Professional ethics. What is ethics? Concept of professional ethics

Among the branches of ethical science, professional ethics is distinguished.

The term “professional ethics” is usually used to denote not so much a branch of ethical theory, but a kind of moral code of people of a certain profession.

These are, for example, the “Hippocratic Oath” and the “Code of Professional Ethics for Lawyers.”

Professional ethics are determined by the characteristics of certain professions, corporate interests, and professional culture. People performing the same or similar professional functions develop specific traditions, unite on the basis of professional solidarity, and maintain the reputation of their social group.

Every profession has its own moral problems. But among all professions, we can distinguish a group of those in which they arise especially often, which require increased attention to the moral side of the functions performed. Professional ethics is important primarily for professions whose object is a person. Where representatives of a certain profession, due to its specificity, are in constant or even continuous communication with other people, associated with the impact on their inner world, destiny, and moral relationships, there are specific “moral codes” of people of these professions and specialties. These are the ethics of a teacher, the ethics of a doctor, the ethics of a judge.

The existence of moral codes of certain professions is evidence of social progress and the gradual humanization of society. Medical ethics requires doing everything for the sake of the patient’s health, despite difficulties and even one’s own safety, maintaining medical confidentiality, and under no circumstances contributing to the patient’s death.

Pedagogical ethics obliges us to respect the student’s personality and show due demands towards him, to maintain his own reputation and the reputation of his colleagues, and to take care of the moral trust of society in the teacher. The ethics of a scientist include the requirement of selfless service to the truth, tolerance of other theories and opinions, inadmissibility of plagiarism in any form or deliberate distortion of results scientific research. An officer's ethics obliges him to selflessly serve the Fatherland, show steadfastness and courage, take care of his subordinates, and protect the officer's honor in every possible way. The ethics of the professions of a journalist, writer, artist, the ethics of television workers, the service sector, etc. contain their own requirements.

Thus, professional ethics is, first of all, a specific moral code of people of a certain profession. D.P. Kotov expresses a different opinion, believing that one should distinguish between the concepts of “professional morality (morality)” and “professional ethics,” understanding the latter only as a section of ethical science.

Professional ethics is a set of rules of conduct for a certain social group that ensures moral character relationships conditioned or associated with professional activities, as well as a branch of science that studies the specifics of manifestations of morality in various types of activities.

Professional ethics applies to those social groups to which the highest moral requirements are usually imposed.

The emergence of professional ethics is determined by the specific socio-economic conditions of the development of society, the material and spiritual needs of people. The root cause was the social division of labor, the emergence of various types of activities and professions. A number of professions that are of vital importance for all members of society arose in ancient times, and such professional and ethical codes as the “Hippocratic Oath” and the moral principles of priests who performed judicial functions were known.

The emergence of professional ethics preceded the creation of scientific ethical teachings and theories about it. Everyday experience and the need to regulate relationships between people of a particular profession led to the awareness and formulation of certain requirements of professional ethics. Professional ethics, having emerged as a manifestation of everyday moral consciousness, then developed on the basis of the generalized practice of behavior of representatives of each professional group. These generalizations were contained in both written and unwritten codes of conduct, and in the form of theoretical conclusions. Thus, this indicates a transition from ordinary consciousness to theoretical consciousness in the field of professional morality.

Professional ethics is a set of moral standards that determine a person’s attitude towards his professional duty. The content of professional ethics is codes of conduct that prescribe a certain type of moral relationships between people and ways to justify these codes.

Despite the universal nature of moral requirements and the presence of a single labor morality of a class or society , There are also specific norms of behavior only for certain types of professional activities. The emergence and development of such codes represents one of the lines of moral progress humanity, since they reflect the increasing value of the individual and affirm humanity in interpersonal relationships.

Consequently, the main purpose of professional ethics is that it ensures the implementation of general moral principles in the conditions of people’s professional activities and contributes to the successful implementation of professional duties. Professional ethics helps a specialist avoid mistakes and choose the most correct, highly moral line of behavior in various work situations.

The task of professional ethics is not to provide ready-made recipes for all occasions, but to teach a culture of moral thinking, to provide reliable guidelines for solving specific situations, to influence the formation of moral attitudes in a specialist in accordance with the specific requirements of the profession, to explain and evaluate behavioral stereotypes developed by legal practice in areas , not regulated by law.

Professional ethics studies:

• - relations between work collectives and each specialist individually;
• - moral qualities the personality of the specialist who ensures the best performance of professional duty;
• - relationships within professional teams, and those specific moral norms characteristic of a given profession;
• - features of professional education.

Professionalism and attitude to work are important characteristics of a person’s moral character. They are of paramount importance in the personal characteristics of an individual.

The situations in which people find themselves in the process of performing their professional tasks have strong influence on the formation of professional ethics. In the process of work, certain moral relationships develop between people. They contain a number of elements inherent in all types of professional ethics.

Firstly, this is the attitude towards social labor, towards participants in the labor process,

Secondly, these are the moral relations that arise in the area of ​​direct contact between the interests of professional groups with each other and society.

Professional ethics is not a consequence of inequality in the degree of morality of different professional groups. It’s just that society has increased moral requirements for certain types of professional activities. Basically, these are professional areas in which the labor process itself requires coordination of the actions of all its participants. Special attention is paid moral qualities workers in the sphere that are associated with the right to control people’s lives, here we are talking not only about the level of morality, but also, first of all, about the proper performance of their professional duties (these are professions from the service sectors, transport, management, healthcare, education). The labor activity of people in these professions, more than any other, does not lend itself to preliminary regulation and does not fit within the framework of official instructions. It is inherently creative. The peculiarities of the work of these professional groups complicate moral relations and a new element is added to them: interaction with people - the objects of activity. This is where moral responsibility becomes crucial.

Society considers the moral qualities of an employee as one of the leading elements of his professional suitability. General moral norms must be specified in a person’s work activity, taking into account the specifics of his profession. Thus, professional morality must be considered in unity with the generally accepted system of morality. Violation of work ethics is accompanied by the destruction of general moral principles, and vice versa. An employee’s irresponsible attitude towards professional duties poses a danger to others, harms society, and can ultimately lead to the degradation of the individual himself.

Now in Russia there is a need to develop a new type of professional morality, which reflects the ideology of labor activity based on the development of market relations. We are talking, first of all, about the moral ideology of the new middle class, which makes up the overwhelming majority of the labor force in an economically developed society.

IN modern society The personal qualities of an individual begin with his business characteristics, attitude to work, and level of professional suitability. All this determines the exceptional relevance of the issues that make up the content of professional ethics. True professionalism is based on such moral standards as duty, honesty, demanding of oneself and one's colleagues, and responsibility for the results of one's work.

The dignity and interests of representatives of a particular profession are ultimately confirmed by how consistently they embody in their activities the general principles of morality, only specified in relation to the specifics of their work. The need for an increased degree of moral responsibility and duty arising from certain additional norms of behavior, as historical experience shows, is manifested primarily in medical, legal, pedagogical, scientific, journalistic and artistic activities, i.e. in those areas where the work of a specialist does not fit into strict formal schemes, and the state of health depends on its effectiveness, spiritual world and a person's position in society. Successful implementation of professional tasks in these areas requires combining the qualifications of specialists with a deep awareness of their moral responsibility , readiness to impeccably fulfill one’s professional duty.

At the core medical ethics lie traditional ideas about the humane purpose of the work of a physician, who must be guided in his actions by considerations of the physical and spiritual health the patient, regardless of difficulties, and in exceptional circumstances, even of one’s own safety. The history of medicine knows many cases when doctors tested the effect of a new drug on themselves, so as not to endanger the patient. The competence of medical ethics includes the following: complex problems, such as the boundaries of medical confidentiality, conditions for transplantation of vital organs, and others.

It is also saturated with humanistic aspects. pedagogical ethics. It regulates, for example, the teacher’s behavior so that it strengthens his authority and ensures the unity of efforts of the teaching staff. At the same time, it is aimed at protecting the interests of children, establishes the limits of pedagogical solidarity, implements the principle of unity of respect for the student’s personality and demands on him, and raises the question of the moral trust of society in the teacher.

