Patriotism, love for the Motherland are the arguments of the Unified State Examination. Patriotism in the history of Russia: state ideology and value potential

Respect for your state, for its history, the desire to change your country in better side, to make it more beautiful, to protect and appreciate the homeland - usually this is how the patriotism of every person is manifested. But it would be interesting to know what patriotism is like in our time, whether the same schoolchildren, if something happens, are ready to act like their great-grandfathers, who, as ordinary teenagers, rushed to the front to defend their fatherland.

In dictionaries, you can often find a definition of patriotism as love for native language, to the earth, nature and to the government that protects its people. Nationalism and patriotism are not identical, but close concepts. They have a number of differences and general characteristics. In addition, patriotism is a derivative of nationalism.

Let's consider a clear example of the manifestation of nationalism and patriotism. For example, every family loves both its home and its relatives and friends. But this love is different. If the family moves to another house, they will not grieve as much if someone close to them dies. That is, patriotism is an expansion of the definition of human love for one’s home, and nationalism is for one’s loved ones.

In patriotism, the main thing is the state, and in nationalism - love, sometimes too fanatical, for one’s own people. According to a survey among children school age, the formation of patriotism occurs in:

1. Knowing your history, respecting the experience of older generations, its historical past.
2. Devotion to both your country and your own business, ideas, views, family.
3. Protection of state values, respect for centuries-old traditions.

It is worth noting that patriotism is manifested both in respect for the cultural values ​​of one’s country and in respect for compatriots. It is believed that instilling love for one’s Motherland should begin from the very beginning. early childhood, but, alas, patriotism is such a loose concept that it can easily turn into racism or nationalism. Behind last years one can notice the widespread popularity of various neo-fascist and other organizations. It is in such a situation that the problem of patriotism manifests itself. Every person should realize that the manifestation of patriotism is not a fanatical, wild love for both one’s country and its population, but also respect for others. By showing respect for other nationalities and cultures of other countries, a person thereby shows that he is capable of true patriotism, true devoted love for his fatherland.

True and false patriotism - differences

It also happens that a person only strives to pretend that he is ready to stand up for the values ​​of his state with all his soul, that he is a true patriot. Its main goal is to achieve personal goals or to play to the public in order to have a good reputation. This shows false patriotism.

It is worth noting that true and false patriotism differ in that the first is based on true love for the motherland. A person does not strive to inform every passerby about this, he simply knows that he is capable of standing up for his state at the right moment. Currently, you can sometimes come across such a concept as a “crisis of patriotism” caused by the low standard of living of the population and ineffective policies in the field of education and upbringing.

To avoid the emergence of new organizations with pronounced nationalism or to reduce the number of existing ones, it is necessary to remember that the feeling of patriotism should arise from a person’s family, friends, from his memory of his older generation, who gave their last strength for the good of their homeland. And it must be remembered that the traditions laid down by them need to be multiplied by every person.

So, patriotism must be cultivated in yourself and your children from birth. After all, because of the inept patriotic education society receives people with pronounced anti-human views.

The word "Patriot" is heard everywhere today. Are developing Russian flags, calls for the integrity and unity of the nation are heard, and the people sing “Katyusha” and “Kalinka” in chorus in the metro and shopping centers. All this would be wonderful if not for one “but”. The very concept of “patriotism”, does everyone understand it correctly? Are all those who proudly call themselves “patriots” actually patriots?

- the term is new, and everything that stands behind it is bad and even dangerous.

In front of you shining example false patriotism if:

• You hear offensive speech addressed to other countries, peoples, cultures, against the background of which the words “Russia” and “Russian” stand out as an example of superiority;
• You hear insults addressed to those who go on vacation abroad, or (even worse) go to live in another country;
• You hear propaganda to use only Russian products, goods, proposals to terminate market relations with other countries;
• You hear insults addressed to those who have entered into a marriage (relationship) with a representative of another nation.

Know patriotism is love for one’s people, culture and homeland. All of the above has nothing to do with him.

“Shame on the traitors to the motherland”

After the fall of the Iron Curtain, Russians discovered a whole world rich in cultures, tastes, colors and sounds. The desire to learn new things, to explore other countries is a normal desire for a literate, spiritual developed person. To learn something new from a foreign culture, leaving behind a piece of your own, beloved, is development. This is how human civilization grew and developed, borrowing and exporting.

The trouble is that not everyone can afford to visit other countries. Everyone has their own reasons - some are economic, some are social. This problem has given rise to envy, which, as we know, will not lead to anything good. From here came angry and hateful statements addressed to traveling Russians, accusing them of lacking patriotic feelings. “Aunt Zina,” who vacations in a village or dacha every summer, is considered a true patriot of the country, and those who dare to bask off the Turkish shores are hardly traitors to their homeland.

A separate target for “psychological execution” are those who, for one reason or another, temporarily or permanently reside abroad. Here the verdict is final and not subject to appeal - treason. No one is interested in the reasons for the move. The argument from the series “The whole world is our home” is not taken into account. Statements addressed to such “traitors” are usually harsh and painful. “They ran away from problems,” “sold themselves to the West,” “faded,” “sold their homeland.” At the same time, the patriotic holiness of a certain Pyotr Petrovich is always emphasized, who lives all his life in his city, in his house on his street.

Such Peter Petrovichs are often those who, in fact, cannot stand either the city itself or their country. They do not have the slightest desire to do anything useful for their Motherland, for the people. And sometimes you just get up and go work with your hands and head. For what? They expect that the Motherland owes them. Of course you should. He's a patriot!

But in fact, it’s still worth thinking about who brings more benefit to her people: a Russian woman teaching Russian in London, lovingly bringing her culture to the world; a composer writing good children's songs for Russian kindergartens from Italy, or the parasite Petya, indefatigably scolding the country, the government and the whole world? Which one is more patriotic?

Give me Russian production

A separate class of false patriots are those who call on Russians to abandon all foreign-made goods “for they are evil.” A call to renounce everything foreign - clothing, equipment, food. The same applies to everything intangible - films, language, songs, dances. They even relate to the use of borrowed words in the lexicon. True patriotism for such people means using only domestic consumer goods. On the one hand, supporting your own production is commendable, but its development itself is necessary. It is a fact. But there is a reasonable limit to everything. A complete rejection of imported goods is simply physically impossible. Because then, to be completely fair, it must be admitted that many necessary things are inventions of foreign companies. Are we giving up everything? Computers, telephones, household appliances, perfumes, cosmetics, household chemicals, toilet paper - all this was not invented by us. Are “patriots” ready to give up all these benefits?

