Military administration during the Great Patriotic War. State security bodies of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War

Thesis 5.

1941-1945 Period of the Great Patriotic War

1.State Defense Committee (GKO) - the highest emergency authority

2. Headquarters of the Supreme High Command

3. Directorate of the People's Commissariat of Defense and Navy

4. Directorate for Evacuation Affairs under the Council of People's Commissars

5. Main command of the partisan movement

6. At the same time, civil authorities functioned

7. Head of Government - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the country's governance system was radically restructured. June 23, 1941 formed Headquarters of the High Command of the Armed Forces(July 10 renamed Headquarters of the Supreme High Command). It included members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the People's Commissariat of Defense. The headquarters of the Supreme High Command had its representatives at the fronts; The General Staff of the Red Army was subordinate to her. In addition, the bodies of the Headquarters were the departments of the People's Commissariat of Defense and the Navy, and the command of the fronts.

The fronts were divided into formations, operational formations and corps. The structure of the armed forces included fronts, armies, corps, divisions, brigades. During the war (1943), a division of military personnel into private, officer And generals New insignia were introduced.

June 30, 1941 created State Defense Committee(GKO) headed by I.V. Stalin. This supreme emergency body concentrated all power in the country. The State Defense Committee included: V.M. Molotov, K.E. Voroshilov, G.M. Malenkov, L.M. Kaganovich, L.P. Beria, NA. Bulganin, N.A. Voznesensky. All organizations and individuals were required to comply with the orders of the State Defense Committee. In the union and autonomous republics, the State Defense Committee acted through its representatives. The State Defense Committee also acted through existing state, party and public bodies. In addition, committees and commissions were created locally. In 65 cities of the USSR in the period 1941 - 1942. City defense committees were created, which included representatives of Soviet party bodies, senior officials of the NKVD and military command. The Council of People's Commissars and the Soviets retained their functions. Party bodies at all levels began to play an even greater role in the state.

For the relocation of industrial enterprises and the population from front-line areas to the east, a Council for Evacuation Affairs was created under the State Defense Committee (chairman - N.M. Shvernik, deputy - A.N. Kosygin). In addition, in October 1941, the Committee for the Evacuation of Food Supplies, Industrial Goods and Industrial Enterprises was formed. In December 1941, these bodies were reorganized into Evacuation Department under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Relevant evacuation departments have been created in republics and regional (territorial) councils, and evacuation points have been created on railways.

The military situation determined the transformation of the structure of the sectoral people's commissariats. The People's Commissariat of the Tank Industry and the People's Commissariat of the Mortar Industry were formed, and the structure and work of the People's Commissariat of Railways and the People's Commissariat of Communications were rebuilt.

The problem of providing the national economy with personnel required the creation under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Committee for Accounting and Distribution of Labor(June 1941). Accordingly, bureaus for registration and mobilization of the working population were created under the regional and regional executive committees.

The occupation of Donbass and the entry of German troops into the North Caucasus greatly aggravated the fuel problem. To ensure an uninterrupted supply of energy resources to the front and rear, it was created in 1942 Main Directorate for Coal Supply, and in 1943 - Main Directorate for Supply of Oil, Artificial Fuel and Gas.

During the war years, military construction required special attention, i.e. providing the army with military personnel and personnel. Since the beginning of the war, mobilization was carried out at once for 14 ages (from 19 to 55 years). In the army at the first stage there was an institute military commissars, and at the company level - political instructors. In the fall of 1942, positions were introduced deputy commanders for political affairs, whose functions are ideological control and education.

Thesis 6.

Local government apparatus

1. Authorized State Defense Committees

2. Defense committees

3. The Soviets retained their functions

Judicial system

Military tribunals

Collegiums of the Supreme Court of the USSR and the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the USSR - supervision over the actions of the tribunals

Extraordinary Commission to Investigate the Atrocities of the Nazi Invaders

During the Great Patriotic War, a special system of military justice operated. In accordance with the decree of 1941, in areas under martial law and in areas of military operations, military tribunals. Supervision over the actions of the tribunals was carried out by the military, military railway, military water transport Collegiums of the Supreme Court of the USSR and the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the USSR.

