Famous writers of the first half of the 19th century. See what “Russian poets of the 19th century” are in other dictionaries
The century before last became interesting stage development of human history. The emergence of new technologies, faith in progress, the spread of educational ideas, the development of new public relations, the emergence of a new bourgeois class, which became dominant in many European countries - all this was reflected in art. 19th century literature reflected everything turning points development of society. All shocks and discoveries were reflected on the pages of novels by famous writers. Literature of the 19th century– multifaceted, varied and very interesting.
Literature of the 19th century as an indicator of social consciousness
The century began in the atmosphere of the Great french revolution, whose ideas captured all of Europe, America and Russia. Under the influence of these events there appeared greatest books 19th century, a list of which you can find in this section. In Great Britain, with the coming to power of Queen Victoria, new era stability, which was accompanied by national growth, development of industry and art. Public peace has created best books 19th century, written in all possible genres. In France, on the contrary, there was a lot of revolutionary unrest, accompanied by a change political system and the development of social thought. Of course, this also influenced 19th century books. Literary age ended with an era of decadence, characterized by gloomy and mystical moods and the bohemian lifestyle of representatives of art. Thus, the literature of the 19th century presented works that everyone needs to read.
Books of the 19th century on the KnigoPoisk website
If you are interested in 19th century literature, the list of the KnigoPoisk website will help you find interesting novels. The rating is based on reviews from visitors to our resource. “Books of the 19th century” is a list that will not leave anyone indifferent.
Literature in the 19th century in Russia is associated with the rapid flowering of culture. Spiritual upliftment and importance are reflected in immortal works writers and poets. This article is dedicated to representatives of the Golden Age of Russian literature and the main trends of this period.
Historical events
Literature in the 19th century in Russia gave birth to such great names as Baratynsky, Batyushkov, Zhukovsky, Lermontov, Fet, Yazykov, Tyutchev. And above all Pushkin. Near historical events this period was marked. The development of Russian prose and poetry was influenced by Patriotic War 1812, and the death of the great Napoleon, and the passing of Byron. The English poet, like the French commander, for a long time controlled minds in a revolutionary way thinking people in Russia. And Russian-Turkish war, as well as the echoes of the French Revolution, which were heard in all corners of Europe - all these events turned into a powerful catalyst for advanced creative thought.
While in Western countries they carried out revolutionary movements and the spirit of freedom and equality began to emerge, Russia strengthened its monarchical power and suppressed uprisings. This could not go unnoticed by artists, writers and poets. Literature of the early 19th century in Russia is a reflection of the thoughts and experiences of the advanced strata of society.
Classicism
Underneath this aesthetic direction understand art style, which originated in European culture in the second half of the 18th century. Its main features are rationalism and adherence to strict canons. Classicism of the 19th century in Russia was also distinguished by its appeal to ancient forms and the principle of three unities. Literature, however, in this artistic style began to lose ground already at the beginning of the century. Classicism was gradually replaced by such trends as sentimentalism and romanticism.
Masters artistic word began to create their works in new genres. Works in the style gained popularity historical novel, romantic story, ballad, ode, poem, landscape, philosophical and love lyrics.
Realism
Literature in the 19th century in Russia is associated primarily with the name of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Closer to the thirties, realistic prose took a strong position in his work. It should be said that the ancestor of this literary direction in Russia it is Pushkin.
Journalism and satire
Some features European culture The 18th century was inherited by the literature of the 19th century in Russia. We can briefly outline the main features of poetry and prose of this period - satirical nature and journalisticism. The tendency to depict human vices and shortcomings of society is observed in the works of writers who created their works in the forties. In literary criticism, it was later determined that the authors of satirical and journalistic prose were united. “Natural school” was the name of this artistic style, which, however, is also called “Gogol’s school.” Other representatives of this literary movement are Nekrasov, Dal, Herzen, Turgenev.
Criticism
Ideology " natural school" was justified by the critic Belinsky. The principles of the representatives of this literary movement. Characteristic feature became in their work social issues. The main genres are essay, socio-psychological novel and social story.