In the field of science professional ethics requires upholding the truth and seeking to use scientific advances in the interests of humanity. It forms a readiness to correctly perceive criticism, requires a combination of scientific integrity with the personal honesty of the researcher, condemns opportunism, scolding, plagiarism, attempts to create a monopoly of a particular scientific school, reinforces a system of rules for conducting discussions, ways of consolidating scientific priority, and forms of expressing gratitude to colleagues.

Similar requirements are put forward by the professional ethics of a journalist, writer, artist, theater and film figure. Special moral codes also develop in those types of activities that are associated not with the professional division of labor, but with the use of some specific social functions (for example, in the military and police service, in the field of trade and services, in the field of sports).

We can talk about specific codes of conduct in relation to other professions only to the extent that they form moral relations between managers and subordinates, employees of different ranks and specialties. In this sense, we can distinguish engineer ethics, service or administrative ethics, and economic ethics (“business ethics”, “business ethics”).

Let's take a closer look at professional ethics law enforcement officer.

It has already been shown above that professional ethics can be considered either as a theory of professional morality, or as certain moral requirements for workers, determined by the specifics of their profession. Morality would lose its functions as the most universal regulator of people's behavior and activities if its requirements and norms were not so universal and generally significant in society. At the same time, in every society there are professions whose work is most strictly “guarded” by morality and regulated by it. Among such professions, undoubtedly, are the professions of employees of internal affairs bodies. From employees of internal affairs bodies, professional ethics requires incorruptibility, loyalty to the spirit and letter of the law, and respect for the equality of all before the law.

In the value system of any law enforcement officer, problems of professional ethics occupy special place. This is due to a number of objective reasons. Firstly, the fight against crime and other offenses is not only a legal, but also a moral problem, since it is impossible to fight crime and the causes that give rise to it without strengthening the moral foundations of society, and without the fight against crime it is impossible to ensure the full development and manifestation of moral factor in its constructive, creative role.

Secondly, employees of internal affairs bodies usually have to deal not with the best part society, which, on the one hand, has a very adverse effect on their moral character and can, under certain conditions, lead to moral deformation, and on the other hand, professional ethics obliges each employee to show tact, restraint, and morally influence the detainee, arrested, or convicted person. Moreover, as practice and research show, moral culture employees of internal affairs bodies has a noticeable disciplinary and educational effect on citizens. It is also no secret that in the conditions of democratization and humanization of society, expanding publicity about the activities of law enforcement agencies, the importance of the professional morality of their employees increases noticeably.

The concept of “police ethics” has already firmly entered our vocabulary. Insufficient attention to professional ethics (both in science and even more in practice) causes not only moral, but also material, and in some cases political damage to our society, leads to a decline in the authority of internal affairs bodies, a weakening of their ties with the population, and a decrease in efficiency of operational activities, undermines the prestige of the police profession.

Professional ethics here is characterized by such categories as “professional duty”, “official dignity”, “professional honor of the uniform”. Such ethical categories as “responsibility”, “justice”, “humanism”, “collectivism” and a number of others have a very definite professional meaning in the practice of internal affairs bodies.

As a rule, an employee determines his line of behavior, specific actions, attitude towards the service and people, comparing them with his understanding of “personal and official dignity”, “professional duty and honor”. If his intended actions correspond to the employee’s ideas about duty, honor, and dignity, then he willingly fulfills his duties, acts proactively, and is not afraid to take responsibility, because morally he approves and encourages his actions. From a police officer, professional ethics requires integrity, loyalty to the spirit and letter of the law, and respect for the equality of all before the law.

Professional ethics prescribes appropriate moral qualities for each professional group. However, this does not mean that individuals of each professional group have unique, inimitable moral qualities. There are only a few dozen moral qualities and feelings, including both virtues - highly moral qualities of a person, and vices - immoral qualities. Therefore, we can only talk about the specifics of the manifestation of these universal moral qualities of an individual and the significance of one or another of them in relation to workers of a particular profession.

So, for example, courage, boldness, determination are very positive qualities of any employee, but if these qualities are desirable for a baker, hairdresser, studio photographer, then in relation to an employee of the internal affairs bodies they are professionally necessary. The complacency of a kindergarten teacher or school teacher is more a virtue than a vice, but this same quality in the conditions of internal affairs bodies, as a rule, gives rise to irresponsibility, connivance, unprincipledness, carelessness, which is fraught with serious negative consequences for the performance of a particular employee and the entire team .

Professional ethics, while emphasizing the importance of certain moral qualities, of course, cannot and should not prescribe what an employee should do in a given situation. Therefore, this appeals to the moral principles and norms that regulate the behavior and activities of the employee, not based on a specific situation, but in accordance with the generally valid nature of moral requirements and values ​​in society and in a given professional group.

However, if a moral norm implies specific actions, actions and they, as a rule, are enshrined in legal documents (oath, charters, orders, instructions), then moral principles reflect moral requirements in an extremely generalized form (humanism, responsibility, justice, exactingness, collectivism, patriotism, integrity, etc.). The uniqueness of moral principles lies in the form of their manifestation in a particular professional activity. Thus, the humanism of law enforcement agencies is not an abstract love of humanity, but the protection of the interests of respectable (“law-abiding”) citizens and intransigence towards offenses and criminals. From a law enforcement officer, professional ethics requires a humane attitude towards the offender, providing him with maximum opportunities for protection, and using the power of the law not only to punish, but also to rehabilitate the offender.

Justice can only be ensured in the equality of all before the law, in the rule of law. Collectivism in the activities of internal affairs bodies is manifested in the personal responsibility of each employee for the fate of the common cause, for their position in the team, in comradely solidarity, and it has nothing to do with mutual responsibility and familiarity.

Analyzing the specifics of the manifestation of generally valid moral values ​​and moral requirements for a particular professional group, professional ethics not only represents the theory of professional morality, but develops practical recommendations that increase the effectiveness of official activities, contribute to the moral education (self-education) of employees, strengthening ties between internal affairs bodies and the population , their authority and high social status.

Thus, the following conclusions can be drawn.

First of all, the importance of professional ethics in general is not limited to a particular profession. Its specificity has wider application. The implementation of the requirements of professional ethics often turns out to be the best form of implementing objectively existing moral norms, embodying in concrete form individual moral requirements accepted in society.

Professional ethics generalizes, systematizes, scientifically substantiates the principles, norms and other elements of morality, proves the reasonableness and progressiveness of some and subjects others to scientific criticism; contributes to the education of people, helps them purposefully develop such moral ideas, principles and norms, feelings, beliefs, ideals, habits and qualities that meet the goals of their behavior, including professional behavior.

The concept of professional ethics of a law enforcement officer includes a special, sometimes even punctual and pedantic commitment to the spirit and letter of the law, adherence to the principles of justice and humanism, a firm moral conviction of the need for strict compliance with the requirements of the law, regardless of personal and professional benefits or difficulties. A police officer must always remember that it is to him that society has entrusted the protection of law and order, and therefore he himself must be a model, a standard in its observance. And no personal gain should stand between him and the requirements of the law.

In particular, methods such as the use of anonymous denunciations, coercion of confessions by threats, moral pressure (not to mention physical) on the accused or witnesses in order to obtain the necessary testimony, the use of such forced confessions as evidence of guilt. Administrative and careerist considerations, the inability to withstand pressure from management and protect one’s legally protected prerogatives of independence, impartiality, and the desire to work to the “standard” level - these are the main reasons leading to gross violations of professional ethics and official duty by police officers and other representatives of the legal profession.

Literature

Barshchevsky M.Yu. Lawyers' ethics. -- Samara, 1999.

Vlasenkov V.V. Ethics of law enforcement officers. Textbook. - M.: Shield-M, 2003.

Gofshtein M.A. About the code of professional ethics of a lawyer. //Sat. articles Problems of the Russian Bar. -- M.: 1997.

Code of Professional Ethics for Lawyers. /Library of the Russian newspaper, issue No. 4, 2003.

Kokorev L. D., Kotov D. P.. Ethics of criminal proceedings: Textbook. -- Voronezh:. Publishing house of Voronezh State University, 1993.

Fundamentals of ethical knowledge / ed. Professor M.N. Rosenko. - M.: Publishing house. "Lan", 1998.

