Types of vessels - domestic classification. Types of sea cargo ships
In 1998, the German company Dockwise Shipping became an organization for the transportation of large cargo. Her assistants were ships of the "Mighty Servant" class, carrying cargo worth many millions of dollars. This class of semi-submersible cargo ships was built at the Kaohsiung shipyard in China. Such a sea vessel has a fairly narrow specialization. It is designed for moving oversized, extremely heavy cargo, such as sections of offshore platforms and oil installations, submarines, cranes, ships, berths, etc. Moreover, it provides loading and unloading independently, without additional cranes.
This is achieved using FLO/FLO (Float-on/Float-off) technology. When it is necessary to load some heavy cargo onto a transport ship, first, through 16 kingstons, the ballast tanks are filled with sea water and the ship is immersed to a depth of 26 meters. This takes about 12 hours, and during this time up to 77,000 tons of water are poured into the tanks. After stabilizing the sea vessel, loading begins. The loading process is a very responsible event, requiring special knowledge, prudence, extreme care and coherence of the entire team from all workers, and it can also be very time-consuming. Using tugs, the cargo is pushed and held above deck level until the ship is raised to its normal position.
A team of welders then secures the load to the metal deck. The cargo is checked by divers. Then the water is slowly pumped out, and the ship takes on the floating cargo.
Vessels of the "Mighty Servant" type are built from special materials and have a very durable hull, which allows them to make ocean crossings. The ship has a sports and entertainment complex for the crew - saunas, swimming pool, Gym etc.
It takes about 12 hours to dive, because the tanks under the bottom of the ship must be filled evenly. After the sea vessel is submerged and stabilized, loading begins. The loading process is a very responsible event, requiring special knowledge, prudence, extreme care and coherence of the entire team from all workers, and it can also be very time-consuming. Using tugs, the cargo is pushed and held above deck level until the ship is raised to its normal position.
A team of welders then secures the load to the metal deck. The cargo is checked by divers. Then the water is slowly pumped out, and the ship takes on the floating cargo.
Semi-submersible vessels are built from special materials; they have a very durable hull, which allows them to make ocean crossings. The ship has a sports and entertainment complex for the crew - saunas, a swimming pool, a gym and a cinema hall.
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Some of the largest moving objects created by man are ships. Exists a large number of all kinds of vessels used for various purposes. There are quite a lot of huge ships, but there are even more big ones, so instead of listing them all, we decided to make a rating of the largest ships in their class, which included only 9 representatives, but what kind!
9 Yacht “Eclipse”
Our rating opens with the largest and most expensive yacht in the world, which belongs to one of richest people Russia to Roman Abramovich. The yacht was launched in 2009 in Hamburg and was equipped with a 12-seater mini-sub, a missile warning system, bulletproof glass, two helicopters with landing pads, four pleasure boats, 20 motor scooters and infrared lasers that prevent shooting with digital equipment. . The yacht itself consists of 9 decks, on which there are cabins with an area of 500 square meters with a stage and a piano, the owner’s personal deck 56 meters long, 11 luxury cabins for 24 passengers, a gym with a sauna, a 16 meter long swimming pool, a cinema room, dance hall, two kitchens and staff quarters for 92 people. Number of crew and service personnel- 70 people. The length of the yacht is 162 meters, width – 21 meters, displacement – 13,000 tons. The cost of the yacht is 340 million euros.
8 Ulysses ferry
This world's largest passenger ferry is the pride of Ireland. It operates 4 flights per day, covering 230 kilometers per flight between the UK and Ireland. In addition to passengers, this ferry also carries a lot of all kinds of cargo, and the reason for this is the island lifestyle of the nation, which requires an inexhaustible turnover of goods, which depends on sea routes. The sea ferry “Ulysses” can be loaded and unloaded in 90 minutes thanks to its ingenious design, which allows loading and unloading on two decks simultaneously. There are 117 double and 110 single cabins on board.
From the boarding ramp, passengers enter a main lobby that rivals a luxury hotel. The cabins offer all the benefits of a regular hotel room, huge shopping mall, cinema and restaurants are on other decks. The passenger ferry is twice the size of its predecessors and is not afraid of ten-meter waves. The cargo-passenger ship has 12 decks and four kilometers of lanes for the movement of vehicles. Its length is 209 meters, width is 31 meters, displacement is 50,000 tons. The ferry can accommodate: trucks or trailers - 240 units, cars - 1342 units, passengers - 1900 people.
