True and imaginary values in the novel “The Master and Margarita” - lionzage. Analysis of imaginary and true values in the novel "The Master and Margarita"
In the novel M.A. Bulgakov's "The Master and Margarita" raises many important problems, but probably the most important and significant is the problem of true and imaginary values. The author gives the reader numerous examples, confirming that only a person who prioritizes true values is able to cope with all the difficulties of life.
Also M.A. Bulgakov clearly illustrates that heroes with imaginary life values are not capable of self-improvement and always pay for their immoral actions.
So, for example, the writer shows the reader a Master who has always been committed to his favorite work and for a long time wrote his novel, which is of great value. But, unfortunately, critics were unable to appreciate this work, because it did not correspond to their imaginary values. All this led the Master to despair. He was disappointed in himself and in life and was forced to leave writing activity in past. However, other writers, deprived of the gift of speech, but committed to party laws, were in great demand.
For example, Berlioz, despite his narrow outlook, constantly thinks about true creativity, although he himself does not know what it is. Ivan Bezdomny, who is completely devoid of writing talent, constantly agrees with him, but still continues to write his worthless poems. True, later he admits his mistake and stops studying literature.
The novel also talks about the true value of love. Love theme The novel is largely connected with the name of Margarita, who has always been a real support and support for the Master. Her image reflects such true values as loyalty, care and willingness to do anything for the happiness of a loved one.
In addition, the problem of true and imaginary values is described by the author in the images of Yeshua and Pontius Pilate. Ha-Nozri is a person who strives to convince every person of the need to be fair and honest. He is trying to convey important things to people life values, but, unfortunately, Pontius Pilate sentences him to death, although he largely agrees with the views of Yeshua. Afraid of losing his position, he commits a vile act and thereby kills a person committed to the true values of life.
Thus, the novel “The Master and Margarita” shows the struggle between true and imaginary values. After all, at all times there have been people committed to the ideals of goodness and justice, as well as their antipodes - vile and immoral individuals.
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Updated: 2018-06-19
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Lesson topic: True and false values
· promote students’ understanding of the concepts of spiritual and material values, wealth and charity;
· to promote the development in schoolchildren of the ability to distinguish spiritual values from material ones;
· help children realize and feel the true values in human life, cultivate interest in studying the subject “Orthodox culture”.
Type and type of lesson:
A lesson in learning new things educational material, lesson-conversation.
Supporting: God's commandments, Gospel, parable.
New: words - “money-raising”, “charity”, “covetousness”, “charities”
Methods of action:
Supporting: verbal and visual teaching methods
New: partially – search method.
Didactic materials and equipment:
Educational complex "Orthodox Culture", computer, cards for self-analysis of students
During the classes:
I. Organizational moment
Greetings.
Good afternoon, dear guys; We are starting our lesson on Orthodox culture. Today we have guests, and a lot awaits us ahead interesting work, which I really hope will be successful and fruitful.
II. Repetition
We start the lesson with repetition. (Slide 1)
Who wrote these lines?
In a difficult moment of life
Is there sadness in my heart:
One wonderful prayer
I repeat it by heart.
There is a power of grace
In the consonance of living words,
And an incomprehensible one breathes,
Holy beauty in them.
Like a burden will roll off your soul,
Doubt is far away -
And I believe and cry,
And so easy, easy...
U. What mood is conveyed in the final part of the poem? What is it about?
D. It is about the enlightenment, the joy, the peace that comes in a person’s soul after communicating with God.
U.What kind of music was this against which the poems sounded?
D.This is the romance "Prayer".
U. How many composers have set this poem to their music?
D. It is very lyrical, so it was set to music by more than 40 composers
U. - What is prayer in your understanding?
In what cases does a person turn to God in prayer?
(in joy, in sadness, in illness, when it’s difficult or we don’t know what to do...)
In which fairy tale does the heroine, finding herself in a difficult situation, turn to God with the prayer “Our Father”? ("The Snow Queen")
Here is a famous work by the Russian artist A. Namerovsky...
Which historical event depicted on this canvas?
Why do you think Russian army did the Mongolian win?
What is a blessing?
(overshadowing with a cross, an icon, a word of prayer)
Who can give a blessing?
(priest, parents)
Prince Dmitry and his army accomplished a feat of arms, but what was the feat of Sergius of Radonezh? (prayer, spiritual feat)
In what gospel parable did Jesus Christ show an example of true prayer?
(parable of the Pharisee and the tax collector)
Why was the prayer of the publican more pleasing to God than the prayer of the Pharisee?
U. People turn to God with various requests. Let's read some of them written by your peers:
· I want to be rich, but do nothing but receive money.
· I want to be given pocket money until I grow old.
· I want to become a superman, just so that I don’t have to train or do exercises in the morning. This is all I hear every day from my father.
What do all these requests have in common? Yes, become rich, but do not put the slightest effort into it.
The following requests:
· I want to earn a lot of money to cure my sister.
· I would like to have my own profitable business.
· Get a job that pays a lot to feed poor people.
What do these wishes have in common?
Topic message.
Open the worksheets. Write down the number. Read the topic of the lesson.
“True and false values.” What do you understand by the word value?
Value- what has great importance for the individual and society as a whole.
In the children's requests read out, you saw different attitude guys to wealth.
What if you had a lot of money, what would you do with it? How would you spend it?
We will write the result in table No. 1.