Professional ethics of law enforcement officers. Ed. prof. A.V. Opaleva and prof. G.V. Dubova. - M.: Yurayt, 2001.

Dictionary of ethics. Ed. I. S. Kona. -- M.: Politizdat, 1990

Ethics as a science examines its subject from a specific historical, philosophical and worldview position in close connection with social relations; it reveals the laws of the emergence and historical development of morality, its current state and functions, analyzes the social essence of morality, and substantiates its historical progressiveness. The subject of this science has always been influenced by the practical demands of the time.

Ethics considers a person in integrity, the unity of all its components. The methodological significance of ethical knowledge lies in the fact that it has both a heuristic aspect, which is associated primarily with the achievement of new knowledge, and an evaluative one, which involves the disclosure of the value content of morality.

Ethics, studying the subject in its social conditioning with all social life, scientifically substantiates ethical categories, principles and norms, provides their philosophical and social analysis.

Generalizing qualitatively new moral relations in society, she clarifies and expands her subject of research, studies general patterns moral consciousness, determines the role of objective and subjective factors in the formation of morality, discovers what is new that life brings into its content, discovers what motives people are guided by when they act in a certain way, it is possible to generally subject human actions to moral assessment and which, in this case, is their objective criterion.

Professional ethics has as its task, on the basis of the methodology of ethics, to substantiate a certain system of norms regulating the relationships between people in a particular field of activity. There are no professions without specific morality. Each has relative independence in society. This imposes certain requirements and in a certain way affects the morality of the representatives of this profession.

Historically (as professional differentiation deepens), social need in regulating relations within labor collectives and between them. The attitude of society towards professional activity determines its value.

Moral assessment of the profession mainly due to two factors:

1) what this profession provides objectively for social development;

2) what it gives to a person subjectively, what moral influence it has on it.

Any profession performs a certain social function. All its representatives have their own goals, purpose, and characteristics. Each profession has a specific communication environment, which leaves its mark on people, regardless of their desire. Within professional groups, the inherent connections and relationships of people are formed and maintained.

Depending on the conditions, the object, the nature of work activity and the tasks solved in its process, many unique situations constantly arise and change, even extreme ones, which require adequate actions and methods from a person. In this case, certain contradictions arise, ways to resolve (remove) them are chosen, successes are achieved, and losses are incurred. In professional activity, a person exhibits subjective feelings, she reflects, experiences, evaluates, and strives for new results. In situations corresponding to these relations, much is repeated and becomes typical, which characterizes the independence of the profession and its moral foundations. This, in turn, places demands on people’s actions and determines the specifics of their behavior. As soon as certain professional relationships acquire qualitative stability, special moral attitudes begin to form that correspond to the nature of the work. Thus, professional morality arises with its main element - a norm that reflects the practical expediency of certain forms of relationships both within a professional group and in its relationships with society.

Each era leaves a significant imprint on moral professional standards and forms its own moral and ethical codes. Over time, professional morality becomes a relatively independent spiritual reality, begins to “live” in its own way, turns into an object of comprehension, analysis, assimilation and reproduction, and becomes an effective motivating force for representatives of the relevant professions.

This process actively occurred back in the era of feudalism, when, as a result of the intensive division of labor, numerous professional charters and codes (of craftsmen, judges, knights, monks, etc.) were formed. At first they expressed the desire of representatives of the upper classes to consolidate their privileges, and then this tendency became a means of economic protection, a form of social self-affirmation.

During the Middle Ages, social and corporate divisions deepened, the regulation of moral relations, and the backwardness of moral rules and regulations. These trends have especially intensified under capitalism. The rapid development of labor and the accompanying social contradictions led to anarchy of production; increased competition, social pessimism and individualism, in turn, contributed to the formation of closed clans, corporate groups and the formation of their inherent moral atmosphere and corresponding moral ideas.

So, development and changes in the norms of professional morality are accompanied by changes in the economic, socio-political, and spiritual spheres. These changes reflect the nature of production relations, forms of organization social labor, level scientific and technological progress etc.

Professional ethics regulates the moral relations of people in one of the main spheres of public life - labor activity (material-production, economic-economic, managerial, spiritual, cultural). Society can function normally and develop only as a result of the continuous production of material and spiritual values. And the well-being of the subjects of labor and society depends to a very large extent on the moral goals and content of people’s relationships in ensuring this process.

Under professional ethics It is customary to understand the historically established set of moral precepts, norms, codes, assessments, scientific theories about the mandatory behavior of a representative of a certain profession, his moral qualities arising from social functions and determined by the specifics of work activity 110.

Professional ethics in the field of ethical knowledge is a concretization of general ethical norms, brought to life not only by the specifics of the relationship of professional groups to society as a whole, but also by the peculiarities of interpersonal relationships in professional activities. The presence of specific relationships between people in professional groups forms the peculiarity of moral norms designed to regulate these relationships. Despite all the uniqueness of the goals and objectives of a particular profession, which are generated by various social conditions, they also have constant elements arising from the very nature of professional activity.

Society considers the moral qualities of an employee as one of the fundamental elements of professional suitability. Trans-moral norms must be particularly specified in his work activity, taking into account the specifics of work, the structure of moral relations inherent in this type of profession.

In modern society, the personal qualities of an individual are very revealingly manifested in his business characteristics, attitude to work, and level of professional suitability. All this determines the extreme relevance of the issues that make up the content of professional ethics. True professionalism is based on such moral standards as duty, honesty, demanding of oneself and one’s colleagues, responsibility for the results of work, etc. The nature of work activity in post-industrial society objectively dictates not only the inextricable unity of a person’s professional and moral qualities, but also provides for qualitative new level implementation of the latter.

Issues ethics of professional groups comes down to the following set of questions:

1) the moral status of the group;

2) professionally typical situations requiring a certain position;

3) moral duties and criteria for their fulfillment arising from ethics;

4) moral codes, formulated in the form of a set of moral values ​​and norms.

The specificity of the content of professional ethics can be expressed in different ways. In this case, general morality plays a decisive role and provides the professional with a special quality and orientation. Professional morality, being functional, cannot exist on its own, outside of general morality. At the same time, the general in professional morality will always be personified, translated into the tonality of professional sound, changes in each specific type of activity will be felt, reflected in its own way in a specific environment.

Due to the fact that the professions themselves differ not only in the object and volume of labor effort, but also in the goals of influence, specific types of professional morality and, accordingly, professional ethics are distinguished: political, legal, diplomatic, medical, pedagogical, theatrical, managerial ethics , scientist, journalist, etc.

Society places particularly high demands on representatives of these and other human-related professions, since their activities are connected with people. An important feature of these professions is the possibility of “invasion” into a person’s spiritual world, influence on her fate, which gives rise to special, often delicate moral conflicts. All this forms a complex system of mutually reciprocal, interdependent moral relations.

Along with professional requirements, their responsibilities in society, a social group, a team, a family and other entities have a great influence on the moral consciousness and behavior of people. A close combination of normative and non-normative morality is achieved on a voluntary basis, when relations between people develop as the practical implementation of ideas, views, principles, assessments contained in morality as a form of social consciousness and in normative - programmatic, statutory and other requirements of society. their simultaneous formation is carried out on the basis of social and individual existence, specific features of the life and activities of the corresponding professional teams, groups, communities. Moral requirements are deposited in the minds of people and from an externally acting factor develop into internal moral conviction, becoming a motive and stimulus for behavior both in professional activities and in public places and in the family. Intracollective moral relations

The highest form of practical morality in society, which accumulates promising changes in the moral progress of mankind.

Ethics cannot solve its problems autonomously; it is widely based on the theory of education, pedagogy, psychology, and other social sciences, and together with them it stimulates ethical and sociological directions in the study of man. In a complex of scientific research, she highlights the moral aspects of interaction between the individual and society, promotes translation moral ideal into the language of specific educational goals and objectives. What is important is not only the positive socially valuable result of human activity, but also the ways of achieving the goal, the degree of consciousness and especially the nobility of the internal motives of people’s activities, their value orientations and attitudes. And deviation from moral norms, their violation, moral permissiveness

All this leads to personality degradation.

