What types of folk tales are there? What types of children's fairy tales are there?

This is a sensitive topic, well, the most important ideas, main problems, plot cores and - most importantly - the balance of forces that bring about good and evil are essentially the same in fairy tales different nations. In this sense, any fairy tale knows no boundaries, it is for all humanity. Folklore has devoted a lot of research to the fairy tale, but defining it as one of the genres of oral folk art still remains an open problem. The heterogeneity of fairy tales, the wide thematic range, the variety of motives and characters contained in them, the countless number of ways to resolve conflicts really make the task of defining a fairy tale genre very difficult. And yet, the divergence in views on a fairy tale is associated with what is regarded as the main thing in it: an orientation towards fiction or the desire to reflect reality through fiction. The essence and vitality of a fairy tale, the secret of its magical existence is in the constant combination of two elements of meaning: fantasy and truth. On this basis, a classification of types of fairy tales arises, although not entirely uniform. Thus, with a problem-thematic approach, fairy tales dedicated to animals, tales about unusual and supernatural events, adventure tales, social and everyday tales, anecdote tales, upside-down tales and others are distinguished. The groups of fairy tales do not have sharply defined boundaries, but despite the fragility of the demarcation, such a classification allows you to start a substantive conversation with the child about fairy tales within the framework of a conventional “system” - which, of course, makes the work of parents and educators easier.
To date, the following classification of Russian folk tales has been accepted:1. Tales about animals;
2. Fairy tales;
3. Everyday tales. Let's take a closer look at each of the species. Tales about animals Folk poetry embraced the whole world; its object was not only man, but also all living things on the planet. By depicting animals, the fairy tale gives them human traits, but at the same time it records and characterizes their habits, “way of life,” etc. Hence the lively, intense text of fairy tales.
Man has long felt a kinship with nature; he truly was a part of it, fighting with it, seeking its protection, sympathizing and understanding. The later introduced fable, parable meaning of many fairy tales about animals is also obvious. In fairy tales about animals, fish, animals, birds act, they talk to each other, declare war on each other, make peace. The basis of such tales is totemism (belief in a totemic animal, the patron of the clan), which resulted in the cult of the animal. For example, the bear, which became the hero of fairy tales, according to the ideas of the ancient Slavs, could predict the future. He was often thought of as a terrible, vengeful beast, unforgiving of insults (the fairy tale “The Bear”). The further the belief in this goes, the more confident a person becomes in his abilities, the more possible is his power over the animal, the “victory” over him. This happens, for example, in the fairy tales “The Man and the Bear” and “The Bear, the Dog and the Cat.” Fairy tales differ significantly from beliefs about animals - in the latter, fiction associated with paganism plays a large role. The wolf is believed to be wise and cunning, the bear is terrible. The fairy tale loses its dependence on paganism and becomes a mockery of animals. Mythology in it turns into art. The fairy tale is transformed into a kind of artistic joke - a criticism of those creatures that are meant by animals. Hence the closeness of such tales to fables ("The Fox and the Crane", "Beasts in the Pit"). Tales about animals stand out in special group the nature characters. They are divided by type of animal. This also includes tales about plants, inanimate nature (frost, sun, wind), and objects (a bubble, a straw, a bast shoe). In fairy tales about animals, man:
1) plays minor role(the old man from the fairy tale “The Fox Steals Fish from the Cart”);
2) occupies a position equivalent to an animal (the man from the fairy tale “The old bread and salt is forgotten”). Possible classification of a fairy tale about animals. First of all, a fairy tale about animals is classified according to the main character (thematic classification). This classification is given in the index fairy tales world folklore, compiled by Arne-Thomson and in the "Comparative Index of Plots. East Slavic Fairy Tale": 1. Wild animals.
- Fox.
- Other wild animals.
2. Wild and domestic animals
3. Man and wild animals.
4. Pets.
5. Birds and fish.
6. Other animals, objects, plants and natural phenomena. The next possible classification of a fairy tale about animals is a structural-semantic classification, which classifies the fairy tale according to genre. There are several genres in a fairy tale about animals. V. Ya. Propp identified such genres as: 1. Cumulative tale about animals.

3. Fable (apologist)
4. Satirical tale E. A. Kostyukhin identified genres about animals as: 1. Comic (everyday) tale about animals
2. A fairy tale about animals
3. Cumulative tale about animals
4. A short story about animals
5. Apologist (fable)
6. Anecdote.

IN student years, this issue was perfectly covered by one of our university teachers from the department of preschool pedagogy.

It's time to blow off the dust from my mossy notes and share with you the well-known classification of fairy tales.