Patriotism – “yes” – Nazism – “no”

Unlike others, this example is simply false, but also dangerous. Here we are talking about what they are trying so hard to teach us from TV screens, and more often from our monitors - hostility on ethnic grounds.

“All countries that are not called “Russia” are enemies whose goal is to destroy our Motherland, and all other peoples are some kind of subhumans, clearly inferior in intelligence, talents and abilities to the great Russians” - this is the approximate meaning of armchair false patriots.

Do you think, when thinking about your mothers, how much other mothers give their children (money, love, freedom)? Do you stop loving your mother if she has temporary difficulties?

Now about other mothers. A lot of them. They can be more beautiful and worse. But they are all someone’s mothers, and they need to be spoken of respectfully. After all, their children are unpleasant to hear negative statements from you.

Other moms might like it too. We willingly communicate with the mothers of our friends and neighbors, sometimes recognizing their beauty, kindness and housekeeping skills. And their kitchen is wonderful, and the house is well-kept. At the same time, love for our mothers does not suffer at all. Communicating with others, admiring them, we still love our mothers more than anyone else. Because it's natural.

And we are also leaving. This happens too. Loving your mother does not mean constantly sitting by her skirt. It happens that we find ourselves far from home. But does our son's feelings suffer from this? Are we them love less? Quite the opposite. Those who are thousands of kilometers from their mothers suffer doubly. And they love it doubly. This is what love for a mother is.”

Now, replace the word “mother” with the word “Motherland”. Read it again. After all, this is practically the same. This is an excellent example to understand what “love for the Motherland” is, what “true patriotism” is.

Patriots of Russia

PETER THE GREAT

Biography

The great Russian reformer was born on May 30 (June 9), 1672. Like all Russian tsars, the descendant of Alexei Mikhailovich and N.K. Naryshkina received a home education. The boy showed aptitude for learning quite early, learning languages ​​from childhood - first German, and then French, English and Dutch. He mastered a lot of crafts from the palace craftsmen - blacksmithing, soldering, gunsmithing, and printing. Many historians mention the importance of “fun” in the development of the personality of the future First Russian Emperor. In 1688, Peter went to Lake Pereyaslavl, where he learned to build ships from the Dutchman F. Timmerman and R. Kartsev, a Russian master. Peter does not stop there and takes a trip to Amsterdam, where he works as a carpenter for six months, continuing to study shipbuilding. During his first trip abroad, which lasted only a year, future emperor I managed not only to “get busy.” In Konigsberg, he mastered a full course in artillery science, and in England he completed a theoretical course in shipbuilding. In 1689, having received news that Sophia was preparing a coup, Peter preceded the princess, removed her from power and took the Russian throne. During his reign he proved himself outstanding statesman. Peter's transformations were not limited to “cutting a window to Europe.” They affected all spheres of citizens’ lives: new manufactories and factories were opened, new deposits were developed, and new bureaucratic bodies were created. One of the most important affairs of his life was strengthening the military power of Russia, because the tsar who had recently ascended the throne had to end the war with Turkey, which began back in 1686. But the victory did not bring Russia the desired access to the seas. We managed to get it only after long war with Sweden (1700-1721). Peter also made a significant contribution to culture. In particular, he abolished the clergy's monopoly on education. He supported the creation of schools and the publication of textbooks (then primers), and he became the first editor and journalist of the Vedomosti newspaper. By order of Peter, expeditions were carried out to Far East, to Siberia and Central Asia. Peter I encouraged the construction of buildings and architectural ensembles. He contributed to the development of the activities of scientists and researchers. He approved the planning and construction of cities and fortresses. All his thoughts were aimed at strengthening the state. He died on January 28, 1725 in St. Petersburg. He was buried in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

PAVEL TRETYAKOV

Biography

All dictionaries and encyclopedias agree to write next to the name of P. M. Tretyakov: “Russian entrepreneur, philanthropist, collector of works of Russian visual arts, founder Tretyakov Gallery" But everyone forgets that it was Tretyakov who first came up with the idea of ​​collecting a collection of Russian painting that would represent the Russian school as fully as possible. The future founder of the Tretyakov Gallery was born on December 15 (27), 1832 in Moscow, into a merchant family. The parents gave the boy an excellent education at home. Pavel Tretyakov was destined to continue his father’s activities, which he did together with his brother Sergei. Developing the family business, they took up the construction of paper spinning factories. This provided work for several thousand people. From his youth, P. Tretyakov, in his words, “selflessly loved art.” One way or another, in 1853 he buys the first paintings. A year later, he acquired nine works by Dutch masters, which he placed in his room. There they hung until the death of the patron. But Tretyakov was and remained a deep patriot. Therefore, he decides to collect a collection of modern Russian paintings. And in 1856 he bought “Temptation” by N. G. Schilder and “Finnish Smugglers” by V. G. Khudyakov. Next - a new acquisition, or rather, acquisitions. Works by K. Bryullov, I. P. Trutnev, F. A. Bruni, A. K. Savrasov, K. A. Trutovsky, L. F. Lagorio... At his request, painters create portraits of outstanding figures of Russian culture - P.I. Tchaikovsky, L.N., Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev and many others. In 1874, Tretyakov Street provided extensive premises for its collection. And in 1792 he handed over a thoroughly expanded collection of works (by that time it included 1276 paintings, 470 drawings and a large number of icons) to the city. True, when best friend– V.V. Stasov – writes an enthusiastic article about him, Tretyakov prefers to simply escape from Moscow. The character of the philanthropist combined boundless kindness and excellent business acumen. For a long time he could financially support artists - Vasiliev, Kramskoy, Perov, patronize a shelter for the deaf and dumb, and organize a shelter for orphans and widows of artists. And he patiently bargained with the authors of the paintings, often not agreeing to a price that was too high, in his opinion. Sometimes it even came down to refusing to buy. His favorite direction in painting was the Itinerants movement. Until now, no collection in the world has a more detailed collection of works by these artists. The outstanding philanthropist died in 1898 in Moscow. Buried at Novodevichy Cemetery.

