What types of fairy tales are there and their characteristics. Russian folk tales: types, principles of storytelling

IN student years, this issue was perfectly covered by one of our university teachers from the department of preschool pedagogy.

It's time to blow off the dust from my mossy notes and share with you the well-known classification of fairy tales.

A fairy tale is a magical opportunity to penetrate the soul of a child, using all the power artistic means and the imagination of a little person.

Despite their simplicity (which is one of the facets of the genius of fairy-tale art), their classification is unexpectedly extensive and multifaceted.

What kind of fairy tales are there?

There are 3 main types of fairy tales:

1. Animal Tales
2. Fairy tales
3. Everyday tales

Let's look at them in order:

Animal Tales

Since ancient times, man has existed side by side with animals. It is not surprising that such a neighborhood is reflected in folk art.

It is noteworthy that animals as such only occasionally become participants in works. For the most part, in fairy tales about animals, “animals” are endowed with human traits.

This image makes the character understandable and attractive at the same time.

Works of this type can be roughly classified:

By the nature of the characters:

• Wild animals
• Pets
• Objects of inanimate nature (sun, wind, frost)
• Items (stove, bast shoes)
• Mixed Variations

According to the role of the person in the plot:

• Dominant
• Equal
• Minor

By genre:

• A magical tale about animals
• Cumulative tale about animals (multiple cyclical repetition of plot elements)
• Fable
• Satirical

By target audience:

• For children (for a story to children / for a story by children themselves)
• For adults

I note that the above classification is quite arbitrary and can have many variations.

Let's move on to the next type.

Fairy tale

The peculiarity of this type of fairy tale is that the characters are placed in a kind of fantastic, unreal world that exists according to its own laws, different from ours.

As a rule, the action in such fairy tales follows a certain pattern. It is on the basis of similarity storylines and their classification is constructed:

1. Heroic tales associated with the victory over a magical creature (snake, giant)
   • Heroic tales involving adventures in search of a magical object.
2. Archaic tales
   • Tales of persecuted families with mythical elements.
   • Tales of persecuted families without mythical elements.
3. Tales of Fairy Spouses
4. Tales of Magic Objects
5. Fairy tales associated with wedding trials

Everyday tales:

The peculiarity of this type lies in the reflection of everyday everyday life, social problems, making fun of the bad ones human qualities. Highlight:

• Satirical-everyday
• Social and household
• Novelistic
• With elements of a fairy tale
• Mixed type

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A fairy tale is one of the main types of oral folk art. Fictional storytelling fantastic, adventure or everyday character.

A fairy tale is a work in which the main feature is “an orientation towards revealing the truth of life with the help of conventionally poetic fiction that elevates or reduces reality.”

A fairy tale is an abstracted form of local legend, presented in a more condensed and crystallized form: the Original form folklore tales are local legends, parapsychological stories and stories of miracles that arise in the form of ordinary hallucinations due to the intrusion of archetypal contents from the collective unconscious.

The authors of almost all interpretations define a fairy tale as a type of oral narrative with fantastic fiction. The connection with myth and legends pointed out by M.-L. Von Franz takes the fairy tale beyond the boundaries of a simple fantasy story. A fairy tale is not only a poetic invention or a game of fantasy; through content, language, plots and images, it reflects the cultural values ​​of its creator.

Since ancient times, fairy tales have been close and understandable to ordinary people. Fiction intertwined with reality in them. Living in poverty, people dreamed of flying carpets, palaces, and self-assembled tablecloths. And justice has always triumphed in Russian fairy tales, and good has triumphed over evil. It is no coincidence that A.S. Pushkin wrote: “What a delight these fairy tales are! Each one is a poem!”

Fairy tale composition:

1. Beginning. (“In a certain kingdom, in a certain state there lived…”).

2. Main part.

3. Ending. (“They began to live – to live well and make good things” or “They arranged a feast for the whole world...”).

Any fairy tale is focused on a social and pedagogical effect: it teaches, encourages activity and even heals. In other words, the potential of a fairy tale is much richer than its ideological and artistic significance.