The activities of military tribunals were subsequently used in the work of the Extraordinary State Commission to investigate the atrocities of the Nazi invaders, formed by decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Council in November 1942, with the creation of corresponding units in the republics, territories, regions, and cities.

According to the resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, adopted in July 1941, a partisan movement was organized in the country in enemy-occupied territories. Party bodies, sabotage groups and NKVD bodies took part in this.

Thesis 7. State apparatus in the 40-50s

Central management apparatus

The Supreme Soviet of the USSR is a bicameral supreme body of power, consisting of the Council of the Union and the Council of Nationalities

The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR is the highest authority during the periods between sessions of the Supreme Council

1946 - The Council of People's Commissars was transformed into the Council of Ministers

1957 - the sectoral principle of industrial management was replaced by the territorial one

Economic administrative regions headed by National Economy Councils (SNH) were created

1963 - The Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh) was formed

1965 - economic councils were abolished. A transition has been made to the sectoral principle of industrial management - sectoral ministries have been restored

In September 1945, the State Defense Committee was abolished, the functions of which were transferred to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. A number of departments of the executive committees of local Soviets were also liquidated (department for accounting and distribution of labor, bureau of food and manufactured goods cards, etc.).

In March 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was renamed Council of Ministers of the USSR, Council of People's Commissars of the Union and Autonomous Republics - in Councils of Ministers corresponding levels, and the People's Commissariats - at ministries.

In February 1947, permanent Commissions for legislative proposals of the Council of the Union and the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR second convocation.

To give the management system a more democratic look and to intensify the activities of local Soviets, the creation of permanent commissions under them was of a certain importance. They included both deputies and activists of local Soviets. Standing commissions prepared issues submitted for discussion at sessions of the Soviets, organized verification of the implementation of decisions adopted by the Soviets, and monitored the work of local industry, the state of trade and public services for the population.

In 1947, the State Planning Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR was transformed into State Planning Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. His tasks included planning, accounting and monitoring the implementation of national economic plans.

They were also created State Committee for National Economy Supply of the Council of Ministers of the USSR And State Committee for the Introduction of New Technology into the National Economy of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

At the first session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the second convocation, the composition was elected Supreme Court of the USSR. Elections of people's judges and people's assessors were held.

At a joint meeting of the Plenum of the Central Committee, the Council of Ministers and the Presidium of the Supreme Council, a decision was made on changes in the leadership of the country. The Council of Ministers was headed by G.M. Malenkov, L.P. was appointed his deputy. Beria. The Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of State Security merged, and Beria was elected head. N.A. Bulganin became the Minister of the Armed Forces, V.M. remained the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Molotov, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council - K.E. Voroshilov.

Thesis 9. Control and law enforcement agencies

1954 - The People's Commissariat of State Security was transformed into the Committee of State Security (KGB) - the political police. Special tribunals (“troikas”) were abolished.

The Gulag was transferred from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the Ministry of Justice

1962 - The Committee of Party and State Control of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR is created

Head of Government - Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR

Local government apparatus

end of the 50s - regulations on local (village and district) councils were approved

Advice at all levels

1962-1963 - all local councils are divided according to the production principle into industrial and rural

1964 - merged again

1971 - the rights of local councils were expanded

March 1953 - February 1955 defined as a period of "collective leadership". In September 1953 N.S. Khrushchev was elected to the post of First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, which significantly strengthened his position of power, since the country was actually governed through the party apparatus.

In 1954, changes were made in the organizational structure of ministries and management staff was reduced.