A fairy tale is a magical opportunity to penetrate the soul of a child, using all the power artistic means and the imagination of a little person.

Despite their simplicity (which is one of the facets of the genius of fairy-tale art), their classification is unexpectedly extensive and multifaceted.

What kind of fairy tales are there?

There are 3 main types of fairy tales:

Animal Tales
Fairy tales
Everyday tales

Let's look at them in order:

Animal Tales

Since ancient times, man has existed side by side with animals. It is not surprising that such a neighborhood is reflected in folk art.

It is noteworthy that animals as such only occasionally become participants in works. For the most part, in fairy tales about animals, “animals” are endowed with human traits.

This image makes the character understandable and attractive at the same time.

Works of this type can be roughly classified:

By the nature of the characters:

Wild animals
Pets
Objects of inanimate nature (sun, wind, frost)
Items (stove, bast shoes)
Mixed Variations

According to the role of the person in the plot:

Dominant
Equal
Minor

By genre:

A magical tale about animals
Cumulative tale about animals (multiple cyclical repetition of plot elements)
Fable
Satirical

By target audience:

For children (for a story to children / for a story by children themselves)
For adults

I note that the above classification is quite arbitrary and can have many variations.

Let's move on to the next type.

Fairy tale

The peculiarity of this type of fairy tale is that the characters are placed in a kind of fantastic, unreal world that exists according to its own laws, different from ours.

As a rule, the action in such fairy tales follows a certain pattern. It is on the basis of similarity storylines and their classification is constructed:

Heroic tales associated with the victory over a magical creature (snake, giant)
- Heroic tales involving adventures in search of magic item.
Archaic tales
- Tales of persecuted families with mythical elements.
- Tales of persecuted families without mythical elements.
Tales of Fairy Spouses
Tales of Magic Objects
Fairy tales associated with wedding trials

Everyday tales:

The peculiarity of this type lies in the reflection of everyday everyday life, social problems, making fun of bad human qualities. Highlight:

Satirical-everyday
Social and household
Novelistic
With elements fairy tale
Mixed type

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Funny and sad, scary and funny, they are familiar to us from childhood. Our first ideas about the world, good and evil, and justice are associated with them.

Both children and adults love fairy tales. They inspire writers and poets, composers and artists. Based on fairy tales, plays and films are staged, operas and ballets are created. Fairy tales came to us from ancient times. They were told by poor wanderers, tailors, and retired soldiers.

A fairy tale is one of the main types of oral folk art. Fictional storytelling fantastic, adventure or everyday character.

Folk tales are divided into three groups:

Tales about animals - the most ancient look fairy tales. They have their own circle of heroes. Animals talk and behave like people. The fox is always cunning, the wolf is stupid and greedy, the hare is cowardly.

Everyday fairy tales - the heroes of these fairy tales - a peasant, a soldier, a shoemaker - live in real world and they usually fight with a master, a priest, a general. They win thanks to resourcefulness, intelligence and courage.

Fairy tales - heroes of fairy tales fight tooth and nail, defeat enemies, save friends when faced with evil spirits. Most of these tales involve the search for a bride or a kidnapped wife.

Tales about animals.

Young children, as a rule, are attracted to the animal world, so they really like fairy tales in which animals and birds act. In a fairy tale, animals acquire human traits - they think, speak, and act. Essentially, such images bring to the child knowledge about the world of people, not animals.

In this type of fairy tale, there is usually no clear division of characters into positive and negative. Each of them is endowed with one particular trait, an inherent character trait, which is played out in the plot. Yes, traditionally main feature foxes are cunning, wolves are greedy and stupid. The bear has a not so clear image; the bear can be evil, and sometimes kind, but at the same time it always remains a klutz. If a person appears in such a fairy tale, then he invariably turns out to be smarter than the fox, the wolf, and the bear. Animals in fairy tales observe the principle of hierarchy: everyone recognizes the strongest as the most important. It's a lion or a bear. They always find themselves at the top of the social ladder. This brings fairy tales about animals closer to fables, which is especially evident from the presence in both of them of similar moral conclusions - social and universal.

Among the tales about animals, there are some quite scary ones. A bear eats an old man and an old woman because they cut off his paw. Furious beast with wooden leg, of course, seems terrible to kids, but essentially he is the bearer of fair retribution. The narrative allows the child to figure out a difficult situation for himself.

Russian folk fairy tales, their features.