NIKOLAY VAVILOV

Biography

Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov is a great Soviet geneticist, plant breeder, and geographer. He created the doctrine of the world centers of origin of cultivated plants, their geographical distribution, and also laid the foundations of modern selection. The future great scientist was born in 1887 in Moscow into the family of a businessman. In 1911 he graduated from the Moscow Agricultural Institute, where he subsequently worked at the department of private agriculture. In 1917 he was elected professor at Saratov University. In 1921, he was appointed head of the Department of Applied Botany and Selection (Petrograd), which 9 years later was reorganized into the All-Union Institute of Plant Growing. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov led it until August 1940. In addition, in 1930 he was appointed director of the genetic laboratory, later transformed into the Institute of Genetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. After research conducted in 1919-20 in the European part of the USSR, the scientist published a work entitled “Field Crops of the South-East.” Beginning in 1920, he led numerous botanical and agronomic expeditions for 20 years. He studied the plant resources of Greece, Italy, Portugal, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Afghanistan... In particular, during the expeditions he established that the birthplace of durum wheat is Ethiopia. He discovered new types of wild and cultivated potatoes, which subsequently became the basis for breeding. Thanks to his scientific research, experimental geographical plantings of cultivated plants were made in different regions of the USSR, and an evolutionary and selection assessment was given to them. Under the leadership of Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, it was created world collection cultivated plants. It contains more than 300 thousand samples, many of which have become the basis for breeding work. The great scientist considered one of his main tasks to be the promotion of agriculture in the undeveloped regions of the North, in semi-deserts and lifeless highlands. In 1919, Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov substantiated the doctrine of plant immunity to infections and immune varieties. In 1920, a geneticist and plant breeder discovered the law of homologous series, which states that similar hereditary changes occur in closely related species and genera of plants. The great scientist also made a number of other discoveries; on his initiative, new research institutions were organized, he created a school of plant growers, geneticists and breeders. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov was awarded high Soviet awards; he was an honorary member of many foreign academies. The great scientist died in 1943.

YURI GAGARIN

Biography

Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin was born on March 9, 1934 in the village of Klushino, not far from the city of Gzhatsk (later renamed Gagarin). On May 24, 1945, the Gagarin family moved to Gzhatsk. After 4 years, Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin entered the Lyubertsy vocational school No. 10 and, at the same time, entered the evening school for working youth. In May 1951, the future cosmonaut graduated from college with honors, receiving a specialty as a molder-foundry worker, and in August he entered the Saratov Industrial College. On October 25 of the same year he came to the Saratov flying club for the first time. 4 years later, Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin graduated with honors and made his first flight as a pilot on a Yak-18 aircraft. In 1957, the future cosmonaut graduated from the 1st Military Aviation School for Pilots named after K. E. Voroshilov in Orenburg. On March 3, 1960, by order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force, he was enrolled in the group of astronaut candidates and a few days later began training. The launch of the Vostok spacecraft with the world's first cosmonaut on board was made from the Baikonur Cosmodrome at 09:07 Moscow time on April 12, 1961. Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin completed one revolution around the planet and completed the flight a second earlier than planned (at 10:55:34). On Earth, a grand meeting was arranged for the space hero. On Red Square he was awarded the Gold Star of “Hero of the Soviet Union” and awarded the title “Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR”. In subsequent years, the hero made several foreign visits. A long break from flying practice followed (Yuri Mikhailovich Gagarin, in addition to his social activities, studied at the academy). After a long interval, he made his first flight on a MiG-17 at the end of 1967, and soon after that he was sent to restore his qualifications. The circumstances of the death of the world's first cosmonaut have not yet been fully clarified. The UTI MiG-15 plane with Yuri Gagarin on board crashed on March 27, 1968 near the village of Novoselovo, Vladimir Region. Neither the astronaut's body nor traces of his blood have yet been discovered.

GEORGE ZHUKOV

Biography

Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov is a Marshal of the Soviet Union who made an invaluable contribution to the victory of the USSR over Nazi Germany. He was born on December 2, 1896 in the village of Strelkovka in the Moscow region, into a peasant family. The future military leader graduated from three classes of a parochial school, after which he was sent by his father to Moscow. There the boy became an apprentice to a furrier. During the First World War, Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov was awarded two St. George Crosses. In 1918, he joined the Red Army, and a year later became a member of the Bolshevik Party, participating in the battles against Wrangel and Kolchak. At the end Civil War the future commander remained in military service. In 1939, he commanded Soviet troops in the Battle of the Khalkhin Gol River and was awarded the star of the Hero of the Soviet Union. He was subsequently awarded this high award three more times (in 1944, 1945, 1956). In January 1941, Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov headed the General Staff of the Red Army. After the start of the Great Patriotic War, he commanded the troops of the Reserve, Leningrad and Western Fronts. In August 1942, he assumed the powers of First Deputy People's Commissar of Defense and Deputy Supreme Commander-in-Chief. In the last years of the Great Patriotic War, Zhukov commanded the troops of the 1st Ukrainian and 1st Belorussian fronts in the Vistula-Oder and Berlin operations. On May 8, 1945, Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov accepted the surrender of Nazi Germany. From 1945 to 1946, Zhukov served as Commander-in-Chief of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany and Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces. But after the Potsdam Conference, he was sent by Stalin to the Odessa and then the Ural Military District, which was actually an exile. In 1955, after the death of Stalin, Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov became the Minister of Defense of the USSR, but in 1957 he was dismissed by Khrushchev who came to power. Obviously, the new ruler was afraid of the popularity and enormous authority of the commander. In the last years of his life, the former military leader created his memoirs (“Memories and Reflections”). Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov died in Moscow on June 18, 1974.