The fairy tale differs from other prose genres in its more developed aesthetic side. The aesthetic principle is manifested in the idealization of positive heroes, and in the vivid depiction of the “fairy-tale world”, and the romantic coloring of events.

The wisdom and value of a fairy tale is that it reflects, reveals and allows you to experience the meaning of the most important universal human values ​​and life meaning generally. From the point of view of everyday meaning, the fairy tale is naive, from the point of view of life meaning, it is deep and inexhaustible.

The most important ideas, main problems, plot cores and - most importantly - the balance of forces that bring about good and evil are essentially the same in fairy tales different nations. In this sense, any fairy tale knows no boundaries; it is for all humanity.

On this basis, a classification of types of fairy tales arises, although not entirely uniform. Thus, with a problem-thematic approach, fairy tales dedicated to animals, tales about unusual and supernatural events, adventure tales, social and everyday tales, anecdote tales, upside-down tales and others are distinguished.

To date, the following classification of Russian folk tales has been accepted:

1. Tales about animals;

2. Fairy tales;

3. Everyday tales.

Animal Tales

In fairy tales about animals, fish, animals, birds act, they talk to each other, declare war on each other, make peace. The basis of such tales is totemism (belief in a totem animal, the patron of the clan), which resulted in the cult of the animal. For example, the bear, which became the hero of fairy tales, according to the ideas of the ancient Slavs, could predict the future. He was often thought of as a terrible, vengeful beast, unforgiving of insults (the fairy tale “The Bear”). The further the belief in this goes, the more confident a person becomes in his abilities, the more possible is his power over the animal, the “victory” over him. This happens, for example, in the fairy tales “The Man and the Bear” and “The Bear, the Dog and the Cat.” Fairy tales differ significantly from beliefs about animals - in the latter, fiction associated with paganism plays a large role. The wolf is believed to be wise and cunning, the bear is terrible. The fairy tale loses its dependence on paganism and becomes a mockery of animals. Mythology in it turns into art. The fairy tale is transformed into a kind of artistic joke - a criticism of those creatures that are meant by animals. Hence the closeness of such tales to fables ("The Fox and the Crane", "Beasts in the Pit").

Fairy tales

Fairy tales of the fairy type include magical, adventure, and heroic. At the heart of such fairy tales is a wonderful world. The wonderful world is an objective, fantastic, unlimited world. Thanks to unlimited fantasy and a wonderful principle of organizing material in fairy tales with a wonderful world of possible “transformation”, amazing in their speed (children grow by leaps and bounds, every day they become stronger or more beautiful). Not only the speed of the process is unreal, but also its very character (from the fairy tale “The Snow Maiden.” “Look, the Snow Maiden’s lips turned pink, her eyes opened. Then she shook off the snow and a living girl came out of the snowdrift.” “Conversion” in fairy tales of the wonderful type, usually occur with the help of magical creatures or objects.

Everyday tales

A characteristic feature of everyday fairy tales is the reproduction of everyday life in them. The conflict of an everyday fairy tale often consists in the fact that decency, honesty, nobility under the guise of simplicity and naivety is opposed to those personality qualities that have always caused sharp rejection among the people (greed, anger, envy).

Funny and sad, scary and funny, they are familiar to us from childhood. Our first ideas about the world, good and evil, and justice are associated with them.

Both children and adults love fairy tales. They inspire writers and poets, composers and artists. Based on fairy tales, plays and films are staged, operas and ballets are created. Fairy tales came to us from ancient times. They were told by poor wanderers, tailors, and retired soldiers.

A fairy tale is one of the main types of oral folk art. A fictional narrative of a fantastic, adventure or everyday nature.