III. Working on new material
In the worksheets, you need to distribute the listed words in the table into two groups. In one group everything that relates to material values, in another to spiritual values. Be careful!
Today in class the word rich and wealth were heard many times. How do you understand the meaning of these words?
In the word wealth - main part words God.
What does Holy Scripture say about the attitude towards wealth? Let's turn to the Gospel.
What does the word Gospel mean?
(good news)
What does the Gospel say?
(about the earthly life of Christ)
How should we approach the Gospel?
(reverently - i.e. with the deepest respect)
Despite the fact that the words of Christ were spoken almost 2000 years ago, they are important for a person of any time. Most often, Jesus Christ spoke to his disciples in parables.
What is a parable?
(short instructive allegorical story)
Let's listen to the parable of the foolish rich man(Luke 12:15-21)
(Slide with sound file).
One rich man had good harvest in field; ion reasoned with himself: “What should I do? I have nowhere to gather my fruits.” And he said: “This is what I will do: I will tear down my barns and build larger ones, and I will gather there all my bread and all my goods, and I will say to my soul: soul! You have a lot of good things for many years: rest, eat, drink, be merry.” But God told him: “You fool!” This night your soul will be taken from you; who will get what you have prepared?
What qualities do you think are characteristic of a rich person?
For whom did the rich man collect treasures?
What should a rich man do to please God?
They say about such people that they have developed money-grubbing - love of increase, luxury and whim.(Slide).
People like this rich man are well spoken of in the spiritual alphabet of Demetrius of Rostov. But to find out, you need to read the text in Church Slavonic.
“Oh, foolish man, how long will you gather your wealth like a bee? Soon it will perish like dust and ashes: but seek rather the Kingdom of God.”
Reference: “Uglebaeshi” - to get bogged down, to drown
The Monk Samson the Receiver used his wealth completely differently. After the death of his parents, he inherited great wealth, all former slaves he was released with security. He settled in the city of Constantinople, built a house in which he received the poor, the sick and strangers. He treated the sick, fed and clothed the poor, and gave shelter to wanderers. The Patriarch of Constantinople performed the sacrament of the priesthood, and Samson became a priest.
One day Emperor Justinian happened to fall ill. When all the attempts of skilled doctors were unsuccessful, the emperor turned to the priest Samson, who successfully cured him. The emperor wanted to reward the healer, to which Samson replied that he did not need wealth. And if the emperor wishes, he can build a house for the sick and poor. “This will please God and make me happy.” A house was built and a hospital attached to it. So the priest Samson set the emperor up for a charitable cause.
What do you think charity is?
Charity – showing compassion for one's neighbor and providing
free assistance to the poor.
There have always been philanthropists in Russia and today we will learn about some of them.
Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov - created famous museum « Tretyakov Gallery" The museum is located in Moscow. Both adults and children love to visit it. Pavel Tretyakov began collecting his painting collection in the mid-1850s. In August 1892, Pavel Mikhailovich transferred his art gallery as a gift to the city of Moscow. By this time, the collection included 1,800 works of the Russian school, 75 paintings of the European school, 15 sculptures and a collection of icons. On August 15, 1893, the official opening of the museum took place under the name
"Moscow City Tretyakov Gallery ».
1.
Nesterov M. V
4. "
5.
Mamontov –
Russian entrepreneur and philanthropist. Born into a merchant family, he was the fourth child. The Mamontov family lived richly; when Savva was 8 years old, they moved to Moscow, where Savva’s father was engaged in the construction of railways.
continues the work started by his father. The name of the Russian industrialist is closely connected with the history of the Northern Railway. With his own funds he built railway to Yaroslavl, Vologda and Arkhangelsk.
Each city had and still has its own philanthropists who invested money in the construction of churches, schools, hospitals, and shelters.
And in our modern life There are also philanthropists. For example, thanks to one of them, Yuri Nikolaevich Mishustin, director, you and I guys have such an excellent opportunity to study Orthodox culture using a computer and new educational literature.
IN modern language The word philanthropists is heard less and less often, and the word sponsor is heard more often.
Do you think the words “philanthropist” and “sponsor” are equivalent?
Is it necessary to replace the original Russian word with a cold, foreign word?
Summarizing:
So, today in class we talked about true and false values. What makes a person truly happy?
And the goal of human life is not to get rich: “Do not lay up for yourselves treasures on earth, but lay up for yourselves treasures in Heaven, where no moth destroys and where thieves do not steal, for where your treasure is, there will your heart be also.”
“Treasures in Heaven” are the good that man has done, but which God always remembers. Such a treasure cannot be stolen. Your money or phone may be stolen. But the good deed you have done will remain yours forever.
2. Assessment of work in the lesson.
Several people evaluate their work.
What new did I learn about the topic of the lesson? What did you learn?
V. Reflection
If you were interested in the lesson, if what we talked about touched your soul, raise Sun. And if you didn’t like the lesson, seemed boring, left you indifferent, then raise cloud.
You did a good job in class. Well done! Thank you for your work!
And now we will do a little virtual tour to Tretyakovskaya state gallery. And our guide will be Ksenia.
IN exhibition halls you can see world-famous paintings by Russian artists:
1. "Old Testament Trinity". Andrey Rublev.
