What peoples inhabit the Mari El. Mari Republic: description, cities, territory and interesting facts

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE REPUBLIC OF MARI EL AND THE PEOPLE OF MARI

Republic of Mari El (12 rus), center - Yoshkar-Ola (formerly Tsarevokokshaysk). It is located in the center of the European part of the Russian Federation, in the middle reaches of the Volga: most of the republic is north of the Volga, part of the Gornomariysky region is to the south.

Almost the entire territory of the republic is covered with forests - pine in the west, spruce and spruce-fir in the north and northeast, mixed (coniferous-deciduous) in the southeast.

Most of the territory is a swampy lowland, in the east there are the hills of Vyatsky Uval. The main rivers are the Volga (more precisely, the Cheboksary reservoir) and its left tributaries Vetluga, Rutka, Bolshaya and Malaya Kokshaga, Ilet; The northeast of the region belongs to the Vyatka basin.

Alexander Evstifeev - head of the republic

The official languages ​​of the republic are Russian and Mari; Mari make up 43% of the population. Less than half of the Mari (the old name is Cheremis), about 320 thousand, live in the republic; the rest are outside its borders, mainly in Bashkiria (approximately 105 thousand) and in the Kirov region (50 thousand).

The Mari are divided into three dialect-cultural groups - mountain (the right bank of the Volga - Gornomariysky region), meadow (between the Vetluga and Vyatka rivers) and eastern Mari (Bashkiria). The Mari language belongs to the Volga-Finnish group of the Finno-Ugric family, that is, it is approximately as close to Finnish and Estonian as, say, English is to Russian.

There is a written language based on the Cyrillic alphabet, and newspapers are published. However, the majority of native speakers are elderly, and the Mari language is listed on the UNESCO list of endangered languages.

Despite the forced Christianization carried out over several centuries, a significant part of the Mari retained pagan pre-Christian beliefs.

Largest folklore festivals:

Respite payrem (flower festival) - early June, throughout the republic,

Mari muro payrem (festival of the Mari song) - July, Yoshkar-Ola.

At the same time, the traditional holidays of the Mari are completely different:

Aga payrem - the beginning of the agricultural season, before plowing;

Uginde payrem - harvest festival;

Shyl kas - autumn slaughter;

Shoryk Yol - New Year (in winter).

Finno-Ugric tribes have inhabited the territory of modern western, northern and central Russia since prehistoric times. On the territory of the Mari El Republic, archaeological sources dating back to the first millennium BC have been preserved. Since they did not have writing until modern times, all information about the history of the middle Volga is associated with Russian sources. The Cheremis were first reliably mentioned in the 12th century. At this moment, they had close ties with neighboring Volga Bulgaria, which was located on the territory of modern Tatarstan and was destroyed in 1236 by those advancing on Rus' Mongol troops Khan Batu.

The Mari, apparently, were in allied relations with the Golden Horde that formed after this.

Since the 14th century, the Mari also came into contact with the Russians moving eastward, who founded in 1221 Nizhny Novgorod. Russian-Tatar clashes on the Mari lands are becoming commonplace (with the Mari siding with the Tatars).

For the time being, the Tatars and Mari gain the upper hand, but then Ivan the Terrible finally restores order: in 1546, the lands of the mountain Mari (the right bank of the Volga) came under the control of Moscow, and in 1552, the tsarist troops took Kazan, and the meadow Mari began to pay tribute to Moscow. Then systematic colonization began: thus, Cheboksary was founded in 1557, Kozmodemyansk in 1583, Tsarevokokshaisk, now Yoshkar-Ola, in 1584. Forced Christianization leads to the fact that the Mari go into the forests, leaving entire villages empty.

Under Peter the Great, something began to change - the Mari were drafted into the army, a scientific study of the territory began, the first written monuments Mari language.

The first Mari grammar of Putsek-Grigorovich appears in 1792.

Nevertheless, in 1775 the Mari massively supported Pugachev’s uprising.

In 1872, the Kazan Teachers' Seminary was opened, one of the tasks of which was to educate representatives of the Volga peoples, including the Mari. This gave a serious impetus to national revival, Mari schools were opened, books were published in the Mari language, including textbooks.

After the October Revolution, in 1920, Mari autonomy was formed - later the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and since 1991 the Republic of Mari El. Despite all this, in the 1920s it was not possible to establish a unified standard of language - the dialects of mountain and meadow Mari were considered equal, which led to the acceleration of the disappearance of both. In the 1930s, as in other national republics, almost the entire national intelligentsia was destroyed. Gradually, the Mari are becoming a minority of the population of the republic, and the incentives to preserve the Mari language are decreasing.

Yoshkar-Ola is connected by railway to Zelenodolsk, which is located on the Moscow-Kazan main line. There are no main roads in the republic and only two roads of republican significance with a solid base - "Vyatka" Cheboksary - Yoshkar-Ola - Kirov and R175 Yoshkar-Ola - Volzhsk - Zelenodolsk. The rest of the roads do not cross the Volga.

Shipping on the Volga.

ATTRACTIONS:

2 Bolshaya Kokshaga Nature Reserve - coniferous forests of the Mari Lowland and oak groves of the floodplain of the Bolshaya Kokshaga River.

1 Volzhsk (Lopatino) - Museum of Local Lore: history of the city and ethnography.

1 Zvenigovo - wooden St. Nicholas Church (1877); local history museum. The city is picturesquely located on the left bank of the Volga.