Folk tales are divided into three groups:

Tales about animals - the most ancient look fairy tales. They have their own circle of heroes. Animals talk and behave like people. The fox is always cunning, the wolf is stupid and greedy, the hare is cowardly.

Everyday fairy tales - the heroes of these fairy tales - a peasant, a soldier, a shoemaker - live in real world and they usually fight with a master, a priest, a general. They win thanks to resourcefulness, intelligence and courage.

Fairy tales - heroes fairy tales fight for life and death, defeat enemies, save friends when faced with evil spirits. Most of these tales involve the search for a bride or a kidnapped wife.

Tales about animals.

Young children, as a rule, are attracted to the animal world, so they really like fairy tales in which animals and birds act. In a fairy tale, animals acquire human traits - they think, speak, and act. Essentially, such images bring to the child knowledge about the world of people, not animals.

In this type of fairy tale, there is usually no clear division of characters into positive and negative. Each of them is endowed with one particular trait, an inherent character trait, which is played out in the plot. Yes, traditionally main feature foxes are cunning, wolves are greedy and stupid. The bear does not have such an unambiguous image; the bear can be evil, but it can also be kind, but at the same time it always remains a klutz. If a person appears in such a fairy tale, then he invariably turns out to be smarter than the fox, the wolf, and the bear. Animals in fairy tales observe the principle of hierarchy: everyone recognizes the strongest as the most important. It's a lion or a bear. They always find themselves at the top of the social ladder. This brings fairy tales about animals closer to fables, which is especially evident from the presence in both of them of similar moral conclusions - social and universal.

Among the tales about animals, there are some quite scary ones. A bear eats an old man and an old woman because they cut off his paw. Furious beast with wooden leg, of course, seems terrible to kids, but essentially he is the bearer of fair retribution. The narrative allows the child to figure out a difficult situation for himself.

Russian folk fairy tales, their features.

This is the most popular and most loved genre by children. Everything that happens in a fairy tale is fantastic and significant in its purpose: its hero, finding himself in one or another dangerous situation, saves friends, destroys enemies - fights for life and death. The danger seems especially strong and terrible because its main opponents are not ordinary people, and representatives of the supernatural dark forces: Serpent Gorynych, Baba Yaga, Koschey the Immortal, etc. By winning victories over these evil spirits, the hero, as it were, confirms his high human beginning, his closeness to the bright forces of nature. In the struggle he becomes even stronger and wiser, makes new friends and receives every right fortunately - to the satisfaction of little listeners.

In the plot of a fairy tale main episode- this is the beginning of the hero’s journey for the sake of one or another important task. On his long journey, he encounters treacherous opponents and magical helpers. He has very effective means at his disposal: a flying carpet, a wonderful ball or mirror, or even a talking animal or bird, a swift horse or a wolf. All of them, with some conditions or without them at all, in the blink of an eye fulfill the requests and orders of the hero.

Russian folk social and everyday life fairy tales and their features.

The everyday (satirical) tale is closest to Everyday life It doesn’t even necessarily include miracles. Approval or condemnation is always given openly, the assessment is clearly expressed: what is immoral, what is worthy of ridicule, etc. Even when it seems that the heroes are simply fooling around, amusing the listeners, their every word, every action is filled with significant meaning and is connected with important aspects of a person’s life.

The constant heroes of satirical fairy tales are “ordinary” poor people. However, they invariably prevail over a “difficult” person - a rich or noble person. Unlike the heroes of a fairy tale, here the poor achieve the triumph of justice without the help of miraculous helpers - only thanks to intelligence, dexterity, resourcefulness, and even fortunate circumstances.

Household satirical tale for centuries it has absorbed the characteristic features of the life of the people and their relationship to those in power, in particular to judges and officials.

Animal characters sometimes appear in everyday fairy tales, and perhaps the appearance of such abstract characters, like Truth and Falsehood, Woe and Misfortune. The main thing here is not the selection of characters, but the satirical condemnation of human vices and shortcomings.