In 1957, the sectoral management structure was replaced territorial, which was expressed in the liquidation of ministries and the creation Councils of National Economy of regions and economic regions. To justify the prospects of these measures, reference was made to the experience of the Supreme Economic Council of the first years of Soviet power. But at the same time, the need to coordinate the activities of local authorities at the national level was ignored. This led to the development of parochial aspirations in the regions and a violation of the proportions and internal connections of the national economic complex. Therefore at the beginning

60s Republican economic councils were formed, and then National Economic Council of the USSR(1963). At the same time, sectoral state committees were created. This led to even greater difficulties in management due to the multi-stage nature of the system and the intersection of the functions of its individual links. As a result, after the removal of N.S. Khrushchev (1964) a return was made to the sectoral structure of economic management (1965), i.e. There was a regeneration of the command-administrative system. The economic reform of the 60s, designed to increase the efficiency of social production through the widespread introduction of economic accounting and the provision of economic independence to enterprises, by the beginning of the 70s. was practically curtailed, which is explained by the steady increase in centralized bureaucratic management methods.

The Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee held in October 1964 dismissed N.S. from leadership positions. Khrushchev. The Plenum recognized it as inappropriate to combine in one person the duties of the First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. L.I. was elected first secretary. Brezhnev, and A.N. was appointed head of government. Kosygin.

At the same time, the territorial production structure of the Soviet authorities, which existed before 1962, was restored.

Modular unit 4.2 The system of public administration in the Russian Federation (mid-80s of the XX century - 2006).

Lecture No. 10 Features of public administration in the USSR in the second half of the 80s. Public administration after August 1991. State structure of post-socialist Russia.

Thesis 1. Constitution of 1977

The USSR is a people's state

Central management apparatus

Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Bicameral:

Council of the Union and Council of Nationalities

The Supreme Council is the highest authority

The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR - its role has increased. The number of permanent commissions of the Supreme Council has increased (16 for each chamber)

Head of Government - Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR

Constitution of 1977 The new Constitution was adopted on October 7, 1977 at the extraordinary seventh session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the tenth convocation.

The introductory part gave a brief description of the main stages of the country's history from the Great October Socialist Revolution. Here the concept of a developed socialist society is defined and it is stated that a new historical community of people has emerged - Soviet people, which “consolidates the foundations of the social system and policy of the USSR, establishes the rights, freedoms and responsibilities of citizens, the principles of organization and goals of a socialist state of the entire people and proclaims them in this Constitution.”

The Constitution consisted of nine sections, including 21 chapters and 174 articles.

The Supreme Soviet of the USSR, consisting of two equal chambers - Council of the Union And Council of Nationalities. The permanent body of the Supreme Council was Presidium of the Supreme Council, carried out the functions of the highest body of state power in the periods between its sessions. The working bodies of the Council of the Union and the Council of Nationalities were permanent commissions elected from among the deputies.

The highest executive and administrative body of the state was Council of Ministers- Government of the USSR.

The attack of fascist Germany on June 22, 1941 on the USSR required a qualitative change in public administration, the conditions and goals of its functioning, the content, purpose, structure, methods of interaction between the highest, central and local bodies and their personnel. The basis for internal policy and management restructuring was “based on the principle of maximum centralization of political, economic and military leadership.” There was a militarization of the constitutional bodies of government. In addition to the militarized, maximally centralized government bodies, a whole system of emergency, extra-constitutional bodies with special powers was created, which functioned on an emergency legal basis.

The first extra-constitutional emergency government created in wartime was Headquarters of the High Command (SHC). At Headquarters there was an institute of permanent advisers of 13 people. The peculiarities of the composition and structure of the Headquarters gave rise to a number of problems in its activities. The bulkiness (20 people) did not allow Headquarters to ever gather in full force, especially since some of the military leaders immediately left for the front. It was necessary to bring the composition and structure of the Headquarters into line with the realities of power relations of that time. On July 10, the SGC was abolished and the Savka of the Supreme Command was created under the chairmanship of I.V. Stalin, who on August 8 became known as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. Molotov, Zhukov, Budyonny, Voroshilov, Timoshenko and Shaposhnikov became members of the highest body of strategic leadership. The institution of permanent advisers was abolished.

June 30, 1941 created State Defense Committee (GKO) led by I.V. Stalin , concentrated all power in the country. All members of the State Defense Committee were part of the senior party and state leadership and personified it. They represented the narrow composition of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks - a secret, non-statutory body that decided all the most important issues of state life.

