Ethnographic features of the peoples of the Urals. The culture of life of Russians in the Urals

Culture and life of the population of the Urals in the XII-XVII centuries.

The development of the Urals by Russian people had a significant impact on the culture and life of the inhabitants of the region. During the XII-XVII centuries. There was a mutual enrichment of the cultures of the indigenous population and Russians, among whom the absolute majority were peasants. The influence of Russian culture is most clearly felt in the transfer of skills of arable farming, in the influence on wooden architecture, in the spread of the Russian language, writing, Orthodoxy as the official religion of the Russian feudal state. In turn, the Russians adopted many hunting, fishing and other cultural elements from the indigenous people. The development of Russian culture in the Urals, while remaining part of the all-Russian cultural and historical process, had at the same time some features associated with the conditions of development of this region, the nature of socio-economic relations and contacts with other peoples. In the Urals at that time, the black-growing peasantry and the townspeople population predominated. Serfdom had a weaker effect here than in counties located in the center of the country. A higher level of personal independence, opportunities for initiative, and entrepreneurship created relatively favorable conditions for the development of culture. In the Urals in the XVI-XVII centuries. chronicle traditions continue, books are created and rewritten, folklore is preserved and enriched; Literacy was widespread among townspeople, service people, and part of the peasantry. Large Cultural Center took shape in the estates of the “famous people” the Stroganovs, who owned large book collections, icon-painting workshops, and encouraged the development of musical and choral art. Already in the XV-XVII centuries. In the Urals, residents widely used technical knowledge related primarily to the search, extraction and processing of the region’s mineral wealth. Salt mining has reached a high technical level. Here they used drilling of wells to great depths, pumps for lifting brine, and more advanced equipment for salt boilers. Technical knowledge and practical skills of the local population became an important condition for the transformation of the Urals in the 18th century. to the center of the domestic mining industry.