Sometimes such a specific element is introduced into a fairy tale children's folklore, like a shapeshifter. In this case, a shift in real meaning occurs, encouraging the child to correctly arrange objects and phenomena. In a fairy tale, the shapeshifter becomes larger, grows into an episode, and already forms part of the content. Displacement and exaggeration, hyperbolization of phenomena give the child the opportunity to laugh and think.

MBOU "Petrushinskaya Secondary School"

Research work: What kinds of fairy tales are there?

Performed: Klimenkova Veronica

Supervisor: teacher primary classes Klimenkova Olga Nikolaevna

1. Introduction.

2. Main part.

3. Conclusion.

4. List of references.

Introduction:

Great is the Earth-planet,

And there are countless miracles on it.

They say that even somewhere

There is one magical forest.

All the birches there are in earrings

And not scary at all,

There's a hut on chicken legs

Invites you to relax.

In this fairy forest

Miracle horses drink dew

The miracle birds are singing,

The miracle lake sparkles...

V. Suslov

Do you like fairy tales? I think that everyone loves fairy tales: both adults and children. They live everywhere: in deep forest, in field. The fairy tale originated with man, and as long as man is alive, the fairy tale is alive. They contain many different miracles.

I became acquainted with fairy tales when I was very little and could not read, then my mother and grandmother read fairy tales to me... I listened to them with pleasure. Now I am in second grade, I can read on my own. While reading fairy tales, I noticed that all fairy tales are different. In some, the main characters are animals, in others, people and magical creatures. And I began to worry about the question “What kind of fairy tales are there?”

Hypothesis: I made the assumption that fairy tales are different and arose a long time ago.

Target: find out what kind of fairy tales there are and when they originated.

To achieve the goal of the research work, I had to decide the following

tasks:

5. Draw conclusions.

Research methods. Reflections, reading books, surveys, analysis of results.

To solve the problems, I went to the library, looked at fairy tale books at home in my library and read them, Olga Nikolaevna and I went online and found information about types of fairy tales, and composed questions for the survey:

1. Do you love fairy tales and why?

2. How long ago did fairy tales appear?

3. Do you think all fairy tales are the same?

4.What does the fairy tale teach?

25 students participated in the survey primary school 1-4 grades. As a result of the survey, 100% of students answered the question: Do you love fairy tales and why? When asked why, they answered: “Because it’s interesting.” To the next question: How long ago did the fairy tale appear? 80% of students answered that it appeared a long time ago, 15% answered that the fairy tale appeared not so long ago, and 5% answered I don’t know. To the question: Are all fairy tales the same? 100% of respondents answered: “All fairy tales are different.” And to the fourth question: What does a fairy tale teach? 63% of the children answered that the fairy tale teaches goodness, 20% of respondents answered that the fairy tale teaches mutual assistance, 11% of respondents answered that the fairy tale teaches justice and 6% of the respondents answered that the fairy tale teaches love for people. Then I independently read the following fairy tales: Russian folk tales “Porridge from an Axe”, “The Thrush and the Fox”, “The Frog Princess”, “Po pike command" “The Fox and the Crane”, Brothers Grimm “Rapunzel”, Hans Christian Anderson “Thumbelina”, Dutch fairy tale “Snow White”, A.S. Pushkin "The Tale of dead princess and about the seven heroes”, Charles Perrault “Cinderella”, “Puss in Boots”.

Main part.

What is a fairy tale?

At all times of his life, man has encountered difficulties and unexplained phenomena in the reality around him. And there was always a desire to overcome, to know the world. Dreams about this were reflected in oral folk art, one of the forms of which is a fairy tale.

Fairy tale– one of the popular and favorite genres in folklore and literature of the peoples of the world.

In additional literature I found this definition of a fairy tale:

Fairy tales

Fairy tales appeared long before the invention of books, and even writing. People composed them in ancient times and, passing them on from mouth to mouth, carefully carried them through the centuries.