This is the most popular and most loved genre by children. Everything that happens in a fairy tale is fantastic and significant in its purpose: its hero, finding himself in one or another dangerous situation, saves friends, destroys enemies - fights for life and death. The danger seems especially strong and terrible because its main opponents are not ordinary people, and representatives of the supernatural dark forces: Serpent Gorynych, Baba Yaga, Koschey the Immortal, etc. By winning victories over these evil spirits, the hero, as it were, confirms his high human beginning, his closeness to the bright forces of nature. In the struggle he becomes even stronger and wiser, makes new friends and receives every right fortunately - to the satisfaction of little listeners.

In the plot of a fairy tale main episode- this is the beginning of the hero’s journey for the sake of one or another important task. On his long journey, he encounters treacherous opponents and magical helpers. He has very effective means at his disposal: a flying carpet, a wonderful ball or mirror, or even a talking animal or bird, a swift horse or a wolf. All of them, with some conditions or without them at all, in the blink of an eye fulfill the requests and orders of the hero.

Russian folk social and everyday life fairy tales and their features.

The everyday (satirical) tale is closest to Everyday life It doesn’t even necessarily include miracles. Approval or condemnation is always given openly, the assessment is clearly expressed: what is immoral, what is worthy of ridicule, etc. Even when it seems that the heroes are simply fooling around, amusing the listeners, their every word, every action is filled with significant meaning and is connected with important aspects of a person’s life.

The constant heroes of satirical fairy tales are “ordinary” poor people. However, they invariably prevail over a “difficult” person - a rich or noble person. Unlike the heroes of a fairy tale, here the poor achieve the triumph of justice without the help of miraculous helpers - only thanks to intelligence, dexterity, resourcefulness, and even fortunate circumstances.

Household satirical tale for centuries it has absorbed the characteristic features of the life of the people and their relationship to those in power, in particular to judges and officials.

IN everyday tales Sometimes animal characters appear, and perhaps the appearance of such abstract characters as Truth and Falsehood, Woe and Misfortune. The main thing here is not the selection of characters, but the satirical condemnation of human vices and shortcomings.

Sometimes such a specific element is introduced into a fairy tale children's folklore, like a shapeshifter. In this case, a shift in real meaning occurs, encouraging the child to correctly arrange objects and phenomena. In a fairy tale, the shapeshifter becomes larger, grows into an episode, and already forms part of the content. Displacement and exaggeration, hyperbolization of phenomena give the child the opportunity to laugh and think.

There are two types of fairy tales: original and folk. The name itself speaks for itself. Author's fairy tales include works written by one specific person. As a rule, he is the creator and parent whose name is advertised in the book.

Folk tales are passed down from generation to generation, by word of mouth. There is no one specific writer, everyone adds their own. As a result, with each reteller new actions appear, and then the fairy tale sounds in a new way.
From century to century, from generation to generation, stories are passed on where ancestors teach and pass on their wisdom, their instructions and enormous experience.

The common feature of the two types is deepest meaning, enclosed between the lines. For a child, a fairy tale is a fun and interesting story, a text for adults that carries moral and ethical implications.

Types of fairy tales by content

magical
about animals
household

Fairy tales

Magic is present in almost every fairy tale. It is this that defeats evil and helps heroes cope with difficulties. Thanks to such stories, many children with early age They believe in miracles and magic. The author dives into fantasy world, where with the help of magical objects or actions, any desire comes true. The purpose of such stories is to convey to the reader that there should always be faith in miracles. Miracles can strike at the most unexpected moment. These are exactly what the main character lacks to achieve his goal.

Animal Tales

In this form, the role of humans is replaced by animals, not only domestic ones, but also forest and wild animals. Fish, birds, insects, all living creatures are involved, each is assigned special role. Even natural phenomena gets, if not the main thing, then a secondary importance. Both animals have their own character and principles of behavior. We were taught that the hare is a coward - he is afraid of everything and everyone. The fox is cunning and greedy. Everyone is afraid of the bear, but according to the plan, he is one of the intelligent animals. At first glance, the wolf is toothy and predatory. It is often found in fairy tales where he turns out to be a coward and a compassionate animal. In all actions, these heroes perform similar roles. It is stories about animals that instill in readers how they should be represented.

The most popular fairy tales about animals include:

Teremok
Kolobok
turnip

In turn, stories about our little brothers are divided into two subgroups: in some, animals play a secondary role - By pike command. In others, their importance is equal to that of humans - Dobrynya Nikitich and Zmey Gorynych.

Everyday tales

Works of this nature show that you shouldn’t expect miracles, you need to do everything yourself. Only a hardworking, fair and prudent person can achieve everything in life. They show the inherent life of each person. They focus on negative traits, make fun of them and teach a necessary lesson. In these works, the main thing is not powerful force, but intelligence and morality. In these tales of stingy and greedy people, the wise and noble will always teach you a lesson.