The applied orientation in ethics is revealingly revealed in professional ethics. Along with the general moral ideas that are characteristic of everyone, in the sphere of professional activity the employee faces questions about the range of moral, and not just official, responsibilities, the qualities necessary for their implementation, such as communication with colleagues and other people. We are talking about the professional ethics of a certain person.

The development of professional ethics is a dialectic of the general and the specific. For its correct understanding, important methodology, the methodology of ethical research, acquires its own specificity in professional ethics.

As in classical ethics, professional ethics uses general and specific methods. Regarding the general ones, they remain unchanged in professional ethics. And the specificity of work activity leaves its mark and this is recorded in the process of studying professional ethics and revealing its features. Therefore, in this case it is worth noting the importance of specific research methods.

Specific methods are used mainly to study specific moral problems, including professional activities. The fundamental feature is that they are applied on the basis of a general methodology and arise as a real manifestation of the general in the specific, particular.

Especially great importance To study professional ethics, sociological research methods are used (analysis of various statistical materials, personal conversations, surveys, questionnaires, etc.). Like others humanitarian sciences, sociology also turns to mathematics, cybernetics, linguistics, psychology, etc. Using the structural approach, it is possible to model the structure of morality and explain the functional connections in it.

The philosophical nature of ethics opens up the possibility of applying moral assessments to various social phenomena and processes, primarily to labor activity. But ethical thought is not constrained by a professional narrow approach to real problems. Possessing relative independence, it not only deduces specific methods from philosophy and other sciences, but also takes into account the specifics own subject, produces and applies its own conceptual apparatus, which is constantly refined by including new and modified classical categories, concepts, etc.

Ethics in dialectical interaction considers ethical categories, principles, norms, taking into account that they reflect real moral relations, the richness of the moral life of society. The qualitative uniqueness of the object of activity and the nature of the relationship in each profession (doctor - patient, teacher - student, leader - subordinate, etc.), as well as its various social functions, give rise to special moral professional norms, requirements, and assessments. Professional ethics does not necessarily have to capture all the nuances of each profession (various directories list thousands of the most common specialties). Ethics can express the moral demands of not one, but groups of professions whose social functions, tasks and purposes coincide (doctors, engineers, teachers, managers, etc.).

In professional ethics, a system of specific moral norms with accompanying practical rules is formed, serving one or another area of ​​human activity.

These moral norms are professional and ethical, because their emergence and assimilation are not directly determined by any institutional conditions (education, official position), and their mastery is ensured mainly by the culture of the individual, his upbringing, his moral potential.

The content of professional ethics, “firstly, codes of conduct that prescribe a certain type of moral relationships between people that are optimal from the point of view of their professional activities; secondly, methods of justifying these codes, social and philosophical interpretation of the cultural and humanistic vocation of this profession ".

Professional ethics studies:

o the relationship of work collectives and each specialist in particular to society as a whole, classes, layers, their interests;

o moral qualities of a specialist’s personality, which ensure the best performance of professional duty;

o the specifics of moral relations between specialists and people who are the direct objects of their activities;

o relationships within professional groups and those moral standards specific to a given profession that reveal these relationships;

o professional activity as a moral personality trait;

o features of professional education, its goals and methods. Justification of the moral aspect of relationships between people in

the labor process provides:

Determining the purpose of work activity and its motivation,

Selection of normative guidelines and means of achieving the set goals,

Evaluation of labor results, their social and moral meaning. Professional morality functions not only at the level of theoretical

principles and attitudes, but also everyday ideas and in the practical sphere of people’s behavior in various types of work activities.

Professionalism and attitude to work are important qualitative characteristics of a person’s moral qualities. They are of paramount importance both in the personal assessment of the individual and in the assessment of him as a specialist.

Since professional ethics is formed on the basis of the characteristic duties and tasks of the profession, the situations in which people may find themselves in the process of performing these tasks, the latter influence its formation. In the process of work, certain moral relationships develop between people. They have a number of elements inherent in all types of professional activities, primarily the following:

o attitude towards social work;

o to participants in the labor process and

o moral relations that arise in the sphere of direct contact between the interests of professional groups with each other and society.

Professional ethics is not a consequence of inequality in the degree of morality of different professional groups. But society places particularly high moral demands on certain types of professional activity. These are types of activities that are capable of generating particularly acute moral conflicts, which in other types of activity arise only occasionally. These acute moral conflicts appear where issues of life and death, health, freedom and human dignity are decided, where the moral qualities of a specialist become decisive.

The specificity of the labor morality of those professional groups whose object of activity is the spiritual world of the individual lies in the presence of a set of special requirements, additional norms regulating the behavior of members of these professional groups in their relation to the object of labor and through it to society, as well as relations within these professional groups .

In these professions, on the basis of general principles of morality, unique codes of honor and professional behavior are produced, which, along with extra-moral rules, absorb all the experience of this type of human activity. Moreover, in some professions even the professional ability of a specialist largely depends on his moral qualities. This primarily concerns the work of a teacher, doctor, and lawyer.

When determining the degree of trust in an employee, society takes into account not only the level of education, the amount of special knowledge, skills and abilities. The relative opposition between action and deed, reflecting the operational and moral side of work activity, is leveled out for such professions. Professional simultaneously acts as moral.

It is in these areas that direct access to the human personality and its destiny is made. It is here that the dependence of one person on another is especially great. Basically, it is in these areas that an individual can find himself (especially in the field of medicine) almost completely dependent on the knowledge, skills, integrity and responsibility of another individual. Therefore, in these areas of professional activity, a social phenomenon of special moral responsibility arises, generated by a situation of extreme severity of moral conflict.

In addition to traditional professions, which, due to their specificity, require special moral regulation at the level of professional moral codes, in the modern world, due to the discovery of new information technologies, achievements of scientific and technological progress, features of social development and the functioning of social institutions appears whole line professions in which there is an internal need for certain rules imbued with moral content. We include the profession of sociologist among these.

These are professional areas in which the labor process itself is based on a high degree of coordination of the actions of its participants, exacerbating the need for solidarity behavior. Particular attention is paid to the moral qualities of workers in those professions that are associated with the right to manage people’s lives, significant material assets, some professions in the service sector, transport, management, healthcare, and education. Here we are not talking about the actual level of morality, but about duty, which, if left unrealized, may somehow interfere with the performance of professional functions.

The labor activity of people in these professions, more than others, is not subject to preliminary regulation and does not fit within the framework of service instructions or technological templates. It is inherently creative. The peculiarities of the work of these professional groups significantly complicate moral relations and a new element is added to them: interaction with people - the objects of their activities. Since their activity means an invasion into the inner world of a person, moral responsibility becomes crucial here.

• Systems of professional moral standards (for example, “professional ethics of a lawyer”)
• Directions for ethical research regarding the grounds of professional activity

Profession is a certain type of work activity that requires the necessary knowledge and skills acquired as a result of training and long-term labor practice. Professionalism is considered as a moral personality trait .

Professional ethics is understood as a set of norms, principles, ideals, as well as forms of practical behavior and mechanisms that facilitate their transmission (rituals, customs, ceremonies, traditions, etc.).

Professional ethics regulates the moral relations of people in the labor sphere and ensures the moral prestige of professional groups in society.

The tasks of professional ethics include identifying moral norms and assessments, judgments and concepts that characterize people in the role of representatives of a certain profession. Professional ethics develops norms, standards, and requirements specific to certain types of activities.

The term “ethics” is used here in the sense of “morality”; most likely, this usage is associated with the specifics of the formation of professional morality and the fact that from the early stages of its formation, many norms were recorded in writing, introduced into law, and supported through various professional regulations. The norms within professional moral codes are divided into two distinct groups: - norms and principles that determine communication and relationships within the profession; - norms that determine the relations of representatives of the profession with the rest of the population. Moral standards, and subsequently the codes of such social institutions as the army, church, medicine, etc. . These norms united people whose activities could no longer be defined only as a profession by common moral requirements. The ongoing differentiation of professional moral standards has led to the fact that there are practically no professions left that do not have special moral requirements within the framework of their activities. The process is based, first of all, on the deepening cooperation of labor in all spheres of human activity. Thus, everyone becomes increasingly dependent on the results of everyone’s work. The content of professional ethics is codes of conduct that prescribe a certain type of moral relationships between people and ways to justify these codes.