Scientists have interpreted the tale in different ways. A fairy tale was everything that had anything to do with fiction. A number of folklore researchers called everything that was “told” a fairy tale.

Fairytale world alive. Mandatory attributes of this world are miracles, extraordinary animals, birds, plants, sudden transformations, talismans, prophetic words.

Classification of fairy tales.

I divided the fairy tales I read into two groups: literary (author’s) and folk. These two groups can be divided into fairy tales: fairy tales, everyday tales, animal tales and epic tales.

Folk

Types of fairy tales

Magical

Bogatyrsky (epics)

Folk- these are those who do not have a specific author, the fairy tale was passed down among the people from mouth to mouth and no one will say who it was originally written by. For example, fairy tales that are familiar to everyone from childhood: “Kolobok”, “Turnip”, “The Ryaba Hen”, etc.

Tales about animals.

They involve permanent characters (bear, wolf, fox, hare, hedgehog, etc.). Basically, the constant characteristics of animals are indicated (fox - cunning, bear - strong, cat - smart, hare - timid, etc.). For example, from the fairy tales that I read are “The Blackbird and the Fox”, “The Fox and the Crane”.

Fairy tales.

They involve romantic heroes, which embodies the most best qualities person. Required for this tale: image positive hero+ helpers + magic items. The main thing in such fairy tales is: the struggle for love, for truth, for good. In fairy tales there are negative characters– fantastic (Baba Yaga, Leshy, Kikimora, Zmey-Gorynych). These fairy tales must have a beginning, a middle and an ending. Fairy tales. For example, from the fairy tales that I read, these are the Russian folk tale “The Frog Princess”, the Brothers Grimm “Rapunzel”, Hans Christian Anderson “Thumbelina”, the Dutch folk tale “Snow White”, A.S. Pushkin “The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights”, Charles Perrault “Cinderella”, Russian folk tale “At the Command of the Pike”.

Everyday tales.

They are showing real life, ridiculing negative human qualities. Most often it is the greed and vices of rich people. For example, from the fairy tales that I read, these are the tales “Porridge from an Ax”, “Two Geese”.

Heroic tales(epics).

B ylina- This folk songs. They were created to be performed at holidays and feasts. They performed them special people- storytellers who chanted epics from memory and accompanied themselves on the harp.

In epics you can learn not only about the exploits and battles of Russian heroes, but also about the lives of people in those days: where they lived, how they dressed, with whom they traded, what trades they had, how they worked.

Research results.

General conclusions.

Thus, in all the fairy tales I read, I noted its structure, and it was basically the same. This saying. “And I was there...” “Soon the fairy tale will tell...” Fairy tales have a beginning (beginning). The beginning defines the characters of the fairy tale, the place and time of action. “Once upon a time there were...”, “Once upon a time there was...”. Fairy tales have beginnings: “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state”, “Once upon a time”, “In a distant kingdom, in a distant state”.

Fairy tales also have unique endings. This is how fairy tales traditionally end: “They live, live and make good,” “I was there, drank honey and beer. It flowed down my mustache but didn’t get into my mouth.” Sometimes the ending is a proverb. Basically, in all fairy tales, the heroes undergo tests, but he has helpers, for example, Snow White was helped by gnomes, and the Tsarevich from the fairy tale “The Frog Princess” was helped by animals to whom he provided a service. It should be noted that in fairy tales there are repetitions, most often three times.

Analysis of the research results.

Based on the connections between various objects, phenomena, and the actions of heroes in a fairy tale, one can draw a conclusion about its essence. The fairy tale originated a long time ago. The word “fairy tale” (fairy tale) itself appeared in the Russian language no earlier than the 17th century. But this does not mean that there were no fairy tales before that time.

All fairy tales are divided into two types: folk and literary (author's). Moreover, they can be everyday, magical, heroic and fairy tales about animals.

Conclusion.

