What Russian scientists invented. Russian inventors and their inventions

Our country is rich in talented scientists and inventors, whose work has made a huge contribution not only to the development of their own country, but also has become the property of world science and culture. Many of the brilliant scientists, whose inventions are used by the whole world, are unfairly forgotten or even unknown in their homeland.

We invite you to get acquainted with the best inventions and the most significant scientists, engineers and discoverers from Russia who deserve recognition.

01. VCR

The first working prototype and production model of the VCR was developed American company AMPEX, which was founded in 1944 by a Russian emigrant, Kazan engineer Alexander Matveevich Ponyatov.

The company name Ampex is an acronym formed from the first letters of the creator’s name and the word “experimental” - Alexander M. Poniatoff EXperimental.

At the beginning of its journey, the company was engaged in the production and development of sound recording equipment, but in the first half of the 50s it reoriented itself to the development of video recording devices and media for them.

At that time, there was already experience in recording images from a television screen, but recording devices required an incredibly large amount of tape. AMPEX invented a way to record images perpendicular to tape using rotating head units. The invention received quick recognition, and already in November 1956, a news broadcast was broadcast on the CBS television channel, which was recorded on Alexander Ponyatov’s VCR.

In 1960, the company and its founder received an Oscar for their invention, which made enormous contributions to the film and television industries.

The name of Alexander Ponyatov was little known to the general public in the USSR, however, in the USA, after the death of the engineer in 1982, the American Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, noting his outstanding contribution to the development of television technology, established the “Gold Medal named after. Poniatoff" (SMPTE Poniatoff Gold Medal), awarded for achievements in the field of magnetic recording of electrical signals.

Being and living far from his homeland, Alexander Ponyatov never ceased to miss native land, otherwise how to explain the massive planting of birch trees at the main entrance of all AMPEX offices. Alexander Matveevich personally ordered this.

02. Tetris

About 30 years ago in the Soviet Union, a certain puzzle called “Pentamino” was very popular. Its essence was to construct figures on lined fields. The popularity of the puzzle reached such a level that special collections with problems were created and published, where some of the pages were devoted to solving problems from previous issues of the collections.

This game, from a mathematical point of view, was great test for a computer system. In this regard, Alexey Pajitnov, a researcher at the USSR Academy of Sciences, developed a computer program similar to a puzzle for his “Electronics 60”. There was not enough capacity to create the classic version of the puzzle, where the field consisted of 5 cubes, so the field was reduced to 4 cells and a system for falling pieces was created. This is how one of the most popular computer games in the world appeared - Tetris.

Despite modern development technology, Tetris is still very popular, and other games for smartphones and computers are being developed based on it.

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03. Galvanoplasty

Plastic products that have a thin metal coating have entered our lives so long ago that we no longer notice the difference. There are also metal products that are coated with thin layers of other metals, and exact metal replicas of products with a non-metallic base.

This opportunity arose thanks to the brilliant physicist Boris Jacobi, who invented the “galvanoplasty” method. The electroforming method involves depositing metals onto molds to produce perfect copies of the original objects.

This method is widely used in many manufacturing areas around the world and is extremely popular due to its simplicity and high cost-effectiveness.

Boris Semenovich Jacobi became famous not only for the discovery of galvanoplasty. He also built the first electric motor, a telegraph machine that printed letters.

Until the summer of 2017, the grave of the great scientist Boris Semenovich Jacobi looked like this, despite the fact that it is under state protection!

Restoration was planned initiative group from St. Petersburg, but there is still no exact information about the work carried out.

04. Electric cars

The end of the 19th century was characterized by a huge increase in popularity for electric transport and vehicles without internal combustion engines. In those days, every self-respecting engineer developed and designed an electric car. The cities were small in size, so a range of several tens of kilometers on a single charge was quite enough for comfortable use of cars.

One of the enthusiasts was Ippolit Romanov, who created several decent models of electric vehicles, which for many reasons were not commercially successful.

Moreover, he designed an electric multi-passenger vehicle that was capable of carrying 17 passengers and developed a map of urban routes. This project was supposed to become the progenitor of modern trams, but it was not destined to come to fruition due to the lack of the required number of investors.

However, Ippolit Romanov is considered one of the first inventors of electric vehicles, which this moment enjoyed enormous popularity, and was the first inventor of the progenitor of the modern tram.