2 Wooden churches of Mari El.

1 Aktayuzh (Kilemarsky district) - St. Nicholas Church (1900).

2 Kumya (Kilemar district) - Church of the Intercession (1866).

1 Petyal (Zvenigovsky district) - Guryev Church (1896).

1 Chkarino (Sovetsky district) - Intercession Church (1915).

1 Yoshkar-Ola (Tsarevokokshaysk). The city was founded in 1584 as Tsarevokokshaysk, until 1920 it was small county town with 13 streets. In 1919, it was renamed Krasnokokshaysk, in 1920 it was appointed the center of the newly formed Mari Autonomous Region, in 1927 it was renamed Yoshkar-Ola (“Red City” in Mari).

Leftovers historical buildings Tsarevokokshaisk XVIII-XX centuries.

Trinity Church (1736), Ascension Church (1756), Tikhvin Church (1774).

Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary (1818) in the village of Semyonovka.

Wooden and stone houses decorated with carvings.

National Museum of the Mari El Republic: archaeological and ethnographic collections dedicated to the Mari, applied art, nature.

Museum fine arts: Mari art, Russian art of the 19th century.

Museum of Folk Applied Arts.

Museum of the History of the City of Yoshkar-Ola.

Memorial museums: poet Nikolai Mukhin, composer Ivan Klyuchnikov-Palantay.

Azanovo - Sretenskaya Church (1861).

1 Ezhovo - women's Ezhovo-Mironositsky monastery (founded in the 17th century) with preserved architectural monuments - the Myronositsky Church (1719) and monastery buildings (18th century).

1 Medvedevo - local history museum: life and ethnography of the Mari; nature department

Nurma - Kazan Church (1825).

3 Kozmodemyansk - Old Volga trading city (founded in 1583), numerous attractions.

The layout and buildings of the 18th-20th centuries have been preserved. Wonderful examples of wood carvings. Several surviving churches, including the Streletskaya Chapel (1698).

Grigoriev Art and History Museum: a rich collection of Russian art.

Ethnographic Museum under open air: dedicated to the life of the mountain Mari, about two dozen historical buildings.

Museum of Merchant Life.

Museum of Humor named after Ostap Bender.

1 Vladimirskoe - Vladimir Church (1713).

3 The Volga River and its high right bank

Emelevo - Trinity Church (1876).

Korotney - Baptist Church (1828).

Pokrovskoye - Intercession Church (1813-1814) is in disrepair.

Bags - Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary (1824).

Trinity Posad - Trinity Church (1883).

1 Chalomkino is a literary and art museum named after Nikolai Ignatiev, dedicated to the Mountain Mari language, literature and ethnography.

1 Kokshaysk is the oldest urban settlement of Mari El (1574). Church of the Intercession (1793). Picturesque location on the left bank of the Volga, at the mouth of Malaya Kokshaga.

2 Forest lakes of Mari El - see also karst lakes in National Park Mari Chodra.

Between the Vetluga and Rutka rivers are the transparent lakes Karasyar and Nuzhyar.

Between the Bolshaya and Malaya Kokshagi rivers is Lake Tabashinskoye (Zryv), the deepest in Mari-El.

Between the Malaya Kokshagi and Ileti rivers - Serebryanoye and Shirenga lakes.

Karst lakes east of Ileti - Morskoy Glaz, Mushenderskie.

2 Mari Chodra National Park - protection of coniferous-deciduous forests and karst terrain, including lakes and the Vyatka ridge.

Klenovaya Gora tract - mineral springs.

Ilet River

Karst lakes - Yalchik, Konanyer, Glukhoe, Mushenyer, Kichier.

Historical monuments - the old Kazan tract, Pugachev's oak.

1 Morki - Morkinsky Historical and Literary Museum; Epiphany Church (1819).

2 Mount Karman-Kuryk - geological outcrops.

1 Olykyal - house-museum of the poet Nikolai Mukhin.

1 Chavainur - memorial house-museum of the writer Sergei Chavain.

1 Orshanka - Orsha Museum of Peasant Labor and Life, with a large ethnographic collection.

1 Old Kreshcheno is the house-museum of the writer Yakov Mayorov-Shketan.

1 Sernur - Sernur Historical and Literary Museum, includes an ethnographic collection.

1 Kuzhener - Kuzhener Museum of History and Local Lore; St. Nicholas Monastery.

1 Marisola - Church of the Intercession (1880-1888), presumably according to the project of architect. Gornostaeva.

1 Mari-Turek - Mari-Turek Museum of Local Lore - history of the area and ethnography.

1 New Toryal - Novo Toryal Museum of Local Lore; Church of the Ascension (1819).

1 Paranga - Paranga Museum of Local Lore.

Museum-reserve "Sheremetev Castle" (1885).

Michael the Archangel Church (1869-1889).

1.6. Regional holidays and memorable dates.

Shorykyol (Mari New Year, Christmastide) - celebrated

Uyarnya (Mari Maslenitsa) - celebrated in late February - early March;

Kugeche (Great Day, Easter) - celebrated 5 days before Christian Easter;

Agavairem (arable land holiday) - celebrated before spring sowing or after the Christian St. Nicholas Day (May 22);

Semyk (Semik, Summer Day) - celebrated 7 weeks after Easter;

Surem (Festival of the Summer Sacrifice) - celebrated

Uginde (Festival of New Bread) - celebrated at the beginning of harvesting and field work during the Christian Elijah's Day (August 2);

U Putymysh, Kyshal (New Porridge Festival) - celebrated after the completion of the harvest in October or November until the Orthodox Michaelmas Day (November 21);

Summer is a time of sun, warmth, relaxation and fun. It is in the summer that the most massive holidays are held in the republic. national cultures.