The greatest creation of Andrei Rublev was the Trinity icon, painted for the church of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery near Moscow. At that time, in the 20s of the 15th century, unprecedented disasters struck central Rus' - widespread pestilence and famine. And again life seemed unbearable and gloomy to people. And in the Trinity Church there remained an icon of Rublev, shining with unearthly peace. The great icon painter created an image of an inextricable heavenly union, full of silent meekness and selflessness.
2. “Vision to the youth Bartholomew.” Nesterov M. V
"Vision to the Youth Bartholomew" - the most famous work artist. It is based on an episode from the Life of St. Sergius of Radonezh. The shepherd boy Bartholomew (the future Sergius) lost his foals in the forest. Having set out on a search, he wandered into a deserted place and met an unfamiliar old priest. He gave the boy a piece of prosphora and, with it, a craving for
teaching and enlightenment. This canvas opened the so-called
"Sergius Cycle", which also included "The Youth of St. Sergius",
"Works of Sergius of Radonezh", "Reverend Sergius of Radonezh".
3. "". Orest Adamovich Kiprensky
The artist in 1827 creates one of the best portraits. This is the image of a mature man, a poet who has already survived the Decembrist uprising. He seems to be thinking about their fate, about himself, about Russia. In Russian art, Kiprensky paid a lot of attention to self-portraits, trying to convey the state of a person’s soul.
4. "Bogatyrs." Victor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov.
This is the most famous painting artist. He was the first artist who, with such visual power, reflected in painting the poetic world of Russian folklore - the world of heroic events, fairy tales, legends and traditions carefully preserved by the people. What are the names of the heroes? In the center is the oldest and most powerful - Ilya Muromets, sitting on right hand– Dobrynya Nikitich, and on the left is Alyosha Popovich. Take a close look at their faces. Hasn't the war left an imprint of the ferocity of cruelty on their faces? No. Why? What kind of war are they fighting? The heroes perform the holy task of defending the Motherland, their faces are stern and inspired by this lofty idea.
5. "Christ in the Desert" Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy.
We present to your attention two paintings by “Dostoevsky” by Vasily Grigorievich Perov and “Christ in the Desert” by Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy. Pay attention to the almost literal similarity in the poses of such different characters. But Kramskoy, who created his painting independently of Perov’s portrait, did not by chance come to a similar result: his Christ is both a divine character and an image of a person of any era, making a choice between good and evil.
Samson the Stranger
The Monk Samson the Receiver used his wealth completely differently. After the death of his parents, he inherited great wealth; he freed all former slaves with security. He settled in the city of Constantinople, built a house in which he received the poor, the sick and strangers. He treated the sick, fed and clothed the poor, and gave shelter to wanderers. The Patriarch of Constantinople performed the sacrament of the priesthood, and Samson became a priest.
One day Emperor Justinian happened to fall ill. When all the attempts of skilled doctors were unsuccessful, the emperor turned to the priest Samson, who successfully cured him. The emperor wanted to reward the healer, to which Samson replied that he did not need wealth. And if the emperor wishes, he can build a house for the sick and poor. “This will please God and make me happy.” A house was built and a hospital attached to it.
There are no values that are absolute in content to which all people would strive, but There are absolute values to which all people are explicitly or implicitly drawn. This true values. The word “truth” in an axiological context differs from its interpretation in epistemology. Here truth does not mean the correspondence of knowledge to reality, but, on the contrary, the correspondence of reality to everyday or political wisdom . The truth or falsity of a value in axiology is inseparable from wisdom. Based on this connection, values can be divided into true and false . True values are those values that make the life of a given person and people close to him, a social group, and society happy. On the contrary, false values, robbing people of their strength, time and resources, make them unhappy. The truth or falsity of a value is best seen in the examples of the individual destinies of people. Socrates' motto “Know thyself” has a direct bearing on the truth of value. . A person who knows his material, intellectual and psychological capabilities well will choose the right path, the right companion in life and will be happy regardless of his position in society On the contrary, ignorance of oneself and the environment social environment, or the predominance of feelings over reason lead to serious mistakes in life, to the loss of time that cannot be returned . “All that glitters is not gold,” says folk wisdom , but how difficult it is sometimes to recognize what lies behind the external shine. Values give meaning to a person’s life, they determine the direction of a person’s activity . It should be noted, however, that not only true but also false values have this property, perhaps even to a greater extent than true values. The reason for this is the duality of human nature. As an animal, a person is “programmed” to perform certain reflex actions. Performing these actions does not require either intellectual or physical effort, there is no situation of choice, the individual animal acts automatically, and easily automatically. Biological evolution has taken care of everything. The situation is more complicated for the individual carrier of culture. Performing actions requires certain, sometimes considerable, intellectual and physical efforts. In more complex cases, the relationship between both sides of human nature is more complex,. but false values are formed more easily and seduce people more powerfully than true values. When, for example, a person is driven by greed, the question arises about its source; the source is the human body . Greed shows man as an animal, and not as a creator and bearer of culture The need for self-affirmation can, in particular, be satisfied by the possession of things (material objects)..It is not so much the thing itself that is valuable, but rather the possession of it. I am happy not because I have this thing, but because you do not have it. Needs are not true or false; only desires have this property, which, although they arise on the basis of needs, are determined by upbringing, the content of the information received, the current situation and other circumstances. This is where most of the false values. .False values are values of functioning ,not development . Functioning is walking in a circle, not a qualitative change, not development. False values sometimes embrace entire nations. If we consider the cause of the collapse of the Roman Empire in axiological terms, we can quite easily see the erosion of the values that elevated Rome. The desire for enrichment, debauchery, and desire for pleasure have become more significant than the veneration of the gods, patriotism, and respect for law..The subject of society is the population, and the more people in it are guided by false values, the closer the collapse of the state and the disintegration of society are. . Currently, certain values of Western culture have prevailed in society. They can well be called false. There is no doubt that sooner or later the values of enrichment, popularity, sex, thrills, etc. will lead people who are guided by them to a dead end. As Western values dominate the world, Western scientists themselves are worried about the future. For an entrepreneur, his occupation represents a special kind of sport. Money turns from a means into a goal, which again turns into a means, etc. An entrepreneur (with a few exceptions) is not interested in the welfare of the population, which he uses as material for his operations, he is interested in the rate of profit. To the existing million you need to add a second million and so on ad infinitum. J.