Literature in the 19th century in Russia developed under the influence of the activities of various associations. It was in the first quarter of this century that there was a significant rise in the journalistic field. Belinsky had a huge influence. This man had an extraordinary ability to sense the poetic gift. It was he who was the first to recognize the talent of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Turgenev, Dostoevsky.
Pushkin and Gogol
The literature of the 19th and 20th centuries in Russia would have been completely different and, of course, not so bright without these two authors. They had a huge influence on the development of prose. And many of the elements that they introduced into literature have become classical norms. Pushkin and Gogol not only developed such a direction as realism, but also created completely new artistic types. One of them is the image of the “little man”, which later received its development not only in the works of Russian authors, but also in foreign literature nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Lermontov
This poet also had a significant influence on the development of Russian literature. After all, it was he who created the concept of “hero of time.” With him light hand it entered not only literary criticism, but also social life. Lermontov also took part in the development of the psychological novel genre.
The entire period of the nineteenth century is famous for the names of talented great personalities who worked in the field of literature (both prose and poetry). Russian authors at the end of the eighteenth century adopted some of the merits of their Western colleagues. But due to a sharp leap in the development of culture and art, it eventually became an order of magnitude higher than the Western European one that existed at that time. The works of Pushkin, Turgenev, Dostoevsky and Gogol have become the property of world culture. The works of Russian writers became the model on which German, English and American authors later relied.
The nineteenth century is the golden age of Russian literature. During this period, a whole galaxy of literary geniuses, poets and prose writers was born, whose unsurpassed creative skill determined the further development of not only Russian literature, but also foreign literature.
The subtle interweaving of social realism and classicism in literature absolutely corresponded to the national ideas and canons of that time. In the 19th century, such acute social problems as the need to change priorities, rejection of outdated principles and confrontation between society and the individual began to arise for the first time.
The most significant representatives of Russian classics of the 19th century
Word geniuses like A.A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky and A.S. Griboedov, in their works openly demonstrated contempt for the upper strata of society for their selfishness, vanity, hypocrisy and immorality. V.A. Zhukovsky, on the contrary, with his works introduced dreaminess and sincere romance into Russian literature. He tried in his poems to get away from the gray and boring everyday life in order to show in all its colors the sublime world that surrounds man. Speaking about Russian literary classics, one cannot fail to mention the great genius A.S. Pushkin - poet and father of the Russian literary language. The works of this writer made a real revolution in the world literary art. Pushkin's poetry, story " Queen of Spades" and the novel "Eugene Onegin" became a stylistic presentation that was repeatedly used by many domestic and world writers.
Among other things, nineteenth-century literature was also characterized by philosophical concepts. They are most clearly revealed in the works of M.Yu. Lermontov. All my creative activity the author admired the Decembrist movements and defended freedoms and human rights. His poems are imbued with criticism of imperial power and opposition calls. A.P. “lit up” in the field of drama. Chekhov. Using subtle but “prickly” satire, the playwright and writer ridiculed human vices and expressed contempt for the vices of representatives noble nobility. His plays from the moment of his birth to this day have not lost their relevance and continue to be staged on the stage of theaters all over the world. It is also impossible not to mention the great L.N. Tolstoy, A.I. Kuprina, N.V. Gogol, etc.
Group portrait of Russian writers - members of the editorial board of the Sovremennik magazine».
Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Goncharov, Leo Tolstoy, Dmitry Grigorovich, Alexander Druzhinin, Alexander Ostrovsky.
Features of Russian literature
In the nineteenth century, Russian realistic literature achieved an unprecedented level of artistic perfection. Its main distinguishing feature was its originality. The second half of the 19th century in Russian literature passed with the idea of decisive democratization artistic creation and under the sign of tension ideological struggle. Among other things, pathos changed during this time frame artistic creativity, as a result of which the Russian writer was faced with the need for an artistic understanding of the unusually mobile and rapid elements of existence. In such a situation, literary synthesis arose in much narrow temporal and spatial periods of life: the need for a certain localization and specialization was dictated by the special state of the world, characteristic of the era of the second half of the nineteenth century.