Professional ethics studies:

Relations between work collectives and each specialist individually;

Moral qualities and personality of a specialist that ensure the best performance of professional duty;

Relationships within professional teams, and those specific moral norms characteristic of a given profession;
- features of professional education.
Professional ethics is not a consequence of inequality in the degree of morality of different professional groups. It’s just that society has increased moral requirements for certain types of professional activities.

Basically, these are professional areas in which the labor process itself requires coordination of the actions of all its participants. Particular attention is paid to the moral qualities of workers in that field that are associated with the right to manage people’s lives; here we are talking not only about the level of morality, but also, first of all, about the proper performance of their professional duties.

These are professions from the service sectors, transport, management, healthcare, and education. The labor activity of people in these professions, more than any other, does not lend itself to preliminary regulation and does not fit within the framework of official instructions. It is inherently creative.

The peculiarities of the work of these professional groups complicate moral relations and a new element is added to them: interaction with people - the objects of activity. This is where moral responsibility becomes crucial. Society considers the moral qualities of an employee as one of the leading elements of his professional suitability.

General moral norms must be specified in a person’s work activity, taking into account the specifics of his profession.
Each type of human activity - scientific, pedagogical, artistic, etc. - corresponds to certain types of professional ethics.

Types of professional ethics

Professional types of ethics are those specific features of professional activity that are aimed directly at a person in certain conditions of his life and activity in society and relate only to those types of professional activity in which there is various kinds of dependence of people on the actions of a professional, that is, consequences or the processes of these actions have a special impact on the lives and destinies of other people or humanity.

In this regard, there are traditional types professional ethics, such as pedagogical, medical, legal, scientist’s ethics, and relatively new ones, the emergence or actualization of which is associated with the increasing role of “ human factor» in a given type of activity (engineering ethics) or strengthening its influence in society (journalistic ethics, bioethics).

a) professional solidarity (sometimes degenerating into corporatism);
b) a special understanding of duty and honor;

c) a special form of responsibility determined by the subject and type of activity.

Particular principles arise from the specific conditions, content and specifics of a particular profession and are expressed mainly in moral codes - requirements in relation to specialists.

Professionalism and attitude to work are important qualitative characteristics of a person’s moral character. They are of paramount importance in the personal assessment of an individual.

Particular attention is paid to the moral qualities of workers in those professions that involve the right to control people’s lives, significant material assets, some professions in the service sector, transport, management, healthcare, education, and so on. Here we are not talking about the actual level of morality, but about an obligation, which, if left unrealized, can in any way interfere with the performance of professional functions.

Medical ethics set out in the “Code of Ethics of the Russian Doctor”, adopted in 1994 by the Association of Russian Doctors. Previously, in 1971, the physician's oath was created Soviet Union. The idea of ​​a high moral character and example of ethical behavior of a doctor is associated with the name of Hippocrates. Traditional medical ethics resolves the issue of personal contact and personal qualities of the relationship between the doctor and the patient, as well as the doctor’s guarantees not to harm a specific individual.

Biomedical ethics(bioethics) is a specific form of modern professional ethics of a doctor, it is a system of knowledge about the permissible limits of manipulating the life and death of a person. Manipulation must be regulated morally. Bioethics is a form of protection of human biological life. The main problem of bioethics: suicide, euthanasia, definition of death, transplantology, experimentation on animals and humans, the relationship between doctor and patient, attitude towards mentally disabled people, hospice organization, childbirth (genetic engineering, artificial insemination, surrogate motherhood, abortion, contraception) . The goal of bioethics is to develop appropriate regulations for modern biomedical activities. In 1998, under the Moscow Patriarchate, with the blessing of His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II, the Council on Biomedical Ethics was created. It included famous theologians, clergy, doctors, scientists, and lawyers.

Professional morality in journalism began to take shape along with journalistic activities. However, the process of its formation lasted for centuries and reached certainty only with the transformation of the journalistic profession into a mass one. It ended only at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, when the first codes were created and the professional and moral consciousness of the journalistic community acquired a documented form of existence. A journalist, mastering the postulates of professional morality during his professional development, enters into professional and moral relationships with colleagues, which, unlike moral ones as such, presuppose the possibility of institutionally organized and direct intervention of the corporation in his behavior. However, this intervention differs significantly from administrative influence, since its goal is not coercion, but motivation.

The professional ethics of a journalist, like other types of professional ethics, began to take shape directly in their work activities. It manifested itself in the course of codifying those professional and moral ideas that spontaneously developed within the framework of the method of journalistic activity and were, in one way or another, recorded by the professional consciousness of the journalistic community. The appearance of the first codes meant the completion of a long process of formation of professional journalistic morality and at the same time opened a new stage in its development. This new stage was based on targeted self-knowledge of journalistic activity and the practical application of its results.

A special manifestation of professional ethics is economic ethics(“business ethics”, “business ethics”). Economic ethics is an ancient science. It began with Aristotle in his works “Ethics”, “Nicomachean Ethics”, “Politics”. Aristotle does not separate economics from economic ethics. He advises his son Nicomachus to engage only in the production of goods. Its principles were developed in the ideas and concepts of Catholic and Protestant theologians, who for a long time pondered intensely on the problems of business ethics. One of the first ethical-economic concepts was that of Henry Ford, one of the founders of the US automobile industry. He believed that happiness and prosperity are achieved only by honest work and that this is the ethical common sense, the essence of Ford's economic ethics lies in the idea that the produced product is not just an implemented “business theory”, but “something more” - a theory whose goal is to create a source of joy from the world of things. Power and machinery, money and property are useful only insofar as they contribute to the freedom of life. These economic principles of G. Ford are of practical importance even today.

Economic ethics is a set of norms of behavior for an entrepreneur, the requirements imposed by a cultural society on his style of work, the nature of communication between business participants, and their social appearance. Economic ethics includes business etiquette, which is formed under the influence of traditions and certain prevailing historical conditions of a particular country. The main postulates of the entrepreneur's ethical code are the following: he is convinced of the usefulness of his work not only for himself, but also for others, for society as a whole; proceeds from the fact that the people around him want and know how to work; believes in business and regards it as attractive creativity; recognizes the need for competition, but also understands the need for cooperation; respects any property, social movements, respects professionalism and competence, laws; values ​​education, science and technology. These basic principles of ethics business man can be specified in relation to various areas of his professional activity. For Russia, problems of economic ethics are becoming of great importance. This is explained by the rapid formation of market relations in our country.

IN legal activity The main problem is the relationship between legality and justice. The conservatism of legislation and the complexity of the relations it regulates can create situations in which some versions of the verdict, formally corresponding to the letter of the law, will contradict it in spirit and will be unfair. For the legal profession, justice is the main postulate, the goal of activity.

The lawyer's strict obedience to the law promotes his independence. Both judges and prosecutorial authorities, within the limits of their competence, exercise their powers independently of the authorities state power and management, public and political organizations, movements. A judge, prosecutor, investigator does not have the right to yield to local influences, or to be guided by the advice, instructions or requests of individuals or institutions. The principle of independence and subordination only to the law dictates important moral requirements. A lawyer (judge, prosecutor, lawyer, etc.) is a specialist who is driven solely by a sense of duty, should not allow compromises, deals with conscience, or succumb to any influence, he should serve only the law and justice.

The work of a lawyer is directly related to the protection of human dignity. Therefore, moral standards based on recognition of the value of a person as an individual are integral components of a lawyer’s professional ethics. It is important to resist deformation, spiritual callousness, and transformation into a kind of cog in legal proceedings. This approach requires high personal qualities from a legal worker, but it is precisely this approach that fills justice and legal activity with humanistic content.

The specifics of a lawyer’s work involve special moral situations that are not encountered among representatives of other professions. For example, in the operational work of the criminal police, secrecy (secrecy), disinformation (lies) or pretense (moral disguise) in relation to criminals is allowed. As for the legal process, a lawyer who has learned from the defendant that it was he who committed the crime, despite the fact that the defendant falsely insists on his innocence at trial, does not have the right to act as a witness against him. These examples are a typical conflict within the framework of the general and the specific in morality. Therefore, it should be noted once again that such moral specificity of the profession does not contradict general principles morality, but is their addition and specification in relation to the conditions of legal activity. This is also important to emphasize because legal professionals, who are constantly faced with negative manifestations of human nature, must have a moral justification for their professional choice, a kind of moral “immunity.”