7 Livestock ship “Stella Deneb”
The world's largest livestock ship was launched in 1980. One of large companies livestock transportation Siba Ships carried out the world's largest livestock transportation in 2007. The route ran from the port of Townsville, Australia to one of the ports of Indonesia. 20,060 heads of large fish were loaded on board the vessel “Stella Deneb” cattle and 2564 heads of sheep and goats. To deliver the animals to the port, 28 trains were used. All transport was carried out under the vigilant supervision and control of veterinary services and met the highest standards. Delivery of such a batch of artiodactyls to the customer cost 11.5 million Australian dollars. The ship can carry cargo weighing up to 21,525 tons, its length is 213 meters and its width is 32 meters.
6 Ship transport ship "MV Blue Marlin"
This unique and impressive Norwegian ship is designed to transport unfinished or damaged ships, oil platforms, cranes, piers and other ships and structures that need to be transported by water. The MV Blue Marlin, for example, was used to transport a BP oil platform and a damaged US warship and even an entire oil refinery, whose transportation became the basis of one of the plots of the television show “Extreme Engineering” on the Discovery Channel, as well as TV show “Mega Movers”, which aired on the History Channel. The principle of operation of the vessel is that it dives several meters under water and floats under the object that needs to be transported. The ship is equipped with a gym, sauna, swimming pool and 38 cabins, which can easily accommodate 60 people. Length – 217 meters, width – 42 meters, height – 13 meters, carrying capacity – 56,000 metric tons, immersion depth – 10 meters.
5 Aircraft carrier USS Nimitz
The world's largest American nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, the largest warship, was launched on May 13, 1972. He made his first voyage to the Mediterranean Sea, becoming the first American ship with a nuclear power plant to enter the Mediterranean Sea in ten years. In 1988, he provided security during the Olympic Games in Seoul. In 1991, he made a trip to the Persian Gulf and participated in Operation Desert Storm. Since 2003, he has been involved in the war in Iraq. The length of the ship is 332 meters, width - 76 meters, power - 260,000 horsepower, crew - 3,200 people, 90 helicopters can fit on board.
4 Tanker "Xin Buyan"
The largest operating tanker was built in the People's Republic of China in Guangzhou using its own Chinese technologies. Construction of the tanker began in 2008. Launched at the beginning of 2010. The Xin Buyan tanker, with a displacement of 350,000 tons, is currently the most modern and one of the largest in the world. The length of the ship's deck is 333 meters, which is more than the size of three football fields. The width of the tanker reaches 60 meters. "Xin Buyan" is designed to transport up to 308,000 tons of oil. As noted in China, the tanker is equipped with one of the most modern automatic navigation systems in the world, it is designed for any weather conditions and is capable of circumnavigating the world in 60 days.
3 Bulk carrier "MS Vale Brasil"
The Brazilian cargo ship, the largest in the world, was launched on December 31, 2010. The ship's first cargo was iron ore weighing 391,000 tons, which had to be transported from a port in Brazil to China. This iron would be enough to build three Golden Gate Bridges in the United States, and there would still be some left. Due to the size of the bulk carrier, it can dock in only a few ports in Brazil, Europe and China. The ship has seven cargo compartments, the total area of which is almost 220 cubic meters. The length of the ship is 360 meters, width is 65 meters, the crew consists of 33 people.
2 Cruise ship Oasis of the Seas
The largest cruise ship in the world was launched on November 21, 2008. The christening ceremony for Oasis of the Seas took place on November 30, 2009 in Fort Lauderdale. She set off on her maiden voyage from Oasis of the Seas on December 5, 2009. The program included a one-week cruise calling at St. Thomas, Sint Maarten and the Bahamas. At the time of the first voyage, only these ports could accommodate such a huge ship. Oasis of the Seas cruises throughout the year in the Caribbean. For the first time in the world, a park of 12 thousand exotic, living plants and shrubs and 56 trees was planted on the ship.