Slide 1
Writers and poets of the 19th century 1. Aksakov S.T. 2. Ershov P.P. 3. Zhukovsky V.A. 4. Koltsov A.V. 5. Krylov I.A. 6. Lermontov M.Yu. 7. Marshak S.Ya. 8. Nekrasov N.A. 9. Nikitin I.S. 10. Prishvin M.M. 11. Pushkin A.S. 12. Tolstoy L.N. 13. Tolstoy A.K. 14. Tyutchev F.I. 15. Ushinsky K.D. 16. Fet A.A. 17. Chekhov A.P. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, teacher primary classes, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
Slide 2
Sergei Trofimovich Aksakov Famous Russian writer. Born into a noble family of the famous Shimon family. Love for nature - future writer inherited from his father. Peasant labor aroused in him not only compassion, but also respect. His book "Family Chronicle" was continued in "The Childhood Years of Bagrov's Grandson." Estate in Orenburg Museum Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
Slide 3
Pyotr Pavlovich Ershov Born on March 6, 1815 in the Tobolsk province into the family of an official. Russian poet, writer, playwright. He was the initiator of the creation of an amateur gymnasium theater. He worked as a director in the theatre. He wrote several plays for the theater: “ Rural holiday ", "Suvorov and stationmaster
" Ershov became famous thanks to his fairy tale “The Little Humpbacked Horse” Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
Slide 4
Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky Born on January 29 in the village of Mishenskoye, Tula province. Father, Afanasy Ivanovich Bunin, landowner, owner of the village. Mishensky; mother, Turkish Salha, was taken to Russia among the prisoners. At the age of 14, he was taken to Moscow and sent to the Noble boarding school. I lived and studied there for 3 years. Studied Russian and foreign literature. In 1812 he was in Borodino and wrote about the heroes of the battle. His books: Little Thumb, There is no dearer sky, The Lark. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
. From the age of nine, Koltsov studied reading and writing at home and showed such extraordinary abilities that in 1820 he was able to enter the district school, bypassing the parish school. Started writing at the age of 16. He wrote a lot about work, about land, about nature: Mower, Harvest, etc. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
Slide 6 Ivan Andreevich Krylov I.A. Krylov is a great fabulist. Born on February 2, 1769 in Moscow in the family of a poor army captain, who received the rank of officer only after thirteen years of military service. Krylov was 10 years old when his father died and he had to work. Russian writer, fabulist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
In St. Petersburg in
Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region Born in Moscow in the family of captain Yuri Petrovich Lermontov and Maria Mikhailovna Lermontova, the only daughter and heiress of the Penza landowner E.A. Arsenyeva. Lermontov spent his childhood on Arsenyeva’s estate “Tarkhany” in the Penza province. The boy received a home education in the capital, and since childhood he was fluent in French and German languages. In the summer of 1825, my grandmother took Lermontov to the Caucasus; childhood impressions of the Caucasian nature and life of the mountain peoples remained in his early work. Then the family moves to Moscow and Lermontov is enrolled in the 4th grade of the Moscow University Noble Boarding School, where he receives a liberal arts education.
Slide 8
Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak S.Ya. Marshak is a Russian poet. Born on October 22, 1887 in Voronezh in the family of a factory technician and a talented inventor. At the age of 4 he wrote poetry himself. Good translator With in English, Russian poet. Marshak knew M. Gorky. Studied in England at the University of London. During the holidays, I traveled a lot on foot around England, listened to English folk songs. Even then he began working on translations of English works.
, Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
Slide 9 Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a famous Russian poet. Descended from the nobility, once rich family . Born on November 22, 1821 in Podolsk province. Nekrasov had 13 brothers and sisters. The poet spent his entire childhood and youth on Nekrasov’s family estate, the village of Greshneva, Yaroslavl province, on the banks of the Volga. He saw hard labour of people. They pulled barges across the water. He dedicated many poems to the lives of people in: Tsarist Russia Green noise
, Nightingales, Peasant children, Grandfather Mazai and the hares, Motherland, etc.