Culture of the indigenous peoples of the Urals

During his campaigns in the XI-XV centuries. The Russians were quite well versed in the vast territory of the Northern and Middle Urals. In the Urals they used the same routes that had long been mastered by the ancestors of the Komi and Mansi. As a rule, representatives of the local population served as guides for the Russians. It is known that Ermak’s squad included Komi and Mansi, who knew the road through the Ural Mountains. Not without the participation of the Mansi, who lived in the upper reaches of Yaiva and Kosva, I found in late XVI V. Artemy Babinov is the shortest route from Solikamsk to Siberia. To penetrate the Southern Trans-Urals after the annexation of Kazan and Bashkiria, the Russians began to use the old Kazan road, well developed by the Tatars and Bashkirs. The peoples of the Urals have accumulated centuries of experience in using its natural resources. They cooked salt, smelted metal, and developed forests. rivers, experienced a diverse animal world. Arab and Central Asian geographers have written more than once that native gold and gems are not known in the Urals. With the arrival of the Russians, ores, salt springs, and forests began to be developed more widely. The tsarist government ordered the search for both new ore deposits and the development of the remains of ancient mines. By the end of the 17th century. More than 50 mineral deposits have already been discovered in the Urals. This success was largely facilitated by the observations and direct assistance of ore miners from among the local population. It is known that in the Sylvensko-Irensky river, ore miners often used the services of the Tatars and Mansi. Indigenous people The Urals developed a lot of production skills and practical knowledge, which were successfully mastered by the Russians in the early stages. At the same time, it itself perceived many aspects of the experience that was new to it. The mutual transfer of knowledge took place within the framework of emerging economic and cultural complexes. The most active dissemination of the traditions of Russian culture and life is observed in agricultural zones, in which the practices used by immigrants from European Russia three-field. Here, Russian plows, more advanced axes, sickles, and scythes, which were found in large quantities during excavations of ancient settlements, became widespread earlier. In hunting and fishing areas, the Russians adopted many of the skills of the local population: means of transporting heavy loads (sledges), fishing tools (cheeses, owls), clothes (luzan, malitsa, sovik), shoes (nyary, uledp), etc. Among the indigenous Ural population developed different kinds applied arts. All of them were closely connected with economic life and traditional worldview. TO ancient times Processing of wood and birch bark, bone and metal, and the production of patterned fabrics and knitted items go back. The Komi and Udmurt peoples owned mortgage, bran and multi-shaft weaving. By archaeological finds it can be assumed that the ancestors of the Komi - the Lomovatov and Vanvizdin tribes (III-VIII centuries) already had clothes with a woven pattern and geometric embroidery. Belts have long occupied a prominent place in men's and women's costumes, so they were decorated with plaques or woven patterns. In the traditional costume of the Komi, women's headdresses are known, decorated with shells, pearls, stripes, and among the Udmurts - with silver plaques. From the end of the 17th century. The Udmurts have embroidery on women's shirts. The Komi, Udmurts and Mansi, who lived in the forest taiga zone, made for themselves a variety of carved wooden utensils for storing food and cooking: troughs, cups, salt pans, spoons, ladles, jugs, etc. Many products were given a convenient and beautiful shape, decorated with triangular, contour or sculptural carvings in the form of stylized zoomorphic images. Objects made of birch bark and roots occupied an important place in everyday life. > among the Komi people there were widely used korobits, chumans, shoulder pesters, tues, shoulder bags-peschorkas, kudas and baskets for storing dry foods. Birch bark products of the Komi and Udmurts were decorated with carvings and embossing. On wooden utensils, the owner often carved family or personal signs - passes, which often served as an ornamental decoration for the item. Wood processing techniques were common, but among some peoples of the Urals, wooden things were unique. For example, among the hunters and fishermen of the Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks, a large salt shaker in the shape of a waterfowl was widely used. An indispensable accessory of the Udmurt ancestral sanctuary and the front corner of the dwelling was a carved chair, made from a single tree trunk and which simultaneously served for storing clothes. The Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks paid considerable attention to the decoration of residential and outbuildings. Roofs erected on “males” without nails were especially decorated. Above the gable roofs there were ridge ridges, and on the sides there were “hens”. Okhlupny and “hens” were cut from a tree trunk with rhizomes, which were most often shaped like horse heads or some fantastic animals and birds. In addition, it was customary among the Komi to place carved figures of birds on high poles near houses. Similar decorations are also known among the old-time Russian population of the Upper Kama region. Zoomorphic motifs in both homes and household utensils have their origins in the animalistic ideas of ancestors and the well-known metal plastic art of the Perm animal style. Based high art Wood processing among the Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks also saw the development of sculpture. He wrote at the end of the 14th century about the wooden idols of the Vychegda-Vym Komi, which “are essentially idols, sculptured, carved out.” Epiphanius the Wise. The same wooden idols located in pagan “idols” and temples are reported in the message of Metropolitan Simon in 1501 to the “Permians” in Perm the Great. Wooden idol gods were also known to other peoples of the Urals, in particular the Mansi, who kept them in the sanctuaries of the caves along Yayva and Chusovaya. Local population for a long time considered the statue to be the main deity. With the adoption of Christianity official church made a compromise: the functions of pagan idols were transferred to church sculpture. The basis for this conclusion is the Perm wooden sculpture of the 17th-18th centuries that has survived to this day, in which, in addition to Christian subjects, the traditions of both local paganism and Russian, brought to the Ural lands by pioneer settlers from the European North, are clearly distinguished. Therefore, Perm sculpture is similar to Novgorod, Pskov, Arkhangelsk and Vologda. In written monuments of the XIV-XVII centuries. Komi musical instruments are called by one term “surgum”, which means trumpet or horn. Since ancient times, shepherds and hunters used birch bark pipes and wooden drums not only to give signals, but also to musical entertainment. Among the Komi-Permyaks and Vychegda Komi-Zyryans, playing on “glades” - unique multi-barreled flutes cut from the stems of picans - was widespread. Komi-Zyrians are also familiar with the stringed musical instrument “sigudbk”, which is similar in structure to the Russian gudk. The influence of Russian culture was felt somewhat weaker in Bashkiria. It was connected. with the spread of Islam here, which already in the 16th century. became the dominant religion in Bashkiria, as well as with features economic activity Bashkir. Until the 18th century. The main occupation of the majority of the