Traditionally, on June 12, Russia Day, the city of Yoshkar-Ola hosts the holiday of Russian culture "Russian Birch" and the holiday of Mari culture "Peledysh Payrem" ("Flower Festival"). "Russian Birch" and "Peledysh Pairem" are festive processions, theatrical performances, concerts and attractions, mass celebrations and performances by popular artists, exhibitions and sales of products applied creativity"City of masters".

Also in June in the city of Yoshkar-Ola and in the village of Paranga a Tatar National holiday"Sabantuy" with its constant attributes - horse racing, national wrestling "kuresh" and the main prize for the strongest Batyr Sabantuy - a live ram.

Every year at the height of summer, in July, the interregional festival of humor and satire “Benderiad” is held in the city of Kozmodemyansk. It was this city that became the prototype of Vasyukov in the novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. "Benderiada" is a competition of KVN teams, a carnival procession "Long live the spirit of healthy adventurism!", an auction "12 chairs", competitive program"Gnu Antelope", theatrical show "Ostap Bender - the great couturier", children's playground "Benderiadka", concert program.

From July 7 to July 12, 2008, the republic will host VII All-Russian summer rural sports games.

The Republican Museum of Fine Arts has recently become the venue for International Exhibitions of Mail Art, one of the current trends contemporary art. The first exhibition, held in October 2006 as part of the creative project "Alenka", included 120 authors from 24 countries. The second acquaintance of the guests and participants of the exhibition with “postal art” took place in October 2007. Famous mail artists from different regions Russia and foreign countries.

Since 2003, the International Photo Exhibition of Finno-Ugric Peoples “Roots” has been taking place in Yoshkar-Ola. The next exhibition is expected to take place in October 2008. Like previous exhibitions, the exhibition will be timed to coincide with the Days of Related Finno-Ugric Peoples, which are held annually in Finno-Ugric countries and regions of the Russian Federation.

Every year in October, the Mari State Philharmonic named after Yakov Eshpai holds the Mari Autumn Arts Festival. The first festival took place in 1980 and the first famous participant of the festival was People's Artist USSR Lyudmila Zykina. Over 27 years, a huge amount the most popular artists and the country's groups took part in the Mari Autumn festival: Valery Obodzinsky, Edita Piekha, Sofia Rotaru, Vladimir Kuzmin, Alexander Malinin and many others.

1.7. Main cities.

The city of Yoshkar-Ola - the capital of the Mari El Republic, was founded

in 1584 and is located on the Malaya Kokshaga River - a left tributary of the Volga River, in the center of the Volga-Vyatka region. Yoshkar-Ola is a multifunctional city with a dominant role of industry. This is a complex administrative-territorial unit. Yoshkar-Ola is not only a city of republican significance, with a 420-year history and being the capital of the Mari El Republic. Water meadows and partly farmland and forests approach the city from the north, farmland from the west and northwest, and forests in the southeast, south, and southwest of the city. Settlements located near the Kokshay tract are surrounded by forests of the State Forest Fund.

The territory of the city of Yoshkar-Ola, together with the rural settlements assigned to it, is 110 square meters. km, including urban land itself - 56 sq. km, the rest is arable land, urban forests, hayfields and pastures, garden and dacha cooperatives. City parks, squares and other green spaces occupy more than 1,600 hectares, of which 801 hectares are urban forests ( Pine Grove, Oak Grove, etc.), for which the status of specially protected natural areas has been introduced.

The city of Yoshkar-Ola is located in the center of the Mari Lowland, in an area of ​​mixed forests, actually on southern border taiga zone. The Malaya Kokshaga River, a tributary of the Volga, flows through the city. Within the boundaries of the municipality, the rivers Oshla, Managa, Maly Kundysh, and Nolka flow into it. All this creates favorable opportunities for recreation of citizens and residents of other regions of Russia.

The city of Volzhsk is the second largest city in the Republic of Mari El. The city has Palaces of Culture, the Rodina cinema, a park, and a city local history museum. Children are raised and educated in 10 schools and 20 preschools educational institutions. Currently, the city is alive, under construction, its industrial complexes are being revived, sports, culture, trade, etc. are developing.

A kind of “capital” of the mountain side - the Volga right bank - is the city of Kozmodemyansk, surprisingly colorful, with rich gardens and unique monuments of wooden architecture.

Its pearl is the Kozmodemyansky cultural and historical museum complex with one of the richest collections of paintings in the Volga region. Here are the paintings famous artists I.K. Aivazovsky, K.P. Bryullov, K.E. Makovsky, N.I. Feshin and others. You can't remain indifferent to ethnographic museum open air. Ancient life The Mari people, their traditions, and spiritual culture here connect the past with the present and the future.

1.8. Climatic conditions.

The Republic of Mari El is located in a zone with a temperate continental climate, on the border of forest and forest-steppe natural zones. The average long-term air temperature in January is - 19°C; in July + 20°C. More than 50% of the republic's territory is occupied by forests. Soddy-podzolic, loamy, sandy loam and sandy soils predominate in the republic.

1.9. Natural resources of the Republic of Mari El

Mineral resources.

On the territory of the Republic of Mari El there are concentrated a significant number of deposits of solid non-metallic minerals - glass sand, carbonate rocks, peat, sapropel.

In terms of the number of explored reserves, the quality of quartz sands and their predicted resources, the Republic of Mari El occupies one of the first places in the European part of Russia.