05. Electric arc welding

An electric arc welding method that relies on the physical action of an electric arc that is created between an electrode and pieces of metal. This method was patented in 1888 by Nikolai Benardos, a native of Novorossiysk Greeks.

Inventions this method allowed to significantly reduce the cost various types installation work, as well as increase the speed of their implementation and the level of reliability. After its invention, the method spread extremely quickly throughout the world and, in less than 50 years, took a leading position in many areas where fastening metal structures is necessary.

Despite hundreds of his inventions, including electric arc welding, the inventor did not gain fame and died in 1905 alone and in poverty.

06. Helicopter

The first person in the world to design and build a helicopter was Russian engineer Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky. The first production models, called R-4, were created in 1942.

In addition, Igor Sikorsky was one of the first inventors and testers of multi-engine aircraft, which at that time were considered too dangerous and uncontrollable.

In 1913, Sikorsky managed to lift into the air a four-engine Russian Knight aircraft, and in 1914 he set a record for flight duration, covering the distance between St. Petersburg and Kiev on an aircraft of this type.

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07. Color photographs

The first color printing was invented at the end of the 19th century, however, photographs of that time were distinguished by a colossal shift in spectra, which made the quality of the images far from ideal.

Domestic photographer for a long time studied the technology of color photography, he paid special attention to the chemical component of the process. Thanks to painstaking work in 1905, he managed to invent and patent a unique substance to increase the sensitivity of a photographic plate. This chemical reagent significantly improved the quality of color photographs and stimulated the development of color photography throughout the world.

• Article

Electricity, and everything in general. Have you ever wondered how the first prototypes of all those popular things that we all use appeared? Many of these inventions belong to Russian and Soviet scientists. So here is a list of the most important inventions of Russian and Soviet scientists and not only.

1. Radio receiver — A. Popov. Although there are still disputes about this. Many argue that radio owes its appearance to the Italian Marconi.

2. First machine — V.G. Fedorov. Or rather, an automatic carbine, with which you could fire bursts from your hands. A prototype was made in 1913.

3. Optical sight — A.Yu. Nartov.

4. Personal computer — A.A. Gorokhov. Although many people think that the first computer was invented by Americans, this is not true. Back in 1968, Gorokhov invented the “Programming Device” (as he called it), but he was asked to wait with the patent and eventually waited. The Americans have released their own similar device.

5. Bicycle- Ural master Artamonov. Rather, it was not a bicycle, but a two-wheeled pedal scooter, but it was it that became the prototype of the modern bicycle.

6. Diving apparatus - Lodygin. Lodygin created an autonomous water suit using a mixture of two gases: oxygen and hydrogen.

7. Electric welding — N.N. Bernados. This method of welding metals was invented by a Russian inventor in 1882.

8. Bodybuilding — Russian athlete E. Sandov. He published a book called "Building the Body", this book was later translated into English language and this English name and so it stuck.

9. Tetris- A. Pajitnov. One of the most famous computer games in the world. It was made in 1985.

10. Backpack parachute — Russian military G.E. Kotelnikov. This idea was brought to life in 1911. This was facilitated by the death of the pilot he saw.

11. H-bomb — Sakharov A.D.

12. The world's first television and electronic microscope - VC. Zvorykin

13. The first VCR — A.M. Ponyatov

14. Ballistic missile, spaceship, the first satellite of the Earth — S.P. Korolev

15. First color photography - CM. Prokudin-Gorsky

16. First lung transplant x - It was performed by surgeon V.P. Demikhov, he also created a model of an artificial heart.

17. First in the world Nuclear power plant — I.V. Kurchatov. Namely the Obninsk NPP.

18. The world's first floodlight and the first single-span arch bridge — I.P. Kulibin

19. Galvanic battery — V.V. Petrov. He was also the first to discover the electric arc.

20. Crawler - the idea of ​​​​creation belongs to the Russian D.A. Zagryazhsky

21. Discovery of the periodic law of chemical elements belongs to the well-known V.I. Megdeleev. His table is known all over the world

In 1908-1911 he built his first two simple helicopters. The carrying capacity of the apparatus, built in September 1909, reached 9 pounds. None of the helicopters built could take off with a pilot, and Sikorsky switched to building airplanes.

Sikorsky's airplanes won top prizes at a military aircraft competition

In 1912-1914, he created the Grand (Russian Knight) and Ilya Muromets aircraft in St. Petersburg, which laid the foundation for multi-engine aviation. On March 27, 1912, on the S-6 biplane, Sikorsky managed to set world speed records: with two passengers on board - 111 km/h, with five - 106 km/h. In March 1919, Sikorsky emigrated to the United States and settled in the New York area.