During the research itself, I found answers to many questions. I read a lot of folk and original fairy tales. I learned that there are fairy tales not only from Russian folk tales, but also from other peoples of the world, not only folk and also literary (author's) ones. I really enjoyed analyzing fairy tales. I learned to draw conclusions: who main character fairy tales, what he looks like, learned about the essence of the fairy tale itself.

I realized that the fairy tale originated in ancient times, but remained beloved and understandable to us. I would like to involve my classmates in reading and analyzing fairy tales, so that they fall in love with fairy tales and can not only read them, but also tell them. My research work will be useful to me in class. literary reading, because throughout our studies we will become familiar with various fairy tales. Fairy tales teach us to help others, to look at ourselves from the outside and correct our shortcomings. They teach kindness, love, etc.

View presentation content
“What kind of fairy tales are there?”

Research on the topic “What kinds of fairy tales are there?”

Completed by: Veronika Klimenkova

Head: primary school teacher Olga Nikolaevna Klimenkova

Great is the Earth-planet,

And there are countless miracles on it.

They say that even somewhere

There is one magical forest.

In this fairy forest

Miracle horses drink dew

The miracle birds are singing,

The miracle lake sparkles...

V. Suslov

Hypothesis

Fairy tales are different and arose a long time ago

Target : Find out what kind of fairy tales there are and when they originated.

To achieve my goal, I had to decide the following tasks :

1. Find in additional literature and study the definition of a fairy tale;

3. Identify the classification of fairy tales;

4. Conduct a survey on the topic of work among primary school students of our school;

5. Draw a conclusion.

Object of study : original and folk tales. Research methods : thinking, reading books, questioning, analyzing results.

Questionnaire

1. Do you love fairy tales and why?

2. How long ago did the fairy tale appear?

3. Do you think all fairy tales are the same?

4. What does the fairy tale teach?

Survey results

• Do you love fairy tales and why?

100% - yes, because it’s interesting

2. How long ago did the fairy tale appear?

80% - appeared a long time ago, 15% - appeared not so long ago, 5% - I don’t know

3. Are all fairy tales the same?

100% - all fairy tales are different

4. What does the fairy tale teach?

63% - kindness, 20% - mutual assistance, 11% - justice, 6% - love for people.

Fairy tales– these are entertaining stories about unusual, fictional events and adventures.

All over the world, people tell stories to entertain each other. Sometimes fairy tales help to understand what is bad and what is good in life.

Fairy tales read

Russian folk: “Porridge from an axe”, “Thrush and the Fox”, “The Frog Princess”, “At the command of the pike”, “The Fox and the Crane”.

G.H. Anderson "Thumbelina".

C. Perrault “Cinderella”, “Puss in Boots”.

Brothers Grimm "Rapunzel".

Dutch fairy tale “Snow White”...

Classification of fairy tales

Folk

Types of fairy tales

Magical

Bogatyrskie

Animal Tales

The structure of a fairy tale.

1. Proverb: “Soon the tale is told, but not soon the deed is done”

2. Beginning: “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state”; "Lived once…"

3. Ending: “They live well and make good things”; “And I was there, drinking mead beer. It flowed down my mustache but didn’t get into my mouth.”

Conclusion

Fairy tales have been around for a long time.

They are divided into two types: folk and literary (author's).

Moreover, they can be everyday, magical, heroic

and tales about animals.

Bibliography:

1. V.I. Dahl Dictionary Russian language - Moscow, 2007;

2. Collection The best fairy tales world - RIPOL Classic, 2008;

3. Collection Russians folk tales– Moscow “Swallowtail”, 2004;

4. Internet tools.

Russian folk tales: types, principles of storytelling

The word “fairy tale” has been known since the 17th century. Until this time, the term “fable” or “fable” was used, from the word “bayat”, “tell”. This word was first used in a letter from Voivode Vsevolodsky, where people who “tell unprecedented tales” were condemned. But scientists believe that the people used the word “fairy tale” before. There have always been talented storytellers among the people, but there is no information left about most of them. However, already in the 19th century, people appeared who set out to collect and systematize oral folk art.