-J.-Rousseau was right when he said that it is easier for a rich man to earn his second million than for a poor man to earn his first penny . People who call themselves musicians write and sing throwaway songs, lowering the already low level musical culture population. Tomorrow there will be new songs that voiceless singers will sing. At worst, you can ruin the classics, this is not prohibited by law. There are already so many “stars” that, as in astronomy, they have already begun to be distinguished by “magnitudes”. Fortunately, their native state allows them to occupy television and radio airwaves. And also to get rich, which is doubly pleasant for candidates for “stars” and for the “stars” themselves. The value of money and luxury goods led to a rise in crime. The value of human life turned out to be lower than the value of money, which is why films rarely appear on TV screens without shots and corpses.When the question of the death penalty for criminals arises, they immediately remember the value of human life, as if the criminals themselves did not reduce its importance . Each society has a certain margin of safety, but if correction is not made periodically political course, then sooner or later the limit of strength comes, and with it a catastrophe.
Types of values
Values are divided on a variety of grounds. The simplest of them is content of activity.On this basis, values are distinguished political, economic, legal, religious, moral And etc. But more relevant in philosophy and social sciences is the division of values according to subject, the bearer of values. In this regard, we can highlight five types of values.
1. Personal life values, individual. The infinite variety of values does not mean that they are of equal importance to all people. Humans are not omnivores each of them recognizes only those values that correspond individual characteristics and personal worldview . But the value of life itself comes first. With the exception of suicides, everyone wants to live, and for as long as possible, regardless of any quality or standard of living. The desire for life is a natural human right, which is given to him by God, not by the state. The second most important is the value of health sufficient for active life . The older people get, the clearer the importance of this value becomes to them: quality of life healthy person clearly higher than the quality of life of a sick person. A healthy person can work, study, and enjoy life, while a sick person undergoes a course of treatment, waiting for recovery. Therefore, among the priorities of many people, health occupies the most important place. Other values of personal life are difficult to arrange in descending order of their importance, but, undoubtedly, they have a great influence on the motives of people's behavior. These are the values of human free will, love, friendship, family, wealth, prestige, career growth, respect for others, education, abilities, communication, hospitality, hobbies, etc. A large number of values of personal life allows an individual to quite often change value orientations and “tactics” of personal life.
2. Values of small social groups. A small social group is a collection of people who systematically communicate with each other. A small group should not be identified with a collective, because the collective as a collection of free individuals is only one of the varieties of small social groups. Each of us is a member of several small groups - a family, a labor or military unit, study group, sports section, hobby club, etc. A small social group makes very specific, sometimes stringent, demands on its members.“We” prevails over “I,” otherwise the group is unstable or even disintegrates. The “cement” that holds the group together is values . A family is created not for the sake of procreation, as people usually stupidly answer, but for the sake of a higher quality of life - actual, and not imaginary, human freedom. Value family life Children feel it more strongly than adults. On family photos Usually young parents and happy children are displayed. Other small groups, which are called collectives only for convenience of designation, also have their own values . Among them, the leading role is played by the solidarity of group members in the face of a potential enemy, no matter in what form he appears. It doesn’t matter for what reason we ended up in the same “team,” but since we ended up together, standards of behavior must be observed that allow us to coexist. Therefore members small group undertake to help each other, or at least not to interfere with each other. In the “team” such values as assistance and mutual assistance, cooperation, exchange of experience, etc. are often found.. The best part of many people's lives is spent at work or service, so communication in small groups leaves a deep imprint on their souls.
3. Values of large social groups. A large social group is a collection of people who are similar to each other in some way that is significant to society. Large groups include classes, nations, races, religious, professional, gender, age and other social groups. Unlike small groups, members of large social groups almost always do not personally know or communicate with each other. However, they know about the existence of their own kind thanks to the activities of the state, the media, and various social institutions. d. Knowledge about one’s own kind allows each individual person to identify (correlate) himself with a particular group. In accordance with the individual’s belonging to one or another large social group, values common to group members are identified. The most significant basis for division into large groups is the attitude towards ownership of the means of production and consumer goods. For this reason people are divided into classes of rich and poor(although there are other signs of classes). Both rich and poor share the values of class solidarity, cohesion, and unity of action. The twentieth century passed under the sign of strengthening national movements how in on a global scale, and within the territories of states, which in itself indicates the increasing importance of national values. These include, first of all, the independence of a given nation from other nations. Just as an individual values his personal freedom, so does a nation value its independence. A nation is a collection of people living by one culture (language, customs, traditions, holidays, beliefs, folklore, art, etc.) The true life of a nation consists in its “use” of the elements of its culture. These elements are national values . For members of society who profess a certain religion, the values are the dogmas and cult of that religion.. Supporters of every religion consider their religion to be the only “true” one, and all others are false. Men and women also have different values due to their gender, about which a lot has been written and said. It is enough to mention feminism - the ideology of the female gender, based on the supposed superiority of women over men. Representatives also have different values different generations, which explains the well-known conflict between “fathers and sons” that is constantly reproduced in every generation. Clothing, hairstyles, behavior, music, leisure time - everything distinguishes representatives of different generations.