The first experimental helicopter, the Vought-Sikorsky 300, created by Sikorsky in the USA, took off from the ground on September 14, 1939. Essentially, it was a modernized version of his first Russian helicopter, created back in July 1909.

His helicopters were the first to fly across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans (with in-flight refueling). Sikorsky machines were used for both military and civilian purposes.

He is the creator of the first accurately dated printed book "Apostle" in the Russian Kingdom, as well as the founder of a printing house in the Russian Voivodeship of the Kingdom of Poland.

Ivan Fedorov is traditionally called “the first Russian book printer”

In 1563, by order of John IV, a house was built in Moscow - the Printing House, which the tsar generously provided from his treasury. The Apostle (book, 1564) was printed in it.

The first printed book in which the name of Ivan Fedorov is indicated ( and Peter Mstislavets who helped him), it was “Apostle”, work on which was carried out, as indicated in the afterword to it, from April 19, 1563 to March 1, 1564. This is the first accurately dated printed Russian book. On next year Fedorov’s printing house published his second book, “The Book of Hours.”

After some time, attacks began on printers from professional scribes, whose traditions and income were threatened by the printing house. After the arson that destroyed their workshop, Fedorov and Mstislavets left for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Ivan Fedorov himself writes that in Moscow he had to endure very strong and frequent bitterness towards himself, not from the tsar, but from state leaders, clergy and teachers who envied him, hated him, accused Ivan of many heresies and wanted to destroy God’s work (i.e. printing). These people kicked Ivan Fedorov out of his native Fatherland, and Ivan had to move to another country, which he had never been to. In this country, Ivan, as he himself writes, was kindly received by the pious King Sigismund II Augustus along with his army.

Russian physicist and electrical engineer, professor, inventor, state councilor, Honorary electrical engineer. Inventor of radio.

The activities of A. S. Popov, which preceded the discovery of radio, included research in the field of electrical engineering, magnetism and electromagnetic waves.

On May 7, 1895, at a meeting of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society, Popov made a report and demonstrated the world’s first radio receiver that he had created. Popov finished his message in the following words: « In conclusion, I can express the hope that my device, with further improvement, can be applied to the transmission of signals over a distance using fast electrical oscillations, as soon as a source of such oscillations with sufficient energy is found».

On March 24, 1896, Popov transmitted the world's first radiogram over a distance of 250 m, and in 1899 he designed a receiver for receiving signals by ear using handset. This made it possible to simplify the reception circuit and increase the radio communication range.

The first radiogram transmitted by A. S. Popov to the island of Gogland on February 6, 1900, contained an order for the icebreaker Ermak to go to the aid of fishermen carried out to sea on an ice floe. The icebreaker complied with the order, and 27 fishermen were rescued. Popov established the world's first radio communication line at sea, created the first military and civilian radio stations, and successfully carried out work that proved the possibility of using radio in the ground forces and in aeronautics.

Two days before his death, A.S. Popov was elected chairman of the physics department of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society. With this election, Russian scientists emphasized the enormous merits of A. S. Popov to Russian science.

Cherepanov brothers

In 1833-1834, they created the first steam locomotive in Russia, and then in 1835 - a second, more powerful one.

In 1834, at the Vyisky plant, which was part of Demidov’s Nizhny Tagil factories, Russian mechanic Miron Efimovich Cherepanov, with the help of his father Efim Alekseevich, built the first steam locomotive in Russia entirely from domestic materials. This word did not yet exist in everyday life, and the locomotive was called a “land steamer.” Today, a model of the first Russian steam locomotive of type 1−1−0, built by the Cherepanovs, is stored in Central Museum railway transport in St. Petersburg.

The first locomotive had a working weight of 2.4 tons. Its experimental trips began in August 1834. The production of the second locomotive was completed in March 1835. The second locomotive could transport cargo already weighing 1000 pounds (16.4 tons) at a speed of up to 16 km /h.

Cherepanov was denied a patent for a steam locomotive because it was “very smelly”

Unfortunately, unlike stationary steam engines, which were in demand by Russian industry at that time, the first Russian railway of the Cherepanovs was not given the attention it deserved. The now found drawings and documents characterizing the activities of the Cherepanovs indicate that they were true innovators and highly gifted masters of technology. They created not only Nizhny Tagil railway and its rolling stock, but also designed many steam engines, metalworking machines, and built a steam turbine.