A special feature of the State Defense Committee was that it included the top officials of the most important party and government bodies during the war: the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the State Planning Committee, the Personnel Administration of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the transport foreign policy and law enforcement departments. As a result, each member of the State Defense Committee oversaw his usual sphere of politics, economics, and military development: G.M. Malenkov - aircraft production, formation of aviation units, V.M. Molotov - the arbitrariness of tanks, K.E. Voroshilov – formation of military units, N.A. Voznesensky – metallurgy, oil and chemical industry, L.P. Beria - production of weapons and ammunition.

The State Defense Committee did not have work regulations; it did not meet regularly and not always in full force. Decisions were made by the chairman or his deputies - V.M. Molotov and L.P. Beria after consultations with those members of the State Defense Committee who oversaw the relevant departments. Since the country's top leaders were simultaneously members of the State Defense Committee, the Politburo, Headquarters, and the Council of People's Commissars, their decisions were formalized as directives and resolutions of one or another governing body, depending on the nature of the issue.

A feature of the activities of the State Defense Committee was the absence of its own ramified apparatus. Leadership was exercised through the existing party and Soviet power structures. In the most important sectors of the national economy, there was an institution of authorized State Defense Committees, who were also representatives of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, which provided them with unlimited rights. There were also representatives in all union and autonomous republics.

Regional and city defense committees were formed and operated locally in the most strategically important regions (about 60 cities in total). They included senior officials of party and state governing bodies, military commissars, garrison commandants, and heads of NKVD departments, closely associated with the military command. Their representatives were simultaneously members of the corresponding military councils. Without their own staff, like the State Defense Committee in the center, city defense committees relied on local party, Soviet, economic, and public bodies. Under them, there was an institution of commissioners, operational groups were created to urgently resolve issues, and public activists were widely involved. All committee activities were subordinated to the interests of defense. They also carried out social and educational work among the population, supervised the mobilization of the population and material resources, the formation of volunteer units, fire and sanitary brigades, the organization of MPVO, and established peaceful life in the liberated cities. After eliminating the immediate threat to the city, they ceased their activities.

Auxiliary emergency bodies were also created. June 24, 1941 created Evacuation advice as part of N.M. Shvernik and his deputy A.N. Kosygina. Additionally, in October 1941, it was formed Food Evacuation Committee, industrial goods and industrial enterprises. At the end of December 1941, instead of both named bodies, Evacuation Department under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the corresponding departments in the republics, territories and regions, evacuation points on the railways.

Similar emergency bodies also became Committee for Food and Clothing Supply of the Red Army, Committee for unloading transit cargo, Transport Committee. The Transport Committee worked until May 11, 1944, when its functions were transferred to the reorganized Operational Bureau of the State Defense Committee. This body existed since December 8, 1942, consisting of V.M. Molotova, L.P. Beria, G.M. Malenkova, A.I. Mikoyan. The Bureau controlled all the people's commissariats of the defense complex, drew up quarterly and monthly production plans, and prepared draft decisions for the Chairman of the State Defense Committee.

In June 1941 (a week after the start of the war), the Presidium of the Supreme Council, the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks issued a resolution on the creation of a supreme emergency body - State Defense Committee (GKO), concentrated in his hands all the power. All organizations and individuals were obliged to comply with his orders. The State Defense Committee acted through existing state, party and public bodies, special committees and commissions and its authorized representatives (in the union and autonomous republics). Local defense committees were created in some regional and city centers. They included representatives of Soviet and party bodies, senior officials of the NKVD and military command. The State Defense Committee bodies acted in parallel, simultaneously and through the constitutional bodies of power and administration.

In the summer of 1941, the evacuation of industrial enterprises to the eastern regions of the country began. Was created for this work Council for Evacuation Affairs under the State Defense Committee. Formed in October 1941 Food Evacuation Committee, industrial goods and industrial enterprises. Both bodies functioned until the end of December 1941, when instead of them, the Directorate for Evacuation Affairs was created under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, and evacuation departments were created under the Council of People's Commissars of the republics and regional (territorial) councils, and evacuation points were created on the railways.