On board the ship there are swimming pools with Jacuzzis, a water park with a water arena, a casino, shops and boutiques where you can buy any food and clothing for every taste, restaurants and bars. There is a 750-seat water amphitheater with outdoor fountains, diving boards and diving towers and a 1,300-seat indoor theater, as well as the largest casino in the world's cruise fleet and much more. Maximum speed liner - 43 km/h. The body weighs 45,000 tons and consists of 480,000 parts. The length of the ship is 362 meters, width – 60 meters, height – 72 meters, power – 132,000 horsepower, crew – 2,165 people, number of passengers – 6,400.
1 Container ship “Emma Marsk”
The largest cargo ship is a container ship owned by the Danish company A.P. Moller-Maersk Group. The ship was named by the owner of the shipbuilding company in honor of his late wife Emma. Emma Marsk travels approximately 170,000 nautical miles per year, which corresponds to more than 7 distances around the Earth. When fully loaded, Emma Marsk can accommodate 11,000 full 20-foot containers or 14,700 empty containers. On March 18, 2011, the Royal Danish Mint issued a 20 kroner coin dedicated to the container ship Emma Marsk. The length of the vessel is 397 meters, width - 63 meters, height - 30 meters, carrying capacity - 123,000 tons, power - 109,000 horsepower, loading is possible immediately from 11 cranes, the captain's bridge is located on the 10th floor of the ship's superstructure. Due to the size of the vessel, the Panama Canal is closed to it.
All civil ships Depending on their type and purpose, they are divided into transport, fishing, service and auxiliary vessels and technical fleet vessels.
Transport vessels form the basis of the sea and river fleet - about 90% of the total tonnage. They are intended for the transportation of various goods and passengers and are divided into cargo, passenger, cargo-passenger and special.
Cargo ships are divided into two main classes: dry cargo and liquid, which, in turn, include vessels various types and appointments.
Dry cargo ship class includes general purpose vessels and specialized ones - for the transportation of certain cargoes.
General purpose dry cargo ships(Fig. 1) are intended for the transportation of general cargo and are the most common type of transport vessels - about 60% (by number) of all cargo transport ships are of this type. The carrying capacity of sea vessels for general cargo averages 4000-6000 tons and reaches 16,000-20,000 tons, speed - 14-16 and 20-22 knots, respectively. The largest river self-propelled dry cargo vessels have a carrying capacity of up to 5000-6000 tons and a speed of 15-20 km/h.
Rice. 1. General purpose dry cargo ship for transportation of general cargo.
1 - cargo holds; 2 - fuel bunker; 3 - engine room; 4 - wheelhouse; 5 - cargo hatch
TO specialized dry cargo ships include refrigerated ships, container ships, lighter carriers, ships with a horizontal cargo handling method, for transporting heavy bulk cargo, vehicles, livestock, timber cargo (timber carriers), etc.
Reefer ships designed for transportation of perishable products (fish, meat, fruits). Their cargo holds have reliable thermal insulation and refrigeration units that keep the holds cool. Depending on the type of cargo transported, the temperature in the holds is maintained from +5 to -25 °C.
The carrying capacity of refrigerated vessels reaches 8,000-12,000 tons. The speed is slightly higher than that of general purpose dry cargo vessels, since perishable goods require quick delivery to their destination. In the 1990s, the construction of refrigerated ships declined sharply due to the transportation of perishable goods in refrigerated containers on container ships.
Container ships(Fig. 2) are intended for the transportation of goods pre-packed in special heavy-duty boxes - containers, the weight of which with cargo is 10-40 tons. The carrying capacity of these vessels is on average 8000-15,000 tons, speed - 20-24 knots. The carrying capacity of the largest container ships is 25,000-30,000 tons and the speed is 26-30 knots.
Due to the fact that standard containers, rather than piece cargo of various sizes and weights, are placed in cargo holds, loading and unloading operations on container ships are performed 4-7 times faster than on conventional dry cargo ships.
