Onomastics as the science of proper names. What is onomastics: definition

ONOMASTICS, the science of proper names of all types, the patterns of their development and functioning. Linguistic at its core, onomastics includes historical, geographical, ethnographic, cultural, sociological, literary components that help to identify the specifics of named objects and the traditions associated with their names, which takes onomastics beyond the scope of linguistics itself and makes it an autonomous discipline that uses predominantly linguistic methods, closely related to the complex humanities, as well as earth and universe sciences.

Proper names react vividly to changes occurring in nature and society, therefore proper names can serve as chronologizers of texts, as well as historical and archaeological sites. Due to the special conservatism of proper names, they survive the era in which they were created, preserving evidence of a more ancient state of the language, and contain a large amount of linguistic and extra-linguistic information, which can only be obtained by linguistic methods.

The entire diversity of the world of things (real, hypothetical and invented by human imagination) constitutes the primary basis for names – common nouns as generalizing similar facts and own as highlighting individual objects in a series named using common nouns.

Just as named things are located in earthly (and unearthly) space, the words naming them in the mind of the speaker also have a spatial arrangement, similar for residents of the same area, different for residents of remote territories. It may not resemble the actual arrangement of named objects, but it exists and serves as a framework that supports the denotations of names. Onomastic space- this is a nominal continuum that exists in the minds of people different cultures and filled differently in different eras. In the consciousness of every person, onomastic space is present fragmentarily. It is revealed quite fully only with a special study.

According to the Book of Genesis, people themselves, places on earth known to them, animals (domestic and wild) and visible heavenly bodies were the first to receive proper names. These objects and their names filled the onomastic space of ancient man. Over time, this space expanded, and new types of objects received names.

The onomastic space of modern residents of Russia includes: names of people - anthroponyms(Ivan,Marya,Anton Pavlovich Chekhov,Rurikovich); geographical names – toponyms(mountain Elbrus, city Cockerels, mowing Beyond the swamp, The White house ), including the names of water bodies – hydronyms(river Volga, Lake Ritsa, Black Sea); animal names - zoonyms(dog Blot, horse Loud Success, goose Ivan Ivanovich); proper names of individual plants - phytonyms (Tree crying, pine Airplane); names of zones and parts of the universe - cosmonyms(constellation Capricorn, nebula Andromeda, galaxy Big Magellanic Cloud); titles celestial bodies – astronyms(star Vega, planet Mars, asteroid Ceres, comet Galea); names of points and time periods – chrononyms (Petrovskaya era, Varfolomeevskaya night, era Renaissance, New year); names of holidays ( Christmas, Day Victory, Day geologist, Day teachers, Trinity); names of events, campaigns, wars (festival " Russian winter», Russian-Japanese war, Brusilovsky breakthrough, operation " Steel helmet"); names of enterprises, institutions, societies, parties, etc. business associations of people ( Russian state library, Small theater, factory " Sickle And hammer"); names of churches, monasteries ( Trinity-Sergius Lavra, temple Trinity in sheets, church Introductions under pine trees); names of communication routes ( The path from the Varangians to the Greeks,Vladimirsky tract,Minsk highway); names of vehicles (aircraft) « Motherland», motor ship « Cosmonaut Gagarin», express « Yaroslavl"); names of works of art (painting by V.M. Vasnetsov Three hero, sculpture Let's have a snack swords on plowshares, symphony Winter dreams P.I. Tchaikovsky, opera Troubadour G. Verdi); titles periodicals(newspaper " News", magazine " Science and life"); titles of documents ( Land Law,Treaty of Friendship,Peace Decree,Helsinki Agreement); titles of books, stories, poems, articles ( Monument A.S. Pushkin, novel by A.N. Tolstoy Bread); proper names of individual, especially valuable items material culture(gold nuggets " Camel», « bunny ears", diamond " Shah", bells " Goat», « Ram», « Sysoy" In Rostov); names of orders, medals (order " Badge of honor", medal " Mother's glory"); titles natural Disasters(Hurricane " Flora"); names of varieties of manufactured products and selected plants (vehicle " Volga", cheese " Poshekhonsky", soap " Degtyarnoye", cologne " Lilac", cherry " Beauty of the North", lilac " Lights of Moscow"); trademarks - signs marking goods and service marks, specially preserved and kept from becoming common vocabulary (shampoo " Blue Wave", candies " Gold little key"); names of deities ( Zeus,Perun); names of various spirits (genie Maimun, Daemon, Anchutka); names of various mythological realities (river Summer); names of characters and names of places in literature and folklore ( Eugene Onegin,Sobakevich,Blue Beard, village Dyryavino, city Skotoprogonevsk); names of hypothetical geographical features ( Sannikov Land,Beringia) etc. Depending on the type of names studied, onomastics as a science is divided into special areas, among which the most studied are anthroponymy, toponymy, hydronymy and others. etc. (see ANTHROPONYMY; TOPONYMY).

The names of long-dead people and settlements that ceased to exist fill the depth of onomastic space; however, their place may vary depending on the significance of the denotation. Names Julius Caesar, Alexander the Great, Nero, Napoleon are still relevant today. Less famous names are significant only for the chronological slice when the named person lived. The names of uninhabited cities become archaeonyms, i.e. names of archaeological objects. Only a good knowledge of history and geography allows us to establish that Antarctica, Tavrida, Tasmania– names of real existing objects, and Atlantis, Pacifida, Beringia– hypothetical. In all similar cases images of named objects, emerging in the imagination of members of a linguistic community, become a kind of denotations, substitutes for actually non-existent objects.