ZOYA KOSMODEMYANSKAYA

Biography

She died barely reaching adulthood. At the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War and life. A young schoolgirl from one of the Moscow schools, partisan Zoya was executed by the German occupiers in December 1941: she was hanged with a sign on her chest reading “Arsonist.” On February 16, 1942, Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. This fragile girl remains a symbol of female heroism to this day. After school, 10th grade student and Komsomol group organizer Zoya dreamed of entering the Literary Institute, inspired by her acquaintance with the children's writer Arkady Gaidar. However, her plans were prevented from coming true by the outbreak of war. In the fall, when the enemy approached Moscow, all Komsomol volunteers who remained to defend the capital gathered in the Colosseum cinema (now the building of the Sovremennik Theater). From there they were sent to the Komsomol Central Committee, where Kosmodemyanskaya was assigned to the reconnaissance and sabotage military unit No. 9903 of the headquarters western front under the command of P. S. Provorov. Three days of training and, after the order of I.V. Stalin “to smoke all Germans out of warm shelters and premises”, the group was tasked with burning 10 within a week settlements near Moscow, occupied by the Nazis. Zoya was given 3 Molotov cocktails, a revolver, packed rations and a bottle of vodka. On November 27, in the village of Petrishchevo, after setting fire to three houses, Zoya was captured by the Germans while attempting to set fire to the barn of the traitor Sviridov. During interrogation, she identified herself as Tanya and, even under incredibly brutal torture, did not reveal the location of her comrades. The next morning, at exactly 10:30, she was taken to her execution. Until the gallows, Zoya “walked straight, with her head raised, proudly and silently...”. When they threw a noose over her head, she shouted in an unwavering voice: “Comrades, victory will be ours! German soldiers, before it’s too late, surrender... No matter how much you hang us, you won’t hang everyone, there are 170 million of us.” She wanted to say something else, but at that moment the box was removed from under her feet... Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was reburied at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.

MIKHAIL KUTUZOV

Biography

The famous Russian commander M.I. Kutuzov is probably known to everyone. And for some reason no one knows exact date his birth. According to some sources, this is the year 1745, it is also carved on the commander’s grave. According to others - 1947. So, in 1745 or 1747, Lieutenant General and Senator Illarion Matveyevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov and his wife had a son, who was named Mikhail. The parents first preferred to educate the boy at home, and in 1759 they sent him to the Noble Artillery and Engineering School. Six months later, he receives the rank of 1st Class Conductor and is sworn in. He is even given a salary and entrusted with training officers. Then follow the ranks of engineer-warrant officer, aide-de-camp, and captain. In 1762, he was appointed company commander of the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment, commanded by none other than Suvorov. The commander's character was finally formed during the Russian-Turkish wars, where he distinguished himself in battles, for which he was promoted to prime major. And for his successes in the battle of Popesti he earned the rank of lieutenant colonel. In 1774, during a battle near Shuma, Kutuzov was seriously wounded. The bullet pierced the temple and exited near the right eye, which stopped seeing forever. The Empress awarded the battalion commander the Order of St. George, 4th class, and sent him abroad for treatment. Instead, the stubborn Kutuzov chose to improve his military education. In 1776 he returned to Russia and soon received the rank of colonel. In 1784, Kutuzov suppressed the uprising in Crimea and became a major general. And three years later the second war with Turkey begins (1787). The general distinguished himself during the capture of Izmail, for which he earned the praise of Suvorov himself: “Kutuzov was my right hand.” Kutuzov got Izmail. He was appointed commandant of this fortress, promoted to lieutenant general and awarded George of the 3rd degree. He managed to take part in the Russian-Polish War, became Russia's Ambassador Extraordinary to Turkey, and was appointed to the post of Commander-in-Chief of all troops in Finland and the position of Director of the Land Cadet Corps. Kutuzov's career in general was developing extremely successfully, until in 1802 he fell into disgrace with Alexander I. He was removed from the post of St. Petersburg governor and went to live on his estate. Perhaps he would have lived out his life there if the war with Napoleon had not broken out. The march maneuver from Braunau to Olmutz remained in military history as a brilliant example of a strategic move. And yet Russia was defeated at Austerlitz, despite the fact that Kutuzov persuaded the tsar not to get involved in the battle. In 1811, the commander managed to make peace with Turkish Sultan, which Napoleon so hoped for. There's no point in describing battle of Borodino, the surrender of Moscow, the famous Tarutino maneuver and the subsequent defeat of Napoleon in Russia. On April 16 (28), 1813, M.I. Kutuzov passed away. From Bunzlau his body was sent to St. Petersburg and buried in the Kazan Cathedral.

MIKHAIL LOMONOSOV

Biography

Lomonosov was everything for Russia - a natural scientist, historian, chemist, physicist, writer, artist, and an ardent supporter of enlightenment. We still use his technology for producing colored glass or the “night vision scope” (the prototype of the modern night vision device). And the future pride of the state was born on November 8 (19), 1711 in the village of Denisovka, Kurostrovskaya volost (now the village of Lomonosovo). His father was a Pomor peasant Vasily Dorofeevich Lomonosov. In 1730, the son leaves his father and goes to Moscow, where he successfully passes himself off as the son of a nobleman and enters the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. Then, among the best students, he goes to the Academic University of St. Petersburg, from there to the Magsburg University in Germany, where he studies physics and chemistry under the guidance of H. Wolf. His next teacher was the chemist and metallurgist I. Genkel. Returning to Russia, the young scientist first becomes an adjunct of the Academy of Sciences, and then a professor. The scope of Lomonosov's achievements, due to the versatility of his personality and the extraordinary nature of his talent, is extremely wide. Among his achievements is the founding of an open university of the European type (the modern M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University). The creator of “Ancient history from the beginning of the Russian people to the death of Grand Duke Yaroslav the First, or until 1054”, the author of numerous odes, poems, tragedies, Lomonosov was also a socio-political figure. This is evidenced by the treatise “On the Preservation and Propagation of the Russian People” (1761). He also proposed new methods for determining the longitude and latitude of a place in “Discourses on Great Accuracy sea ​​route"(1759). Lomonosov developed the idea that not everything on Earth is of divine origin. And he successfully proved this in “The Tale of the Birth of Metals from the Earth’s Shaking” (1757). The scientist also carried out large-scale physical and chemical work, intending to write a large “corpuscular philosophy”, where he wanted to combine physics and chemistry based on molecular-atomic concepts. Unfortunately, he was unable to implement this plan. Lomonosov compiled an extensive program for studying chemical solutions, devoted a lot of time to studying the nature of atmospheric electricity, and designed a reflective (or mirror) telescope. He also became the author of the manual “The First Foundations of Metallurgy or Ore Mining” and completed the reform of the syllabic-tonic system of versification begun by V. K. Trediakovsky. M. V. Lomonosov died of a trivial spring cold on April 4 (15), 1765 in St. Petersburg. He was buried at the Lazarevskoye cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