In July 1941, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted resolution on the organization of the partisan movement in enemy-occupied territories. The local organizers of the movement were party bodies, sabotage military groups and the NKVD. By the end of 1941, headquarters and departments of the partisan movement began to be created under the political departments of the fronts. In May 1942, at the Commander-in-Chief Headquarters, a Central headquarters of the partisan movement, in September - Special Main Command of the Partisan Movement.

At the beginning of November 1942, the Presidium of the Supreme Council formedThe Extraordinary State Commission to establish and investigate the atrocities of the Nazi invaders and their accomplices and the damage they caused to citizens, collective farms, public organizations, state enterprises and institutions of the USSR. Local commissions were formed in republics, territories, regions and cities. In their work, the commissions used the results of the activities of military tribunals.

At the beginning of the war The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR formed a number of new people's commissariats: in September 1941 - People's Commissariat of Tank Industry, in November 1941 - People's Commissariat of Mortar Weapons. The structure and work of the People's Commissariat of Railways and the People's Commissariat of Communications were restructured.

To carry out the mobilization of the working population, in June 1941, the Committee for Accounting and Distribution of Labor under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, and at regional and regional executive committees - bureau for accounting and distribution of labor. In 1942, the Main Directorate for the Supply of Coal was created under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, and in 1943 - the Main Directorate for the Supply of Oil, Timber, Artificial Fuel and Gas.

Already at the beginning of July 1941, the government adopted a resolution that significantly expanded the rights of people's commissariats in wartime conditions. They were given the right to distribute and redistribute material resources between enterprises, to allow directors of enterprises and construction managers to issue the necessary materials from their resources to other enterprises, to redistribute capital investments in construction, to deviate from approved projects and construction estimates, to allow the commissioning of enterprises under construction, etc.

Military construction during the war years it was especially intense. On the first day of the war, the mobilization of 14 ages (from 19 to 55 years).

From July 1941 to October 1942, the institute of military commissars and political instructors (at the company level) operated in the army. Since the fall of 1942, it was replaced by the institution of deputy commanders for political affairs, who continued to exercise ideological control and education.

The highest military leadership began to exercise Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, which included members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the People's Commissariat of Defense. The bodies of the Headquarters were the General Staff of the Red Army, the departments of the People's Commissariats of Defense and Navy, and the command of the fronts. Formations, operational formations and corps were created within the fronts.

The structure of the armed forces included fronts, armies, corps, divisions, brigades, regiments, battalions, companies, platoons, and squads.

In 1942, the Infantry Combat Regulations were published. From July 1943, the division of military personnel into privates, sergeants, officers and generals was introduced, and new insignia were introduced.

Special system military justice was regulated by the July (1941) Decree O military tribunals in areas declared under martial law and areas of military operations.Tribunals formed under armies, corps, divisions, garrisons, brigades on railways and in river (sea) basins. The supervisory authorities for these tribunals were the military, military railway, military water transport collegiums of the Supreme Court of the USSR and the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the USSR. The People's Commissariat of Justice carried out organizational work, and the corresponding special prosecutor's offices carried out general supervision and support of the prosecution. Some of the territorial courts and prosecutor's offices (in areas declared under a state of siege) were also transformed into military ones.

Until 1943 tribunals acted as part of three permanent members, then assessors began to participate in them. The time frame for consideration of cases was extremely short; the verdicts of the tribunals were not subject to cassation appeal (they were reviewed only by way of supervision); the cases were heard in closed proceedings.

Commanders of armies and districts, military councils could suspend the execution of death sentences; other sentences were carried out immediately after they were passed. The tribunals had a wide jurisdiction, considering all the most dangerous acts, including profiteering and hooliganism. The military authorities themselves determined the jurisdiction of a particular case - general courts or tribunals. In areas declared under a state of siege, provocateurs, spies and other agents of the enemy calling for a violation of order were shot without trial.

During the war, the authorities carried out two important measures aimed at strengthening national unity in the country, while abandoning some ideological postulates.

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An emergency situation developed in the country when the question of the very existence of the Soviet state arose.