Aspects of onomastic research are diverse. Stand out: descriptive onomastics, which forms the objective foundation of onomastic research, providing a general philological analysis and linguistic interpretation of the collected material; theoretical onomastics, the study of general patterns development and functioning of onomastic systems; applied onomastics associated with the practice of naming, with the functioning of names in living speech and the problems of naming and renaming, giving practical recommendations cartographers, biographers, bibliographers, lawyers; onomastics works of art , which makes up the section of poetics; historical onomastics, which studies the history of the appearance of names and their reflection in the names of realities different eras; ethnic onomastics, which studies the emergence of the names of ethnic groups and their parts in connection with the history of ethnic groups, the relationship of ethnonyms with names of other types, the evolution of ethnonyms, leading to the creation of toponyms, anthroponyms, zoonyms, the connection of ethnonyms with names of languages ​​(linguonyms).

Modern onomastics is a complex scientific linguistic discipline with its own range of problems and methods. Onomastic research helps to study the migration routes of individual ethnic groups, identify the places of their former habitat, establish the more ancient state of individual languages, and determine the linguistic and cultural contacts of different ethnic groups.

In Azerbaijan and Turkey, a child was given two names - one of them was false, the second real - all in the same hope as the Russians to mislead evil spirits. Some peoples give children obviously bad names - Son of the Whore, Dog's Tail, etc. - thereby repelling evil spirits. Historians and ethnographers find the custom of hiding their names among almost all peoples of the world.

The ancients were sure, writes the candidate historical sciences Alexander Gorbovsky that the fate of a person, a city and even a state is destined by his name. In his opinion, today’s custom of changing one’s name is also connected with this idea. Like the ancients, it also implies a change in fate. This is precisely the meaning of the fact that, upon marriage, a woman takes a new name (surname) of her husband. This is what writers and actors do when they create a pseudonym for themselves; changing name, taking tonsure or church rank, entering secret society.

At the beginning of our century, the Russian researcher S. R. Mintslov wrote about the amazing homogeneity of characters and properties of bearers of the same name. Based on an analysis of the names of outstanding personalities of the past, he came to the conclusion that among the Alekseevs most often there are calculating people, the Alexanders are usually cheerful, and the Peters are mostly quiet, quiet people, but with a firm and stubborn character. Sergei, Mintslov believes, are very often the fathers of outstanding people: Pushkin, Griboyedov, Turgenev, Dargomyzhsky were Sergeevichs. It is difficult to disagree with the latter if we remember that of the small number of leaders of the Soviet state who played the most noticeable role in its history, two - Khrushchev and Gorbachev - were also Sergeevichs.

Pavel Florensky, an outstanding Russian scientist and philosopher, believed that the name Alexander is fundamentally sanguine, with a bias towards a choleric character. Alexandras are helpful and kind towards women, but their feelings for a woman rarely “explode their inner life with a plow” and are more often limited to light flirting. It’s good with the Alexeis now and you need to be happy with this, without especially counting on the fact that it will be just as good in the future. The name Elena signifies feminine nature, Nikolai is very kind by nature, Vasily usually hides tender feelings within himself. Konstantin is distinguished by inconstancy.

Regarding the mysticism of names, V. A. Nikonov, a specialist in the field of anthroponymy - the science of names, recalls in his book “Name and Society” a story by Jack London, in which one woman names her sons after her deceased beloved brother Samuel, and all four of them, one by one, death takes away. Interesting are the observations of G. Ace, who analyzed three hundred modern detective novels and found a connection between the names and destinies of the heroes.

According to the newspaper “Abroad” (No. 39, 1986), psychiatrists from the USA conducted a study and found that people with funny and strange names four times more than others are predisposed to various kinds of mental complexes, and a child with a name that causes ridicule has been in a defensive position since childhood; he is forced to fight for a normal attitude towards himself, which forms certain traits of his character. Experts from the universities of San Diego and Georgia have found that school teachers persistently give low grades to students with some names and high grades to others. Girls with attractive names do not advance well in the business world, but they can achieve noticeable success in show business. English physician Trevor Weston determined that people whose names begin with letters in the last third of the alphabet are three times more likely to suffer from cardiovascular disease.

Academician A. A. Bodalev does not deny the connection between a person’s name and his personal characteristics. He believes that a name, as a frequently heard word, is subjectively very significant for the formation of a complex of forms and methods of manifestation of personal characteristics.

There are several theories explaining how a person's name can influence his character.

Social theory. From a social point of view, a person’s name is a bundle of social information about its bearer. Praskovya, Oktyabrina, Oksana, Guram, Isaac, Nikolai... Knowing only one name, we already have an idea about the origin, nationality, possible religion, basic properties of character and temperament of a person. The ideas of zgi are approximately the same among different people, which, in turn, determines approximately the same attitude towards the bearer of a given name. Well, when thousands of people meet a person “by name,” this cannot but shape different media one name with similar character traits. The sociality of the name was more pronounced in the last century, when names were given according to the calendar and behind each name there was the life story of a saint with very specific forms of behavior, character traits, attitude towards surrounding reality etc. - life. “By name and life” - said the stereotypical formula of lives, and the church and Orthodox people followed this formula when raising the future Christian.