population of Bashkiria (especially in its eastern part) remained semi-nomadic cattle breeding and hunting. But here, too, following the example of the Russian and non-Russian population who penetrated into Bashkiria from the Volga region, Bashkir cattle breeders in the 17th century. expanded hayfields and increased hay storage for the winter. More active penetration of the newcomer population (Russians, Tatars and other peoples of the Volga region) into the regions of northern and western Bashkiria led to noticeable changes in the labor occupations and life of the local population. An economic and ethnographic division of Bashkiria into the agricultural western and pastoral eastern regions has emerged. The Western Bashkirs borrowed economic tools from peoples who were essentially conductors of agricultural culture. The most widespread, especially in mountainous areas, is the Russian plow. To raise virgin soil, a heavy Tatar plow - a saban - was most often used. Before the entry of the Urals into the Russian state, the local population, with the exception of the Komi-Zyryans, did not have their own written language. Writing among the Komi-Zyryans appeared in the second half of the 14th century. Its creation is associated with the name of the missionary Stefan of Perm. In the history of the Russian state, this was the first attempt to develop an alphabet for an unliterate people. The Komi alphabet, known as the ancient Permian alphabet, consisted of 24 letters. It used Greek and Slavic letters, as well as local generic tamga-passes. Stefan of Perm himself, being the son of a Komi-Zyryanka, knew the language of this people well. He translated liturgical books into the Komi-Zyryan language and opened a school for teaching literacy. However, subsequently the ancient Permian written language lagged significantly behind the spoken Komi language and in the 18th century. was completely translated into Russian graphics. The Komi-Permyaks also partially knew this letter: for a long time they had icons with inscriptions from ancient Perm letters. The entry of the peoples of the Urals into the Russian state inevitably led to the mastery of Russian writing, necessary for drawing up various business papers. So, at the end of the XVI-XVII centuries. The Vishera, Chusovsky, Lyalinsky and Lozvinsky Mansi repeatedly sent their petitions to the Russian Tsar with a request to establish the exact boundaries of their possessions and the size of the tribute. Among the Mansi, the so-called interpreters were the first to master Russian literacy. They were instructed to write petitions, letters, and act as translators. A long-standing tradition among the Komi population was the custom of writing on birch bark, and they wrote not only small texts of spells and prayers, but also liturgical books. With the arrival of the Russians, an active process of interpenetration of Russian words into local languages and vice versa begins. It is known that in the 17th century. in the Urals there were people who knew not only two, but also three languages. Long-term bilingualism also led to the active development of local place names by Russians. Moreover, local toponyms often acquired new uniform, more convenient for use by both Russians and the Komi people. First of all, close cultural ties were established between agricultural peoples: Russians, Komi-Permyaks and Komi-Zyryans. The influence of Russian culture was a progressive phenomenon. The Russians not only enriched the traditional everyday culture of the Ural peoples, but also accelerated its development. The Russian population introduced a lot of new things into local construction practice. In the Urals, more efficient buildings for threshing and storing grain and water mills became widespread. Komizyr residents, under the influence of the Russians, have elements of connection between residential and courtyard buildings in single complex. Separate buildings also appear on estates special purpose- barns and cellars. With the arrival of the Russians, both the Komi-Zyryans and the Komi-Permyaks built higher huts, on basements, with a Northern Russian internal layout; many parts of the residential hut and its internal furnishings received Russian names in the Komi language. Obviously, not without reason, Izbrant wrote to Idea during his move through the Komi lands in 1692: “... their courtyards are built in the same way as those of the Russians.” The appearance of housing is also changing in Bashkiria. If in the eastern part the felt yurt remained the main summer dwelling of pastoralists on nomads, then in western Bashkiria, except for its southern part, the yurt is already becoming a rarity. -Western Bashkirs lived, as a rule, in wooden huts, identical in type to the dwellings of the peoples of the Middle Volga region. Interior decoration the dwellings had changed slightly and still bore the imprints of the former pastoral life. Most of the room was occupied by bunks, which replaced the tables, chairs and beds that the Bashkirs lacked. Only in the villages neighboring the Russians did tables and benches begin to be used in everyday life. During the XVII-XVIII centuries. The clothing of the Western Bashkirs changed, approaching the clothing of the peoples of the Middle Volga region, in particular boots and a blouse appeared. In the northwest, leather clothing gradually disappeared. The Bashkirs borrowed some items of clothing from their western neighbors: the Mari, Chuvash, and Udmurts. This is a syba - a caftan sewn at the waist from canvas, felt hats, onuchi, knitted stockings. In the 17th century The complex of Tatar clothing is widespread throughout Bashkiria, which subsequently (in the 19th-20th centuries) began to predominate in some areas of western Bashkiria. Many common features among the Komi peoples and Russians of the Northern and Middle Urals were observed in clothing, shoes, and hats. In the same diary of Izbrant Ides we find the entry: “...their dress is almost similar to the Russian one.” Documents of the XVI-XVII centuries. show that the composition of clothing among local peoples is significantly expanding; under the influence of the Russians, some imported fabrics and decorations are beginning to be used. Among the Komi, documents are called Russian zipuns, ponitki, guni, zapons, shushuns, etc. In the 17th century. stable territorial-ethnic boundaries of the existence of many accessories were already outlined folk costume. Among the Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks, tunic-like men's and women's shirts of northern Russian cut and old slanted oaks (sarafans) became widespread. The Komi population also borrowed Russian women's headdresses. Methods of storing and processing vegetables, preparing bread products (pies with various fillings, pancakes, pancakes, shangi) and drinks (wort, kvass) were also adopted from the Russians; imported goods (tea, sugar) began to be used more widely. In the 17th century tobacco was also used. At the same time, the Russians adopted the traditional foods of the Komi people, such as dumplings. Russian culture had a strong influence on the folklore of the local peoples of the Urals. The Kochmi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks universally adopted Russian fairy tales, songs, and wedding laments. Some songs were sung in their native language. Within the framework of established Christian rules, Russians and Komi held many family and public holidays and rituals according to a single ritual. So, in the brightest wedding ceremony Komi-Zyryans and Komi-Permyaks have very little local specificity. The wedding ceremony of the Northern Russian version became widespread among them. IN family life often used Russian words: man, woman, mother, relatives, father, etc.