4. Society values (social values ). Society is not a collection of physical bodies of individuals, but a collection of social relations between them and large and small groups . The content of such relationships varies, and this depends to a decisive extent on the values that guide people. People's behavior is determined not only by individual values and the values of small and large groups to which they belong. There are values of a higher order - public. These include one or another form of government or type of state, form of ownership, patriotism, political stability, economic prosperity, social justice, prestige of the profession, prestige of the state in international arena, high level of scientific development, military power, etc. Greater or lesser importance of certain public values is checked in troubled times, when the further course of events in a given country is unclear and alarming. One of the well-known political values is the value of democracy. But in the last few centuries it has acquired a completely different meaning than it had in its homeland - ancient Greece. If in small Greek city-policies democracy really meant the power of the people (free citizens possessing certain property), then with conquest by the bourgeoisie state power in modern times, democracy has come to mean money bag races. Whoever has more money and who can manage it better wins the “elections”. Especially if the candidate for the position of command generously paid for the servile “people”. Former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called bourgeois democracy a vile thing, but, in his opinion, people had not come up with anything better than it. It is unlikely that residents of the Sultanate of Brunei, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and other Arab emirates would agree with W. Churchill. These countries are dominated by monarchs, and the standard of living is such that citizens of democratic states would envy.
5. Human values. For a long time, the commandments of Moses claimed the role of universal human values. However, these commandments were originally addressed only to Jews and did not apply to other nations. The popular commandments do not express the ideals of justice, freedom, equality, therefore the commandments of Moses express the culture of one people. Do not kill a Jew, do not deceive a Jew, etc. These commandments did not apply to representatives of other nations. They did not agree with the need for retribution for atrocities, the destruction of maniacs, or the protection of family or homeland from enemies. It is not surprising that representatives of other nations so rarely listened to these commandments. Those values that are recognized by all people in a particular historical era should be considered universal. These values are eternal, not temporary, and are shared by almost all somewhat civilized inhabitants of the planet. Spiritual universal values are culture, especially religion and language, the ideals of justice, freedom and equality and etc.. Although religions, languages, and understandings of these ideals are different, none of the people abandons them. Material values are less clear. Material values should first of all include the value of private ownership of the means of production and consumer goods. Private property does not deny, but complements other forms of property (municipal, corporate, state), but it is traditionally recognized by all people. And this is not surprising: After all, the value of private property lies in the fact that it is material basis human freedom, real and not imaginary freedom. To the material universal values also include fertile soils, mild climate, sufficient rainfall, the presence of minerals, precious metals and stones, ecological balance between society and nature, etc.. The coincidence of people’s values generates great energy and allows them to organize their joint coexistence. However, due to the many differences between people, the same many individual and other values arise. Their significance may be small, so the discrepancy in values does not lead to complications in the relationship. These discrepancies can overlap in coincidences of more significant values. But it should be noted that any values, from individual to universal, do not know compromises . Many conflicts between individuals, small and large social groups, peoples and states arise because their values are different, or because that they understand the same values differently. Predilections and interests do not always allow them to come to agreement. The key to understanding (not necessarily to agreement) all kinds of friction, tension, and conflict is knowing people's values.
The value of friendship
Friendship and love occupy a prominent place in the set of individual values. In the modern era, complaints are heard about the impoverishment of friendship, which is apparently caused by individualism and selfishness, which affects western culture. Among “traditional” peoples, the significance of the value of friendship is not questioned. Friendship is seen as the social support of the individual. As Eastern wisdom says: “A man without friends is like a tree without roots.” The phenomenon of friendship arises when the clan system decomposes, when, on the one hand, family ties weaken, and when, on the other hand, the network of social relations between people becomes more complicated. Proto-Slavic word drugb means “friend, comrade, other, other, next.” The increasingly complex social structure of society requires strengthening social ties and more people on whom an individual could rely in times of trial by fate. The custom of twinning arises. Usually it is accompanied by the same ritual, for example, brothers cut their fingers, pour the blood into a cup and divide it among themselves. Outwardly, friendship acts as an imitation of family ties, which has survived to this day. The so-called godfathers and mothers, brothers and sisters are known. Internally, friendship complements family relationships or compensates for their insufficiency. At the same time, people intuitively understand the need for a very moderate number of friends, if, of course, we count as friends those who do not betray Hard time, and not those who are friends “by chance”, since their abundance does not satisfy the requirement for the quality of relationships. Therefore, the proverb “...have a hundred friends” is unlikely to correspond to social realities. A friend is our second “I”; only a relative can be closer than a friend. The number of friends should be small. Among the tribes of Africa, New Guinea and other peoples, the number of friends is limited to three persons. Friends should not be relatives; they were called “knife brothers” and were obliged to provide mutual assistance, especially material assistance. Among the American Indians, a friend turns out to be even more valuable than a brother sibling. To refuse to help a brother-in-arms or to abandon him on the battlefield meant to cover oneself with indelible shame. Ideas about the value of friendship are reflected in the works of philosophers. Plato's Socrates states that “b Without friendship, no communication between people has value.”Plato himself wrote about friends as people who are much closer to each other than mother and father; the friendship between them is stronger, because the spiritual qualities that bind them are more beautiful and immortal. Aristotle in “Nicomachean Ethics” sets out the theory of friendship. Friendship, in his opinion, is the most necessary thing in life. No one will choose a life without friends, even in exchange for all other benefits. Aristotle highlights three types of friendship: 1) utilitarian, which is based on considerations of mutual or unilateral benefit; 2) hedonistic, which is based on emotional attachment and is done for the sake of pleasure, pleasantness, this is friendship for the sake of friendship; 3) moral or perfect in which utilitarian and hedonistic motives are combined, this is friendship turning into love. Understanding friendship occurs not only under the influence of a value-motivational approach to it. From the point of view of the structural-functional approach, friendship is classified according to its objective functions within a certain social system and by place in a number of social institutions.