Emotional theory. According to this theory, a person's name is seen as an emotional stimulus. Some names sound soft, affectionate and evoke in those around them a feeling of pleasant, gentle, sublime, while others, on the contrary, evoke unpleasant emotions, make you internally shrink, tense, and become cold. This is the so-called “music of names”. The initial attitude of others towards the bearer of the name will largely depend on what it is like. In the future, this attitude may change radically, but when it is unpleasant sounding name causes the same type of negative reaction in thousands of people, then this will, of course, affect the characteristics of the person’s character.

Sound theory. The name is a set of sounds of different pitches and timbres. Different names mean different sets of sounds, different sound stimuli for the brain. And different stimuli, as is known, excite different brain structures. And therefore, in a child named Vasya, who throughout the entire pre-speech period of his development hears “you” a thousand times in the words “Vas-ya”, “Vas-ilek”, “Vas-yutka”, a thousand-fold excitation of the brain structures associated with reflection occurs sounds “v”, “a” and “s”. Things happen completely differently for a boy named Kolya. His brain structures associated with the reflection of the sounds “v”, “a” and “s” are in a state of relative rest, but the structures associated with the perception of the sounds “k”, “o” and “l” are constantly excited. Sound load on certain brain formations in one child and a completely different physiological load in another cannot, in our opinion, not affect the formation of differences in the psyche of these children. The original confirmation of this theory was found by electrical engineer Vladimir Sanzharevsky from Kharkov. Through a cascade of amplifiers, he connected a microphone to a membrane on which metal powder was poured. After this, the name was spoken into the microphone several times in a row. And it turned out: the same name always corresponds to a strictly defined pattern on the membrane.

There is another mechanism for the possible influence of a name on the formation of character. We believe that it operates at the level of a person’s unconscious associations and feelings. We came to this conclusion as a result of research in which we asked people to answer the question with which color they associate different names. It turned out that for the statistically overwhelming majority of those studied, the name “Tatyana” evokes the idea of ​​red (and close to it) colors, while the name “Elena” is usually associated with blue (and close to it) colors. From color psychology it is known that red color awakens in a person a state of anxiety, danger, suffering, while blue, on the contrary, evokes a feeling of calm and tranquility. According to Khigir, Tatyanas are mostly domineering, somewhat rude and unrestrained, stubborn, trying to be like men in some ways and usurp their functions. Elena, on the contrary, - and Florensky wrote about this - is the personification of softness and tenderness. We assume that Tatyana, evoking a feeling of unconscious anxiety and danger with her name, is forced from childhood to experience the wary and negative attitude of people towards herself and therefore be in constant “deaf defense”. Hence this type of character. Girls with the name Elena, having received from their parents as a gift a name that evokes an unconscious reaction of peace in those around them, grow and are formed in an atmosphere of more favorable psychological comfort.

I don’t know about anyone, but the above data, observations, studies, theories convinced me that there is a connection between a person’s name and his mental characteristics. Of course, this connection cannot be absolute; of course, it is not rigid; of course, many other factors influence the formation of a person’s mental makeup, but this does not mean that the name does not influence a person’s character.

In the modern Russian language, there are hundreds of thousands of common nouns that denote objects and their properties, natural phenomena and other realities of our lives. In addition to them, there is another, special world of words that perform the function of isolation, individualization and represent a variety of names and titles.

Today, proper names are studied by representatives of a wide variety of sciences (linguists, geographers, historians, ethnographers, psychologists, literary scholars). However, first of all, proper names are closely studied by linguists

Onomastics(from the Greek "onomastikуs" - the art of giving names) - a branch of linguistics that studies proper names, the history of their origin and transformation as a result of prolonged use in the source language or in connection with borrowing from other languages ​​of communication.

In a narrower sense, onomastics are proper names of various types (onomastic vocabulary).

Directions of onomastics

Toponymy– studies proper names of geographical objects (Russia, Red Sea, Kyiv, Nevsky Prospekt, Iset River, Lake Baikal, Kulikovo Field).

Anthroponymy– explores people’s proper names (Nikolaevich Yeltsin, Kalita). Anthroponymy distinguishes between folk and canonical personal names, as well as various forms of one name: literary and dialect, official and unofficial. Each ethnic group in each era has its own anthroponymicon - a register of personal names. The set of anthroponyms is called anthroponymy.

Cosmonymics– analyzes the names of zones of outer space - constellations, galaxies, both accepted in science and popular (Milky Way, Pleiades, Andromeda Galaxy)

Astronomy– studies the names of space objects, or individual celestial bodies (Sun, Moon, Mercury, Halley’s comet, dwarf planet Ceres, star Sirius).

Zoonymics– deals with proper names and nicknames of animals (Sharik, Murka, Britney, Besya, Arnold, Buckingham).

Chrematonymy– studies the proper names of objects of material culture (the Orlov diamond, the Durandal sword, the Gamayun cannon).

Theonymics– studies the proper names of gods and deities of any pantheon (Stribog, Zeus).

Carabonymics– studies the proper names of ships, vessels and boats (Aurora, Varyag, Borodino, Memory of Mercury). The term was proposed by Aleksushin instead of the previously proposed terms “nautonymics” and “karonymics”.

Ergonomics– studies the names of business associations of people. For example, emporonyms are the names of stores, firmonyms are the names of companies. This also includes the names of bars, cafes, hairdressers, billiard clubs, trade unions, etc.