Ethnographic features

peoples of the Urals

MBOU "Secondary School No. 19" Nizhnevartovsk

CHEBYKINA NINA LEONIDOVNA

GEOGRAPHY TEACHER

Ethnographic features of the peoples of the Urals

Goals: development of spiritual and moral qualities of the individual, nurturing love for the Motherland and its historical past

Objectives: introduce national characteristics the peoples of the Urals, their traditions, customs, culture, crafts, national clothing, etc.

Settlement of peoples in the Urals.

The oldest and most typical is the coastal-river type of settlement.

At a later stage, settlements were located along roads and tracts. There was its own construction culture: wood processing, types and interior of the home.

2.Peoples: Russians, Komi-Permyaks, Udmurts, Maris,

Bashkirs, Mansi, Tatars, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Germans...

Each nationality has its own folk costume.

3.Clothing- an integral part of the history and culture of the people. Clothing, to one degree or another, retained traditional features in cut, decoration, and names.

4.Russian costume: a shirt on which an elegant sundress was worn, belted with a patterned belt. On the head there are kokoshniks, scarves, a fabric strip or ribbon.

Men wore shirts - blouses. They were girded with a narrow belt or belt.

5.Mari costume: various caftans (summer and winter) served as outerwear.

Men wear long shirts. All clothes were decorated with various braids and embroidery.

An obligatory part of a woman's costume was a neck and chest decoration made of coins and beads - yaga. The shoes of both were leather shoes or bast shoes.

6.Language – it is a means of communication between people. People who know native language, live with it, think in it, differ in it from those who speak another language.

Literary language has a written and oral form.

7.Dialects is a territorial variety of language. It is also called dialect. They may be subject to destruction. It is very important to preserve them. Dictionaries of dialects have been created different nations(show).

Russians speak the language of the East Slavic subgroup of Indo-European language family. Northern dialect: Okanye. South Russian - akanye.

Hardening of long hissing: reins (reins, drink piss), etc. Direct borrowings of words from Finno-Ugric languages were also allowed.

8. Folklore: people + knowledge. These are songs, games, epics, proverbs, riddles - an oral form of existence for a long time. It is connected with folk life, language, history - it is an integral part national culture people. Storytellers played an important role in Russian folklore. They have survived to this day.

9.Musical instruments and music were closely connected with song and dance creativity, religious rituals, family and economic life.

Appeared first drums and signals tools: drums, rattles, bells.

Then came winds and strings tools: whistles, flutes, pipes, bagpipes, horns, violins, whistles, harps and balalaikas.

10.Each nation had its own national holidays and rituals.

Holidays were celebrated in a certain order established by tradition. The main ones for the Orthodox people were Easter and local temple holidays, in honor of which they were built.

11. Food and household utensils.

There were a variety of utensils and utensils for preparing food and storing it. It was wooden and ceramic (crinkles, pots, cups...). Cast iron utensils - cauldrons, frying pans, cauldrons - were owned by families living near factories.

The basis of nutrition among the peoples of the Urals made up flour, cereals, meat, fish dishes . Wild berries and mushrooms were a significant help. Bread was baked from rye, oat and barley cereals. In the Urals, bread was called loaf or yarushnik. Meat is the favorite food of the Urals. It came to the table from their own farms, as well as from hunters.

12. Crafts related to the everyday life and life of people.

Coopers (barrels, wooden utensils...)

Pottery production (pots, pottery...)

Birch bark and wicker dishes (tuesa

Samovar craft (teapots and samovars for tea and dumplings)

Ritual utensils for honey and beer (wooden and copper ladles).

Shipbuilding (boats, simple vessels)

Production of agricultural implements (soft rocks)

Making spinning wheels

Weaving (carpets)

Patterned knitting (tablecloths, napkins)

Lace making

Painting (dishes, walls...)

Jewelry making (silver and gold-plated jewelry)

Weaving from roots, vines, birch bark (bast shoes, baskets)

Iron forging (samovars, chests)

Wood carving and painting (platbands, roof ridges for housing construction)

Russian peasants who inhabited the Urals in the 16th and 17th centuries not only developed land and built houses, but also churches, since prayers, confessions, communion, and commemoration of ancestors were their spiritual needs. With the advent of temples, architecture also appeared.

13. Dwelling – Russian hut.

They tried to keep their home clean (f-l)

Estate: hut, upper room, canopy, closet, porch, cellar, barn, stable, corral.

Hut: bed, stove, table, benches, water container, Red corner (icons, images)

The main feature was hospitality.

The Urals are known as a multinational region with a rich culture based on ancient traditions. Not only Russians live here (who began to actively populate the Urals since the 17th century), but also Bashkirs, Tatars, Komi, Mansi, Nenets, Mari, Chuvash, Mordovians and others.