Slide 10
Ivan Savvich Nikitin Russian poet, born in Voronezh into the family of a wealthy merchant, owner of a candle factory. Nikitin studied at a theological school and seminary. I dreamed of graduating from university, but my family went bankrupt. Ivan Savvich continued his education himself. He composed poems: Rus', Morning, Meeting Winter, Swallow's Nest, Grandfather. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region Monument to Nikitin I.S.
Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin was born on January 23, 1873 in the Oryol province near Yelets. Prishvin's father is from a native merchant family of the city of Yelets. Mikhail Mikhailovich is educated as an agronomist and writes a scientific book about potatoes. Later he leaves for the North to collect folklore from folk life. He loved nature very much. He knew the life of the forest and its inhabitants well. He knew how to convey his feelings to readers. He wrote: Protecting nature means protecting the Motherland! His books: Guys and Ducklings, Pantry of the sun, Nature Calendar, etc. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
Slide 12
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin Born on June 6, 1799 in Moscow. His father, Sergei Lvovich, came from a wealthy family, but little of his ancestors’ estates (in the Nizhny Novgorod province) reached Pushkin. Pushkin spent his childhood in Moscow, going for the summer to Zakharovo County, to his grandmother’s estate near Moscow. In addition to Alexander, the Pushkins had children eldest daughter Olga and younger son A lion. Little Sasha grew up under the supervision of his nanny Arina Rodionovna. He loved nature and his homeland very much. He wrote many poems and fairy tales. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
Slide 13
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich is a great Russian writer. He wrote the first ABC and four Russian reading books for children. IN Yasnaya Polyana opened a school and taught the children himself. He worked hard and loved work. He plowed the land himself, cut the grass, sewed boots, and built huts. His works: Stories about children, Kids, Filipok, Shark, Kitten, Lion and dog, Swans, old grandfather and granddaughters. House in Yasnaya Polyana Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
Slide 14
Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region A.K. Tolstoy was born in St. Petersburg, and the future poet spent his childhood in Ukraine, on the estate of his uncle. While still a teenager, Tolstoy traveled abroad, to Germany and Italy. In 1834, Tolstoy was assigned as a “student” to the Moscow archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since 1837 he served in the Russian mission in Germany in 1840. received service in St. Petersburg at the royal court. In 1843 - the court rank of chamber cadet. During Tolstoy's lifetime, the only collection of his poems was published (1867). Poems: The last snow is melting, Cranes, Forest Lake, autumn, etc.
Slide 15
Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev Fyodor Ivanovich - Russian poet, diplomat. Born on November 23, 1803 in the Oryol province in the village of Ovstug. As a child, he was educated at home. His teacher was Semyon Egorovich Raich, who instilled a love of nature. At the age of 15, Fyodor Ivanovich was a student at Moscow University. I wrote a lot about Russian nature: Spring waters, Enchantress in winter, I love thunderstorms in early May, Leaves, There are in the early autumn. On July 15, 1873, Tyutchev died in the Tsar’s village. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region Estate MuseumF. I. Tyutchev in the village of Ovstug.
Slide 16
Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky was born on February 19, 1824 in Tula in the family of Dmitry Grigorievich Ushinsky, a retired officer, a small nobleman. Konstantin Dmitrievich's mother, Lyubov Stepanovna, died when he was 12 years old. Konstantin Dmitrievich was a teacher, he created books himself. He called them " Child's world" And " Native word" He taught me to love my native people and nature.