Rice. 2. Container ship:
A - general form; b - longitudinal section, plan and cross section
Rice. 3. Lighter carrier (barge carrier) type “LESH”:
a - general view; b - lighter (floating container)
1 - crane control station; 2 - rolling overhead crane with a lifting capacity of 500 tons; 3 - barges (floating containers); 4 - wheelhouse; 5 - barge afloat; 6 - pusher tug
Lighter carriers are a type of container ship and are designed to transport floating container lighters (sometimes called barge carriers). Such lighters with a carrying capacity of 370-850 tons are unloaded from the vessel directly onto the water, after which they are towed to the consignee’s berth (Fig. 3). There are several types of lighter carriers depending on the method of cargo handling. The most common types of lighter carriers are “LESH” and “CB”. On lighter carriers of the "LESH" type, a gantry crane with a lifting capacity of 500 tons installed on the vessel is used for loading and unloading lighters. The crane is pulled out on a console in the stern of the vessel and lifts the lighter, and then rolls with it to the place where the lighter is installed in the hold of the vessel (the lighter is launched into the water V reverse order). One load cycle takes 13-15 minutes. On CB-type lighter carriers, lifting and launching operations are carried out using a lift located in the stern, which supplies the lighter to the level of the loading deck, and a mechanism for horizontal movement of lighters.
Vessels with horizontal cargo handling method(they are also called ro-ro vessels, ro-ro vessels or ro-ro vessels) are used for transporting goods in containers, pallets or so-called trailers, as well as cars and wheeled vehicles. Loads are rolled in or out onto these vessels using forklifts, special stackers or rolling platforms - roll trailers in a very short time - in a few hours instead of several days on a conventional dry cargo ship. The carrying capacity of these vessels is 1000 - 20,000 tons, speed is 16-27 knots. Ro-ro vessels are one-, two- and three-decker. Unlike dry cargo ships, traditional type there are no transverse bulkheads in the cargo part and in the stern (sometimes, on small ships, in the bow) there are opening gates with a bridge that spans to the pier - a ramp - along which cargo and wheeled equipment roll in and out. The movement of cargo from deck to deck is carried out along internal inclined ramps or using special elevators.
There are no other cargo devices on these ships. Like container ships, ro-ro vessels in Lately have become widespread. Varieties of vessels of this type have appeared - vessels adapted for the simultaneous transportation of trailers (in the holds) and containers (on the upper deck), and the so-called “ro-flow” type vessels, which are used for the transportation of floating pontoons with large-sized heavy cargo (vessels for transportation heavyweights). To receive a pontoon with cargo, such a vessel is sunk, the pontoon is inserted through the open stern gate, after which it is closed and the vessel floats up. In addition, the cargo can be rolled through the same gate from the pier on special trolleys or loaded in the usual way using powerful ship gantry cranes.
Bulk cargo carriers, or bulk carriers (Fig. 4), are intended for the transportation of ore, ore concentrates, coal, mineral fertilizers, building materials, grain, sugar, cement, wood chips, etc. These cargoes make up about 70% of all dry cargo transported by sea, Therefore, bulk carriers account for about 20% of the tonnage of the entire world transport fleet.
Bulk carriers They are divided into ore carriers - vessels carrying the heaviest cargo, vessels for light bulk cargo and universal ones. Some of these ships have a dual purpose, for example, they carry bulk cargo in one direction and cars in the other direction, or ore there and oil back (oil carriers).
Vessels of this type are single-deck, with the engine room and superstructure located at the stern. They differ from other dry cargo ships by their large carrying capacity (on average 25,000-35,000 tons, maximum - 100,000-150,000 tons) and relatively low speed - about 14-16 knots.
Rice. 4. Vessel for transportation of bulk cargo
1 - extended cargo holds; 2 - shortened cargo holds; 3 - engine room; 4 - wheelhouse; 5 - cargo crane; 6 - cargo hatches
Tank class includes tankers for the transportation of crude oil and oil products (fuel oil, gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, etc.), vessels for the transportation of liquefied gases (gas carriers), chemicals (acid, molten sulfur, etc.), as well as other liquid cargo ( Aquarius, wine carriers,
bitumen tankers). Tankers designed to transport only petroleum products are called product carriers.
Tankers belong to one of the most common types of transport ships - they account for about 34% of the world's tonnage of the transport fleet, and the total tonnage by 1998 reached 128 million per. T.