DMITRIY MENDELEEV

Biography

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev is a brilliant Russian chemist; he was responsible for the discovery of a system of chemical elements, which became the cornerstone of the development of this science. The future great scientist was born in 1834 in Tobolsk, in the family of a gymnasium director. In 1855, he graduated from the department course with a gold medal. natural sciences Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg. A year later, the great chemist defended his master's thesis at St. Petersburg University, and in 1857, becoming an assistant professor, he taught a course in organic chemistry there. In 1859, Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev went on a scientific trip to Heidelberg, where he spent almost 2 years. In 1861, he published the textbook “Organic Chemistry,” which was awarded the Demidov Prize by the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Four years later, the scientist defended his doctoral dissertation “On the combination of alcohol with water,” and in 1876 he was elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. From 1890 to 1895 he was a consultant to the Scientific and Technical Laboratory of the Naval Ministry, during which time he invented the new kind smokeless powder, established its production. In 1892, Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was appointed scientific keeper of the Depot of exemplary weights and scales. Thanks to the great chemist, it was transformed into the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures, of which the scientist remained director until the end of his life. Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev is the author of fundamental works on chemistry, chemical technology, physics, metrology, aeronautics, meteorology, agriculture... His discovery of the famous periodic law dates back to February 17 (March 1), 1869, when the scientist compiled a table entitled “Experience of a system of elements, based on their atomic weight and chemical similarity." This system has received recognition as one of the fundamental laws of chemistry. In 1887, a scientist climbed the mountain without a pilot. hot-air balloon to observe a solar eclipse and study the upper atmosphere. He was the initiator of the construction of oil pipelines and the versatile use of oil as a chemical raw material. His scientific and social activities are incredibly broad and multifaceted. Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was awarded over 130 diplomas and honorary titles from Russian and foreign academies, scientific societies and educational institutions. The chemical element 101, mendelevium, discovered in 1955, is named after him. The great scientist died in 1907 in St. Petersburg.

IVAN PAVLOV

Biography

The famous physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born in 1849 into the family of a priest in the Ryazan province. He completed a course of science at the Medical-Surgical Academy. Appointed privatdozent of physiology, and later (in 1890) – extraordinary professor at Tomsk University, at the department of pharmacology. In the same year he was transferred to the Imperial Military Medical Academy, and seven years later he became its full professor. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov proved through experiments that the work of the heart is controlled, in particular, by a special amplifying nerve. The scientist also experimentally established the importance of the liver as a cleanser of the body from harmful products. The physiologist also managed to shed light on the regulation of juice secretion by the glands of the gastrointestinal canal. Thus, he found out that the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal canal has a specific excitability: it seems to recognize what kind of food product is given to it (bread, water, vegetables, meat...) and produces juice of the required composition. The amount of juice can vary, as can the acid or enzyme content. Some foods cause increased activity of the pancreas, others - the liver, and so on. At the same time, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov discovered the importance of the vagus and sympathetic nerves for the secretion of gastric and pancreatic juice. The most famous works of the physiologist: “The strengthening nerve of the heart” (published in the “Weekly Clinical Newspaper” in 1888); “Ekkovsky fistula of the inferior vena cava and portal veins and its consequences for the body” (Archive of Biological Sciences of the Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1892); "Lectures on the work of the main digestive glands" (1897); “Centrifugal nerves of the heart” (St. Petersburg, 1883).

NIKOLAI PIROGOV

Biography

The great surgeon Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was born on November 25, 1810 in Moscow, into the family of a small nobleman. One of his family friends, the famous doctor and professor at Moscow University Mukhin, noticed an extraordinary medical talent in the boy and began to educate the child. At the age of 14, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov entered the Faculty of Medicine at Moscow University. The student scholarship was not enough to live on: the teenager had to work part-time in the anatomical theater. The latter predetermined the choice of profession: the student decided to become a surgeon. After graduating from the university, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was preparing to become a professor in Tartu, at Yuryev University. There he worked in a clinic, defended his doctoral dissertation, and became a professor of surgery. As a dissertation topic, the scientist chose ligation of the abdominal aorta: at that time it was performed only once - by the English surgeon Cooper. In 1833, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov went to Germany and worked in Berlin and Göttingen clinics to improve his professionalism. Returning to Russia, he publishes famous work"Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia." In 1841, the physician moved to St. Petersburg and began working at the Medical-Surgical Academy. Here he spent more than ten years and created the first Russian surgical clinic. Soon another famous work by Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, “A Complete Course in the Anatomy of the Human Body,” was published. Taking part in military operations in the Caucasus, the great surgeon operated on the wounded under ether anesthesia - this happened for the first time in the history of medicine. During Crimean War He was the first in the world to use a plaster cast to treat fractures. It was also thanks to his initiative that sisters of mercy appeared in the army: the beginning of military field medicine was laid. Upon returning to St. Petersburg, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was appointed trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts, but retired in 1861. On his estate "Vishnya", near Vinnitsa, the scientist organized a free hospital. During this period, he made another discovery - a new method of embalming bodies. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov died in 1881, after a serious illness. The embalmed body of the great surgeon is kept in the crypt of the church in the village of Vishnya.

MSTISLAV ROSTROPOVICH

Biography

The great conductor and cellist Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich was born on March 27, 1927 in Baku. From 1932 to 1937 he studied in Moscow in music school named after the Gnessins. At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, his family was evacuated to the city of Chkalov (Orenburg). Future at 16 great musician entered the Moscow Conservatory, and in 1945 won gold medal at the Third All-Union Competition of Performing Musicians, captivating everyone with his skill as a cellist. Soon Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich became known abroad. His repertoire included almost all works of cello music that existed during his lifetime. About 60 composers dedicated their works to him, including Aram Khachaturian, Alfred Schnittke, Henri Dutilleux. Since 1969, the great musician supported the “disgraced” writer and human rights activist Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn. This resulted in the cancellation of concerts and tours and the stopping of recordings. Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich and his family were even deprived of Soviet citizenship, which was returned to them only in 1990. The great musician spent many years abroad, receiving great recognition there. For 17 seasons in Washington, he was artistic director and conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra, making it one of the best in the United States. Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich regularly performed at the Berlin and London Philharmonic. About his trip to Moscow with the National symphony orchestra In 1990, the documentary film “Return to Russia” was shot. Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich was awarded state awards 29 countries, he is a five-time Grammy Award winner. The musician was known for his charitable activities. Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich died on April 27, 2007 after a serious and long illness.

