivity twice. The fate of the majority of Soviet prisoners who exchanged fascist camps for Stalinist ones could not yet be covered in 1956, but even the mention of captivity in a work of fiction was unusual.

Sholokhov managed in his story, using the example of the fate of one simple Russian man, an ordinary soldier, to show the real cost of this war. (Remember how a person was depicted in works of art during the Great Patriotic War and what caused it.)

The center of the story is not collective image, but an individual character. M. Sholokhov returns to Russian literature its traditional attention to the individual. He places emphasis not on the heroism of great battles, but on man's ability to overcome trials and tribulations. Tragic circumstances, in which Andrei Sokolov is shown, are exceptional even for a war story. The main character went through the front, was captured, was in almost hopeless situations and survived. His wife and daughters died during the bombing. The only hope, son Anatoly, also dies - on the last day of the war - May 9.

The hero of “The Fate of Man” does not separate himself from common destiny people, country. Telling the story of his life, he pays tribute to the many, like him, unsung heroes with whom fate brought him together. The author, correlating the life story of Andrei Sokolov with the history of the country, affirms the idea of ​​​​the great value of man in history.

Many events occur in the life of the main character of the story, but they reveal the same conflict. All the plots that make up Andrei Sokolov’s confession lead the reader to the conclusion that driving force history - the struggle between primordial humanity and that which contradicts eternal moral laws.

At the end of the story, Sholokhov makes the reader stop and think, return to the beginning: “And I would like to think that this Russian man, a man of unbending will, will endure and will grow up near his father’s shoulder, one who, having matured, will be able to endure everything, overcome everything on his way , if his Motherland calls him to do so.” But throughout the entire story, as G.V. noted. Palievsky, it is mentioned three times that Andrei Sokolov has a sick heart, broken by war and loss, that he will probably die soon: “So what - there will be no father’s shoulder, the son will not grow up? Events appear to be leading there. But this is the strength of Sholokhov’s idea, that for him man is above events. He will grow up - although something may happen that requires an invisible force of overcoming - no less, and maybe even greater, than that of his father. Sholokhov actually hears unpredictable life in every situation.”

25 years after the creation of the novel “ Quiet Don“- in 1965, Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov was awarded the Nobel Prize for the novel, which had by that time been translated into many languages.

On February 21, 1984, Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov died. He was buried in the village of Veshenskaya on the steep bank of the Don, as he himself wished.

If the enemy attacks our country, we, writers, at the call of the party and government, will put down our pen and take up another weapon, so that with the salvo of the rifle corps, which Comrade Voroshilov spoke about, we will fly and defeat the enemy and our lead, heavy and hot, like our hatred for fascism! Having defeated our enemies, we will also write books about how we defeated these enemies. These books will serve our people and will remain as an edification to those of the invaders who accidentally end up not killed...” Preparing for military trials, Sholokhov was full of plans and plans. He is working on completing the second book of “Virgin Soil Upturned”, the hall is washing new novel about the work of the collective farm intelligentsia and the great changes in the countryside. The writer puts in a lot of effort social activities.
In July 1941, the regimental reserve commissar Sholokhov was drafted into the army and, together with others Soviet writers went to the front. He took part in the battles near Smolensk on Western Front, near Rostov - on the Southern Front, shared harsh days with the soldiers Battle of Stalingrad, walked along front roads to the very borders of Germany.
In the summer of 1943, Sholokhov addressed a letter to the American people, in which, on behalf of the citizens of the allied country, he offered friendship, called for the fight against the Nazis, and pointed out possible consequences the slowness and hesitation of the allies. “The war entered the fate of each of us with all the weight that comes with the attempt of one nation to completely destroy and absorb another... The events of the front, the events of the total war in the life of each of us have already left their indelible mark...
On the first anniversary of the war, Sholokhov published in Pravda the story “The Science of Hatred,” imbued with journalistic passion and unshakable confidence in the triumph of a just cause. Giving high praise to this work, Pravda wrote a few days later: “How unquenchable hatred for the enemy is born in the heart of a Red Army soldier, the writer Mikhail Sholokhov recently described in his wonderful fiction story “The Science of Hatred.” The author based this story on actual events that one of the war participants told him about at the front. The soldier really didn’t want his family to know about his military hardships, about severe trials, whom he knew in fascist captivity, and asked not to use his last name. And Sholokhov had no need to isolate himself within the framework of private fate. Drawing close-up the character of Lieutenant Gerasimov, who underwent the “science of hatred” in severe battles with the enemy,
The writer artistically visibly revealed national character of a Russian man, separated by war from peaceful labor, showed the formation and hardening of a Soviet warrior.
“The Science of Hate” and “The Science of Victory” are organically interconnected, one is unthinkable without the other.
The will to life and resistance, the desire to live in order to fight, the high military spirit of Gerasimov, who went through the school of hatred of the enemy, the ineradicable thirst for victory are revealed by Sholokhov as typical national traits of the Russian people, which unfolded with all their might in the years great battle.
The ending of the story is connected with the metaphorical introduction to it. Expanded artistic comparison, on which the entire story is built, the writer fills it with great inner meaning, illuminating the entire narrative and giving it artistic integrity. With gray temples, Gerasimov, who suddenly smiled “a simple and sweet, childish smile,” Sholokhov compares to a mighty oak tree. The lieutenant is broken by the experience, but his “gray hair, gained by great hardships,” is pure, his vitality is not broken. He is powerful and strong, like an oak. Such are all the people who feed on the life-giving juices of their native land. He will not be broken by any, even the most difficult, trials and difficulties. People, full of life and the will to fight, imbued with sacred hatred for his sworn enemy and ardent filial love for his mother Motherland, is invincible. This is what the great humanist and patriot Sholokhov said in the harshest days of the Great Patriotic War