1) One of these functions is merge: friendship merges with some other type of activity, for example, with cooperation, with staying in places that one would like to leave as soon as possible (“friends in misfortune”) or more significant social role. People are friends because they occupy responsible positions of equal importance in the state. Under other circumstances, they would hardly have been friends.
2) Substitution. Friendship replaces and compensates for any missing roles. A person who has no relatives replaces them with friendship with other people or communication with animals. Lonely, elderly people become attached to animals, caring for them like children, since they have a clear lack of communication. Sometimes animals are preferred to people because of their sincerity and devotion, which is not found in people.
3) Addition. Friendship complements other social roles without merging with them. In the family there are a good relationship between dad, mom and their children, however, children want to be friends with their peers.
4) Competition. Friendship is the antithesis of others social roles and competes with them.“Friendship is friendship, but tobacco is separate”... It happens that friendly relationships compete with family or work relationships. The friendship of men, as well as women, can sometimes seriously complicate relationships in families. At work, a person spends a lot of time and the best part in their lives, at work, it’s not uncommon to make friends “ office romances”, violations of labor discipline occur, etc. The principle of “friendship is friendship, and service is service” turns out to be difficult to implement for people who falsely understand the essence of friendship. Both approaches to understanding friendship are not opposed, but complement each other. IN real life, it is unlikely that anyone reflects on the establishment of friendships and their prospects. Friendship usually begins spontaneously, voluntarily, under the influence of people’s sympathy and trust in each other. At the same time, friendship is very selective; not every individual will establish warm relations with the name. Selectivity is determined by some conditions: homogeneity of temperaments, unity of values, similarity social statuses and roles (“people of the same circle”), the presence of joint activities. Hence the proverb: “Tell me who your friend is...” If these conditions are met, friendship between A and B is possible, although some unaccounted factors may prevent it, for example, information discrediting subject A or B. In any macro- or microenvironment there are unwritten rules friendship. They boil down to the following: a friend of my friend is my friend; the enemy of my friend is my enemy the friend of my enemy is my enemy; the enemy of my enemy is my friend. In more developed societies, such a position is also possible: neither friend nor enemy, but so... Friendship is diverse, which indicates its objective necessity and unfading value for people. Individuals, families, groups, cities and nations are friends. How wrote Epicurus, “friendship dances around the universe, announcing to us all that we awaken to the glorification of a happy life.” It is difficult to talk about a happy life as a result of friendship, since in addition to friends there are also enough enemies. But undoubtedly The result of friendship is cooperation and mutual assistance, which is not so little for an acceptable life. The value of friendship lies in strengthening and maintaining social connections, such communication between people that increases a person’s satisfaction with his life.