All the changes in the control system could not solve the wartime problems. Therefore, along with traditional forms of power and management, with the beginning of the war, special emergency bodies with special powers were created. These bodies were extraordinary because, firstly, their creation was not provided for by the Constitution of the USSR; secondly, their powers were higher than those of the constitutional bodies of power and administration. Already in the first days of the war, the inadequacy of the measures taken to repel aggression became visible. www.briefeducation.ru

The need to concentrate all power in one hand became obvious, where there would be no division into party, state and military bodies, where any management issues would be resolved quickly and authoritatively. Such a body became the State Defense Committee (GKO), created by a joint resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on June 30, 1941. Initially, the State Defense Committee included 5 people, and then was expanded to 9 people, and to at the end of the war it was reduced to 8. The State Defense Committee was headed by Stalin.

On September 17, 1941, the State Defense Committee issued a decree “On universal compulsory military training for citizens of the USSR,” according to which, from October 1, 1941, compulsory military training was introduced for all male citizens of the USSR from 16 to 50 years old. The organization of this training was entrusted to the People's Commissariat of Defense and its local authorities. As part of the People's Commissariat of Defense, it was formed Directorate of General Military Training (Vseobuch)

Through the People's Commissariats of the State Defense Committee he supervised the work of state institutions and departments, and through the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command he directed the armed struggle against the invaders. The State Defense Committee was abolished by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on September 4, 1945. The State Defense Committee had unlimited powers. Its composition indicated that it contained the most capable and authoritative people from the highest party and state bodies endowed with legitimate powers of power. Despite the small number of the State Defense Committee, wartime conditions did not allow it to meet regularly and in full force. Decisions were made by the chairman or deputy in agreement with other members of the State Defense Committee.

Resolutions of the State Defense Committee had the force of wartime laws. All organizations - party, Soviet, economic, public - were obliged to strictly comply with any resolutions and orders of the State Defense Committee. The Committee made do with its own small administrative apparatus. He exercised leadership through party and Soviet power structures. In the republics, territories and regions, as well as in the military and industrial people's commissariats, positions of State Defense Committee commissioners were established.

In front-line areas, by decision of the State Defense Committee, regional and city defense committees were created, which united party, Soviet and military power in the region. Their activities were subordinated to the interests of defense. They supervised the creation of the people's militia, the construction of defensive structures, the repair of military equipment, carried out social and educational work, and established peaceful life in areas liberated from the occupiers.

This committee became a unified management body for all types of transport. He mobilized the resources of the country's railway workers, water workers, and aviators, and ensured the interaction of all parts of the transport system. The Transport Committee included the People's Commissars of Railways, the Sea and River Fleet, and representatives of the People's Commissariat of Defense. In December 1942 it was created Operations Bureau

GKO. This body monitored the work of the industrial and transport people's commissariats, drew up monthly and quarterly production plans for the most important industries, and monitored the timely supply of metals, coal, oil, and electricity. The Operations Bureau also took over the functions of the abolished Transport Committee.

The Armed Forces of the USSR also underwent changes during the Great Patriotic War. To guide military operations the day after the start of the Great Patriotic War, the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) created Headquarters of the High Command

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Bodies of state power and administration, both central and local, retained their powers during the war. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR, its Presidium, the Council of People's Commissars and the People's Commissariats did not dissolve, but continued to operate.

On June 22, 1941, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On martial law” was adopted, which was introduced throughout the European part of the country. In this territory, all functions of state authorities and administration in relation to the organization of defense, maintaining public order and ensuring state security were transferred to the military authorities. To ensure the uninterrupted operation of enterprises in a military regime, emergency measures were introduced to regulate military facilities, combat epidemics, and emergency measures were introduced to regulate labor relations. They were given the right to regulate the operating hours of institutions and enterprises, to attract the population and vehicles for defense purposes and the protection of national economic and military facilities. Military authorities could issue regulations binding on the entire population, as well as on local authorities and public organizations. Later, by decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, martial law was introduced in the Georgian SSR, in some cities of Transcaucasia, along the shores of the Black and Caspian Seas, as well as on all railways, sea, river and air transport. The introduction of martial law in transport equated its workers and employees to the military and increased labor discipline, including through criminal liability for misdemeanors and crimes.