These include:

Porridge from an ax
The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda
Magic pipe

Whatever fairy tales are, children of all ages love them very much. After all, they are the lessons in everyday life. They learn from the characters' mistakes and imitate the main characters. A fairy tale is important especially for young children. She subconsciously teaches lessons in different situations. Shows that protecting one's own opinion important. Also in relation to different nationalities and races should not be a barrier to communication. Correct address to adults and elderly people. It’s not for nothing that they say that they learn from fairy tales.

Some people distinguish 4 types of fairy tales, others 3 types. 5th grade, 2nd grade.

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It is simply impossible to imagine our life without fairy tales. We get to know them back in early childhood. From fairy tales we learn for the first time that there is good and bad, good and evil in the world. Fairy tales awaken and develop imagination, teach little man distinguish good from bad, think, feel and empathize, gradually preparing him for entry into adult life. First, mom reads to us “Turnip” and “Ryaba Chicken”, then introduces us to Magic world fairy tales by Pushkin and Charles Perrault. And there we ourselves read the amazing fairy tales of Nikolai Nosov, Vitaly Bianchi and Evgeny Schwartz. What kind of fairy tales are there?

Fairy tales are:

folk, or folklore;
literary, or copyright.

Types of folk children's fairy tales

Folk tale came to us from the depths of centuries. After a hard day at work or long winter evenings With a torch lit in the hut, people told and listened to fairy tales. Then they retold them to each other, simplifying or embellishing, enriching them with new characters and events. So they were passed on from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation. But fairy tales were written not only for entertainment; in them people wanted to express their attitude to life. In folk tales we see faith in reason, goodness and justice, the triumph of truth over falsehood, the glorification of courage and bravery, disdain for stupidity, hatred of enemies or ridicule of them. A folk tale allows you to feel a connection with the past and provides an opportunity to join the origins of folk culture.

Folk tales, in turn, are divided into three types:

tales about animals;
fairy tales;
everyday tales.

Animal Tales. Animals have lived alongside humans since time immemorial, so it is not surprising that they are often the main characters in folk tales. Moreover, in fairy tales, animals often have human qualities. Such fairy tale character immediately becomes clearer to the reader. And the role of a person in the plot of a fairy tale can be primary, secondary or equal. By genre, there are fairy tales about animals and cumulative tales (repetition fairy tales). Distinctive feature cumulative tale is the repeated repetition of a plot unit, as, for example, in “Turnip” and “Ryaba Hen”.

Fairy tales differ in that their heroes act in a fantasy setting, unreal world who lives and acts according to his own special laws, different from human ones. Such a fairy tale is replete with magical events and adventures, exciting the imagination. Fairy tales are classified by plot:

heroic tales involving the struggle and victory over a magical creature - a snake, an ogre, a giant, a witch, a monster or evil wizard;
tales related to the search or use of some magical object;
tales related to wedding trials;
tales about the oppressed in the family (for example, about a stepdaughter and an evil stepmother).

Everyday tales. A feature of everyday fairy tales is the reflection of everyday folk life and everyday life. They rise in them social problems, negative human qualities and actions are ridiculed. An everyday fairy tale may also contain elements of a fairy tale. In everyday fairy tales, as a rule, greedy priests and stupid landowners are ridiculed, and the hero of the fairy tale (a man, a soldier) emerges victorious from all troubles.

Types of literary children's fairy tales

What is a literary fairy tale? U literary fairy tale there is an author, that’s why it is also called author’s. This piece of art, which can be written in prose or poetic form. The plot of a literary fairy tale can be based on folklore sources, or it can be exclusively the original idea of the author. A literary fairy tale is more diverse in plot, the narrative in it is more intense, it is replete with various literary devices. In it, as in folk tale, there is also fiction and magic. But the predecessor author's fairy tale, of course, it was a folk tale; it was too connected with the folklore that gave birth to it. The author, the author's individual imagination, the selection from the treasury of folklore only of what the author needs to express and formulate his thoughts and feelings - this is the main difference between a literary fairy tale and a folklore one.

Excellent examples of literary fairy tales are the tales of A.S. Pushkina, K.D. Ushinsky, G.Kh. Andersen, the Brothers Grimm, E. Schwartz, V. Bianchi, J.R.R. Tolkien and many other wonderful fairy tale authors.

Despite the differences in types and genres, all fairy tales have one unifying principle - good. After all the twists and turns and untruths in a fairy tale, goodness and justice always win. There are no evil fairy tales. There are only good fairy tales. That's why they are fairy tales.