His works: The Scientist Bear, Four Wishes, Geese and Cranes, Eagle, How a Shirt Grew in a Field. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
Slide 17
Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet Afanasy Afanasyevich - Russian lyric poet, translator. Born in the Novoselki estate, Oryol province. Since childhood I loved the poems of A.S. Pushkin. At the age of 14, he was taken to St. Petersburg to study. He showed his poems to Gogol. In 1840 the first book was published. His poems: A wonderful picture, The swallows are missing, Spring rain. For the last 19 years of his life, he officially bore the surname Shenshin. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region
Slide 18 Anton Pavlovich Chekhov Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is an outstanding Russian writer, playwright, and doctor by profession. Born on January 17, 1860 in Taganrog, Ekaterinoslav province. Early childhood Anton proceeded in endless, name day. On weekdays after school, he guarded his father’s shop, and at 5 am every day he got up to sing in the church choir. At first, Chekhov studied at a Greek school in Taganrog. At the age of 8, after two years of study, Chekhov entered the Taganrog gymnasium. In 1879 he graduated from high school in Taganrog. In the same year, he moved to Moscow and entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, where he studied with famous professors: Nikolai Sklifosovsky, Grigory Zakharyin and others. His works: White-fronted, Kashtanka, In Spring, Spring Waters, etc.
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"Truly, this was the Golden Age of our literature,
the period of her innocence and bliss!.."
M. A. Antonovich
M. Antonovich in his article called the “golden age of literature” early XIX century - the period of creativity of A. S. Pushkin and N. V. Gogol. Subsequently, this definition began to characterize the literature of all XIX century- right up to the works of A.P. Chekhov and L.N. Tolstoy.
What are the main features of Russian classical literature this period?
Sentimentalism, fashionable at the beginning of the century, gradually fades into the background - the formation of romanticism begins, and from the middle of the century realism rules the roost.
New types of heroes appear in literature: " small man", who most often dies under the pressure of the accepted principles of society and the "superfluous person" - this is a string of images, starting with Onegin and Pechorin.
Continuing the traditions of satirical depiction, proposed by M. Fonvizin, in the literature of the 19th century satirical image vices modern society becomes one of the central motives. Satire often takes grotesque forms. Vivid examples— Gogol’s “The Nose” or “The History of a City” by M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin.
Another one distinguishing feature literature of this period had an acute social orientation. Writers and poets are increasingly turning to socio-political topics, often plunging into the field of psychology. This leitmotif permeates the works of I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy. Appears new form- Russian realistic novel, with its deep psychologism, severe criticism of reality, irreconcilable hostility with existing foundations and loud calls for renewal.
Well main reason, which prompted many critics to call the 19th century the golden age of Russian culture: the literature of this period, despite a number of unfavorable factors, had a powerful influence on the development of world culture as a whole. Absorbing all the best that was offered world literature, Russian literature was able to remain original and unique.
Russian writers of the 19th century
V.A. Zhukovsky- Pushkin’s mentor and his Teacher. It is Vasily Andreevich who is considered the founder of Russian romanticism. We can say that Zhukovsky “prepared” the ground for Pushkin’s bold experiments, since he was the first to expand the scope of the poetic word. After Zhukovsky, the era of democratization of the Russian language began, which Pushkin so brilliantly continued.
Selected poems:
A.S. Griboyedov went down in history as the author of one work. But what! Masterpiece! Phrases and quotes from the comedy “Woe from Wit” have long become popular, and the work itself is considered the first realistic comedy in the history of Russian literature.
Analysis of the work:
A.S. Pushkin. He was called differently: A. Grigoriev argued that “Pushkin is our everything!”, F. Dostoevsky “a great and still incomprehensible Forerunner,” and Emperor Nicholas I admitted that, in his opinion, Pushkin is “the most clever man in Russia." Simply put, this is a Genius.
Pushkin's greatest merit is that he radically changed Russian literary language, freeing him from pretentious abbreviations like “mlad, breg, sweet”, from the absurd “zephyrs”, “Psyches”, “Cupids”, so revered in pompous elegies, from the borrowings that then abounded in Russian poetry. Pushkin brought colloquial vocabulary, craft slang, and elements of Russian folklore to the pages of printed publications.
A. N. Ostrovsky pointed out another important achievement of this genius poet. Before Pushkin, Russian literature was imitative, stubbornly imposing traditions and ideals alien to our people. Pushkin “gave the Russian writer the courage to be Russian,” “revealed the Russian soul.” In his stories and novels, for the first time the theme of the morality of social ideals of that time is raised so clearly. And with the light hand of Pushkin, the main character now becomes an ordinary “little man” - with his thoughts and hopes, desires and character.