Russian electrical engineer, one of the inventors of the incandescent lamp.

As for the incandescent lamp, it does not have one single inventor. The history of the light bulb is a whole chain of discoveries made different people V different time. However, Lodygin's merits in the creation of incandescent lamps are especially great. Lodygin was the first to propose using tungsten filaments in lamps ( In modern light bulbs, the filaments are made of tungsten) and twist the filament in the shape of a spiral. Lodygin was also the first to pump air out of lamps, which increased their service life many times over. And yet, it was they who put forward the idea of ​​filling light bulbs with inert gas.

Lodygin is the creator of the autonomous diving suit project

In 1871, Lodygin created a project for an autonomous diving suit using a gas mixture consisting of oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen was to be produced from water by electrolysis, and on October 19, 1909, he received a patent for an induction furnace.

Andrey Konstantinovich Nartov (1693—1756)

Inventor of the world's first screw-cutting lathe with a mechanized slide and a set of replaceable gears.

Nartov developed the design of the world's first screw-cutting lathe with a mechanized slide and a set of replaceable gears (1738). Subsequently, this invention was forgotten and the screw-cutting lathe with a mechanical slide and a set of replaceable gears was reinvented around 1800 by Henry Models.

In 1754, A. Nartov was promoted to the rank of general, state councilor

While working in the Artillery Department, Nartov created new machines, original fuses, proposed new methods for casting guns and sealing shells in the gun channel, etc. He invented an original optical sight. The significance of Nartov’s inventions was so great that on May 2, 1746, a decree was issued to reward A.K. Nartov with five thousand rubles for artillery inventions. In addition, several villages in the Novgorod district were assigned to him.

Boris Lvovich Rosing (1869—1933)

Russian physicist, scientist, teacher, inventor of television, author of the first experiments on television, for which the Russian Technical Society awarded him gold medal and the K. G. Siemens Prize

He grew up lively and inquisitive, studied successfully, and was fond of literature and music. But his life turned out to be connected not with humanitarian areas activities, but with the exact sciences. After graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University, B. L. Rosing became interested in the idea of ​​transmitting images over a distance.

By 1912, B. L. Rosing developed all the basic elements of modern black and white television tubes. His work became known in many countries at that time, and his patent for the invention was recognized in Germany, Great Britain and the USA.

Russian inventor B. L. Rosing is the inventor of television

In 1931 he was arrested in the “Academics Case” for financial assistance counter-revolutionaries” (he lent money to a friend who was subsequently arrested) and was exiled to Kotlas for three years without the right to work. However, thanks to the intercession of the Soviet and foreign scientific community, in 1932 he was transferred to Arkhangelsk, where he entered the department of physics of the Arkhangelsk Forestry Engineering Institute. There he died on April 20, 1933 at the age of 63 from a cerebral hemorrhage. On November 15, 1957, B. L. Rosing was completely acquitted.

May 27th, 2013

The child again puzzled me with a sudden question: “Dad, what inventions did the Russians make?” And as luck would have it, I didn’t immediately remember anything except the radio and electric welding. Well, he also told me about the satellite. And he climbed into the tyrnets. I found a whole list - look under the cut. There was a lot I didn't know about:

Incandescent lamp
The device in its current form is known as the “Edison light bulb.” Meanwhile, Edison only improved it. The first creator of the lamp was a Russian scientist, member of the Russian Technical Society, Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin. This happened in 1870. Lodygin was the first to propose using tungsten filaments in lamps and twisting the incandescent filament in the shape of a spiral. Edison patented the incandescent lamp only in 1879.

diving apparatus
In 1871 A.N. Lodygin created a project for an autonomous diving suit using a gas mixture consisting of oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen had to be produced from water by electrolysis.

Caterpillar
The first caterpillar propulsion device was proposed in 1837 by staff captain D. Zagryazhsky. Its caterpillar propulsion system was built on two wheels surrounded by an iron chain. And in 1879, the Russian inventor F. Blinov received a patent for the “caterpillar track” he created for a tractor. He called it “a locomotive for dirt roads.”

Electric welding
The method of electric welding of metals was invented and first used in 1882 by the Russian inventor Nikolai Nikolaevich Benardos (1842 -1905). He called the “stitching” of metal with an electric seam “electrohephaestus.”