Pragmonymic– studies the names of various types of goods. For example, perfumeonyms are the names of perfumery products, fragrances ("Chanel", "J"adore", "Lauren"), chocononyms are the names of chocolate products ("Kara-Kum", "Metelitsa")

Functions of onomastics

Onomastic studies help to identify migration routes and places of former settlement of various peoples, linguistic and cultural contacts, the more ancient state of languages ​​and the relationship of their dialects. The study of proper names is of great importance due to the specific patterns of their transmission and preservation. Due to its social function- serve as a simple individualizing indication of a specific object - a proper name is capable of retaining its basic significance despite the complete obscuring of its etymological meaning, that is, with the complete impossibility of connecting it with any other words of the same language (cf., for example, such names of rivers in Russian language, such as the Scythian “Don”, Finno-Ugric “Moscow”, “Volga”, etc.).

Hence the enormous stability of proper names, which persist not only during revolutionary shifts in the history of a particular language, but even when the language of one system is completely replaced by another. This establishes the possibility, by means of an etymological explanation of certain names, to establish the nature of the language in which the corresponding name was first created.

Historical onomastics

In general, onomastics provides valuable material for history, establishing the places of settlements and migration routes of often disappeared peoples, characterizing local myths, giving ideas about the type of settlements, social and family relationships. Analysis geographical names the southern part of the East European Plain leads to a positive solution to the issue of the Scythian contribution to the Russian language. Analysis of the names of Russian cities along the Great Waterway (such as “Vyshny Volochyok”) allows us to establish the features of river transport of the corresponding era, etc.

Toponymy (especially hydronymy) is often the only source of information about extinct languages ​​and peoples.

Relevance of this problem is to find out what names parents give their children. Create a special “onomastic” dictionary. Studying this material increases observation skills, teaches us to find interesting and unexplored things around us.

Name- this is the word that people hear most often.

From a scientific point of view:

According to V. I. Dahl’s dictionary: “A name is a word that is called”

According to the dictionary of S. I. Ozhegov: “The personal name of a person given at birth...”

Anthroponymy- “the science of personal names”

(dictionary by S. I. Ozhegov)

The following methods were used in this work:

Theoretical;

Search;

Mathematical;

Questionnaire

Area of ​​our research is the science of personal names " Anthroponymy ».

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Introduction .................................................................................................4

Chapter I Anthroponymy – a section of onomastics……………………………….….6

Chapter II Names of student leaders of building 1 of MBOU Secondary School No. 19.. 8

2.1 Female names of the 1st corps………………….………….……………………………..9

2.2 Male names 1 body………………………………………………………..11

Chapter III Questionnaire….………………………………………………………………………………12

Chapter IV Choosing a name……………………………………………………………………………….13

Chapter V Sound theory….………………………………………………………………………………..14

Chapter VI Characteristics of the name………….……………………………………………………….15

Chapter VII Name day……………………………………………………………………………………….17

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………….20

Bibliography………………………………………………………………………..….21

Applications ……………………………………………………………………….………….….22

Introduction

"Between living people
No one is anonymous at all.
At the minute of birth, everyone
both low and noble,
Your name from your parents
receives as a sweet gift"

Homer "Odyssey"

Relevance of this problemis to find out what names parents give their children. Create a special “onomastic” dictionary for our school (1 building). Studying this material increases observation skills, teaches us to find interesting and unexplored things around us.

Goal of the work: determine the most popular names students of building 2 of MBOU Secondary School No. 19 in Belovo (names are leaders).

Based on the goal , we set the following tasks:

• Study the name lists of students in grades 8-11;
• Systematize, classify the material - male and female names of students;
• Give quantitative and qualitative characteristics to the names;
• Determine what parents are guided by when choosing a name for their child.

Name - this is the word that people hear most often.

From a scientific point of view:

• According to V. I. Dahl’s dictionary: “A name is a word that is called”
• According to the dictionary of S. I. Ozhegov: “The personal name of a person given at birth...”

Anthroponymy - “the science of personal names”

(dictionary by S. I. Ozhegov)

The following methods were used in this work:

• Theoretical;
• Search;
• Mathematical;
• Questionnaire

Area of ​​our researchis the science of personal names " Anthroponymy".

Object of study– students of the 1st building of MBOU Secondary School No. 19 in Belovo.

Subject of study– male and female names of these students.

Chapter I

Anthroponymy is a section of onomastics.

Onomastics (from the Greek ONO mastic - the art of giving names) is the science of the origin of names. There are several areas of onomastics.

IN in this case We are interested in anthroponymy. This is a science that studies people's names, surnames, patronymics, and pseudonyms. The basis of this term is the Greek words anatropous "man"

The term is believed to have been first proposed by the Portuguese linguist J. Leite Vasconselva in 1887. Anthroponymic name, anthroponymy is a set of personal names, endearments, contemptuous names, nicknames, patronymics, surnames, pseudonyms, etc. Let’s take not even the meaning of words, but phonetics (sounds) and word formation. Is this a purely internal matter of linguistics, independent of society? An example familiar to us is three modern different names Georgy, Yuri, Egor. They were one name, “broken” into three only phonetically. But such a difference in sounds cannot be explained if you do not know that the ancient Greek Georgiy in pronunciation was not given either to the princes - the Varangians, whose native language was Scandinavian (hence Yurgi, later turned into Yuri), nor to the people whose native language was Russian (hence Yegor, later turned into Yegor). Only by combining knowledge of the subtle features of phonetics and knowledge of the history of society can one get to the origins of these three names. The same is true in relation to one of the purely linguistic methods of word formation - compounding: proper names, for example, Old Slavic Vladimir, Yaroslav, at first served the Russians exclusively princes, and later passed on to the nobility.

The science of personal names is a social science and, of course, a linguistic science.

Together with the sciences of other proper names, anthroponymy constitutes onomastics.