The balance of mineral reserves in the republic takes into account 57 deposits of 9 types of raw materials. Of these, 28 are being developed,

2 are prepared for development and 27 are classified as reserve.

For many years to come, the Republic is provided with such types of raw materials as carbonate crushed stone of medium and low strength, building stone, expanded clay, brick and tile clay, construction sand, peat. On the territory of the Republic of Mari El there is a wide distribution of peat deposits. Peat is used mainly as fuel (90% of production).

On the territory of the Republic of Mari El, 451 peat deposits are taken into account in the balance, of which 137 are with an area of ​​more than 10 hectares. The developed part of the peat massifs is located in the western part (within the Mari Lowland). The total geological reserve of peat is 156,748.1 thousand tons, incl. balance reserves amount to 115,391.2 thousand tons. The most widespread deposits are of the lowland type (73.62% of the total reserves), high-moor peat - about 19%.

Within the territory of the republic there are a large number of lakes, the peculiarities of their water and mineral nutrition, as well as sufficient moisture in the territory, contribute to the formation of sapropel in these reservoirs.

and mineral muds enriched with iron sulfides, which have high balneological value.

More than 60 deposits of lake sapropel with shared resources 11 million tons. Of these, 5 deposits with reserves of 1.7 million tons have been explored in detail.

Currently, there are 22 deposits on the balance sheet with balance reserves of 2,457 thousand tons. Only the Vodoozerskoye field with balance reserves of 633 thousand tons is being developed.

There are 25 enterprises in the republic that develop and use mineral raw materials. Construction sands are mined

and for road construction, therapeutic mud, sapropel and peat, limestone for the production of crushed stone, rubble stone, limestone flour and selective construction lime. It produces silicate and ceramic bricks, expanded clay, glass containers, and wall materials. Enterprises are provided with local raw materials for the production of products, which allows the development of the construction, road construction and agro-industrial complexes through the use of local resources.

Forest resources.

The territory of the Republic of Mari El belongs to the subzones of southern taiga and mixed (deciduous-coniferous and coniferous-deciduous) forests. The distribution of forests within the territory under consideration is uneven and varies

depending on specific natural and forest conditions. With a noticeable reduction in coniferous plantations, they are replaced by deciduous forests (birch and aspen forests). On the right bank of the Volga, oak forests have been preserved in small areas, especially in the floodplains of the left tributaries of the Volga.

The share of land covered with forest vegetation is quite high and on average for administrative regions is 57% of the total area of ​​the republic. The area of ​​forest land is 1412 thousand hectares, including those covered with forest vegetation -

1301.6 thousand hectares, which are mainly located in the west of the Republic and in its central part.

2. general information about cultural and tourist resources of the Republic of Mari El.

2.1. Main historical and cultural sites.

The Republic of Mari El has a high cultural potential, unique culture, traditions, and folk crafts. On the territory of the Republic of Mari El there are numerous historical and cultural monuments, monastic

and estate complexes, functioning churches, museum-reserves. Among which:

1633 historical and cultural monuments;

327 libraries, including 4 republican: National Library. S.G. Chawayna, Republican youth library them. V.Kh. Columba, Republican Children's Library, Republican Library for the Blind;

362 cultural and leisure institutions;

5 theaters (Mari National Drama Theater named after M. Shketan with a branch - theater young viewer, Mari state theater Opera and Ballet named after. E. Sapaev, Academic Russian Drama Theater named after. G. Konstantinova, Republican Puppet Theater, Gornomariysky Theatre of Drama), Margosphilharmonic Society with three permanent groups;

28 museums, incl. National Museum of the Republic of Mari El named after. T. Evseeva, Republican Museum of Fine Arts,

within the structure of which, in order to preserve and enhance artistic values, the National art Gallery, equipped modern systems climate control and special lighting. Thanks to the opening of the art gallery, it became possible to host Russian and international exhibitions in the republic;

Cultural and historical museum complex in Kozmodemyansk, which includes: the Art and Historical Museum named after. A.V. Grigorieva with unique collection paintings of the 18th-19th centuries, porcelain, historical collections, a museum of ethnography of the mountain Mari, a museum of merchant life in the house of timber merchant Gubin, telling about the history and life of the merchants late XIX the beginning of the 20th century, as well as the Museum of History and Humor of Ostap Bender and others.

Traditional Mari embroidery, preserved and developing, is rightfully considered a unique symbol of the republic.

in the republic for more than 300 years, the production of traditional musical instruments Mari people (harp, bagpipes), wood carving, wicker weaving, etc.;

The republic also has 3 centers of national cultures (Russian, Mari and Tatar); Sheremetev estate in the village. Yurino is ready to receive Russian and foreign tourists. A magnificent estate-architectural complex of the 19th century, the mixture of various styles in the architecture of the castle created a unique example of architecture that is rightfully considered the pearl of the Volga region; The Vazhnanger settlement "Alamner" appeared in the 14th-15th centuries. administrative military-defensive cult center of the ancient Mari. The site has preserved defensive structures that have no analogues in the Ural-Volga region.

The Mari Chodra National Park, located on the maple mountain, is an interesting natural-territorial complex. On its territory the sanatorium "Maple Mountain" was built and there are such popular tourist places as the Green Key spring, lakes Yalchik, Mashinier, Glukhoe, Konanyer, and the rivers Ilet, Yushut, Petyalka flow through. The oldest specimen of oak, called Pugachevsky, has been preserved here.