Airplane
In 1881 A.F. Mozhaisky received Russia's first patent ("privilege") for an aircraft (airplane), and in 1883 he completed the assembly of the first full-scale aircraft. Since the time of the Mozhaisky aircraft project, not a single designer of mankind has proposed a fundamentally different aircraft design.

Radio
On May 7, 1895, Alexander Stepanovich Popov for the first time publicly demonstrated the reception and transmission of radio signals at a distance. In 1896 A.S. Popov transmitted the world's first radio telegram. In 1897 A.S. Popov established the possibility of radar using a wireless telegraph. And in Europe and America it is believed that radio was invented by the Italian Guglielmo Marconi in the same 1895.

A television
Boris Lvovich Rosing On July 25, 1907, he filed an application for the invention of the “Method electric transmission images at a distance." A real breakthrough in image clarity of electronic television was the “iconoscope”, invented in 1923 by Vladimir Zvorykin, a scientist and emigrant from Russia. For the first time in history, a moving image was transmitted over a distance in 1928 by inventors Boris Grabovsky and I.F. Belyansky. The first devices were called not TV, but telephoto.

Parachute
The first design of a backpack parachute was proposed in 1911 by the Russian military man G.E. Kotelnikov. Its dome was made of silk, the slings were divided into 2 groups. The canopy and lines were placed in the backpack. Later, in 1923, Kotelnikov proposed an envelope backpack for stowing a parachute.

Video recorder
The world's first video recorder was developed by Russian scientist, emigrant from Russia Alexander Matveevich Ponyatov and sold by Ampex on April 14, 1956.

Artificial Earth satellite
The world's first artificial satellite is considered the beginning of the space age of mankind. Launched in the USSR on October 4, 1957 (Sputnik 1). The creation of an artificial Earth satellite, led by the founder of practical astronautics S.P. Korolev, scientists M.V. Keldysh, M.K. Tikhonravov, N.S. Lidorenko, V.I. Lapko, B.S. Chekunov, A.V. Bukhtiyarov and many others.

Nuclear power plant
The world's first pilot nuclear power plant was launched in the USSR on June 27, 1954 in Obninsk. Before this, the energy of the atomic nucleus was used primarily for military purposes. The concept of “atomic energy” appeared.

Nuclear icebreaker
All nuclear icebreakers existing in the world were designed, built and launched in the USSR and Russia.

Tetris
The most famous computer game, invented by Alexey Pajitnov in 1985.

Laser
The first laser, it was called a maser, was made in 1953 - 1954. N.G. Basov and A.M. Prokhorov. In 1964, Basov and Prokhorov received Nobel Prize in physics.

Computer
The world's first personal computer was invented not by the American company Apple Computers and not in 1975, but in the USSR in 1968 by a Soviet designer from Omsk Arseny Anatolyevich Gorokhov. Copyright certificate No. 383005.

Electric motor
Jacobi Boris Semenovich invented the electric motor in 1834.

Electric car
A passenger two-seater electric car was developed in 1899 by Ippolit Vladimirovich Romanov. The electric car varied its speed from 1.6 km/h to a maximum of 37.4 km/h. Romanov also implemented a project to create a 24-seater omnibus.

Spaceship
Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov, who worked at OKB-1, began work on creating a manned spacecraft in the spring of 1957. By April 1960, a preliminary design of the Vostok-1 satellite ship was developed. On April 12, 1961, on the Vostok spacecraft, USSR pilot-cosmonaut Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin made the world's first flight into outer space.

S.P. Korolev (the world's first ballistic missile, spacecraft, first Earth satellite)

A.M.Prokhorov and N.G. Basov (the world's first quantum generator - maser)

CM. Prokudin-Gorsky (the world's first color photograph)

A. A. Alekseev (creator of the needle screen)

F. Pirotsky (the world's first electric tram)

V.A. Starevich (3D animated film)

O.V. Losev (the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device)

V.P. Mutilin (the world's first construction combine)

A. R. Vlasenko (the world's first grain harvesting machine)

V.P. Demikhov (the first in the world to perform a lung transplant, and the first to create a model of an artificial heart)

A.D. Sakharov (the world's first hydrogen bomb)

A.P. Vinogradov (created a new direction in science - geochemistry of isotopes)

I.I. Polzunov (the world's first thermal engine)