The tanker (Fig. 5) is a single-deck vessel with the engine room and superstructure located aft.
The cargo part of the tanker is divided by transverse and one, two or three longitudinal bulkheads into cargo compartments called cargo tanks. Some of the tanks are set aside for water ballast, which the ship always takes on empty on its return voyage.
The cargo part in the bow and stern is separated from adjacent rooms by narrow dry compartments impenetrable to oil and gases - cofferdams.
Rice. 5. Tanker
1 - wheelhouse; 2 - engine room; 3 - pump room; 4 - cargo tanks; 5 - ballast tanks; 6 - deep tank; 7 - load device for lifting hoses
Passenger ship class includes ships specifically designed for the carriage of passengers.
According to their purpose, passenger ships are divided into ships for servicing regular lines, for tourist travel, mass transport and local transport ships. Vessels serving regular passenger lines make voyages between specified ports according to a specific schedule. Of particular interest are transoceanic passenger liners designed for 1500-2000 passengers with a displacement of 50,000-70,000 tons and a speed of up to 30-35 knots (on average 22-26 knots).
Passenger ships for tourist travel(cruises), which have become especially widespread recently, are designed for 200-500 passengers. They have a lower speed (18-22 knots) and dimensions. Recently, such vessels have begun to provide for the possibility of transporting 50-200 passenger cars.
River passenger ships, serving regular lines or used for tourist travel, carry up to 350-500 passengers at a speed of 25-27 km/h.
Class of special transport vessels includes various ferries, transport barge-tug vessels, convoys (sectional or composite), pushers, pusher tugs and non-self-propelled pushed sections or barges.
Sea ferries There are railway, railway-automobile, automobile-passenger and passenger. They are used to transport railway cars, cars, as well as passengers on ferry crossings connecting land road arteries. The carrying capacity of modern ferries ranges from 200 to 2000 tons (on average 600-800 tons). An average car-passenger ferry can accommodate about 120 cars and 1000 passengers, a railway ferry - 30-50 cars. Speed - 17-20 knots.
Pushers and pusher tugs serve for the movement of non-self-propelled and composite vessels, mainly on inland waterways, where, despite the development in last years self-propelled cargo fleet, about half of the cargo is still transported on barges, in sectional trains, etc. In addition, pushers and pusher tugs are used to transport various non-self-propelled floating structures and rafts (raft tugs). Unlike tugs, pushers transport non-self-propelled floating objects by pushing. Push tugs can both tow and push trains.
When delivering goods from mainland to mainland, sea transport is the most profitable mode. In addition, the price of cargo transportation, which is much cheaper than using aviation, plays an important role.
Sea transport is capable of transporting completely different cargoes: strategic raw materials (coal, oil, gas), large quantities of various goods, including toxic waste, liquid and bulk cargo, as well as products that require compliance with certain delivery conditions and temperature conditions . When delivering particularly delicate goods, special containers are used in which a certain thermal regime is maintained. These containers can also be equipped with devices that dampen the vibration of the vessel, thereby maintaining the presentation and safety of the cargo.
Both when transporting by land and when transporting by sea, attention is focused on the delivery of particularly dangerous and toxic substances. Particular attention is paid to these cargoes because in the event of critical and emergency situations, such cargo can cause global harm to the environment (in our case, the sea). And if on land the spread of harmful substances does not occur at such a speed, then sea currents can carry harmful substances over considerable distances.
In this regard, the international community has developed a number of laws and standards, according to which all ships that are built are classified into the following types:
One of the common cargo sea vessels is roll-on– this type refers to ships special purpose, loading onto it occurs in two ways - by crane (vertical method) and roll-on (horizontal method). This type of vessel mainly transports various equipment, including large ones. For example, vehicles and special equipment, railway cars and platforms, containers and cargo placed on. No special conditions are required for loading. If there is a berth, loading can be carried out both by crane and roll-on. In addition, each ro-ro has loading equipment. This transport can also be used in the event of military conflicts; it can be used as a landing ship. This is such a versatile vessel. One drawback is that building such a vessel is an expensive undertaking, so their number in fleets is limited.