The appearance of man in the Urals

The first man appeared in the Urals approximately 100 thousand years ago. It is possible that this happened earlier, but scientists do not yet have any finds associated with an earlier period. The oldest Paleolithic site primitive man was discovered in the area of Lake Karabalykty, near the village of Tashbulatovo, Abzelilovsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Archaeologists O.N. Bader and V.A. Oborin, famous researchers of the Urals, claim that the Proto-Urals were ordinary Neanderthals. It has been established that people moved to this territory from Central Asia. For example, in Uzbekistan, a complete skeleton of a Neanderthal boy was found, whose life span coincided with the first exploration of the Urals. Anthropologists recreated the appearance of a Neanderthal, which was taken as the appearance of a Uralian during the settlement of this territory.

Ancient people were not able to survive alone. Danger awaited them at every step, and the capricious nature of the Urals every now and then showed its obstinate disposition. Only mutual assistance and caring for each other helped primitive man to survive. The main activity of the tribes was the search for food, so absolutely everyone was involved, including children. Hunting, fishing, and gathering are the main ways to obtain food.

A successful hunt meant a lot to the entire tribe, so people sought to appease nature with the help of complex rituals. Rituals were performed before the image of certain animals. Evidence of this is the surviving cave drawings, including a unique monument - the Shulgan-tash cave, located on the banks of the Belaya (Agidel) River in the Burzyansky district of Bashkortostan.

Inside, the cave looks like an amazing palace with huge halls connected by wide corridors. The total length of the first floor is 290 m. The second floor is 20 m above the first and stretches 500 m in length. The corridors lead to a mountain lake.

It is on the walls of the second floor that unique drawings of primitive man, created using ocher, have been preserved. Figures of mammoths, horses and rhinoceroses are depicted here. The pictures indicate that the artist saw all this fauna in close proximity.

The drawings of the Shulgan-tash cave were created about 12-14 thousand years ago. There are similar images in Spain and France.

Indigenous peoples of the Urals

Voguls - Russian Hungarians

The original Uralian - who is he? For example, the Bashkirs, Tatars and Mari have lived in this region for only a few centuries. However, even before the arrival of these nations given land was inhabited. The indigenous people were the Mansi, called Voguls before the revolution. On the map of the Urals you can now find rivers and settlements called “Vogulka”.

Mansi belong to the people of the Finno-Ugric language group. Their dialect is related to the Khanty (Ostyaks) and Hungarians. In ancient times, these people inhabited the territory north of the Yaik River (Ural), but later they were forced out by warlike nomadic tribes. Vogulov was even mentioned by Nestor in his “Tale of Bygone Years”, where they are called “Yugra”.

The Voguls actively resisted Russian expansion. Foci of active resistance were suppressed in the 17th century. At the same time, the Christianization of the Voguls took place. The first baptism occurred in 1714, the second in 1732, and later in 1751.

After the conquest of the indigenous inhabitants of the Urals, the Mansi were obliged to pay taxes - yasak - subordinate to the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty. They had to pay the treasury one tribute in two foxes, for which they were allowed to use arable and hay lands, as well as forests. They were exempted from conscription until 1874. From 1835 they had to pay a poll tax, and later perform zemstvo duties.

The Voguls were divided into nomadic and sedentary tribes. The first had canonical plagues in the summer, and spent the winter either in huts or in yurts with a fireplace equipped there. The sedentary people built rectangular huts from logs with an earthen floor and a flat roof covered with chopped logs and birch bark.

The main activity of the Mansi was hunting. They lived mainly on what they got with bows and arrows. The most desirable prey was considered to be elk, from whose skin national clothing was made. The Voguls tried their hand at cattle breeding, but practically did not recognize arable farming. When the factory owners became the new owners of the Urals, the indigenous population had to engage in logging and burning coal.

A hunting dog played an important role in the life of any Vogul, without which, like without an ax, no man would leave the house. Forced conversion to Christianity did not force this people to abandon ancient pagan rituals. Idols were installed in secluded places, sacrifices were still made to them.

The Mansi are a small people, which includes 5 groups isolated from each other according to their habitat: Verkhoturye (Lozvinskaya), Cherdynskaya (Visherskaya), Kungurskaya (Chusovskaya), Krasnoufimskaya (Klenovsko-Bisertskaya), Irbitskaya.

With the arrival of the Russians, the Voguls largely adopted their orders and customs. Started to be created mixed marriages. Living together in villages with Russians did not prevent the Voguls from preserving ancient activities, such as hunting.

Today there are fewer and fewer Mansi left. At the same time, only a couple of dozen people live according to old traditions. Youth is looking for better life and doesn't even know the language. In search of income, young Mansi tend to go to the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug to get an education and earn money.