G. E. Kotelnikov (the first backpack rescue parachute)

M. O. Dolivo - Dobrovolsky (invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer)

V. P. Vologdin (the world's first high-voltage mercury rectifier with a liquid cathode, developed induction furnaces for the use of high-frequency currents in industry)

S.O. Kostovich (created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879)

V.P. Glushko (the world's first electric/thermal rocket engine)

I. F. Aleksandrovsky (invented the stereo camera)

D.P. GRIGOROVICH (CREATOR OF SEAPLANT)

V.G. Fedorov (the world's first machine gun)

A.K. Nartov (built the world's first lathe with a movable support)

M.V. Lomonosov (for the first time in science he formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world began to teach a course in physical chemistry, for the first time discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus)

I.P. Kulibin (Mechanic, developed the design of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge)

V.V. Petrov (Physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; discovered the electric arc)

P.I. Prokopovich (for the first time in the world he invented a frame hive, in which he used a magazine with frames)

N.I. Lobachevsky (Mathematician, creator of “non-Euclidean geometry”)

D.A.Zagryazhsky (invented the caterpillar track)

B.O. Jacobi (invented electroplating and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft)

P.P. Anosov (Metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient damask steel)

D.I.Zhuravsky (first developed the theory of calculations of bridge trusses, which is currently used throughout the world)

N.I. Pirogov (for the first time in the world compiled an atlas “ Topographic anatomy”, which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, plaster and much more)

I.R. Hermann (for the first time in the world compiled a summary of uranium minerals)

A.M.Butlerov (first formulated the basic principles of the theory of the structure of organic compounds)

I.M. Sechenov (creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work “Reflexes of the Brain”)

D.I. Mendeleev (discovered the periodic law of chemical elements, creator of the table of the same name)

M.A. Novinsky (Veterinarian, laid the foundations of experimental oncology)

G.G. Ignatiev (for the first time in the world he developed a system of simultaneous telephone and telegraphy over one cable)

K.S. Dzhevetsky (built the world's first submarine with an electric motor)

N.I. Kibalchich (for the first time in the world he developed a design for a rocket aircraft)

V.V. Dokuchaev (laid the foundations of genetic soil science)

V.I. Sreznevsky (Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera)

A.G. Stoletov (Physicist, for the first time in the world he created a photocell based on the external photoelectric effect)

P.D. Kuzminsky (built the world's first radial gas turbine)

I.V. Boldyrev (The first flexible photosensitive non-flammable film, formed the basis for the creation of cinematography)

I.A. Timchenko (developed the world's first movie camera)

S.M. Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M.F. Freidenberg (created the world's first automatic telephone exchange)

N.D. Pilchikov (Physicist, for the first time in the world he created and successfully demonstrated a wireless control system)

V.A. Gassiev (Engineer, built the world's first phototypesetting machine)

K.E. Tsiolkovsky (founder of cosmonautics)

P.N. Lebedev (physicist, for the first time in science experimentally proved the existence of light pressure on solids)

I.P. Pavlov (creator of the science of higher nervous activity)

V.I. Vernadsky (naturalist, founder of many scientific schools)

A.N. Scriabin (Composer, for the first time in the world, used lighting effects in the symphonic poem “Prometheus”)

N.E. Zhukovsky (creator of aerodynamics)

S.V.Lebedev (first produced artificial rubber)

G.A. Tikhov (Astronomer, for the first time in the world, established that the Earth, when observed from space, should have a blue color. Later, as we know, this was confirmed when filming our planet from space)

N.D. Zelinsky (developed the world's first highly effective coal gas mask)

N.P. Dubinin (geneticist, discovered the divisibility of the gene)

M.A. Kapelyushnikov (invented the turbodrill)

E.K. Zavoisky (discovered electric paramagnetic resonance)

N.I. Lunin (proved that there are vitamins in the body of living beings)

N.P. Wagner (discovered insect pedogenesis)

Svyatoslav N. Fedorov - (the first in the world to perform surgery to treat glaucoma)

The world's first musical synthesizer was invented by a colonel Soviet army Evgeny Murzin. This was back in 1958, even before the appearance of foreign "Sinti-100", "Supermoogs" and long before the invention of all kinds of "Yamahas"