Analysis of works:
M.Yu. Lermontov- bright, mysterious, with a touch of mysticism and an incredible thirst for will. All his work is a unique fusion of romanticism and realism. Moreover, both directions do not oppose at all, but rather complement each other. This man went down in history as a poet, writer, playwright and artist. He wrote 5 plays: the most famous is the drama “Masquerade”.
And among prose works a real diamond of creativity was the novel “A Hero of Our Time” - the first realistic novel in prose in the history of Russian literature, where for the first time the writer tries to trace the “dialectics of the soul” of his hero, mercilessly subjecting him psychological analysis. This innovative creative method Lermontov will be used in the future by many Russian and foreign writers.
Selected works:
N.V. Gogol known as a writer and playwright, but it is no coincidence that one of his most famous works is " Dead Souls"is considered a poem. There is no other such Master of Words in world literature. Gogol's language is melodious, incredibly bright and imaginative. This was most clearly manifested in his collection "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka."
On the other hand, N.V. Gogol is considered the founder of the “natural school”, with its satire bordering on the grotesque, accusatory motives and ridicule of human vices.
Selected works:
I.S. Turgenev- the greatest Russian novelist who established the canons classic novel. He continues the traditions established by Pushkin and Gogol. He often refers to the topic " extra person", trying to convey the relevance and significance of social ideas through the fate of his hero.
Turgenev’s merit also lies in the fact that he became the first propagandist of Russian culture in Europe. This is a prose writer who opened the world of the Russian peasantry, intelligentsia and revolutionaries to foreign countries. And the string female images in his novels became the pinnacle of the writer's skill.
Selected works:
A.N. Ostrovsky- outstanding Russian playwright. Most precisely, Ostrovsky’s merits were expressed by I. Goncharov, recognizing him as the creator of the Russian folk theater. The plays of this writer became a “school of life” for playwrights of the next generation. And the Moscow Maly Theater, where most of the plays of this talented writer were staged, proudly calls itself the “House of Ostrovsky.”
Selected works:
I.A.Goncharov continued to develop the traditions of Russian realistic novel. The author of the famous trilogy, who, like no one else, was able to describe the main vice of the Russian people - laziness. With the light hand of the writer, the term “Oblomovism” appeared.
Selected works:
L.N. Tolstoy- a real block of Russian literature. His novels are recognized as the pinnacle of the art of writing novels. L. Tolstoy's style of presentation and creative method are still considered the standard of the writer's skill. And his ideas of humanism had a huge influence on the development of humanistic ideas throughout the world.
Selected works:
N.S. Leskov- a talented successor to the traditions of N. Gogol. Made a huge contribution to the development of new genre forms in literature, such as pictures from nature, rhapsodies, incredible events.
Selected works:
N.G. Chernyshevsky — outstanding writer And literary critic, who proposed his theory about the aesthetics of the relationship between art and reality. This theory became the standard for the literature of the next several generations.
Selected works:
F.M. Dostoevsky- a brilliant writer whose psychological novels known all over the world. Dostoevsky is often called the forerunner of such cultural movements as existentialism and surrealism.
Selected works:
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin — greatest satirist, who brought the art of denunciation, ridicule and parody to the heights of mastery.
Selected works:
A.P. Chekhov. With this name, historians traditionally end the era of the golden age of Russian literature. Chekhov was recognized throughout the world during his lifetime. His stories have become a standard for short story writers. A Chekhov's plays had a huge influence on the development of world drama.
Selected works:
TO end of the 19th century centuries of tradition critical realism began to gradually fade away. In a society thoroughly permeated with pre-revolutionary sentiments, mystical, partly even decadent, sentiments came into fashion. They became the forerunner of the emergence of a new literary movement - symbolism and marked the beginning of a new period in the history of Russian literature - silver age poetry.