Komi (Zyryans)

This people lived in the taiga zone. The main occupation was hunting fur-bearing animals and fishing. The first mention of the Zyryans is found in a scroll dating back to the 11th century. Starting from the 13th century, tribes were obliged to pay tribute to Novgorod. In 1478, the Komi territory became part of Russia. The capital of the Komi Republic, Syktyvkar, was founded in 1586 as the Ust-Sysolsk churchyard.

The Komi-Permyaks living in the Perm region appeared towards the end of the first millennium. Since the 12th century, Novgorodians entered this territory, engaged in the exchange and trade of furs. In the 15th century, the Permians formed their own principality, which was soon annexed to Moscow.

Bashkirs

Mentions of the Bashkirs are found in chronicles starting from the 10th century. They were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, fishing, hunting, and beekeeping. In the 10th century they were annexed to the Volga Bulgaria and during the same period Islam penetrated there. In 1229, Bashkiria was attacked by the Mongol-Tatars.

In 1236, this territory became the inheritance of Khan Batu’s brother. When Golden Horde collapsed, one part of Bashkiria went to the Nogai Horde, the other to the Kazan Khanate, the third to the Siberian Khanate. In 1557, Bashkiria became part of Russia after the Russians captured Kazan.

In the 17th century, Russians began to actively come to Bashkiria, among whom were peasants, artisans, and traders. The Bashkirs began to lead a sedentary lifestyle. The annexation of the Bashkir lands to Russia caused repeated uprisings of the indigenous inhabitants. Each time, pockets of resistance were brutally suppressed by the tsarist troops. The Bashkirs took an active part in the Pugachev uprising (1773-1775). During this period he became famous national hero Bashkiria Salavat Yulaev. As punishment for the Yaik Cossacks who took part in the riot, the Yaik River received the name Ural.

The development of these places accelerated significantly with the advent of the Samara-Zlatoust railway, which was built from 1885 to 1890 and passed through the central regions of Russia. An important point in the history of Bashkiria was the discovery of the first oil well, thanks to which the republic became one of the major oil regions of Russia. Bashkiria received powerful economic potential in 1941, when more than 90 large enterprises were relocated here from the west of Russia. The capital of Bashkiria is Ufa.

The Mari or Cheremis are a Finno-Ugric people. Settled in Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Udmurtia. There are Mari villages in Sverdlovsk region. They were first mentioned in the 6th century by the Gothic historian Jordan. The Tatars called these people “cheremysh,” which meant “obstacle.” Before the revolution began in 1917, the Mari were usually called Cheremis or Cheremis, but then this word was considered offensive and was removed from use. Now this name is returning again, especially in the scientific world.

Nagaibaki

There are several versions of the origin of this nation. According to one of them, they may be descendants of Naiman warriors, Turks who were Christians. Nagaibaks are representatives ethnographic group baptized Tatars of the Volga-Ural region. This is indigenous small people RF. Nagaibak Cossacks took part in all large-scale battles of the 18th century. They live in the Chelyabinsk region.

Tatars

The Tatars are the second largest people in the Urals (after the Russians). Most Tatars live in Bashkiria (about 1 million). There are many completely Tatar villages in the Urals.

The Agafurovs were in the past one of the most famous merchants of the Urals among the Tatars

Culture of the peoples of the Urals

The culture of the peoples of the Urals is quite unique and original. Until the Urals ceded to Russia, many local peoples did not have their own written language. However, over time, these same peoples knew not only their own language, but also Russian.

The amazing legends of the peoples of the Urals are full of bright, mysterious plots. As a rule, the action is associated with caves and mountains, various treasures.

It is impossible not to mention the unsurpassed skill and imagination of folk craftsmen. The products of craftsmen made from Ural minerals are widely known. They can be seen in leading museums in Russia.

The region is also famous for wood and bone carvings. Wooden roofs traditional houses, laid without the use of nails, are decorated with carved “skates” or “hens”. Among the Komi, it is customary to place wooden figures of birds on separate poles near the house. There is such a thing as “Perm animal style”. Just look at the ancient figurines of mythical creatures cast in bronze, found during excavations.

Kasli casting is also famous. These are amazing in their sophistication creations made of cast iron. Masters created the most beautiful candelabra, figurines, sculptures and jewelry. This direction has gained credibility in the European market.

A strong tradition is the desire to have your own family and love for children. For example, the Bashkirs, like other peoples of the Urals, revere their elders, so the main members of families are grandparents. Descendants know by heart the names of the ancestors of seven generations.

The traditions of the peoples of the Urals have interested me for a long time. Do you know what I suddenly thought? The entire Internet is flooded with blogs, posts and reports about travel and research into the traditions of European countries and peoples. And if not European, then still some fashionable, exotic ones. IN Lately a lot of bloggers got into the habit of educating us about life in Thailand, for example.