2.2. Main types and directions of tourism.

The main types of tourism in the republic are:

Ecotourism. Mari El is a land of amazingly beautiful lakes. There are more than 600 of them: large and small, different in origin and beneficial properties, but equally attractive for their pristine beauty and purity. Lake Nuzhyar in the Gornomariysky district is considered the cleanest in the Volga region. The largest is Lake Yalchik, with an area of ​​195 hectares, the deepest is the karst lake Zryv (Tabashinskoye), whose depth reaches 56 meters. The largest group of such lakes is located on the edge of the northern ledge of the Sotnur Upland, where 11 lakes are located in a chain, among them the Sea Eye with a depth of 35 m, and 6 lakes at the foot of the Kerebelyak Upland.

The Mari region can be called a haven of silence, a kingdom of mushrooms, berries, birds and animals, a land of environmental well-being.

Active tourism (hunting, fishing, kayaking and horse riding routes). The diversity of the fauna of the Mari forests is explained by its location at the junction of two natural zones. Among the forest inhabitants, the largest is the elk. There are many wild boars in the floodplain forests.

Lives in dense spruce-deciduous forests Brown bear. And in the coniferous taiga - lynx. There are also game birds: capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, partridge, woodcock, wild ducks and geese. Forest lakes are a wonderful place for recreation, fishing and hunting. About 45 species of fish are found in the rivers and lakes of the republic. The lakes are home to many waterfowl. And lovers of hunting and fishing will be hospitably welcomed for an overnight stay in the cozy Hunter's House, located in the village of Starozhilsk.

Ethno-tourism. From an ethnographic point of view, the republic is interesting in that the Mari are one of the few peoples of Europe who have preserved paganism and religious objects associated with it. In addition, the Republic of Mari El represents a unique experience of the coexistence of paganism, Christianity and Islam. The originality and uniqueness of the Mari is emphasized by many researchers.

For lovers of educational and excursion tourism, routes are offered that introduce Mari rites, customs, folklore, national cuisine, traditional Mari embroidery and crafts, carefully preserved from generation to generation. Tourists can get a vivid idea of ​​the life of the ancient Mari by visiting the Ardinsky House of Crafts in the Kilemarsky district, the Peasant Hut Museum in the village of Starozhilsk, Medvedevsky district, and other museums.

Rural tourism. The popularity of ecological and rural tourism is growing all over the world and the Republic of Mari El is no exception. Tourists increasingly want to know about cultural values, customs of the local population and their way of life. The territories of Medvedevsky, Kilemarsky, Zvenigovsky and Novotoryalsky districts have the necessary potential for the development of rural tourism.

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INFORMATION SOURCES:

http://www.mccme.ru/

INFORMATION SITE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MARI EL

Which have their own statehood. This entity, located in the European part of Russia, has had autonomy rights since Soviet times. This region is quite distinctive and is of interest for research in various fields. Let's take a closer look at what the Mari Republic and its population are like.

Territorial location

The republic is located in the east of the European part of the Russian Federation. In the north and west, this subject of the federation borders with the Nizhny Novgorod region, in the north and east - with the Kirov region, in the southeast - with Tatarstan, and in the south - with Chuvashia.

The Mari Republic is located in a temperate climate zone with a temperate continental climate.

The area of ​​the territory of this subject of the federation is 23.4 thousand square meters. km, which is the 72nd indicator among all regions of the country.

The capital of the Mari Republic is Yoshkar-Ola

Brief historical background

Now let's take a little look into the history of the Republic of Mari El.

Since ancient times, these territories were inhabited by Finno-Ugric tribes, which, in fact, are titular nation republics. IN ancient Russian chronicles they were called Cheremis, although they called themselves Mari.

After the formation of the Golden Horde, the Mari tribes became part of it, and after the collapse of this state into parts they became tributaries. Due to the annexation of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible in 1552, the lands of the Mari became part of the Russian kingdom. Although the western Cheremis tribes accepted Russian citizenship even earlier and were baptized. After this, the history of the Mari is inextricably linked with the fate of Russia.

But some Mari tribes did not want to accept Russian citizenship so easily. Therefore, the period from 1552 to 1585 was marked by a series of Cheremis wars, the purpose of which was to force the Mari tribes to accept Russian citizenship. Eventually the Mari were subjugated and their rights were significantly limited. But in subsequent years they took an active part in various uprisings, for example, in the Pugachev uprising of 1775.

Meanwhile, the Mari began to adopt Russian culture. They developed their own writing system based on the Cyrillic alphabet, and after the opening of the Kazan Seminary, some representatives of this people were able to receive a good education.

After the Bolsheviks came to power in 1920, the Mari Republic was created. In 1936, on its basis, the Mari Autonomous Republic (MASSR) was formed. At the very end of the existence of the USSR, in 1990, it was transformed into the Mari SSR.

After the breakup Soviet Union and the formation of the Russian Federation, the Mari Republic, or, as it is otherwise called, the Republic of Mari-El, became one of the subjects of this state. The constitution of this public education provides for equal use of these names.

Population of the republic

The population of the Mari Republic currently amounts to 685.9 thousand people. This is only the 66th result among all federal subjects of Russia.

The population density in the republic is 29.3 people/sq. km. For comparison: in the Nizhny Novgorod region this figure is 42.6 people/sq. km, in Chuvashia - 67.4 people/sq. km, and in the Kirov region - 10.8 people/sq. km.