Actual violations of moral standards in the legal environment, as a rule, cause a huge public outcry. And this is natural - the increased moral requirements for employees of the legal profession on and off duty (for example, the Code of Honor of Judges of the Russian Federation of 1993) are explained by the special trust in them from society and the responsible nature of the functions they perform. People who decide the destinies of others, demanding that they comply with the law, must have not only an official, but also a moral right to do so.

Entrepreneur Ethics in modern scientific literature coincides with the concepts of “business ethics”, “economic ethics”, “business ethics”, “market ethics”, etc. First of all, this is a set of norms of behavior for an entrepreneur in negotiations, during communication, drawing up documentation, etc. etc., reflecting the specifics of its activities, and also often determined by the historical conditions of a particular country.

To develop entrepreneurial ethics, certain conditions are needed: political and economic freedom, stability of legislation, the presence of traditions, etc.

Business ethics is already formed within the framework of the “economic cell” - the labor collective. Service relationships should be built on partnership, based on mutual requests and needs, and on the interests of the business. Such cooperation undoubtedly increases labor and creative activity and is an important factor in the technological process of production and business.

When interacting with other “cells” these rules are preserved. Respect for a business partner does not allow you to manipulate him in your own interests or suppress him. Honesty increases the degree of trust and mutual understanding between partners. A conscientious attitude towards one's responsibilities contributes to the implementation of planned plans. This lays the foundations for long-term mutually beneficial cooperation.

Currently, a certain procedure for behavior in business and during business contacts has been developed, the so-called business etiquette. It helps to avoid mistakes or smooth them out in accessible, generally accepted ways. Therefore, the main function or meaning of business person etiquette can be defined as the formation of such rules of behavior in the business community that promote mutual understanding between people in the process of communication.

Etiquette is one of the main “tools” for creating an image. In modern business, the face of the company plays a significant role. Those companies in which etiquette is not observed lose a lot. Where it exists, productivity is higher and results are better. It is more convenient to work with such a company, i.e. etiquette creates a comfortable psychological climate conducive to business contacts.

For Russia, problems of economic ethics are of particular importance. They are greatly influenced complex nature formation of market relations, ambiguous historical traditions and a wide range of manifestations of mass consciousness. Entrepreneurs in Russia should remember that personal enrichment is not a criterion of a person’s moral attitude towards work, and profit is not the goal of personal development.

Social work ethics- this is a manifestation of general moral standards in social services. In the professional activities of such specialists, which consist in providing assistance to individuals, families, social groups or communities, moral and ethical standards play a role special role. They are reflected in the professional and ethical code of social workers in Russia.

The basic principles of professional ethics of a social worker include: responsibility to the client, responsibility to the profession and colleagues, responsibility to society.

The requirements for the personal and moral qualities of a social worker are also dictated by the specifics of his work. He must have developed feelings of duty, goodness and justice, self-dignity and respect for the dignity of another person; tolerance, politeness, decency, emotional stability; personal adequacy to self-esteem, level of aspirations and social adaptation. It is also important to have certain teaching skills. Compliance by social work specialists with ethical standards prevents the negative consequences of social services.

You can also talk about the etiquette of a social worker. It includes: a) communication skills, international standards of behavior for social workers; b) the established procedure for the behavior of social service workers when meeting and introducing themselves, treating colleagues and clients; c) the art of conversation, telephone conversations, negotiations, business correspondence, etiquette for protocol events at national and international conferences, symposiums; d) norms of behavior on the street, in the community, in the client’s family, at the client’s work, in public transport, in public associations, churches, etc.

Management ethics- a science that examines the actions and behavior of a person acting in the field of management, and the functioning of an organization as a “total 18 manager” in relation to its internal and external environment in the aspect in which the actions of the manager and the organization correlate with universal ethical requirements.

Currently, the basic principles and rules of business conduct are formulated in ethical codes. These may be standards by which individual firms live (corporate codes), or rules governing relationships within an entire industry (professional codes). 2.3.3. Basic principles of professional ethics Professional ethics governs relationships between people business communication. Professional ethics is based on certain norms, requirements and principles.

Principles are abstract, generalized ideas that enable those who rely on them to correctly form their behavior and actions in the business sphere. The principles provide a specific employee in any organization with a conceptual ethical platform for decisions, actions, actions, interactions, etc. The order of the ethical principles considered is not determined by their significance.

Essence first principle comes from the so-called gold standard: “Within the framework of your official position, never allow such actions towards your subordinates, management, colleagues, clients, etc., that you would not want to see towards yourself.”

Second principle: Fairness is needed when providing employees with the resources necessary for their work activities (monetary, raw materials, material, etc.).

Third principle requires mandatory correction of an ethical violation, regardless of when and by whom it was committed.

Fourth principle– principle of maximum progress: official conduct and an employee's actions are considered ethical if they contribute to the development of the organization (or its departments) from a moral point of view.

Fifth principle– the principle of minimum progress, according to which the actions of an employee or organization as a whole are ethical if they at least do not violate ethical standards.

Sixth principle: ethical is the tolerant attitude of the organization’s employees towards moral principles, traditions, etc., that take place in other organizations, regions, countries.

Eighth principle: individual and collective principles are equally recognized as the basis when developing and making decisions in business relations.

Ninth principle: You should not be afraid to have your own opinion when resolving any official issues. However, nonconformism as a personality trait should manifest itself within reasonable limits.

Tenth principle - no violence, i.e., “pressure” on subordinates, expressed in various forms, for example, in an orderly, commanding manner of conducting an official conversation.

Eleventh principle - constancy of impact, expressed in the fact that ethical standards can be introduced into the life of an organization not with a one-time order, but only with the help of continuous efforts on the part of both the manager and ordinary employees.

Twelfth principle - when influencing (on a team, an individual employee, a consumer, etc.), take into account the strength of possible resistance. The fact is that while recognizing the value and necessity of ethical standards in theory, many workers, when faced with them in practical everyday work, for one reason or another begin to resist them.

Thirteenth principle consists in the advisability of making advances based on trust - the employee’s sense of responsibility, his competence, his sense of duty.

Fourteenth principle strongly recommends striving for non-conflict. Although conflict in the business sphere has not only dysfunctional but also functional consequences, nevertheless, conflict is a fertile ground for ethical violations.

Fifteenth principle– freedom that does not limit the freedom of others; Usually this principle, although in an implicit form, is determined by job descriptions.

Sixteenth principle: The employee must not only act ethically himself, but also encourage his colleagues to do the same.

Seventeenth principle: Don't criticize your competitor. This means not only a competing organization, but also an “internal competitor” - a team from another department, a colleague in whom one can “see” a competitor. These principles should serve as the basis for each employee of any company to develop their own personal ethical system. The content of companies' ethical codes originates from the principles of ethics.