In order to ensure timely and rapid resolution of operational issues in wartime conditions, on July 1, 1941, the Resolution “On the expansion of the rights of the People's Commissars of the USSR in wartime conditions” was adopted, in which the People's Commissariats were given the right to distribute and redistribute material resources, to authorize the commissioning of construction projects enterprises and their individual parts, to incur costs for the restoration of enterprises and homes destroyed by military operations.

In the activities of the Soviets and their executive committees (executive committees), issues related to the organization of armed defense of the Fatherland came to the fore. Mobilization of the population, supplying the Red Army with weapons and uniforms, creating acceptable living and working conditions for the people left behind - all these problems were solved by the party and Soviet bodies. The merging of their apparatuses has intensified. They jointly resolved the most important issues of military, mobilization and economic life.

The activities of the Allied People's Commissariats as governing bodies did not curtail in connection with wartime, but, on the contrary, acquired new facets. On July 1, 1941, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted the Resolution “On expanding the rights of the People's Commissars of the USSR in wartime conditions.” The heads of the People's Commissariats, as well as plant directors and construction supervisors received broad powers within their competence, which contributed to increased management efficiency and timely resolution of the tasks assigned to them.

In July 1941, the Council of People's Commissars adopted the Resolution “On granting the Councils of People's Commissars of the republics and regional (regional) executive committees the right to transfer workers and employees to other jobs.” This decision gave local authorities the right to subject the perpetrators to legal liability for refusing to transfer to another job as for unauthorized leaving work.

Under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, a number of central departments arose that were in charge of supplying industry: Glavsnabneft, Glavsnabugol, Glavsnables, etc. New divisions were also created in the People's Commissariats.

The needs of the war required the creation of a number of new allied people's commissariats. People's Commissariats were formed for the industries that produced weapons:

in September 1941 the People's Commissariat of the Tank Industry of the USSR was created and operated until October 1945;

from November 1941 to February 1946, the People's Commissariat of Mortar Weapons of the USSR, transformed from the People's Commissariat of General Engineering, operated.

In August 1941, the Main Directorate of Logistics of the Red Army was created, headed by the Deputy People's Commissar of Defense. Military councils of fronts, armies, fleets and flotillas were created. They were headed by the commander - the chairman of the Military Council.

Also at the beginning of the war, the Soviet Information Bureau (Sovinformburo) was created.

During the war, the rights of the union republics were expanded. On February 1, 1944, at a session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the law “On the creation of military formations of the union republics” was adopted. As a result of this resolution, the Supreme Soviets of the Union Republics established People's Commissariats of Defense, appointed People's Commissars and, in connection with this, made changes to their constitutions. Thus, the all-Union People's Commissariat of Defense “in order to strengthen the defense power” of the USSR was transformed into a union-republican one.

Along with the centralization of government during the war years, another trend emerged in the relationship between the central authorities and the republics. At the end of January - beginning of February 1944, a session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was held, which on February 1, 1944 adopted the Law “On granting the Union republics powers in the field of external relations and in this regard transforming the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs from an all-Union into a Union-Republican People's Commissariat " This law was dictated by the desire of the Soviet leadership to take a more advantageous position in the post-war world order. To do this, it was necessary to include the Union republics in international life as subjects of international law. In connection with this law, the federal republics of the USSR could enter into direct relations with foreign states and conclude agreements with them.

There have been changes in the field of criminal law. Great responsibility during the war fell on the country's punitive authorities.

In July 1941, a single NKVD was recreated, in April 1943, an independent People's Commissariat of State Security was created, and the Main Directorate of Military Counterintelligence (SMERSH) was transferred to the People's Commissariat of Defense.

The Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 22, 1941 approved the Regulations on military tribunals in areas declared under martial law and in areas of military operations. The rights of military tribunals were expanded. In connection with the war, the procedural order of consideration of cases in military tribunals was changed: complaints and protests against the verdicts of the tribunals were not allowed. The sentences were carried out immediately; sentences to capital punishment were reported by telegram to the Chairman of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR.”