A.N. Afanasyev was a prominent collector. From 1857 to 1862 he created collections of Russian folk tales.

Fairy tale - narrative work oral folk art about fictional events

Russian folktale - this is a treasure folk wisdom. It is distinguished by the depth of ideas, richness of content, poetic language and high educational orientation (“a fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it”).

The Russian fairy tale is one of the most popular and beloved genres of folklore, it has an entertaining plot, amazing characters, there is a feeling of true poetry, which opens the reader to the world of human feelings and relationships, affirms kindness and justice, and also introduces to Russian culture, to the wise people's experience, to the native language.

2. Classification of fairy tales. Character traits each type

To date, the following classification of Russian folk tales has been accepted:

1. Tales about animals;

2. Fairy tales;

3. Everyday tales.

Let's take a closer look at each type.

Animal Tales

Folk poetry embraced the whole world; its object was not only man, but also all living things on the planet. By depicting animals, the fairy tale gives them human features, but, at the same time, records and characterizes habits, “way of life,” etc.

Man has long felt a kinship with nature; he truly was a part of it, fighting with it, seeking its protection, sympathizing and understanding. The later introduced fable, parable meaning of many fairy tales about animals is also obvious.

Fairy tales differ from beliefs - in the latter, fiction associated with paganism plays a large role. The wolf is believed to be wise and cunning, the bear is terrible. The fairy tale loses its dependence on paganism and becomes a mockery of animals. Mythology in it turns into art. The fairy tale is transformed into a kind of artistic joke - a criticism of those creatures that are meant by animals. Hence the closeness of such tales to fables ("The Fox and the Crane", "Beasts in the Pit").

Tales about animals stand out in special group according to the character of the characters. They are divided by type of animal. This also includes tales about plants, inanimate nature (frost, sun, wind), and objects (a bubble, a straw, a bast shoe).

There are several genres in a fairy tale about animals. V. Ya. Propp identified suchgenres How:

1. Cumulative tale about animals. ( Boring tales, type: “About the white bull,” Turnip”);

2. A fairy tale about animals;

3. Fable (apologist);

4. Satirical tale.

Leading place in fairy tales about animals, comic tales occupy a place - about the pranks of animals (“The fox steals fish from a sleigh (from a cart), “The wolf at the ice hole”, “The fox coats its head with dough (sour cream), “The beaten one carries the unbeaten”, “The fox midwife” and etc.), which influence other fairy-tale genres of animal epic, especially the apologist (fable).

Fairy tales

Fairy tales of the fairy type include magical, adventure, and heroic. These tales are based onwonderful world .

Wonderful world - This is an objective, fantastic, unlimited world. Thanks to unlimited fantasy and a wonderful principle of organizing material in fairy tales with a wonderful world of possible “transformation”, amazing in their speed (children grow by leaps and bounds, every day they become stronger or more beautiful). Not only is the speed of the process surreal, but also its very nature."Conversion" in fairy tales of the miraculous type usually occurs with the help of magical creatures or objects .

A fairy tale is based on a complexcomposition , which hasexposition, plot development, climax and resolution .

At the coreplot A fairy tale contains a story about overcoming loss with the help of miraculous means, or magical helpers. In the exhibition of the fairy tale there are consistently 2 generations - the older (the king and the queen, etc.) and the younger - Ivan and his brothers or sisters. Also included in the exhibition is the absence of the older generation. An intensified form of absence is the death of the parents.The beginning fairy tale is that the main character or heroinediscover loss or am I present heremotives for the ban , violation of the ban and subsequent disaster. Here is the beginning of counteraction, i.e.sending the hero from home.

Plot development is a search for what is lost or missing.

The climax of a fairy tale is that the protagonist or heroine fights an opposing force and always defeats it.