ANDREY SAKHAROV

Biography

The great scientist and human rights activist Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was born on May 21, 1921 in Moscow. In 1942 he graduated from the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University with honors. Immediately after this, he was assigned to a cartridge factory in Ulyanovsk. There, Dmitry Andreevich Sakharov made an invention to control armor-piercing cores. Over the next two years he wrote several scientific works and sent them to the Physics Institute. Lebedeva. In 1945, he entered graduate school at the institute, and 2 years later he defended his Ph.D. thesis. In 1948, Dmitry Andreevich Sakharov was enrolled in a special group and worked for twenty years in the development of thermonuclear weapons. At the same time, he carried out pioneering work on controlled thermonuclear reactions. Since the late 50s, he actively advocated stopping nuclear weapons testing. In 1953, Dmitry Andreevich Sakharov received the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. In the late 1960s, he became one of the leaders of the human rights movement in the USSR, and in 1970, one of the three founding members of the Human Rights Committee. In 1974, the scientist and human rights activist held a press conference at which he announced the Day of Political Prisoners in the USSR. A year later he wrote the book “About the Country and the World”, in the same year Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was awarded Nobel Prize peace. Having made a number of statements against the introduction of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, he was stripped of all government awards and exiled to the city of Gorky, where he spent almost 17 years. The articles “What the USA and the USSR must do to maintain peace” and “On the danger of thermonuclear war” were written there. At the end of 1988, the scientist and human rights activist made his first trip abroad and met with the heads of the United States and a number of European states. In 1989 he became a people's deputy of the USSR. Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov died on December 14, 1989 from a heart attack.

ALEXANDER SOLZHENITSYN

Biography

The great human rights activist and writer Alexander Isaevich (Isaakovich) Solzhenitsyn was born on December 11, 1918 in Kislovodsk. In 1924, his family moved to Rostov-on-Don, where from 1926 to 1936 the future great writer studied at school. Then he entered Rostov State University to the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, graduating in 1941 with honors. In 1939, he entered the correspondence department of the Faculty of Literature of the Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History in Moscow, interrupting his studies in 1941 due to the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War. On October 18, 1941 he was called up to the front. He was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War and the Red Star, and in June 1944 received the rank of captain. In February 1945, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn was arrested for criticizing the Stalinist regime and sentenced to 8 years in forced labor camps. After his release, he was sent into exile in southern Kazakhstan. The novel “In the First Circle” was written there. In June 1956, the writer was released, and on February 6, 1957, he was rehabilitated. In 1959, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn wrote the story “Shch-854”, later under the title “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” the work was published in the magazine “ New world", and soon the author was accepted into the Union of Writers of the USSR. In 1968, when in the USA and Western Europe The novels “In the First Circle” and “Cancer Ward” were published, the Soviet press began a propaganda campaign against the author, and he was soon expelled from the Union of Writers of the USSR. In 1970, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. At the end of December 1973, the first volume of The Gulag Archipelago was published abroad. On February 13, 1974, the author was deprived of Soviet citizenship and expelled from the USSR. In 1990, he was restored to Soviet citizenship, and he was awarded the State Prize for his book “The Gulag Archipelago.” Returned to his homeland in 1994. In 1998 he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, but refused the award. One of the last large-scale works of the writer was the epic “The Red Wheel”. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn died on August 3, 2008 from acute heart failure.

PETER STOLYPIN

Biography

The famous Russian reformer was born on April 14, 1862 in Dresden, into an old noble family. The future Minister of the Interior spent his childhood and youth in Lithuania, sometimes traveling to Switzerland for the summer. When it was time to study, he was sent to the Vilna Gymnasium, then to the Oryol Gymnasium, and in 1881 he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University. While studying, Pyotr Stolypin managed to get married. The father-in-law of the future reformer was B. A. Neidgardt, who is credited with significant influence on future fate son-in-law In 1884, even before graduating from university, Stolypin was enlisted in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. True, after some time he took a six-month vacation, apparently to write his thesis. After the vacation, a request for transfer to the Ministry of State Property followed. In 1888 he again transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where he received the appointment of the Kovno district leader of the nobility. A year later he becomes the Kovno provincial leader of the nobility. Three years later - a new appointment: governor of Grodno. And after another 10 months - governor of the Saratov province. The Saratov province, which had previously been governed, to put it mildly, carelessly, began to raise its head with the arrival of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin. The Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium and a shelter were founded, the modernization of the telephone network and asphalting of streets began. In addition, the new governor reorganized the management system and actively took up agriculture. And in May 1904, riots began in the Saratov province. True, thanks to the determination of the new governor, they quickly choked. Then - a prison riot in Tsaritsino. After Bloody Sunday, rallies and strikes began in Saratov. Stolypin did not stand on ceremony with the rebels, but he still could not cope alone, and first Adjutant General V.V. Sakharov, and later Adjutant General K.K. Maksimovich, came to his aid. Soon after this, an uprising broke out in the neighboring Samara province and Stolypin, without hesitation, sent troops there. After the Witte government resigned, the Saratov governor was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs. A little later he becomes prime minister. But all the attempts of the reformer to somehow “refresh” the cabinet of ministers lead nowhere. In 1906, Stolypin's dacha was raided by revolutionaries. Not to say that this greatly undermined the minister. But by order of Nicholas II, Peter Arkadyevich is settled in the Winter Palace, which is carefully guarded. From that moment on, Stolypin became much less liberal. To monitor the observance of order, he goes to the field and compares reports from governors with personal observations. But by doing this, he made many enemies for himself among the bureaucratic elite, whom he often subjected to checks and revisions. And soon there is a turning point in relations with Nicholas II, after which Stolypin submits his resignation. The tsar does not accept resignation. In 1911, the great reformer was mortally wounded by security agent Dmitry Mardechai Bogrov. Stolypin died on September 5 (18) private clinic Makovsky. He was buried in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra.