Despite the fact that the indigenous and state-forming people of Mari El are the Mari, at the moment they are not the most numerous ethnic group in the republic. Most of the population of this region is Russian. They make up 45.1% of the total number of residents of the federal subject. The Mari in the republic make up only 41.8%. The last census, in which the Mari outnumbered the Russians, was carried out in 1939.

Among other ethnic groups, the Tatars are the most numerous. Their number is 5.5% of the total number of residents in Mari El. In addition, Chuvash, Ukrainians, Udmurts, Belarusians, Mordovians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis and Germans live in the republic, but their numbers are significantly smaller than those of the three above-mentioned peoples.

Spread of religions

A fairly large number of different religions are widespread in Mari El. At the same time, 48% consider themselves Orthodox Christians, 6% are Muslims and 6% are supporters of the ancient Mari pagan religion. Moreover, about 6% of the population are atheists.

In addition to the faiths listed above, there are Catholic communities in the region, as well as communities of various Protestant movements.

Administrative division

The Mari-El Republic consists of fourteen districts and three cities of regional subordination (Yoshkar-Ola, Volzhsk and Kozmodemyansk).

The most populated areas of the Mari Republic: Medvedevsky (67.1 thousand inhabitants), Venigovsky (42.5 thousand inhabitants), Sovetsky (29.6 thousand inhabitants), Morkinsky (29.0 thousand inhabitants). Geographically, the largest is the Kilemarsky district (3.3 thousand sq. km).

Yoshkar-Ola - the capital of Mari El

The capital of the Mari Republic is the city of Yoshkar-Ola. It is located approximately in the center of this region. Currently, it is home to about 265.0 thousand inhabitants with a population density of 2640.1 people/sq. km.

Among the nationalities, Russians predominate, and even more pronounced than in the general population of the republic. Their number is 68% of the total number of residents. Following them, the Mari have a share of 24%, and the Tatars - 4.3%.

The city was founded back in 1584 as a Russian military fortification. From its foundation until 1919 it was called Tsarevokokshaisk. In 1919, after the Bolshevik revolution, it was named Krasnokokshaysk. In 1927, it was decided to rename it Yoshkar-Ola, which is translated from Mari as “red city”.

Currently, Yoshkar-Ola is a relatively large regional center with developed infrastructure, industry and culture.

Other cities of the republic

The remaining cities of the Mari Republic are significantly smaller than Yoshkar-Ola. The largest of them, Volzhsk, has a population of 54.6 thousand inhabitants, which is almost five times less than in the capital of the republic.

Other cities in the region boast even smaller populations. Thus, 20.5 thousand people live in the city of Kozmodemyansk, 18.1 thousand people in Medvedevo, 11.5 thousand people in Zvenigovo, 10.4 thousand people in the town of Sovetsky.

Rest settlements republics have a population of less than 10,000 people.

Infrastructure of the republic

In comparison with other regions of Russia, the infrastructure of the Mari Republic, excluding the city of Yoshkar-Ola, cannot be called highly developed.

There is only one airport on the territory of the republic, located in its capital. In addition, the region has 2 bus stations and 51 bus stations. Railway transport is represented by fourteen stations.

The houses of the Mari Republic are often made of wood. This material has been used for hundreds of years as it is ideal for these places. Fortunately, there is enough wood in the region. But at the same time, high-rise buildings and private houses are increasingly being built from modern building materials.

Since the beginning of this millennium, large-scale reconstruction work has been carried out in the capital of the republic, Yoshkar-Ola, aimed at restoring the cultural and architectural monuments of the city.

Economy of the Republic

Among the industrial sectors, metalworking and mechanical engineering are the most developed. There are also enterprises operating in the woodworking, textile and food industries. Almost all production is concentrated in the cities of Yoshkar-Ola and Volzhsk.

In agriculture, animal husbandry is most developed, mainly cattle breeding and pig breeding. Crop farming specializes in growing the following crops: grains, flax, fodder crops, potatoes and other vegetables.

Tourism

The Mari Republic is famous for its enormous potential. Holidays in this region, of course, differ from the usual seaside resorts, but can bring no less, and perhaps even more, pleasure. Nothing can replace the clean air with which the protected corners of this region are saturated.

Of particular note are the lakes in the Mari Republic. There are a large number of them in the region, and they are of considerable interest to tourists. Particularly noteworthy is Lake Kulikovo near the city of Volzhsk.

For those tourists who prefer an organized holiday, recreation centers, children's camps and sanatoriums of the Mari Republic open their doors.

It is noteworthy that although the titular nation of Mari El is the Mari, the majority of the region's inhabitants are ethnic Russians.

Before the creation of the Mari Autonomous Region in 1920, the Mari did not have their own self-government, and the territory of the current Republic of Mari El was divided between several provinces.

Lives outside the Mari Republic larger number Mari than inside it.

General characteristics of the Mari Republic

Although the Mari Republic cannot be called an advanced industrial region of Russia, this region has enormous potential. Its main wealth is its hardworking people. Most of the region's inhabitants are ethnic Russians and Mari. The region is quite sparsely populated and has only one city, which can be called relatively large - the capital Yoshkar-Ola.

In addition to its human potential, the Mari Republic is known throughout Russia for its unique recreational resources. A healthy holiday in this region can cure large quantity diseases.

The capital of the Republic of Mari-El is the only city in Russia whose name begins with “and short”. But, unlike the letter, Yoshkar-Ola is a city with a long history. And its collection of attractions is far from limited to linguistics alone!