Another commonly used cargo vehicle is ferry- everyone knows it, everyone hears it. Loading is done by coasting, but unlike a ro-ro, it carries passengers. This type of ship refers primarily to passenger ships. A ferry is a multi-tiered ship. On the lower floors there are cars and equipment, on the upper floors there are passenger cabins and lounges, restaurants, cafes and entertainment venues. Modern ferries are almost as well equipped as cruise ships. The priority direction of transport activity of ferries is the transportation of passengers. Transportation of vehicles and equipment is an auxiliary area.
For other goods in transit by sea routes used bulk carrier– a ship that transports exclusively bulk products (grain, coal, slag and much more). This vessel is one large tank divided into compartments. Each compartment has its own lid. Raw materials are loaded into the bulk carrier from the berth. This vessel does not have its own equipment.
Tanker as opposed to a bulk carrier, or such as liquefied gas. Liquid cargo includes oil, flammable materials, chemicals, dangerous goods and toxic waste. The design of the tanker resembles a bulk carrier. The same large total capacity, divided into compartments. But due to the specificity of the cargo being transported, the shell of the tanker tank is double with an air gap. This makes it possible to dampen vibration, protects the load from overheating and serves as additional protection in case of depressurization. The tanker is the most common and popular type of transport. It is its popularity and convenience that force transport owners to set sail with overload for profit. This leads to numerous disasters at sea almost every year. In addition, the pursuit of profit is pushing shipowners to build larger tankers. This creates certain inconveniences at the ports. In order to moor and unload such a large vessel, the construction of a separate pier, separately located at sea, is required. The tankers have only pumping equipment, no other equipment.
The most commonly used type of sea freight transport bulk carrier– a universal type of vessel. Used to transport a very wide range of goods. You can also use it. To transport food products (meat, fruits, fish), dry cargo ships are used - refrigerators equipped with refrigeration units. In addition, this vessel is equipped with everything necessary for independent loading and unloading of goods. This gives transport the opportunity to unload on its own in any port where there is no loading equipment. When transported on this ship, cargo can be placed not only in the holds, but also on the deck, provided that it is packed.
An alternative to a bulk carrier is another type of sea transporter that transports only cargo. Container ship- a young type of cargo ships. The peculiarity of transporting goods by means of this vessel is that all cargo is in containers, which provides additional protection and safety of the transported goods. This greatly simplifies the loading process and reduces the time spent at ports. In addition, upon arrival at the destination port, the cargo in the container can be transported further using any of the land modes of transport. This is why containers are so popular in multimodal transportation.
This type of vessel was designed and produced exclusively. It is equipped with modern navigation devices, container fastening devices and a fastening control system. The container ship is not equipped with its own loading equipment. Loading is carried out using shore equipment and in strict accordance with the cargo stowage plan on board the vessel.
The above types of sea vessels are the main types of cargo sea transport in which the person carrying out the professional activity for cargo transportation. Many of these species are currently undergoing design changes. Shipbuilders are trying to combine several functional features in one ship model. For example, so that the ship transports both bulk and large cargo. Or a combination of liquid cargo with containers and packaged cargo. There are many options for compatibility of transported goods.
Any domestic one is based primarily on their purpose. Cargo ships are classified the same way. Civilian ones are divided into fishing, transport, belonging to the technical fleet and service and auxiliary.
Transport
These cargo ships are the main core of the river and sea fleet. They are designed to transport a variety of cargo. This group has its own inland vessels, cargo and passenger vessels and special ones. Actually, cargo ships are liquid and dry cargo, and their number includes vessels of various purposes and types.
Each of these types will be considered in detail, including general-purpose and specialized dry cargo ships, which transport strictly defined cargo. Cargo ships intended for general transportation are general purpose. They belong to the most common type.
Bulk carriers
Dry cargo cargo ships are ships with spacious holds that occupy their entire main part. They come with one, two and three decks, depending on the size of the vessel. The engine room most often contains a diesel unit; it is located either in the stern or shifted closer to the bow by a couple of cargo holds. For each hold, cargo ship designs provide its own hatch, or even more than one, that closes mechanically.