The history of the discovery of penicillin is well known. The first modern scientist to draw attention to the amazing properties of mold was Ernst Duchesne in 1897. He carried out the necessary research and reported encouraging results to the Pasteur Institute in Paris. But venerable scientists simply brushed aside the “fantasies” of the young physician. The second, more successful, discoverer of the revolutionary drug was the American Alexander Fleming in 1929.
For quite a long time, the antibiotic remained an experimental drug, only in 1939 penicillin began to be produced in industrial quantities. And it was very useful to the Allies in the Second World War. By the way, the British explained the delay in opening a second front by saying that before the start of active fighting they needed to produce a sufficient amount of antibiotics.
Commendable care for their wounded soldiers, to say the least. But the sad thing is that Soviet doctors never received a recipe for a miracle cure from the Americans. Although they really asked for it. Penicillin was needed by frontline medicine like air. And Soviet scientists invented the drug again.
In 1943, Zinaida Ermolyeva received penicillin using her own technology. Interestingly, the drug turned out to be stronger than its overseas counterpart. American scientists were invited to get acquainted with the new discovery. They were convinced of the benefits of Ermolyeva’s drug and asked for a sample for careful study in their laboratories. Permission came from the very top, the sample went to America.
But colleagues from the United States, studying the Russian drug, were perplexed. It was no different from the American one. Only years later it became known that intelligence officers had replaced the samples and sent overseas the penicillin that the Americans themselves had brought for comparison. Apparently this was a small but pleasant revenge for previous delays.

It is difficult for us today to imagine that 200 years ago people did not know anything about electricity, most modern species transport, television, not to mention mobile phones, Skype, the Internet and other components of the modern information society.

In this regard, it will be interesting to consider the authorship of which inventions that became fateful for the development of mankind belong to Russian inventors. Of course, it is impossible to cover all areas of invention, so this article will contain a certain degree of selectivity and subjectivity. Let’s say right away that in Russian state the main components of patent law (which is directly related to establishing the primacy of an invention) have been formed only since the 30s. XIX century, while in the West they became acquainted with this concept a little earlier. And therefore, the phrases “first to invent” and “first to patent” were not always identical.

Military affairs, weapons

1. G. E. Kotelnikov - inventor of the backpack parachute. While in the theater, the inventor saw in the hands of one lady a tightly rolled piece of fabric, which, after a little effort of the hands, turned into a loose scarf. So, the principle of a parachute’s operation appeared in Kotelnikov’s head. Unfortunately, the novelty initially gained recognition abroad, and only during the First World War did the tsarist government remember the existence of this useful invention.

Gleb Kotelnikov with his invention.

By the way, the inventor had other ideas that have not yet been implemented

2. N. D. Zelinsky - invented a filtering carbon gas mask. Despite the Hague Convention prohibiting the use of toxic substances? first world war The use of poisonous gases became a reality and therefore representatives of the warring countries began to look for ways to protect themselves from these dangerous weapons. It was then that Zelinsky proposed his know-how - a gas mask in which activated carbon was used as a filter, which, as it turned out, successfully neutralized all toxic substances.

Russian soldiers in Zelinsky gas masks on the front line during the First World War

3. L. N. Gobyato - inventor of the mortar-mortar. The invention appeared in field conditions in years Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Faced with a problem - the need to knock out enemy forces from the trenches and trenches located in the immediate vicinity, Gobyato and his assistant Vasiliev proposed using these conditions are easy 47 mm naval gun on wheels. Instead of conventional shells, homemade pole mines were used, which were fired at a certain angle along a hinged trajectory.

Mortar of the Gobyato system on the positions of Mount Vysokaya. D. Buzaev

4. I. F. Aleksandrovsky - inventor of a self-propelled mine (torpedo) and the first mechanically driven submarine in the Russian fleet.

Aleksandrovsky submarine

5. V. G. Fedorov - creator of the world's first machine gun. Actually, the machine gun was originally understood as an automatic rifle, which Fedorov began to create even before the start of the First World War - in 1913. Only since 1916 did the invention gradually begin to be used in combat, although, of course, the machine gun became a weapon of mass distribution during the Second World War .

Automatic machine of the Fedorov system

Communications, information transfer

1. A. S. Popov - inventor of radio. On May 7, 1895, at a meeting of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society at St. Petersburg University, he demonstrated the operation of a radio receiver he had invented, but did not manage to patent it. The Italian G. Marconi received a patent and a Nobel Prize (together with K. F. Brown) for the invention of radio.

Radio Popova

2. G. G. Ignatiev - for the first time in the world, he developed a system of simultaneous telephone and telegraphy over one cable.