I myself am attracted by the super popular ones, unprecedented beauty places (ah, my beloved Venice!). But peoples inhabited every corner of our planet, sometimes even seemingly not entirely suitable for habitation. And everywhere they settled down, acquired their own rituals, holidays, and traditions. And surely this culture of some small nations is no less interesting? In general, I decided, in addition to my long-standing objects of interest, to slowly add new, unexplored traditions. And today I’ll take for consideration... well, at least this: the Urals, the border between Europe and Asia.

Peoples of the Urals and their traditions

The Urals is a multinational region. In addition to the main indigenous peoples (Komi, Udmurts, Nenets, Bashkirs, Tatars), it is also inhabited by Russians, Chuvashs, Ukrainians, and Mordovians. And this is still an incomplete list. Of course, I will begin my research with a certain general culture of the peoples of the Urals, without dividing it into national fragments.

For residents of Europe, this region was inaccessible in the old days. Sea route to the Urals could only run through the northern, extremely harsh and dangerous seas. And it was not easy to get there by land - they prevented dense forests and fragmentation of the territories of the Urals between different peoples, who were often not on very good neighborly terms.

That's why cultural traditions The peoples of the Urals developed for quite a long time in an atmosphere of originality. Imagine: until the Urals became part of the Russian state, most local peoples did not have their own written language. But later, with the intertwining of national languages with Russian, many representatives of the indigenous population turned into polyglots who knew two or three languages.

The oral traditions of the peoples of the Urals, passed down from generation to generation, are full of colorful and mysterious stories. They are mainly associated with the cult of mountains and caves. After all, the Urals are, first of all, mountains. And the mountains are not ordinary, but representing - alas, in the past! – a treasury of various minerals and gems. As a Ural miner once said:

“Everything is in the Urals, and if something is missing, it means we haven’t dug it yet.”

Among the peoples of the Urals there was a belief that required special care and respect in relation to these countless treasures. People believed that caves and underground storerooms were protected by magical powers, which can bestow or destroy.

Ural gems

Peter the Great, having founded the lapidary and stone-cutting industry in the Urals, marked the beginning of an unprecedented boom in Ural minerals. Architectural structures decorated with natural stone, decorations in best traditions jewelry art have won not only Russian, but also international fame and love.

However, one should not think that the crafts of the Urals became famous only thanks to such rare luck with natural resources. The peoples of the Urals and their traditions are, first of all, a story about the magnificent skill and imagination of folk craftsmen. This region is famous for its wood and bone carving tradition. Wooden roofs look interesting, laid without the use of nails and decorated with carved “horses” and “hens”. And the Komi people also installed such wooden sculptures of birds on separate poles near their houses.

Previously, I had the opportunity to read and write about the Scythian “animal style”. It turns out that there is such a concept as “Perm animal style”. It is convincingly demonstrated by ancient bronze figurines of mythical winged creatures found by archaeologists in the Urals.

But I’m especially interested in telling you about such a traditional Ural craft as Kasli casting. And do you know why? Because not only did I already know about this tradition before, I even have my own copies of the craft! Kasli craftsmen cast creations of amazing grace from such a seemingly thankless material as cast iron. They made not only candelabra and figurines, but even jewelry, which had previously been made only from precious metals. The authority of these products on the world market is evidenced by the following fact: in Paris, a cast iron Kasli cigarette case had the same price as a silver one of equal weight.

Kasli casting from my collection

I can't help but say about famous figures cultures of the Urals:

Pavel Bazhov. I don’t know if today’s children read Bazhov’s fairy tales, but my generation in childhood was in awe of these fascinating, breathtaking tales, which seemed to shimmer with all the colors of the Ural gems.
Vladimir Ivanovich Dal. He is a native of Orenburg, and regarding his contribution to Russian literature, literature, history, and traditions of the peoples of the Urals, I think there is no need to explain anything.
But about the next name - I would like to know more. The Stroganovs are a family of Russian merchants and industrialists, first, and from the 18th century - barons and counts Russian Empire. Back in the 16th century, Tsar Ivan the Terrible granted Grigory Stroganov vast land holdings in the Urals. Since then, several generations of this family have developed not only the industry of the region, but also its cultural traditions. Many Stroganovs were interested in literature and art, collecting priceless collections of paintings and libraries. And even - attention! - the surname left its noticeable mark in the traditional dishes of the Southern Urals. For the well-known dish “beef stroganoff” is the invention of Count Alexander Grigorievich Stroganov.

Various traditions of the peoples of the Southern Urals

The Ural Mountains are located almost along the meridian for many hundreds of kilometers. Therefore, this region in the north reaches the shores of the Arctic Ocean, and in the south it borders on the semi-desert territories of Kazakhstan. And isn’t it natural that the northern Urals and the southern Urals can be considered as two very different regions. Not only the geography is different, but also the way of life of the population. Therefore, when I say “traditions of the peoples of the Urals,” I will still single out the most numerous people southern Urals. We will talk about the Bashkirs.