The requirements of professional ethics are becoming increasingly complex. Society cannot rely only on traditional mechanisms for assimilating them. Therefore, the practice of professional ethical education includes: - the creation of ethical associations; - the practice of various instructions and memos, which draw attention to possible deviations from ethical standards, is widespread. 2.3.4. Service ethics Service ethics is the most broad concept in the field of professional ethics. Office ethics is understood as a set of the most general norms, rules and principles of human behavior in the sphere of his professional, production and service activities. . Every person who starts working must comply with these standards. The number of these norms is small. The overwhelming majority of them are formulated in extremely general view, so as to be detailed in relation to specific activities. Requirements of professional ethics:1. Discipline; 2. Saving material resources provided to the employee to carry out production activities; 3. Correctness of interpersonal relationships. A person in the sphere of his work activity must behave in such a way that interpersonal conflicts arise as little as possible, and so that other people feel comfortable working next to him in direct and indirect interpersonal contact. All these requirements are divided into two subgroups: The first group: includes requirements in interpersonal contacts along the vertical (subordinate - manager). Here the main requirement for a subordinate is recognition of the manager’s very right to give orders, which includes the functional responsibilities assumed by a person under an employment contract. The subordinate must, based on these duties, structure his behavior accordingly and not use various forms of evasion of orders. Evasion can be open, public, with certain conditions imposed on the leader. It can be hidden, take on the nature of a secret (with the help of facial expressions, gestures, individual words) provoking the manager into open actions against a subordinate. In these situations, the subordinate may often appear to those around him as the suffering party, and the manager’s reaction to him may be inadequate. One of the reasons for such behavior of subordinates may be the desire to acquire certain social capital, to look persecuted, to acquire the status of an informal leader, to achieve some benefits for themselves, etc. 2.3.5. Management Ethics Management ethics is the second largest concept after service ethics. This is a set of norms, rules, principles, ideals that determine the behavior of people in the sphere of exercising power and administrative powers, i.e. in the field of management. All norms of management ethics can be divided into two groups: norms associated with the decision-making process and norms regulating the process of communication with subordinates and other managers (horizontally and vertically). The rules governing the decision-making process can be divided into three subgroups: A. Rules governing the process of raising a problem and preparing a solution. Responsibility must pervade all decisions of a leader. The peculiarity of moral consequences is that they can change their meaning from a positive initial result to a negative one later and vice versa. In a broad sense, a leader needs such qualities as professionalism, competence, confidence in his competence, will, organizational skills and a general set of leader qualities: self-confidence, the ability to captivate people, the ability to “ignite” interest in the business, etc. But any of these qualities, presented in excess, can turn into its opposite. Thus, the will to achieve a goal turns into the imposition of one’s desires, confidence in one’s competence turns into belief in one’s infallibility. Belief in infallibility, combined with excess will, gives rise to a specific type of leader who always feels he is right and strives under any conditions and, regardless of the possible consequences, to insist on his own at all costs. At the first stage of preparing management decisions, a contradiction often arises between knowledge about the need for specific changes and ignorance of specific ways, methods and means of these changes, ignorance of the functioning mechanism of the object that needs to be managed. It is necessary to clearly understand the fact that any management problem that arises has at least two, and more often, many possible solutions. Solutions differ: · Duration of achieving the desired result; · Material costs; · Amount of funds and structures attracted; · Features of satisfying a palette of interests different people, social groups, organizations, political forces interested in this decision.B. Rules governing the process of discussion and decision making. At the stage of discussion and decision-making, the leader should strive to ensure that, if possible, representatives of all groups, segments of the population, all those whose interests may be affected by the decision taken, take part in the discussion. It is necessary that the most complete examination data and statistical data on possible solution options be presented for discussion. If during the discussion it becomes obvious that the leader's preferred solution option is less satisfying the interests of various groups than another, the leader leading the discussion must have the courage to give up his opinion in favor of the majority, and not insist on the wrong solution option that he chose exactly him. C. Execution and control over the execution of the decision. There is a point of view that the execution of a decision is a purely administrative process, which includes formalizing the decision, identifying executors, bringing the assigned tasks to their attention, drawing up a plan for implementing the decision, etc. In fact, the main thing in the execution of a decision is that at the moment of its execution, a decision made in relation to any organization (system) can introduce this system into a state of instability. The main responsibility of the manager in the process of monitoring the implementation of the decision is to monitor the state of the system to detect signs of instability. If such signs appear, it is necessary to either stop the process of executing the decision or take some corrective action.

2.3.6. Stages of formation and development of professional morality

The specificity of the formation of professional morality is characterized by the fact that from the early stages of its formation, many norms were recorded in writing, introduced into law, and supported through various professional regulations.

The formation of professional ethics standards dates back to the period of early slave-owning society, when the first relatively mass professions began to take shape.

In early written sources there is evidence that more than 4,000 years ago people realized the need for certain moral prohibitions in a number of professions, and that the professions themselves, or rather belonging to them, can form in people a number of both positive and negative moral qualities .

However, it passed long time while in a slave society Ancient Greece The first prototypes of future professional moral codes began to take shape.

First stage. Perhaps the first oath of allegiance to the profession appeared among people called to serve man. The promise-oath that was given in Ancient Greece by doctors graduating from the so-called school of Asclepiads said: “I will, to the best of my ability and understanding, arrange the lifestyle of the sick for their benefit, and I will protect them from all harm and vice. Whatever happens to see and hear in front of me medical activities I will remain silent about this, and consider as a secret that which is not subject to publication.”

The provisions developed by the Asclepiad school echoed the ideas of the famous Hippocratic Oath, which has not lost its significance to this day.

Professional morality initially develops among professions whose representatives directly interact with people in the performance of their professional duties: doctors, teachers, educators, politicians, scribes, priests, temple servants, etc. In these contacts, they could influence the physical and moral state of people, cause them harm, and destabilize the social situation.

The number of norms in the first professional codes was small. They touched upon the most general aspects of professional activity, many of them were descriptive in nature and did not reach the degree of general abstraction, as was the case in later periods of the development of professional moral norms.

Second phase in the development of professional morality comes the era late Middle Ages, there were several reasons for this.

First of all, the strengthening of statehood and the formation of norms of absolutist power, which predetermined the formation and strengthening of such social institutions as the army, church, and civil service. Secondly, the rapid growth of cities in medieval Europe, which gave rise to the separation of professions serving the population and made people dependent on each other’s labor.

New stage in the development of professional morality was marked by the formation of several trends:

The range of professions in respect of which moral requirements were formed has expanded significantly, mainly due to professions that came into contact with the population not directly, but through the result of their work. Vivid evidence this process are the codes of craft shops (statutes), which included requirements for the fulfillment of certain moral obligations.

Secondly, the norms within professional moral codes began to be divided into two distinct groups: norms and principles that determine communication and relationships within the profession and norms that determine the relations of representatives of the profession with the rest of the population. This division was caused by the fact that by this time people had appreciated the extent to which the assessment and recognition of their work depended on the characteristics of the work, behavior and attitude towards the profession of their colleagues in the craft.

This is due to the fact that in Western Europe at that time cities and trade were rapidly developing, so when people bought a product, they least of all thought about the identity of the person who made this product.

First of all, new moral norms were aimed at ensuring the proper quality of work and manufactured products by all members of the professional fraternity, then a number of norms determined the specifics of communication between people of the same profession, to create a favorable professional community.

The concept of professional ethics and professional morality

Professional ethics this set of stable norms and rules that a worker must follow in his activities arose in ancient times, when it could not be a separate, isolated branch of knowledge.

Professional ethics is not only the science of professional morality, but also the moral self-awareness of the total professional group, its ideology and psychology.

Professional ethics, like ethics in general, are not developed, but are developed gradually in the process of everyday joint activities of people. Professional ethics systematizes the experience accumulated in the process of historical practice, characteristic of a given type of activity, generalizes it and improves it as this type of activity improves. Therefore, professional ethics can be considered as a type of general morality, which carries specific features determined by the type and type of activity, i.e. it is applied scientific discipline, studying professional morality.

However, it can be considered as applied moral theory existing in a professional environment. In everyday practice, professional ethics is a set of standards of behavior for specialists.

Standards of professional ethics are subject to change under the influence of both external and internal factors relative to the profession. They directly, at every moment in time, influence the behavior of specialists, prompting them to act in a certain way.

So, professional ethics is understood as a set of norms, principles, ideals, as well as forms of practical behavior and mechanisms that facilitate their transmission (rituals, customs, ceremonies, traditions, etc.). The term “ethics” is used here in the sense of “morality”; most likely, this use of the word is associated with the specifics of the formation of professional morality and the fact that from the early stages of its formation, many norms were recorded in writing, introduced into law, and supported through various professional regulations.

Professional morals can be defined as a type of spiritual and practical mastery of reality, delimited by the framework of creative professional activity, the meaning of which is to regulate the relationships of participants in the labor process in order to affirm the humanistic purpose of professional activity, universal moral values ​​in the profession.

Talking about structure of professional morality, the following elements can be distinguished:

1. professional and moral consciousness,

2. behavior,

3. relationships.

Professional and moral consciousness– is an element of the professional culture of a lawyer, therefore, each specialist must have the necessary amount of legal knowledge, skills and abilities to apply the law, and the habit of complying with legal regulations in accordance with their letter and spirit.

The last two formations constitute the objective side of professional morality, objectified in the conditions of professional activity in real actions and interpersonal relationships; the actual subjective side is represented by professional moral consciousness. The latter is a reflection of specific moral requirements as a way of regulating professional activity.