Denouement is overcoming a loss or lack. Usually the hero (heroine) “reigns” at the end - that is, acquires a higher social status than he had at the beginning.

Meletinsky, identifying five groups of fairy tales, tries to resolve the issue historical development genre in general, and plots in particular.

The tale contains some motifs characteristic of totemic myths. Absolutely obviousmythological origin universally widespreada fairy tale about marriage with a wonderful “totem” creature , who has temporarily shed her animal shell and taken on a human form (A husband is looking for a missing or kidnapped wife (a wife is looking for her husband): “The Frog Princess,” “ The Scarlet Flower" and etc.).

A tale of visiting other worlds for the release of the captives there ("Three underground kingdoms", etc.). Fairy tales about a group of children falling into power are popular evil spirit, monsters, cannibals and those who are saved thanks to the resourcefulness of one of them (“The Witch’s Little Thumb,” etc.), or about the murder of a mighty snake (“The Snake Conqueror,” etc.).

In a fairy tale, we are actively developingfamily theme (“Cinderella”, etc.).Wedding for a fairy tale it becomes a symbolcompensation for the socially disadvantaged ("Sivko-Burko"). The socially disadvantaged hero (younger brother, stepdaughter, fool) at the beginning of the fairy tale, endowed with everything negative characteristics from his environment, is endowed with beauty and intelligence in the end (“The Little Humpbacked Horse”). The distinguished group of tales about wedding trials draws attention to the narrative of personal destinies.

Everyday tales

A characteristic feature of everyday fairy tales is the reproduction of everyday life in them. . The conflict of an everyday fairy tale is often thatdecency, honesty, nobility under the guise of simplicity and naivetyopposes those personality qualities that have always caused sharp rejection among the people (greed, anger, envy ).

As a rule, in everyday fairy tales there is moreirony and self-irony , since Good triumphs, but the randomness or singularity of its victory is emphasized.

The diversity of “everyday” fairy tales is characteristic : social-everyday, satirical-everyday, novelistic and others. Unlike fairy tales, everyday fairy tales contain a more significant elementsocial and moral criticism , she is more definite in her social preferences. Praise and condemnation sound stronger in everyday fairy tales.

IN Lately V methodological literature information began to appear about a new type of fairy tales - fairy tales mixed type. Of course, fairy tales of this type have existed for a long time, but they have not been given of great importance, because they forgot how much they can help in achieving educational, educational and developmental goals. In general, fairy tales of a mixed type are fairy tales of a transitional type.

They combine features inherent in fairy tales with a wonderful world, everyday tales. Elements of the miraculous also appear in the form magic items, around which the main action is grouped.

Fairy tale in different forms and scale strives to embody the ideal of human existence.

Fairy tales broaden one's horizons, awaken interest in the life and creativity of peoples, and foster a sense of trust in all the inhabitants of our Earth engaged in honest work.

3. Principles of telling a fairy tale.

Fairy tale - this is an amazingly powerful psychological tool for working with inner world human, a powerful development tool. Fairy tales surround us everywhere.

E.A. Flerina, the largest teacher in the region aesthetic education, sawThe advantage of storytelling over reading is that the narrator conveys the content as if he were an eyewitness to the events taking place.She believed that storytelling achieves a special immediacy of perception.

Every teacher should master the art of telling fairy tales, because... It is very important to convey the originality of the fairy tale genre.

The tales are dynamic and at the same time melodious. The speed of development of events in them is perfectly combined with repetition. The language of fairy tales is very picturesque: it contains many apt comparisons, epithets, figurative expressions, dialogues, songs, and rhythmic repetitions that help the child remember the fairy tale.

To the modern child It’s not enough to read a fairy tale, color images of its characters, and talk about the plot.With a child of the third millennium it is necessary make sense of fairy tales, search together and find hidden meanings and life lessons.

Principles of working with fairy tales:

Main focus