1. The city was officially founded in 1584 under the name Tsarevokokshaisk. In the center of the Volga-Vyatka region, it became an outpost for strengthening royal power and pacification of rebellious uprisings local people. A settlement arose near the fortress, which gradually turned into a small provincial town. In the 19th century, Tsarevokokshaisk became one of the centers of political exile.

General information and history

Yoshkar-Ola, until 1919 - Tsarevokokshaysk, from 1919 to 1927 - Krasnokokshaysk, translated as “Red City”, is the capital of the Republic of Mari El.

Founded in 1584 by Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich as a military fortification.

Currently, Yoshkar-Ola is a large diversified cultural, industrial and scientific center of Mari-El, as well as one of the centers of Finno-Ugric culture.

Some time later, after its founding, Tsarevokokshaysk ceased to be only a military city; it also began to develop as a trade and craft center.

In 1835, the first regular plan of the city was drawn up, according to which it gradually turned into a cultural, trade and economic center Mari region, with a population of only about two thousand people.

Quiet and provincial town remained until the 1920s.

During the Great Patriotic War, a number of factories were evacuated to Yoshkar-Ola. This became the reason for its development in socio-economic and industrial terms.

Districts of Yoshkar-Ola

Yoshkar-Ola is a complex administrative-territorial unit. As the city grew, more than twenty nearby villages merged into it.

In 1973, Yoshkar-Ola was divided into Zavodskoy and Leninsky districts. They included urban areas and rural settlements. The Zavodskoy district included the Sidorovsky village council of the Medvedevsky district (center - the village of Nolka), Kokshaysky (the village of Kokshaysk and the suburban village council (later abolished). Leninsky included Kuyarsky (the village of Kuyar), Solnechny (the village of Solnechny), Kundyshsky (the village . Silikatny) and Semenovsky village councils. This regional division was abolished in 1988, but rural settlements remained within the city for some time, an exception was made for the Semenovsky village council (Semenovsky administration) with its center in the village of Semenovka and the village of Nolki.

Microdistricts: Berezovo, Alenkino, Bolshoye, Hospital, Eastern, Chigashevo, Dubki, Gomzovo, Zvezdny, Western, Komsomolsky, Integral, Mechanical Engineer, Leninsky, Youth, Peaceful, Nagorny, Myshino, Nikitkino, Orsha, Oktyabrsky, Pribrezhny, Prezavodskoy, Sverdlova, Remzavod , Soviet, Northern, Sports, Szombathely, Central, Tarkhanovo, Chikhaidarovo, Chernovka, Yubileiny, Shiryaikovo, 1-9, 9a, 9b, 9c, 10.

IN urban district In addition to the city itself, it includes such settlements as: the village of Apshakbelyak, the village of Semyonovka, the village of Ignatievo, the village of Nolka, the village of Danilovo, the village of Savino, the village of Shoya-Kuznetsovo, the village of Akshubino, the village of Yakimovo, the village of Kelmakovo.

Population of Yoshkar-Ola for 2017 and 2018. Number of residents of Yoshkar-Ola

Data on the number of city residents are taken from the Federal State Statistics Service. The official website of the Rosstat service is www.gks.ru.

Graph of population changes in Yoshkar-Ola:

The population of Yoshkar-Ola in 2015 was approximately 263.1 thousand people.

Yoshkar-Ola is 74th in population in the Russian Federation. The population is approximately 44% male and 55% female. 57.3% of the republic’s citizens and 36.5% of the total population live in the city. There are about 1,230 women per thousand men in the city, and 813 men per thousand women. The population density as of the beginning of 2009 is 2594.5 people per km².

In the same year, 2,979 children were born in the capital of Mari-El (which accounted for a third of all children in the republic) and, in addition, minimal mortality was noted.

The average age in the city as of January 2010 is 40.5 years, with women 42.9 years and men 37.6 years. It has grown by almost 4% since 2002.

Most of the migration to Mari El accounts for the exchange of residents of the capital of the republic and other regions and cities of this subject. During 2009, of all arriving migrants in this flow, Yoshkar-Ola accounted for 38.5%, and of the number of departing migrants - 34.2%.

The negative natural growth that has developed in the city in recent years has contributed to the decrease in the number of residents. This trend could not be stopped by positive migration that lasted until 2005.

Indicators for the demographic situation:
Infant mortality (deaths before the first year of life per thousand newborns) - 4.25 (2008)
Mortality of people of working age (per hundred thousand residents of working age) - 585 (2008)
Crude birth rate, per thousand population - 12.1 (2010)
Crude mortality rate, per thousand population - 13.4 (2010)
Number of marriages - 2332 (2011)
Number of divorces - 1088 (2011)
Natural population growth, people - 548 (2012)
Number of departures, people - 4605 (2012)
Number of arrivals, people - 8643 (2012)
Number of births, people - 3669 (2012)
Number of deaths, people - 3121 (2012)
Migration population growth, people - 4038 (2012)
Working age population (as a percentage of the total) - 63.3% (2012)
Population under working age (as a percentage of the total number) - 15.1% (2012)
Population over working age (as a percentage of the total number) - 21.6% (2012)

According to the 2010 census, representatives of more than 96 nations live in the city. Of these, Russians are in first place in terms of numbers (68%), Mari are in second (24%), and Tatars are in third (4.3%). Also living in Yoshkar-Ola are Chuvash, Ukrainians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Mordovians, Belarusians, Uzbeks, Udmurts, Germans, Georgians, Jews, Chechens, Moldovans, Bashkirs, Lezgins, Avars, Greeks, Gypsies and so on.