Chapter II

Names of student leaders of building 1 of MBOU Secondary School No. 19

Total representatives of female names in building 1 – 217 people

Of them:

Leading names – Anastasia (17 people)

Anna (13 people)

Alina (12 people)

Marina (12 people)

Julia (11 people)

Total representatives of male names in corps 1 – 210 people.

Of them:

Leading names – Alexander (17 people)

Alexey (15 people)

Dmitry (14 people)

Evgeniy (13 people)

Ivan (13 people)

Female names of the 1st corps.

Male names of the 1st corps.

Chapter III

Questionnaire

“Why did the parents give this name to their child?”

1) We conducted a survey among students of the 1st building of MBOU secondary school school No. 19 in Belovo.

2) 100 students took part in the survey.

85% of respondents indicated that they like their name;

15% of respondents do not like their name.

Chapter IV

Choosing a name

Every proper name is a word, but a word that has received special properties, a new coloring. These properties force even us modern people, you can’t help but feel in him a close connection with the person himself. It often seems to us that a name is capable of even seemingly changing the properties of its owner or, to some extent, defining them.

Choosing a name is a serious task, because it is given for the rest of one’s life; it has significance not only for the person himself, but also for the people collaborating with him. Every proper name is a word, but a word that has received special properties, a new coloring. These properties make even us, modern people, involuntarily feel in him a close connection with the person himself. It often seems to us that a name is capable of even seemingly changing the properties of its owner or, to some extent, defining them.

People have had personal names at all times. Each person can be called only by name; thanks to the name, all his good and bad deeds become known.

Choosing a name is a serious task, because it is given until the end of life; it has significance not only for the person himself, but also for the people collaborating with him.

Chapter V

Sound theory.

The name is a set of sounds of different pitches and timbres. Different names mean different sets of sounds, different sound stimuli for the brain. And different stimuli, as is known, excite different brain structures. And therefore, in a child named Vasya, who during the entire “pre-speech” period of his development hears “you” a thousand times in the words “Vasya”, “Vas-ilek”, “Vas-yutka”, a thousand-fold excitation of the brain structures associated with reflection occurs sounds "v", "a" and "s". Things happen completely differently for boys named Kolya. His brain structures associated with the reflection of the sounds “v”, “a” and “s” are in a state of relative rest, but the structures associated with the perception of the sounds “k”, “o” and “l” are constantly excited. The sound load on certain brain formations in one child and a completely different physiological load in another cannot but affect the formation of differences in the psyche of these children.

There is another mechanism for the possible influence of a name on the formation of character. As a result of studies in which people were asked to answer the question with which color they associate different names, it turned out that for the statistically overwhelming majority of those studied, the name “Tatyana” evokes the idea of ​​red (and close to it) colors, while the name “Elena” "is usually associated with blue (and similar) colors. From color psychology it is known that red color awakens in a person a state of anxiety, danger, suffering, while blue, on the contrary, evokes a feeling of calm and tranquility.

Chapter VI

Characteristics of the name

As you know, the name largely determines the character and future of the newborn. Modern parents give their children names that do not always have Russian origin. Modern baby names are the result of numerous historical turns, the mixing of races and cultures of peoples. So, day after day, year after year, a list of names has been formed that are used in our country to name children. Orthodox parents They can call their child any name, Jewish, Catholic or Muslim, and even one that came into use during the period of creating “common happiness.” Pagan, South and East Slavic, Scandinavian, and Celtic dialects are used. National names already contain not only original, but also borrowed names.

It is clear that today few are interested in the origin and characteristics of the name. It is much more important that the name helps the child along the path of life and is simply pleasant to the ear. As a rule, when choosing a name for your baby, a person trusts his heart and determines the appropriate one on a whim. Maybe this is the most the right way determining the child's name. We will try to give the most information to all those who are now choosing a name for their baby. In this chapter, we will collect data on the most popular and used names today. It often happens that two people named the same have common character traits and even appearance. It is clear that character is influenced by heredity, date of birth and upbringing, but the name also plays an important role in the formation of personality.

Everyone will make their own decision whether to believe these characteristics or not. While reading the description, remember someone you know with that name, maybe you will find common features. Skeptics who regard such portraits as inventions of mankind will also find a lot of interesting things in this section. The Russian philosopher A.F. Losev once wrote that without a name human society would remain a deaf-mute mass in absolute darkness. “We curse and pray through the name, pronouncing it. The life of a name has no boundaries, just as its power has no measure. The name and the word are the basis of the world...” The name is the beginning of communication between people, the separation of one person from another and the definition social status each of them. A.F. Losev believed that a person who does not have a name is an antisocial, non-individual, uncommunicative animal organism, “an eternal prisoner of himself” (see Appendix 2).

Chapter VII

Name day.

Most of the names of students in our school are in the Saints (or month books) - in the “list of saints, revered Orthodox Church, compiled in the order of the months and days of the year to which the celebration and honor of each saint is dated (Small encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Athos). Each of us has name day ("Day Angel") -the popular name for the holiday of the saint's name, the day of his church memory. Name days are based on the church custom of naming Christians the names of saints and angels (Russian Humanitarian Encyclopedic Dictionary).

Name day - this is the day of the Name. Otherwise it's an angel's day.

Each of us has our own Guardian Angel, who is always with us and who helps us follow the right path. Our guardian angel looks at us, rejoicing, worrying, helping us overcome difficulties. And this Angel deserves that once a year we take the time to thank him for everything good, kind and reasonable that he brings us.