In the first part of the post, I somehow became more interested in describing traditions of an applied nature. But now I want to focus on the spiritual component; it seemed to me that some traditions of the people of Bashkortostan are especially relevant in our time. At least these:

Hospitality. Elevated to the rank of a national cult among the Bashkirs. A guest, no matter whether invited or unexpected, is always met with extraordinary cordiality, the best treats are put on the table, and upon parting next tradition: giving a small gift. For a guest, there was only one essential rule of decency: to stay for no more than three days :).
Love for children, desire to have a family- this is also a strong tradition of the Bashkir people.
Honoring elders. Grandfathers and grandmothers are considered the main members of the Bashkir family. Every representative of this people is obliged to know the names of relatives of seven generations!

What I was especially happy to learn was the origin of the word “Sabantuy”. Isn't it a common word? And somewhat frivolous, I thought it was slang. But it turned out that this is the name of the traditional national holiday marking the end of spring field work. It is also celebrated by the Tatars, but the first written mention of Sabantuy was recorded by the Russian traveler I. I. Lepekhin among the Bashkir people.

The appearance of man in the Urals

The first man appeared in the Urals approximately 100 thousand years ago. It is possible that this happened earlier, but scientists do not yet have any finds associated with an earlier period. The oldest Paleolithic site of primitive man was discovered in the area of Lake Karabalykty, not far from the village of Tashbulatovo, Abzelilovsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

A successful hunt meant a lot to the entire tribe, so people sought to appease nature with the help of complex rituals. Rituals were performed before the image of certain animals. Evidence of this is the preserved rock paintings, including a unique monument - the Shulgan-tash cave, located on the banks of the Belaya (Agidel) River in the Burzyansky district of Bashkortostan.

Mari (Cheremis)

The Mari (Mari) or Cheremis are a Finno-Ugric people. Settled in Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Udmurtia. There are Mari villages in the Sverdlovsk region. How did the ethnic community develop by the 2nd half of the 1st millennium AD? The neighboring tribes of the Udmurts and Mordovians played a major role in the ethnogenesis of this people. After the defeat of the Volga Bulgaria by the Mongol-Tatars, the Mari began to move to the northeast, pushing the Udmurts to the upper reaches of the Vyatka River.

They were first mentioned in the 6th century by the Gothic historian Jordan under the name "Oremiscan". The Tatars called these people “cheremysh,” which meant “obstacle.” Before the revolution began in 1917, the Mari were usually called Cheremis or Cheremis, but then this word was considered offensive and was removed from use. Now this name is returning again, especially in the scientific world.

Udmurts

The formation of the ancient Udmurts happened as a result of the mixing of Finno-Perm and Ugric peoples in the 9th century AD The ancestors of the Udmurts were formed in the interfluve of the Volga and Kama rivers. They left two large groups: the southern (they lived on the right bank of the lower reaches of the Kama River and the tributaries of the Vyatka - Vale and Kilmezi) and the northern (they appeared as a result of resettlement to the Vyatka, Cheptsa and Upper Kama region after the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars in the 13th century). The main city of the Udmurts was, apparently, Idnakar - a fortified craft, trade and administrative center.

The ancestors of the northern Udmurts were representatives of the Chepetsk culture of the 9th-15th centuries, and the southern Udmurts were representatives of the Chumoitlin and Kochergin cultures. According to historians, by the 16th century the number of Udmurts did not exceed 3.5-4 thousand people.

Nagaibaki

There are several versions of the origin of this nation. According to one of them, they may be descendants of Naiman warriors, Turks who were Christians. The Nagaibaks are representatives of the ethnographic group of baptized Tatars of the Volga-Ural region. These are the indigenous people of the Russian Federation. Nagaibak Cossacks took part in all large-scale battles of the 18th century. They live in the Chelyabinsk region.

Tatars

The Tatars are the second largest people in the Urals (after the Russians). Most Tatars live in Bashkiria (about 1 million). There are many completely Tatar villages in the Urals. Significant migrations of Volga Tatars to the Urals were observed in the 18th century.

The Agafurovs were in the past one of the most famous merchants of the Urals among the Tatars

Culture of the peoples of the Urals

The amazing legends of the peoples of the Urals are full of bright, mysterious plots. As a rule, the action is associated with caves and mountains, various treasures.

The region is also famous for wood and bone carvings. The wooden roofs of traditional houses, laid without the use of nails, are decorated with carved “ridges” or “hens”. Among the Komi, it is customary to place wooden figures of birds on separate poles near the house. There is such a thing as “Perm animal style”. Just look at the ancient figurines of mythical creatures cast in bronze, found during excavations.