Cargo vehicles are cranes or individual booms with a lifting capacity of up to ten tons, and heavy-duty vessels are equipped with stronger ones - up to two hundred tons. Modern sea cargo ships have refrigerated holds for perishable goods and deep tanks for edible liquid oils. But river dry cargo ships, regardless of size and capacity, are equipped with only one cargo hold, so it is more convenient to carry out loading and unloading operations.
Specialized vessels
Such dry cargo ships can be divided into groups into refrigerators, trailers, container ships, timber carriers, ships for transporting cars, bulk cargo, livestock, and the like. Refrigerated trucks transport fruits, fish or meat. The cargo holds have reliable thermal insulation and refrigeration units that provide constant cooling with temperatures ranging from five degrees to minus twenty-five. Modern refrigerators can not only maintain temperature, but also perform rapid freezing; they are classified as industrial and transport refrigerators. Dry cargo ships intended for transporting fruit are equipped with enhanced ventilation of all holds.
The technical characteristics of cargo ships include a carrying capacity of up to twelve thousand tons; the speed of such dry cargo ships is higher than that of general purpose ships, since the products are perishable and require the fastest possible delivery. Container ships transport prepackaged cargo in containers weighing ten to twenty tons each, and the ship itself lifts twenty thousand tons and travels at speeds of up to thirty knots. Containers are quickly and easily loaded and unloaded due to the fact that the deck of container ships is adapted to a wider opening above the holds. Most often, loading and unloading is carried out using terminal facilities - portal cranes. Timber carriers are a type of container ship, these are barges called lighter carriers, they are unloaded from the ship directly onto the water and towed to the pier.
Trailers
Today, all maritime powers have ships of this type, since this ship is powerful, fast and allows for prompt loading and unloading - about ten times faster than on ships not equipped with special trailers, on which cargo is simply imported and removed from the ship. Industrial development has significantly expanded and strengthened trade between countries; now it is necessary to transport construction, agricultural, and transport equipment over long distances. Sea and river cargo vessels perform such tasks perfectly.
Trailers transport cargo in trailers that are simply rolled into the holds. The carrying capacity of trailers is from one thousand to ten thousand tons, and the speed is up to twenty-six knots. This is the most promising and popular type of cargo ship today. They are constantly being improved. Many trailers, in addition to cargo in the holds, are designed to transport containers on the upper deck. Such vessels even got their own name - piggyback.
Bulk carriers
Bulk cargo is transported by specialized vessels - bulk carriers. This can be ore and ore concentrates, coal, mineral fertilizers, Construction Materials, grain and the like. More than seventy percent of all dry cargo transported by sea or river routes are bulk cargo, and therefore the number Vehicle is growing very quickly: today more than twenty percent of the world fleet tonnage belongs to this type.
Bulk carriers are divided into universal ones, for heavy cargo and for light cargo. Many ships are adapted for dual purposes: there - ore, back - oil or cars, or cotton, whatever. This type- single-deck vessels, with a superstructure and an engine room in the stern. Their carrying capacity is simply enormous - up to one hundred and fifty thousand tons, but the speed is low - up to sixteen knots. Cargo is transported in holds with inclined walls for self-distribution of the cargo - both longitudinally and transversely. Between the side and the walls there are tanks for water ballast. Sometimes the holds have longitudinal bulkheads to reduce heel if the cargo moves, and the second bottom is designed with reinforcements and thicker flooring for ease of cargo operations.
Tankers
Vessels of this type are divided into tankers for petroleum products, crude oil, fuel oil, diesel fuel, gasoline, kerosene; for gas carriers; vessels for transporting chemicals - molten sulfur, acids and the like; for transport for liquid cargo - water, wine, cement. Tankers are the most common in the world: more than forty percent of the world's tonnage in the transport fleet. This is a single-deck vessel, with the superstructure and engine room located at the stern.
The cargo part is divided by bulkheads into compartments called tanks. Some of them serve as water ballast for the return flight. The pump compartment is located on the bow. Tankers are extremely fire hazardous, so they are equipped with powerful fire protection systems. Their carrying capacity ranges from a thousand tons for distributors to four hundred thousand tons for supertankers - the world's largest vessels. River tankers are also not limited by their carrying capacity; some have up to twelve thousand tons. These are also extremely powerful cargo ships. The photo above is a sea tanker, and the photo below is a river tanker.