Name day or Angel Day is a special holiday. This day is a spiritual birth because it is associated with the names that our heavenly patrons bear. The celebration of names began in Rus' in the 17th century. The family brewed beer and baked rolls and loaves for the birthday boy. In the morning, the birthday boy and his family went to church, lit candles and ordered a prayer service for health. And in the evening guests came and had a festive dinner. On birthdays they still sing what they used to sing at name days: “How on (someone’s) name day we baked a loaf.”

In Russia, for example, until the seventeenth century, parents kept the name secret, given to the child at baptism, thereby trying to deceive evil spirits. In Azerbaijan and Turkey, a child was given two names - one of them was false, the second real - all in the same hope as the Russians to mislead unkind spirits. Historians and ethnographers find the custom of hiding their names among almost all peoples of the world. The ancients were sure that the fate of a person, a city and even a state was destined by his name. In his opinion, today’s custom of changing one’s name is connected with this idea. Like the ancients, it also implies a change in fate. This is precisely the meaning of the fact that, upon marriage, a woman takes a new name (surname) of her husband. This is what writers and actors do when they create a pseudonym for themselves; changing his name, taking monastic vows or ecclesiastical rank, joining a secret society. At the beginning of our century, the Russian researcher S. R. Mintslov wrote about the amazing homogeneity of character and properties of bearers of the same name. Based on an analysis of the names of prominent personalities of the past, he came to the conclusion that among the Alekseevs most often there are prudent people, the Alexanders are usually cheerful, and the Perts are mostly quiet, quiet people, but with a strong and stubborn character. Sergei, Mintslov believes, are very often the fathers of outstanding people: Pushkin, Griboyedov, Turgenev, Dargomyzhsky were Sergeevichs. It is difficult to disagree with the latter if we remember that of the small number of leaders of the Soviet state who played the most prominent role in its history, two - Khrushchev and Gorbachev - were also Sergeevichs. Pavel Florensky, an outstanding Russian scientist and philosopher, believed that the name Alexander is fundamentally sanguine, with a bias towards choleric character.

Alexandras are attentive and kind towards women, but their feelings for a woman rarely “explode like a plow.” inner life”and is more often limited to light flirting. It’s good with the Alexeis now and you need to be happy with this, without especially counting on the fact that it will be just as good in the future. The name Elena signifies feminine nature, Nikolai is very kind by nature, Vasily usually hides tender feelings within himself. Konstantin is distinguished by inconstancy.

Regarding the mysticism of names, V. A. Nikonov, a specialist in the field of anthroponymy - the science of names, recalls in his book “Name and Society” a story by Jack London, in which one woman names her sons after her deceased beloved brother Samuel, and all four of them, one by one, death takes away. Interesting observations by G. Ace, who analyzed three hundred modern detective novels and found a connection between the names and destinies of the heroes (see Appendix 3).

Conclusion

Thus, in the course of research work, we identified male and female names-leaders of students in the 1st building of MBOU Secondary School No. 19 in Belovo. We found out through a survey, “Why did the parents give this name to their child?” We also compiled an anthroponymic dictionary of the names of students in the 1st building of this school (Appendix 1). They gave the characteristics of the leading names (Appendix 2), found out the name days of these names (Appendix 3).

We believe that work on this topic can be continued, supplemented by studying the names of students in the entire school (buildings 2 and 3). New names-leaders of all students will be identified, and a complete anthroponymic dictionary of the entire school will be created.

Bibliography.

1. Anthroponymy /Ed. V.A.Nikonova, A.V.Superanskaya. – M.: Nauka, 2001/
2. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Dictionary Russian language M.: 1999.
3. Podolskaya N.V. Dictionary of Russian onomastic terminology. – M.,

1998.

1. Superanskaya A.V. Name - through centuries and countries - M.: LKI, 2007.
2. Superanskaya A.V. Dictionary of Russian personal names. – M., 1995.
3. Suprun V.I. Names and birthdays. – Volgograd: Committee on Press and Information, 1997.
4. Suslova A.V., Superanskaya A.V. About Russian names. L.: 1991.
5. Khigir B.Yu. The secret of the name. M.: 1996.

Annex 1

Anthroponymic Dictionary

Female names

Alexandra

Alesya

Alyona

Alina

Aliya

Anastasia

Angelina

Angelica

Anna

Antonina

Arina

Asya

Valentina

Vasilisa

Victoria

Violet

Galia

Daria

Evgenia

Catherine

Elena

Elizabeth

Irina

Karina

Christina

Ksenia

Maragrita

Marina

Maria

Hope

Natalia

Nina

Oksana

Olga

Svetlana

Sophia

Suzanne

Tatiana

Julia

Yana

Male names

Alexander

Alexei

Albert

Anatoly

Andrey

Anton

Artyom

Arkady

Arthur

Vadim

Valery

Benjamin

Vladimir

Vladislav

Vyacheslav

Grant

Gregory

Daniel

Denis

Dmitriy

Eugene

Egor

Zakhar

Ivan

Ilya

Kirill

Klim

Konstantin

Maksim

Mark

Marseilles

Matvey

Michael

Nikita

Nikolay

Oleg

Paul

Rinat

Rodion

Novel

Ruslan

Rustam

Semyon

Sergey

Stanislav

Stepan

Timofey

Timur

Shavkat

Sheroz

Elchin

Yuri

Appendix 2

Characteristics of names - leaders

Anastasia

Nastenka is a name from Russian fairy tales. A girl with such a name is, as it were, destined to be the most beautiful, the most intelligent, the most tender.
Anastasia is loved in kindergarten, At school. She will not disappoint expectations - she will never be angry and vindictive; on the contrary, she is defenseless against cunning, evil people, she is easy to deceive or offend. The girl grows up dreamy, loves fairy tales, and has a well-developed imagination. But he eats poorly, which often upsets his parents. Grandma will also have to put a lot of effort into teaching how to put away toys, fold books, and put things in order in her room. And in the future, having matured, Nastya will do homework only according to her mood, although in her youth she will learn to sew and cook.