VALENTINA TERESHKOVA

Biography

The future first female cosmonaut of the Earth was born on the eve of the International women's day in the village of Bolshoye Maslennikovo, Yaroslavl region. The young lady loved heights that she enrolled in a parachute school. In 1961, having seen on TV the story of the first manned flight into space and the radiant smile of Yuri Gagarin from the screen, parachute instructor Valya wrote an application to the cosmonaut corps the very next day. The detachment was secret, so her relatives had to tell her that she was leaving for the annual skydiving competition. Her parents only learn about her flight on the radio. In the meantime, there are endless workouts ahead of him, which the super-soft would call “difficult.” The very name of the centrifuge instilled fear in the five girls of the detachment from the entire Soviet Union, headed by Tereshkova. She survived seven days in a confined space, entertaining herself with songs. In June 1963, at five minutes before, the national heroine climbed aboard the Vostok-6 and with the words “Hey! Heaven, take off your hat! headed for the stars. So, reclining in it for three days, without eating and alternately losing consciousness, the first female cosmonaut with the call sign “Chaika” periodically cried out: “Oh, mommies,” but found the strength to smile at the camera. Overnight, Valentina Tereshkova became a role model for all Soviet women, not only with her hairstyle, but also with her determination and strong character. Three months after the flight, she married the astronaut. N.S. himself was present at her wedding. Khrushchev. In 1997, Major General and Honored Master of Dispute of the USSR Valentina Tereshkova resigned and is now a deputy of the Regional Duma of the Yaroslavl region from the United Russia party. Awarded the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, II and III degrees. Interesting fact: the landing of Vostok-6 was so difficult that Valentina was immediately taken by ambulance to a local hospital. After rehabilitation, the “higher ups” asked for material about filming a report for television, where Tereshkova, supposedly just returning, steps on the ground in a spacesuit and waves at the camera.

VLADIMIR GILYAROVSKY

Biography

Repeater, barge hauler, hookman, worker, fireman, herd keeper, circus rider, military man or actor? The first Russian reporter!
No one in Vologda could even imagine that the lazy first-grader Vladimir, having stayed for the second in his first school year, would in the future become the most honorable resident of Moscow and the most famous journalist in Russia. Gilyarovsky first showed his poetic and writing talent in the gymnasium, where he wrote “dirty tricks on his mentors.” After failing the next exam, a young high school student without documents or money runs away from home to Yaroslavl, where he gets a job as a barge hauler and hooker. Then in Tsaritsyn he got a job as a herd driver, in Rostov he got hired as a rider in a circus, after which he became an actor and toured with the theater throughout Russia. In 1877 he left to serve in the Caucasus. A life rich in impressions did not pass without a trace: Gilyarovsky wrote, made sketches, composed poems and sent them in letters to his father. In 1881, the satirical magazine Alarm Clock published a number of poems, after which the newly minted poet dropped everything and began writing. Moscow life flowed rushing river from under Gilyarovsky’s ink: essays, reports, exhibition openings, theater premieres, a description of the terrible tragedy on the Khodynskoye Field... He was published in “Russkaya Gazeta”, “Russkie Vedomosti”, “Sovremennye Izvestia” and other publications: “...For fourteen days I sent by messenger and by telegraph, information about every step of the work... and all this was published in Listok, which was the first to publish my large telegram about the disaster and which was selling like hot cakes at that time. All the other newspapers were late.” (From an essay about a railway accident near the village of Kukuevka). All of Moscow knew or heard about “Uncle Gilyai,” and he was friends with Chekhov, Andreev, Kuprin and many others. His first book, “Moscow and Muscovites,” was published in 1926. Next come “My Wanderings” and “Slum People,” which was banned by censorship. All copies were burned, but essays, stories and articles were published in various publications before the book was published. After the revolution of 1917, Vladimir Gilyarovsky worked for Izvestia, Evening Moscow, and Ogonyok. As he grew older, his eyesight began to deteriorate, but, having become almost completely blind, Gilyarovsky continued to write and write... The best Moscow reporter at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. died before 2 months before his 80th birthday.

VIKTOR TALALIKHIN

Biography

One day, a young man of about 15 named Victor, who was dreaming of heaven, knocked on the door of the factory apprenticeship school at the Moscow Meat Processing Plant. The fate of his two older brothers, who served in the army in aviation, did not leave him indifferent, and 2 years later he enrolled in a gliding club that opened at the plant. The first flight of the future war hero was so successful that the next time Victor, by all means, decided to fly even higher: “I want to fly the way Chkalov, Baidukov and Belyakov fly.” Having learned the basics of flying, Victor heads to the flying club in the Proletarsky district of Moscow. They didn't want to take him because vertically challenged– 155 cm – although my health was excellent. But the desire and stubbornness of the future pilot overpowered all established canons. In 1937, Talalikhin entered the Borisoglebsk Red Banner Military Aviation School named after. Chkalova. Here, during one of the aerobatics master classes, the young pilot performed several loops at a dangerously low altitude. After the flight, a garrison guardhouse awaited him for two days. At the beginning of 1941, junior lieutenant Talalikhin, upon completion of the course, was appointed flight commander of the 1st squadron of the 177th fighter aviation regiment. In July, Viktor Talalikhin after special training at the Dubrovitsy airfield near Podolsk, made his first combat flight over Moscow. On the night of August 6-7, junior lieutenant Talalikhin carried out his immortal ram on I-16. Over Podolsk at an altitude of 4.5 km he discovered an enemy He-111 (Heikel). Having come under bombardment, the enemy changed its flight course and began to evade pursuit. However, Talalikhin did not lag behind and continued to attack the enemy, spraying him with machine-gun fire. But the cartridges quickly ran out, and the He-111 was still in flight. Then it was time for the ram. Approaching the enemy closely, Talalikhin decided to chop off the enemy’s tail with a screw and at the same second came under fire: “I was burned right hand. He immediately stepped on the gas and, not with the propeller, but with his entire vehicle, rammed the enemy.” Then our hero, unfastening his seat belt, left the plane and landed successfully with a parachute. The news spread throughout the country in one day and, on August 8, 1941, for the first night ramming of an enemy bomber in the history of aviation, the pilot was awarded the Order of Lenin. By Decree of the Presidium Supreme Council USSR, the brave pilot was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. During his short period of participation in World War II, junior lieutenant Viktor Talalikhin flew more than 60 combat missions and shot down 7 enemy aircraft. On October 27, 1941, our troops, led by Talalikhin, flew to battle in the Kamenka area, 85 km from Moscow. Having shot down one enemy Me (Messerschmitt), Talalikhin rushed after the next one. “He didn’t leave, you scoundrel, he flew over our land,” Victor’s words were heard on the radio transmitter. These were his last words. Three more fascist planes “emerged” from the cloud and opened fire. One of the bullets hit our pilot in the head... Viktor Talalikhin is buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow. A monument to the Hero of the Soviet Union was erected in Podolsk. September 18, 2008 famous Hero

The Soviet Union and the author of the “Talalikhin battering ram” would have turned 90 years old.