Gas carriers
These ships transport liquefied gases - methane, propane, butane, ammonia, as well as natural gases, which are valuable raw materials and excellent fuel. Usually the gas is either liquefied, or chilled, or under pressure. Gas carriers are fundamentally different in design from tankers, since they have nested cylindrical tanks - horizontal or vertical, spherical or rectangular. The insulation on gas carriers must be very reliable.
Cargo operations are carried out using special system, which includes pumps, compressors, pipelines and an intermediate tank. Ballast is not supposed to be taken into operating tanks, and therefore it is equipped on the sides or in a double bottom. Gas transportation is always explosive, so there is a powerful ventilation system and gas leak alarm. Fires are extinguished using carbon dioxide. Currently, the class of combined vessels is in demand, which is very beneficial for sea and river transportation - empty runs are eliminated. This is how cotton carriers, oil ore carriers and similar vessels appeared.
RS-300
From 1967 to 1984, three shipyards in the USSR produced Project 388M seiners of the RS-300 cargo ship type. Four hundred and eighty-six such seiners were built, including those that served as commercial, fishing, and mining vessels. In addition, on the basis of this particular project, thirty-three more research vessels appeared (for example, the famous “Prudent”). In order to scientific research About a dozen of these vessels operated for a long time.
When Soviet Union ceased to exist, there was no longer a need for them, some ships became private property, and most of them served their purpose and were laid up. The rest retrained as fishermen. On Far East Until recently, such vessels in small quantities still worked in the border service. In private hands, fishing RS-300s are still afloat.
Other classification
In addition to classification by purpose, cargo ships can be divided according to other criteria. This is the principle of support on the water, the navigation area, the type of engine, the principle of movement, the type of propulsion, the material and shape of the hull. The principle of support can be hydrodynamic - hydrofoils, air cushion, glider, as well as hydrostatic - air cavity, displacement (catamarans).
The principle of movement divides vessels into self-propelled ones - with power plant, non-self-propelled - with pushers and tugs, as well as rack-mounted - pontoons, landing stages. According to the navigation area, vessels can be distinguished: sea, mixed (river-sea) and inland navigation (river). The latter are intended for short voyages on inland waterways. The type of main engine divides cargo ships into motor ships (internal combustion engine) and navy Nuclear powered ships and turbo ships are also used. Vessels are divided according to the type of propulsion into wheels, screws, water jets, with propellers and wings. The type of body material can be metal, fiberglass, reinforced concrete, wood. Also, vessels can be self-propelled or not (barges).
Cargo aircraft
A cargo plane is used to transport not passengers, but a variety of cargo and equipment. They are immediately and easily recognized even by an unprofessional eye. The wings are located high, the thickness of the body, the fuselage is clearly conspicuous, a certain “squatness” (so that the cargo is closer to the ground for ease of loading and unloading). More wheels on the chassis, high tail.
Air cargo transportation began back in 1911 - from the post office. Of course, there were no special projects yet; they appeared only in the twenties. The very first purely cargo aircraft was manufactured in Germany - Air 232. Before that, cargo was transported by slightly adapted Junkers. Airliners built to special designs for cargo transportation are called freighters. They are not suitable for passengers.
The largest air cargo carriers
A real flying monster - the An-225 (Mriya) was developed at the Antonov Design Bureau in 1984, the first flight took place in 1988. A six-engine turbojet high-wing aircraft, a two-fin tail and a swept wing were supposed to create such a lifting power to transport parts of launch vehicles to the cosmodrome. "Buran" assumed the use of this particular aircraft, which is capable of lifting more than two hundred and fifty tons.
Lockheed C-5 Galaxy is an American cargo airliner born in 1968, it is a military transporter capable of simultaneously transporting six armored personnel carriers, two tanks, four infantry fighting vehicles, and six Apache helicopters. The Hughes H-4 Hercules is a very powerful rarity built in 1947, with a wingspan of ninety-eight meters. Now this is a museum plane, since it was made in a single copy. Boeing 747-8I is a cargo-passenger aircraft produced in mass production in 2008. It lifts four hundred and forty-two tons on takeoff, but in addition to cargo, it carries almost six hundred passengers.