The value of love
Love is a more complex phenomenon of a person’s mental and spiritual life. Essentially it is identical to happiness, since loving person does not know anything higher and more significant for him. Countless poems and songs have been written about love, frequency of use, the word “love” ranks first among thousands of other words. But the theme of love occupied not only writers and musicians. Philosophers also paid great attention to her. A loving person is not alone. Hegel wrote: “Love generally means the consciousness of my unity with another, the fact that I am not isolated for myself, but acquire my self-consciousness only as a renunciation of my being-for-self and through knowledge of myself as my unity with the other and the other with me. But love is a feeling, in other words, the morality of the natural in the form: in the state there is no longer love, in it unity is recognized as a law, in it the content must be reasonable, and I must know it. The first point in love is that I do not want to be an independent person for myself and that if I were one, I would feel insufficient and incomplete. The second point is that I find myself in the person of another, that I have significance in him, which he, in turn, finds in me.” A loving person, according to Hegel, forgets himself in the beloved and emerges from the beloved, enriched by his love. . The 20th century philosopher Erich Fromm, analyzing the phenomenon of love, identifies several of its essential aspects. Love is the ability to give, not to receive. Giving does not mean sacrificing and suffering; by giving, a person lives. “ Giving is much more joyful than receiving, wrote E. Fromm, not because it is unnecessary, but because by giving, I feel that I am living. A loving person feels responsible for his loved one and does not consider responsibility a burdensome duty. Responsibility is accompanied by respect for your loved one and thorough knowledge about him. A truly loving person lives loved" Such a high assessment of the phenomenon of love shows it as a fact of spirituality. However, the understanding of love is greatly complicated and trivialized by the connection between love and sex. A sexual bias in the understanding of love occurs in many works, although the spiritual essence of love is visible to the naked eye. In the era “ popular culture“sex even hides behind the mask of love. Just look at the title of the American film “Let's Make Love.” As if you can “make love”... Sex can be an addition to love, it can be done without love, but it can in no way replace it. In mythology, eros was understood as the creative force of nature.There was a widespread idea of the universal “sympathy” of things, that love created the world and moves it. In relation to interpersonal relationships, eros was understood as spontaneous and passionate self-giving, enthusiastic falling in love, aimed at the carnal or spiritual. Philia was called love-friendship, conditioned by social connections and personal choice. Storge- this is love-attachment, especially family, and agape- sacrificial, condescending love for one's neighbor. Plato builds his “ladder” of love-beauty somewhat differently. The first and lowest stage is the desire to obtain physical pleasure, the natural goal of which is the birth of children. The second stage is love for specific examples of physical beauty. The third stage is the love of beauty in general. The fourth (highest) stage is agape, that is, love of wisdom, which, like religious experiences, allows one to know the absolute truth. Love of the highest type is the work of the soul, the work of two noble minds uniting for the purpose of creating spiritual offspring of which only men are capable. IN In the dialogue “Symposium,” Plato expounds the doctrine of- people of the currently non-existent third gender: “Once upon a time our nature was not the same as it is now... People were of three sexes, and not two, as now - male and female, for there was still a third sex, which united yourself the signs of both of them; he himself disappeared, and only the name remained from him... - androgynes, ... they combined the appearance and name of both sexes - male and female. Then each person had a rounded body, his back did not differ from his chest, there were four arms, as many legs as arms, and each had two faces on his neck, completely identical; the head of these two faces, looking in opposite directions, was common... There were three of these sexes... because from time immemorial the male comes from the Sun, the female - from the Earth, and the one who combines both of these - from the Moon, since the Moon also combines both principles... Terrible in their strength and power, they harbored great plans and encroached even on the power of the gods... They tried to ascend to heaven in order to attack the gods.” Further, according to Plato, the threat prompted the gods to take decisive action. Zeus cut the androgynes in half and created homosexuals, when the male half seeks to reunite with the male, lesbians, when the female half seeks to reunite with the female, and heterosexuals, when the male and female halves strive to reunite. Heterosexuals were considered the lowest sexual category. Since then, according to Plato, people have been attracted to each other, they have been trying to restore unity. The process of recreating unity is love, which is a painful feeling of reunification into a complete individuality. The myth of androgens began to be traditionally interpreted in the sense of the sexual attraction of men and women to each other, which reduced man to the level of an animal. Descendants corrected Plato, love without sex began to be called after him . Strictly speaking, any love does not involve sex. Ordinary consciousness identifies lust with love, but lust is a biological phenomenon, not a spiritual one. The need to procreate and create a family was not always caused by love. Although the ancient world knew romantic love, it was not always recorded as the love of a man and a woman. Same-sex love flourished. Ancient Greek writer Lucian, in his work “Two Loves,” through the mouth of his heroes, recognizes the need for a family, but considers true love men to boys. But the qualitative difference between love and sex manifests itself even in those types of love that are traditionally associated with sex. 1) Love of a man and a woman sung in many literary and musical works. They are not talking about the desire to rush into bed as quickly as possible. Loved ones want to be together and that’s enough for them. Here, indeed, there is a desire, if not to restore, then at least to establish the spiritual unity of man and woman. 2) Same-sex love may not exist without sex, but it can’t be reduced to it either.3) The love of parents for children and children for parents is an almost purely spiritual relationship, although to some extent biologically determined. This kind of “love” of animals for their young cubs is known. Subsequently, “mothers,” not to mention “fathers,” become completely indifferent to their children and even drive them away from them. The love of human parents lasts a lifetime.4) Love for business and work is characteristic high degree self-sacrifice, abandonment of some other activities, sometimes even from family. Fanatics in in the best sense These words brought together passion and work; nowadays they are called workaholics. 5) Love for the Motherland, small and large. Love to small homeland (locality, the areas in which I grew up this person) is caused by painful childhood memories. Love for the big homeland (the society of which the individual is a member) is determined by the degree spiritual development personality, when a person feels “offended for the state.” 6) Love for nature is manifested not only in the contemplation of wonderful landscapes, but also in activities to preserve these landscapes. 7) Self-love is usually associated with selfishness. Really, selfishness is selfishness, but only when the egoist infringes on the interests of other people or harms them. In other cases, self-love is morally justified, since a person who does not love or care about himself is unlikely to inspire the trust of other people. Thus, in the phenomenon of love, its connection with the biological and spiritual nature of man is visible. The first three types of love are determined by both sides of human nature, the rest - exclusively by the spiritual nature of man. The value of love lies in the desire for unity with the object of love, and in relation to another person in the desire to live his life, his feelings and thoughts.
Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov spent ten years creating the novel “The Master and Margarita”. He began writing it in 1929 and finished it in 1938. Throughout the novel we see how the writer’s consciousness and his thoughts changed. We can trace fear, grief, joy, and many other emotions in the work. But one thing remains unchanged throughout the novel - this is the author’s attitude towards human values.