Julia - “wavy, fluffy” (gr.) Mobile, it’s difficult not to notice its presence. Always goes up the stairs. The darling of fate has been surrounded by worship since childhood and accepts it with dignity. Talented, with a twist. Tries to achieve universal recognition, but has a sense of tact and gives appropriate honors to the strongest. Fidget goat with graceful sharp horns. He beckons and... leaves. Secretive, somewhat timid and indecisive. Requires parents increased attention and care, so that at the right moment it can blossom with unprecedented strength. Its activity should be tactfully and persistently developed.

Alina - meaning “noble” (French-German origin). She miraculously knows how to control herself, but in certain situations she can become aggressive. WITH early age gives parents trouble in raising them. It is simply impossible to lead her. Alina is an extrovert by nature. She easily adapts to various situations around her and to people. Simultaneously both objective and subjective. This duality of her character begins to manifest itself already in childhood. The girl constantly feels the need to give of herself - to love someone, look after someone, take care of someone. Parents should pay attention to this and surround her with care, then the girl will be affectionate and obedient. But in this desire to help and protect, she sometimes shows an iron will, so don’t let her get on your head. Alina is too excitable, but this state of hers does not turn into nervousness. She manages to hide the fire of her passions under apparent coldness. If she has something in mind, then it is impossible to dissuade her, and in no case should you use force or try to suppress her aspirations. In this case, you need to use only the persuasiveness of the arguments.

Anna - “merciful” (Hebrew). Fair, uncompromising. Usually reserved, nervous breakdowns are rare. She is conscientious in her work, thinks through her plans carefully and in advance. Devoted to the point of self-forgetfulness, kind and affectionate. Loves kids. Attentive to loved ones - the personification of a Russian woman. Gives the impression of a person possessing secret knowledge. Anna's health is average: fragile bones, a sensitive stomach, you should not neglect your diet and eat dinner late. Susceptible to injury. As a child, you need to pay attention to your joints and eyes. Anna is an introvert by nature. She does not succumb to the influence of others and acts favorably on those around her. Has a good memory. She has a strong will and wants to have everything, immediately. He only believes in himself. Strong excitability balances her remarkable will. She easily resists everything that often interferes with her life.

Marina - “sea” (Latin). Characteristics of the name and the nature of the name. A little arrogant girl. He has a poorly controlled character, tries to subjugate all his household, and at the same time can recklessly succumb to the influence of more strong man. Sexual feeling awakens very early. At school, passions are always in full swing around Marina, notes are passed around, quarrels break out between the boys, and there are always those who want to carry her briefcase. And it’s surprising that this happens regardless of whether Marina is beautiful or ugly. From childhood to old age, Marinas have a mysterious charm, a certain magnetism, against which men are completely defenseless. Smart, brave, relaxed, not a laugher, but of a cheerful disposition.

Alexander - “courageous defender” (gr.). Characteristics of the name and character of the name. He is always decisive, smart, witty and sociable. But he is often quick-tempered, impudent, harsh, and does not respect the bounds of decency. Anyone who tries to influence him from a position of strength should not expect success. By nature, he is an introvert, tries to escape from reality, hides in his subconscious. He has a vivid imagination and incredible curiosity. Has a synthetic way of thinking and a reliable memory. Justifies his actions and deeds in advance, especially when he deserves condemnation. At first glance, he has remarkable willpower and can make every effort to achieve a goal, but in his determination there is still a certain amount of doubt and unsteadiness. He experiences fear of the unknown and often and unreasonably fears failure. There is some restlessness in persistence, which determines the fickleness of character.

Alexei - “protector” (gr.). In childhood, a sincere, spontaneous child. He doesn't know how to lie at all. When faced with injustice, he can emotionally express disagreement and do everything to spite the offender. In controversial situations, he resolutely insists on his own, clearly arguing his arguments. He is a leader in games and enjoys authority among his peers. early childhood often susceptible to respiratory diseases. With age, his body becomes stronger, he gets sick much less often. “December” is healthier than “summer” and “spring”. Emotional nature. Alexey is stubborn and persistent and often finds himself in conflict situations without wanting to. He is an eternal fighter for justice, but adults sometimes get the impression that the boy is an incorrigible bully and a hooligan. Pride will not allow him to prove that it was not he, but his classmate, who was to blame for some brawl, that he only wanted to restore justice. As a result, most often all the blame falls on himself.

Dmitriy - in honor of Demeter - the goddess of fertility and agriculture (gr.). Outwardly, Dima reveals similarities with her mother. Frequent respiratory diseases, sore throat, flu, bronchitis make it sickly child. In childhood, he is capricious and places increased demands on others. With age, health improves, and capriciousness degenerates into stubbornness. A very strong-willed person, he can explode, it’s difficult to compete with him. Smart, inventive, not afraid of work. Colleagues appreciate his sociability and ability to easily cope with failures. As a result, Dmitry achieves success in his career and is most successful in those professions that involve communication. Dmitry loves coziness, comfort, beautiful women and various pleasures. For him, there is nothing worse than limiting himself in something. To create the necessary level of living comfort for him, the wife will have to rack her brains a lot.