Yoshkar-Ola city photo. Photo of Yoshkar-Ola

Information about the city of Yoshkar-Ola on Wikipedia:

Link to the Yoshkar-Ola website. You can get a lot of additional information by reading it on the official website of Yoshkar-Ola, the official portal of Yoshkar-Ola and the government.
Official website of Yoshkar-Ola

Map of the city of Yoshkar-Ola. Yoshkar-Ola Yandex maps

Created using the Yandex service People's card(Yandex map), when zoomed out you can understand the location of Yoshkar-Ola on the map of Russia. Yoshkar-Ola Yandex maps. Interactive Yandex map of the city of Yoshkar-Ola with street names, as well as house numbers. The map has all the symbols of Yoshkar-Ola, it is convenient and not difficult to use.

On the page you can read some descriptions of Yoshkar-Ola. You can also see the location of the city of Yoshkar-Ola on the Yandex map. Detailed with descriptions and labels of all city objects.

Distinctive features. Previously, the Republic of Mari El had a different name. In Soviet times, there was first the Mari Autonomous Region, and then the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The Mari, also known as the Cheremis, belong to the Finno-Ugric tribes and have been known since the 10th century.

By the will of history, the Mari found themselves sandwiched between two fires - Christian Russia in the west and Muslim Tatars in the east. All this was reflected in the culture of the Mari people, who were divided into mountain and meadow Mari. In total there are about 600 thousand Mari, and half of them live in the Republic of Mari El, which means “country of husbands.”

The economy of the Mari El Republic is primarily a manufacturing industry. Yoshkar-Ola is the capital of the republic and the largest industrial center. There are metallurgy, chemical and woodworking industries here. Unfortunately, the economy is not so developed that local residents could boast of high salaries. But the nature in Mari El is worthy of attention, as is the green city of Mari El, located in the middle of vast forests.

Geographical location. The Republic of Mari El is one of the regions of the Volga region. There’s no need to guess which one. federal district she comes in. Of course, to Privolzhsky. Its neighbors are the Nizhny Novgorod region in the west, the Republic of Tatarstan in the southeast, Kirov region in the north and the Republic of Chuvashia in the northeast.

The Republic of Mari El is a real river region: 190 rivers flow through it with a watercourse length of more than 100 km. And the largest and most famous of them is Mother Volga. True, most of the territory of Mari El is located on the left bank of the Volga. And on the right bank there is only one district - Gornomariysky. It is so named because it occupies the northern part of the Volga Upland.

Most of the territory of the republic is covered with forests. The largest protected natural areas- Mari Chodra National Park, famous for its karst lakes, and the Bolshaya Kokshaga Nature Reserve.

Population. Now the population of the Mari El Republic is 690,349 people. What is noteworthy is that in this national autonomy the number of residents of indigenous nationality is approximately equal to the number of Russians (45% and 41.76%, respectively), while in many other similar autonomies Russians make up either the overwhelming majority of the population, or, conversely, remain in a proud minority. In third place in terms of population are Tatars - 5.51%.

It should be noted that although there was a slight decrease in numbers compared to what it was 20 years ago, in recent years the situation has been quite stable. There is even a small natural increase in population, although it is less than 1 person per 1000 inhabitants.

As for religion, almost half of the republic’s population are convinced Christians, but about 6% of the population professes Islam.

Crime. The Republic of Mari El is in 61st place in the criminal ranking of regions. Yes, it is mostly quiet and calm here, but this does not mean that there are no crimes at all. There are also thefts and murders of businessmen. In general, everything is the same as in other regions, but still somehow calmer.

Unemployment rate. The economic situation in Mari El is quite difficult. There are practically no large industries here. Residents are forced to engage in trade in order to somehow survive. In terms of unemployment, the republic is in the bottom third of the ranking of regions. In 2012, this figure was 6.49%. The average monthly salary in Mari El is only 15.9 thousand rubles. At the same time, the highest incomes are among employees in the banking sector and in government bodies.

Property value. In Yoshkar-Ola average cost square meter- 40-45 thousand rubles. One-room apartments here are offered at prices ranging from 1 million rubles and above, but the most common figure is 1.6 - 1.8 million rubles for a one-room apartment. Prices for two-room apartments, and for “three rubles” - already from 2.4 million rubles. Most of the housing stock was built at the end of the 20th century, and many houses already require, if not major repairs, then at least cosmetic updates.

Many new buildings in Yoshkar-Ola are made in the “signature” red color. Photo by Valentina (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/zvenizaton/)

Climate. Although the republic is not located in the far north, the climate here is quite harsh. Long frosty winters and moderately warm summers are the main features of this region, located in the realm of a temperate continental climate. In winter, the average temperature is around −19°C, and the average summer temperature is +18°C.

The weather in Mari El is very unstable. In the middle of winter, thaws may begin out of the blue, giving way to new frosts, and frosts may appear in spring or autumn. In short, this is far from the best climate for agriculture.

Cities of the Republic of Mari El

Of course, all these advantages result in environmental problems for city residents. In addition, we must take into account that southwestern winds bring here air filled with harmful emissions from industrial enterprises in the north of the Chuvash Republic. Volzhsk is also famous for its hockey team, which plays in the championship of the highest level, which in itself is a feat for such a small city.

Kozmodemyansk- the third largest city in the republic (21 thousand people) and the center of the Gornomari region. Founded in the 16th century by Russian settlers on the right bank of the Volga. Today Kozmodemyansk is the river gate of the republic and its only port on the Volga. In addition to the port, the city has several large enterprises, including the Potential radioelements plant, owned by the Wessen Group.