3. V.K. Zvorykin - inventor of television and television broadcasting based on the electronic principle. He developed an iconoscope, a kinescope, and the basics of color television. Unfortunately, he made most of his discoveries in the USA, where he emigrated in 1919.

4. A. M. Ponyatov - inventor of the video recorder. Just like Zvorykin emigrated from Russia in the years civil war, and, once in the USA, continued his developments in the field of electronics. In 1956, Ampex, under the leadership of Poniatov, released the world's first commercial video recorder.

Ponyatov with his brainchild

5. I. A. Timchenko - developed the world's first movie camera. In 1893 in Odessa on big piece a white sheet showed the world's first two films - "The Javelin Thrower" and "The Galloping Horseman". They were demonstrated using a movie camera designed by mechanic-inventor Timchenko. In 1895, a patent for the invention of a movie camera was received by Louis Jean Lumiere, who, together with his brother, are considered the founders of cinema.

Medicine

1. N. I. Pirogov - the first use of anesthesia in military field surgery during Caucasian War in 1847. It was Pirogov who began to use bandages soaked in starch, which turned out to be very effective. In addition, I introduced medical practice fixed plaster cast.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was the first to use anesthesia in military field surgery

2. G. A. Ilizarov - the name of this inventor is named after the device he designed in 1953. It is used in orthopedics, traumatology, and surgery. The device is an iron structure consisting of rings and spokes, and is mainly widely known for healing fractures, straightening deformed bones, and straightening legs.

Layout diagrams of the Ilizarov apparatus

3. S. S. Bryukhonenko - created the world’s first artificial blood circulation apparatus (auto-projector). Through experiments, he proved that reviving the human body after clinical death is possible in the same way as open-heart surgery, organ transplantation and the creation of an artificial heart.

Today, surgeons can no longer do without artificial blood circulation machines, and the credit for their creation belongs to our compatriot

4. V.P. Demikhov is one of the founders of transplantology. He was the first in the world to perform a lung transplant, and the first to create a model of an artificial heart. Experimenting on dogs in the 1940s. was able to transplant a second heart, and then replace the dog’s heart with a donor one. Experiments on dogs later saved thousands of lives

5. Fedorov S.N. - radial keratomy. In 1973, for the first time in the world, he developed and performed operations to treat glaucoma in the early stages (the deep sclerectomy method, which later received international recognition). A year later, Fedorov began performing operations to treat and correct myopia by applying anterior dosed incisions to the cornea using a technique he developed. In total, over 3 million such operations have already been performed worldwide.

Among other things, Academician Fedorov was the first in the country to perform an operation to replace the lens of the eye

Electricity

1. A. N. Lodygin - incandescent electric light bulb. In 1872, A. N. Lodygin patented the world's first incandescent electric light bulb. It used a carbon rod that was placed in a vacuum flask.

Lodygin was not only able to develop an incandescent lamp, but also patent it

2. P. N. Yablochkov - invented the arc lamp (went down in history under the name “Yablochkov’s candle”). In 1877 some streets European capitals Yablochkov’s “candles” were illuminated. They were disposable, burned for less than 2 hours, but they shone quite brightly.
Yablochkov’s “candle” illuminated the streets of Paris

3. M. O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky - three-phase power supply system. IN late XIX V. A Russian inventor with Polish roots invented something that is now familiar to any electrician and is successfully used all over the world.
The three-phase system developed by Dolivo-Dobrovolsky is still successfully used today

4. D. A. Lachinov - proved the possibility of transmitting electricity through wires over significant distances.

5. V.V. Petrov - developed the world's largest galvanic battery, discovered the electric arc.

Transport

1. A.F. Mozhaisky - creator of the first aircraft. In 1882, Mozhaisky built an airplane, but during tests near St. Petersburg, the airplane separated from the ground, but, being unstable, tilted to the side and broke the wing. This circumstance in the West is often used as an argument that the inventor of the aircraft should be considered the one who was able to fly above the ground in horizontal position, i.e. Wright brothers.

Mozhaisky airplane model

2. I. I. Sikorsky - creator of the first production helicopter. Back in 1908-1910. designed two helicopters, but none of the helicopters built could take off with a pilot. Sikorsky returned to helicopters in the late 1930s, already working in the USA, having designed a model of the single-rotor helicopter S-46 (VC-300).

Sikorsky at the controls of his first “flying” helicopter