Ivan - common Russian name. It can be carried by both a smart good boy and a noisy bully. Vanya is always on his own, his character combines strength and weakness, kindness and deceit, spiritual openness and cunning, tenderness and unbridled rage. He is persistent, and if he sets his mind to something, he often goes ahead. However, sometimes, two steps before the goal, Ivan suddenly makes sharp turn, demonstrating complete indifference to what, five minutes ago, seemed to be the meaning of his existence. The breadth of Ivan’s nature is also reflected in an extremely wide range of hobbies, moods and plans. You won't meet anyone among the Ivanovs: from a hero pilot or a writer - a master of thoughts to some kind of recidivist bandit. Ivan is open to the world and responsive, he is always aware of the affairs of his brothers and sisters, aunts and uncles.

Eugene - “noble” (gr.). His health is good, but he gets tired quickly. He needs long sleep, peace and a measured lifestyle. He is susceptible to infectious diseases. Particular attention should be paid to the eyes and bronchi. Evgeniy is a nervous and sentimental, psychologically unstable type of character, but he skillfully hides it. His will is rather weak. He is quick-tempered and even aggressive. This is due to indecision and self-doubt. Excitability is average, but you can expect an undesirable reaction from him to the most ordinary things. His true feelings always lurk deep in the soul, but on occasion a surge of emotions can occur. His behavior is not entirely usual if he is guilty of something. He is capable of acting on the sly and blaming anyone, so long as he is not punished himself. Parents need to pay attention to this, since Evgeniy lies skillfully, with wide open and honest eyes, so it is difficult not to believe him.

Appendix 3

Name day

Anastasia - January 4, March 23, April 5, May 10, June 9, July 17, August 10, November 11, December 26.

Alina -

Anna – January 11, February 16, March 11, April 13, May 11, June 25, July 18, August 13, September 10, November 10, December 11.

Alexander - January 3, February 7, March 8, April 9, May 4, June 8, July 6, August 7, September 9, October 9, November 12, December 8.

Dmitriy – January 4, February 7, March 4, April 1, May 2, June 1, July 3, August 1, September 8, October 4, November 8, December 14.

Ivan - January 2, February 3, March 5, April 2, May 2, June 5, July 4, August 6, September 5, October 6, November 5, December 5.

Eugene – January 21, February 25, March 20, August 31, September 20, October 29, November 20, December 23.

Popularizers of physics often draw scary picture a world where there is no friction. Well, if proper names disappeared in the world - the names of people, peoples, domestic animals, names of streets, houses, cities, rivers, stars, planets, books, ships, brand names and trademarks, scientific articles and monographs, musical works, paintings, sculptures, museums, sports societies, holidays, institutions, etc., etc.?

Even from this far from complete list it is clear how diverse proper names are, how many living beings and inanimate objects they have been assigned. And it is also clear from this list that chaos would reign on our planet no less than that which should have reigned if the friction force had disappeared.

A special science, onomastics, studies, systematizes, and explains this myriad of proper names. So,

Onomastics is a science that studies...

proper names in all their diversity.

Onomastics How science that studies proper names is a rich branch of linguistics. Onomastics studies the history of the emergence of proper names, their types, transformation as a result of their long-term use.

Proper names are all around us. We all have a first name, a patronymic, a surname - these are proper names. The name of the nationality is another proper name. Place of birth - republic, region, district, city or village - a few more proper names. Our address - more names.

There are many more proper names than there are stars in the sky. After all, every star has a name - and besides the stars? In Switzerland alone, it is estimated that there are about 12,000,000 geographical names - in the whole world there are, according to at least, a thousand times more! What about the names of books, paintings, symphonies, articles, poems?

What do the sections of onomastics study?

1. Ethnonymy: Every people, tribe, nation, clan has its own names - ethnonyms. For a long time, people have been interested in why they are called this way and not otherwise, what the word Slav, Russian, Evenk, Tuvan, etc. means. Guesses, conjectures and inventions, false speculations and serious research gave rise to attempts to explain the origin of ethnonyms. Currently, they are dealt with by a special branch of onomastics - ethnonymy.
2. Theonymics studies the names of gods, demons, spirits, characters in myths and legends about the creation of the world, people, things, animals. It shows how common nouns - the names of wind, fire, thunderstorm, thunder and other natural phenomena - were transformed into proper names.
3. Chrematonyms- this is how some scientists propose to name the names of a wide variety of objects and phenomena to which, for some reason, people assign their own names. We know that stadiums and sports societies, chess openings and even individual games (“Evergreen Party”, “Immortal Party”), holidays (May Day, Geologist’s Day), military units and individual battles (Battle of Borodino, Battle of Kulikovo) have such names ). Enterprises designate and label their goods or services using trademarks. These are proper names, and their number is very large. Proper names- these are also the names of works of art, books, individual poems. Chrematonymy is not only of purely academic interest. For example, in Western countries, lawsuits arise every now and then due to the fact that the name of a trademark of one company is similar to the name of a product produced by a competing company. The decision as to whether such names are truly similar can only be made through scientific analysis.

And all other sections of onomastics are directly related to practice: one only has to mention the recording of names and surnames in the registry office, the transcription of geographical names, the names of new objects on Earth and the newly discovered relief of other planets. That's why the science of names - onomastics- this is not the occupation of individual “eccentric” scientists, but a science that is most closely connected with life.