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"Man's Fate" (1956) refers to military prose writer. It tells how much this cruel event changes a person's life and also strengthens his character.

When the war starts main character works Andrei Sokolov literally on the second day receives a summons from the military registration and enlistment office, and the next day he is already going to the front. The man has his beloved wife Irina and three children at home.

During his service, Sokolov has to “sip grief up the nostrils and beyond” and go through many difficult moments. The most difficult test for the hero is that he falls into German captivity.

People, finding themselves in such a situation, balancing on the brink of life and death, demonstrate their true essence. Many of them become traitors, like, for example, a certain Kryzhnev, who wanted to hand over his communist comrade, because “his shirt is closer to his body.” But many behave truly with dignity: they support and save their compatriots, share their last piece of bread with them, courageously endure all physical torture and look their fear straight in the face.

It was from among such people that soldier Andrei Sokolov was. Even when, following a denunciation, the commandant of the German camp called him to him in order to shoot him later, the man was ready to “look fearlessly into the hole of the pistol.”

On the second attempt, the hero manages to escape from captivity, but, of course, this test could not but leave a serious mark on his soul. “It was a sickening time,” says Andrei Sokolov, recalling the war. The man’s soul was then warmed by only one thought: after the end of hostilities, he dreamed of returning to his loved ones. But this dream was not destined to come true...

The war changed not only the fate of the protagonist, but also the fate of his wife and children. Back in 1942, a shell fell on Andrei Sokolov’s house, as a result of which Irina died along with her daughters. The eldest son managed to survive that day, but death still overtook him young man already at the very end of the war: “exactly on the ninth of May” he was killed by a German sniper.

Thus, the war not only forced Andrei Sokolov to go through all the hell and horror German captivity, but also took the lives of all his relatives, and, it would seem, deprived last hope for luck. But, despite the severity of the circumstances, this courageous man still had the strength not to isolate himself in his grief. And he found in his life new meaning seeing him in little boy named Vanya.

The war also played a tragic role in the fate of this child: it deprived Vanya of both parents. Remembering this, the boy, despite his young age, already sighs loudly and sadly looks at Andrei Sokolov with his “sky-light” eyes. And the man decides for himself: “We won’t be allowed to disappear apart!” Therefore, the hero takes the little orphan “to be his child.”

And now two people, whom the war deprived of everything that was once dear to them, having survived grief and suffering, finally found each other. The author does not know what awaits the man and the boy in the future, but he wants to believe that Vanya will also grow into a man of “unbending will” who “will be able to endure everything, overcome everything on his way.”