In his work, M. A. Bulgakov, from the first pages, makes the reader think about true and imaginary values, but what are values? I believe that this is what a person considers the most important in his life, to which he attaches higher value. For many people, love, friendship, family, and faith are of great importance. However, in his novel M.
A. Bulgakov shows us that this is not always the case. There are also people who value money, fame, and prestige above all else. I believe that the conflict between people with imaginary and people with true values is one of the main ones in the work.
In the first chapter of the novel, Berlioz and Ivan Bezdomny walk along the patriarch's ponds. They are discussing the poem that Ivan Nikolaevich will write. The editor “Ordered a large anti-religious poem from the poet,” but in his work Jesus turned out “as if alive,” which Berlioz did not like. This whole scene is meant to denounce art. The creativity of the MASSOLIT writers is false, made to order, and this contradicts the purpose of art - the free self-expression of the author, his honest communication with the reader.
Another false value that occupies a central place in the novel is money.
Only Woland and his retinue, as well as the Master and Margarita, remain indifferent to them. When Woland performed at the Variety Show, people were catching money and running for clothes. Each tried to take more for himself than the others. For this they were punished: the money turned into simple paper, and the clothes disappeared.
But it is a mistake to believe that the heroes of the novel do not have true values. The main ones in the novel are love and faith. The example of the Master and Margarita shows that love is capable of much. For the sake of the Master, Margarita suffers at the ball, not even being sure that her beloved will be returned to her. In order to be with the Master, she sells her soul to the devil. Margarita has amazing fortitude, and her love for the Master is so strong that it seems there is nothing that could prevent them from being together. And even death cannot separate lovers.
So, M. A. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita” is one of key works writer. He shows us that there are many false values in the world, and only a person with true values can cope with any difficulties. So, Margarita managed to go to Satan’s ball to meet the Master, cope with pain and fear and ultimately find happiness and peace with her beloved.
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Updated: 2018-04-30
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The image of Margarita reveals an invincible force female love. It is the heroine’s love, for the sake of which she turned into a witch, that saves the spiritually crippled Master. These are real feelings that neither separation, nor pressure from an aggressive society, nor fear for one’s own fate can kill.
The truth of this love is also noted in the description of how this love arose, filled with completely unexpected and expressive comparisons. The same expression can be seen in all of Margarita’s behavior and character.
However, the main evidence boundless love Margarita to the Master is a moral principle. It manifests itself in a woman’s heroic devotion to her beloved, her desire to save him at any cost, her willingness to share both life and death with him.
Loyalty to the moral law, which the heroine maintains both in a totalitarian society, where all shoots of humanity are destroyed, and in the epicenter of the “diabolical battle”, where she had to play the role of the queen of a grandiose ball of human vices and sins of all times, gives her spiritual portrait sublime and touching features, natural femininity and moral masculinity, compassion for those who suffer, and mercilessness towards those who tried to destroy her loved one. Margarita became one of the nicest female images in the literature of the twentieth century.
The image of the Master is given to the idea of the immortality of real art that is most dear to Bulgakov, the leitmotif in his work. Also, the image of the Master is largely autobiographical. The main thing is that Bulgakov’s Master is depicted as a generalized image of the creator; he is compared to Goethe’s Faust and G. Skovoroda.
The master openly expresses disgust at the primitive and mediocre literary products produced by the henchmen of the Soviet regime. And after submitting the manuscript to the court of the arbiters of Soviet red writing, he becomes the object of derogatory criticism from colleagues in the literary workshop. What distinguishes the Master from the squad of “Berliozians” is his so-called “unprofessionalism”. However, the main proof of the truth of the Master’s art is that the novel he wrote accurately reflected the realities of the Yershalaim events.
The theme of the truth of the novel about the tragedy of Yershalaim creates scope for multiple parallels between the Master and Yeshua. Just like Yeshua, the Master becomes the bearer of eternal truth, so through this service to this truth he comes into conflict with the authorities and goes through his way of the cross.
However, unlike Yeshua, the Master does not have enough spiritual strength to withstand severe trials. A temporary renunciation of creativity means a renunciation of life for the hero: he finds refuge in a psychiatric hospital and believes in his own madness. For this reason, after the death of the Master, his soul, which experienced a tragic breakdown, ends up not in the “Kingdom of Light”, but in the “Kingdom of Peace”.
The ending of the novel, in which the Master and Margarita find peace only in death, emphasizes the idea of the fatal doom of the carriers eternal values in a totalitarian society.
In general, it should be noted that by the end of the novel, the tendency towards a harmonious denouement of tragically tangled knots in the destinies of some characters in each of the three worlds assumes paramount importance.
Perhaps the most important manifestation of this trend is observed in the world of Yershalaim, when Pontius Pilate is removed from his painful punishment. This final event has an all-encompassing significance. It is also important that it is not Woland or Yeshua who frees Pilate from his torment, but the Master himself, as the creator artistic image procurator, as a creator who asserted in his novel the highest value of the moral law, in the end, as a person who in his own life learned the bitter fruits of the renunciation of the truth, and to some extent experiences the sin of Pilate as his own... Thus the plot of the novel “The Master and Margarita” moves from themes of moral judgment and retribution to ideas of forgiveness, illustrating the ancient wisdom that mercy stands above justice.
- Yershalaim chapters in the novel “The Master and Margarita”
- “The Master and Margarita” - features of the genre and structure of the novel
- A satirical image of Soviet Moscow of the 30s in the novel “The Master and Margarita”