Professional and moral behavior- this is a set of actions performed by a person within the framework of professional activity and revealing the state of the value and motivational aspects of his professional and moral consciousness.

Professional and moral relations– these are relationships that develop in the process of professional activity, regulated by professional and moral norms and covering the moral aspect of interaction between members of the professional community; between them and society; in relationship with the object of professional activity. These relationships acquire a moral character only if they affirm the recognition of the value of the personality of people who are both participants in the interaction and objects of influence. And only in this case should they become the basis of intersubjective connections that arise in the conditions of professional activity, even if these connections are not direct, but are expressed indirectly - through the transformation of reality in order to meet the needs of other people.

« The materialization of professional morality occurs through the creation of professional codes, the structure and content blocks of which are determined by the objective logic of the real space of professional activity. In the conditions of any of them, several types of relationships develop, which necessarily require the inclusion of moral regulators:

1. to the object (subject) of labor;

2. to participants in the labor process (within a professional group);

3. to members of other professional groups;

4. to society as a whole;

5. to the profession itself, its values, norms, etc.

Professional morals is a system of moral requirements, norms, and values ​​characteristic of people engaged in a certain type of professional activity. Main moral factors of labor activities are:

a) attitude towards those to whom the work activity is directed (or towards society as a whole);

b) attitude towards other participants in labor activity;

c) attitude towards the product (result) of labor.

Features of professional ethics

Professional ethics studies:

1. relations between work collectives and each specialist individually;

2. moral qualities of a specialist’s personality, which ensure the best performance of professional duty;

3. relationships within professional teams, and those specific moral norms characteristic of a given profession;

4. features of professional education.

Professional ethics is a set of certain duties and norms of behavior that support the moral prestige of professional groups in society.

IN tasks of professional ethics included

1. identification of moral standards and assessments,

2. judgments,

3. concepts that characterize people in the role of representatives of a certain profession.

4. influencing the consciousness of a specialist with the aim of improving him as an individual and as a professional and promoting the most complete and effective solution professional tasks.

Professional ethics develops norms, standards, and requirements specific to certain types of activities.

Professional ethics is designed to:

1. explain morality and teach morality,

2. instill moral principles and ideas about duty and honor,

3. morally educate employees.

4. help people behave correctly with people, communicate in the production team, etc.

5. teach to follow moral standards accepted as the norm of behavior of people in certain activities. The employee must be guided by these standards. By looking up to this standard, a service worker must cultivate the appropriate personal quality.

6. regulate human relations in the sphere of production.

Each profession has its own specifics of the accepted and current value system. Moreover, the same act can be considered as

1. moral,

2. non-moral (or neutral)

3. and even immoral, depending on how it expresses its attitude towards current system values.

Moral action is an act of an individual that meets the high standards and expectations of the society around him, and also does not contradict it inner essence and corresponding to his perception of the surrounding world, representing a harmoniously developed beginning.

Moral action- This is a highly moral act that complies with the rules of morality.

Moral action- this is an act of an individual that satisfies the high standards and expectations of the society around him, and also does not contradict his inner essence and corresponds to his perception of the world around him, representing a harmoniously developed principle that contributes to the development of the human personality in love for his neighbor, kindness and piety of intentions, both internal essence, as well as actions expressed in the form of a certain act, for this is the ultimate goal of the aspiration of a truly righteous individual))).

Immoral act- this is an act of an individual that does not satisfy the high standards and expectations of the society around him, as well as contradicts his inner essence and does not correspond to his perception of the world around him, does not represent a harmoniously developed beginning.

The basis of professional ethics in the service sector is intolerance of neglect of public interests, a high consciousness of public duty.

The importance of professional ethics is that it is one of the important directions of social progress, a condition for continuity in the world of work. And also, when general morality degrades, professional morality replaces and complements its functions of stabilizing and improving society.

Professional ethics is a set of moral norms that determine a person’s attitude towards his professional duty. The moral relations of people in the labor sphere are regulated by professional ethics. Society can function and develop normally only as a result of the continuous process of production of material and valuables.

Concepts of professional ethics

The main concepts of professional ethics are the concepts professional duty, recording a person's job responsibilities, professional honor, indicating the place and role of this profession in the life of society, etc.

Duty– this is a social necessity expressed in moral requirements for the individual. Fulfilling the requirements of duty, the individual acts as a bearer of certain moral duties to society, who is aware of them and implements them in his activities. In the category of debt, the obligatory incentive is strong. Duty not only clearly formulates the idea itself, but also gives it an imperative character: it calls, demands, insists on its implementation. To be a man of duty means not only to know its essence, its requirements, but also to follow these requirements in practice.

Duty– one of the main categories of ethics, since the sphere of morality is the sphere of what should be (to be honest, to be fair, etc.). Duty is a social necessity expressed in moral requirements for the individual. In other words, this is the transformation of a common moral requirement into a personal task for a specific person, formulated in relation to his position and a certain situation. Debt has long received special recognition in the work of a lawyer.

Professional duty– this is a compulsion, acting as an internal experience, to act in accordance with the needs emanating from the values ​​formed by professional activity.

Professional duty- This is not only his duty to society, but also his responsibility to everyone. Professional duty represents the unity of the legal and moral aspects.

Professional duty– duties and responsibilities that an employee assumes as a specialist and is personally responsible for the decisions he makes and the actions he takes in the process of activity.

Professional duty of a lawyer

Professional duty of a lawyer– a set of legal and moral requirements imposed on a lawyer in the exercise of his official powers. Thus, the professional and moral duty of the investigator excludes delay in inspecting the scene of the incident or refusal to conduct it.

How component public duty The professional duty of a lawyer is the basis of moral relations in professional legal activity.

Professional duty of a lawyer has objective and subjective sides, i.e. is moral in objective and subjective terms.

The moral value of the objective content of debt (the objective side of debt) is that it is subordinated to the solution of the highest and fairest task: protecting the individual, his rights and legitimate interests, ensuring law and order in the country. The objective side of duty represents clearly formulated tasks set by the state for legal workers.

The moral value of duty in its subjective expression is manifested in the case when the public duties assigned by the state to legal workers are perceived as fair and true, are recognized by them as personal deep-seated needs and beliefs, and become voluntary and purposeful activities. The subjective side of duty is an internal conviction of the justice and rightness of the cause to which life is dedicated.

Professional duty of a lawyer– the focus (center) of the connection between the entire set of moral norms and principles that guide him and his professional practical activities. Duty reveals the active nature of morality, which consists in translating what is morally conscious into what is achieved. In duty, theory is transformed into practice, moral principles and norms - into real actions and deeds. Professional duty mobilizes a lawyer or a working group (team) to perform the work efficiently, on time, with the greatest effective result, forcing them to use all physical and moral forces to achieve their goals.

Honor– the concept of moral consciousness and the category of ethics; includes moments of awareness by the individual of his social significance and recognition of this significance by society. Being a form of manifestation of the individual’s attitude towards himself and society towards the individual, honor appropriately regulates a person’s behavior and the attitude of others towards him. Honor is based on the differentiated assessment of people. There are distinctions between national, professional, collective and individual honor. (Philosophical Dictionary)

Professional honor- this is recognition by public opinion and awareness by law enforcement officers themselves of the high social value (need and importance) of selflessly fulfilling their duty. Earning the title “man of honor” can only be accomplished by impeccably fulfilling official duties and moral requirements.

General principles of professional ethics

Are common principles of professional ethics, based on universal human moral standards, suggest the following:

1. the highest moral values, while maintaining their universal significance, acquire some special features in them (for example, manifestations of good and evil in legal practice, suffering and compassion in medicine);

2. within a specific specialty, specific professional moral norms and values ​​are formed, which are characteristic only for a given type of activity, but subsequently can, acquiring an increasingly broader meaning, sometimes turn into universal values ​​(for example, the principle of justice from the main principle of jurisprudence has grown to a universal value) ;

3. in the sphere of professional communication, the equality of the parties is violated, which is not some kind of humiliation, but is provided for by special conditions of interaction between the parties (for example, in the teacher-student relationship, doctor-patient, investigator-suspect, etc.);

One of the aspects of professional ethics is its corporatism - devotion to narrow group interests within professional associations.