EMERGENCY BODIES OF STATE ADMINISTRATION DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

An emergency situation developed in the country when the question of the very existence of the Soviet state arose.

On September 17, 1941, the State Defense Committee issued a decree “On universal compulsory military training for citizens of the USSR,” according to which, from October 1, 1941, compulsory military training was introduced for all male citizens of the USSR from 16 to 50 years old. The organization of this training was entrusted to the People's Commissariat of Defense and its local authorities. The Department of General Military Training (Vseobuch) was formed as part of the People's Commissariat of Defense.

The State Defense Committee created auxiliary bodies to strengthen control over certain industries of the defense complex. In July 1942, at a joint meeting of the Politburo and the State Defense Committee, the Transport Committee was formed. This committee became a unified management body for all types of transport. He mobilized the resources of the country's railway workers, water workers, and aviators, and ensured the interaction of all parts of the transport system. The Transport Committee included the People's Commissars of Railways, the Sea and River Fleet, and representatives of the People's Commissariat of Defense. In December 1942, the GKO Operations Bureau was created. This body monitored the work of the industrial and transport people's commissariats, drew up monthly and quarterly production plans for the most important industries, and monitored the timely supply of metals, coal, oil, and electricity. The Operations Bureau also took over the functions of the abolished Transport Committee.

The Armed Forces of the USSR also underwent changes during the Great Patriotic War. To direct military operations, the day after the start of the Great Patriotic War, the Headquarters of the Main Command was created by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. On July 10, 1941, it was transformed into the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command. The headquarters was supposed to exercise strategic leadership of the country's armed forces. Stalin headed this body and was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the USSR.

On June 24, 1941, by resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the Evacuation Council was formed. The council worked closely with the People's Commissariats, under which evacuation departments were created. In June 1941, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR determined the procedure for the removal and placement of human contingents and the most valuable property. In September, a Department for Evacuation of the Population was created under the Evacuation Council. Along with the Evacuation Council, the Evacuation Committee also operated in October–December 1941. The committee supervised the evacuation of equipment, supplies of raw materials and food. The placement of evacuated enterprises and organizations was carried out jointly with local authorities. Along with the Council and the Evacuation Committee, on June 22, 1942, the Evacuation Commission was created by the Decree of the State Defense Committee. The commission operated until the autumn of 1942. Such emergency management bodies as the Committee for Food and Clothing Supply and the Committee for Unloading Transport Cargoes were also created and operated.

At the first stage of the war, due to the country’s insufficient preparedness for active defense, many regions of the USSR found themselves occupied by fascist troops. Despite the most severe repressions, the fascists were unable to completely paralyze and eliminate the Soviet system of governance in the occupied territory. In the zone of German occupation, party and Soviet bodies continued to operate or were newly created. They relied on the underground movement and partisan formations.

The partisan movement began shortly after the occupation of part of Soviet territory. However, it gained wide and organized scope after proper management of partisan detachments and formations was organized. On May 30, 1942, the State Defense Committee adopted the Resolution “On the creation of the Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement at the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command.” In the republics, territories and regions, corresponding headquarters were created to lead the partisan movement. Partisan headquarters were also created under the Military Councils of the fronts. In the rear of the Nazi troops, partisan regions were created, zones where Soviet authorities, collective farms, local industrial enterprises, medical, cultural, and other institutions were restored.

Emergency bodies of power and administration were also created to solve specific problems that arose in connection with the war. Wartime conditions dictated the creation of new governing bodies.

On November 2, 1942, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR formed the Extraordinary State Commission to establish and investigate the atrocities committed by the Nazi invaders and to determine the damage they caused to citizens, collective farms, and state institutions of the USSR. This commission was entrusted with the collection of documentary data on atrocities, their verification, and the preparation of materials on the damage caused to Soviet citizens during the occupation. Similar commissions were created in republics, territories, regions, and cities.

The creation of emergency management bodies did not remove responsibility from traditional levels of leadership. They were required not only to be diligent, but also to be proactive and fully dedicated to their efforts. Government bodies, like the whole country, operated in a state of emergency.