Biography

MAYA PLISETSKAYA Her debut took place on the stage of the Moscow Operetta Theater on June 21, 1941. The next day she had to forget about ballet for a year. The war has begun. She was distinguished by her own, unique style of choreography, in which every step, every wave of the hand, every direction of gaze formed a special dance pattern in a single impulse. At the age of 20, she received the role of the Autumn Fairy in S. Prokofiev’s ballet “Cinderella” and the small role of the young dancer eclipsed the main ones, thanks to her outstanding jump and unusual graceful movement. Ballet of the 1950s and 60s. was inseparably associated with the name of Plisetskaya and her roles in the ballets Don Quixote and Raymond. But Maya Mikhailovna’s favorite performance remains Bejart’s Bolero. Maurice Bejart himself once admitted: “If I had known Plisetskaya twenty years earlier, the ballet would have been different.” She danced almost all classical ballets, one after another. The directors and producers trusted all the main roles only to Plisetskaya. However, her dream was to do something new. Bring your own. It became “Carmen”. At first, critics and audiences Bolshoi Theater", "Isadora", "Sleeping Beauty" and other famous works brought Maya Plisetskaya to the world pedestal of ballet prima. In the 70s, she took up choreography and staged Anna Karenina, The Seagull and The Lady with the Dog on the stage of the Bolshoi Theater. Not finding a suitable journalist who would write a book in her intonation, she sat down to write her memoirs herself. 1994 - the autobiography of the outstanding ballerina “I, Maya Plisetskaya” is published. The book becomes a bestseller and has been translated into 11 languages. To this day, Maya Mikhailovna does not betray the stage and periodically performs with concert programs abroad, and also teaches master classes in ballet dancing. “The main thing is to be an artist,” says Plisetskaya, “to hear the music and know why you are on stage. Know your role and what you want to say.”

Patriotism– (from Greek patris- fatherland) - a moral and political principle, a social feeling, the content of which is love for the fatherland, pride in its past and present, the willingness to subordinate one’s interests to the interests of the country, the desire to protect the interests of the homeland and one’s people.
National Sociological Encyclopedia

Patriotism– love for the fatherland, devotion to it, the desire to serve its interests with one’s actions.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• Patriotism is a moral criterion that distinguishes a noble person from a low one and a spiritually developed person from one who is in spiritual lethargy.
• Patriotism is an objective assessment of the situation and actions home country, combined with an optimistic view of the vector of its development in the future.
• Patriotism is pride in all the achievements of one’s people and awareness of all their historical mistakes.
• Patriotism is the willingness to sacrifice the personal for the sake of achieving the public good.

Benefits of Patriotism

• Patriotism gives strength from the realization that hundreds of generations of his ancestors stand invisibly behind a person.
• Patriotism gives joy - from awareness of the merits and successes of one’s country.
• Patriotism gives responsibility - for the family, the people and the Motherland.
• Patriotism gives confidence through a sense of involvement in the fate of the country.
• Patriotism gives you freedom to act for the good of your country.
• Patriotism gives respect to the history, traditions and culture of the country.

Manifestations of patriotism in everyday life

• Geopolitics. The formation of national states is one of the manifestations of the patriotism of every nation.
• Liberation wars. It was patriotism, as the basis of unity in the face of the enemy, that helped peoples win the most terrible wars if they were not aggressive.
• Military service. Willingness to defend the Motherland from an external enemy is an integral sign of patriotism; a person who chooses military service shows patriotism.
• National customs, traditions. An example of “everyday” manifestations of patriotism can be the unique National costumes different peoples.
• National culture. Russian folk songs, epics of the Yakut people, Scottish bagpipe playing - all these are examples of patriotism expressed in the cultural heritage of different peoples.

How to develop patriotism in yourself

• Family education. Parents who show love and respect for their country, and instill these feelings in their children, raise their children to be patriots.
• Interest in national culture and traditions. In order to love your people, you need to know them; By consciously studying the history of his people, a person cultivates patriotism.
• Awareness. Patriotism involves pride in one's country's achievements; interest in information related to all aspects of the life of society and the country creates the basis for the development and manifestation of patriotism.
• Traveling around your country. The best remedy get to know and love your homeland.

Golden mean

Cosmopolitanism

Patriotism

Nationalism, xenophobia, chauvinism

Catchphrases about patriotism

To the question What does it mean to be a patriot (examples from life) asked by the author philosophize the best answer is To be a patriot means to be loyal to your country and to be ready to defend its interests and even give your life if the Fatherland demands it.
Many examples of patriotism can be taken from history
Thus, at the beginning of the 17th century, the people's militia, led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, defended the independence of Russia in the fight against foreign invaders.
During the Second World War, many patriots went to their death to defend their country: Alexander Sailors, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya,

Answer from Manka bond?¦?[guru]
Drive a VAZ...

Answer from Evgeniy Purov[guru]
I'll drive a Kalina and smoke

Answer from European[guru]
Become a deputy. They are all patriots.

Answer from Country road[guru]
The feat of Zina Portnova
Zina Portnova was born in Leningrad. After seventh grade, in the summer of 1941, she came on vacation to her grandmother in the Belarusian village of Zuya. There the war found her. Belarus was occupied by the Nazis.
From the first days of the occupation, boys and girls began to act decisively, and a secret organization “Young Avengers” was created. The guys fought against the fascist occupiers. They blew up the water pump, which delayed the sending of ten fascist trains to the front. While distracting the enemy, the Avengers destroyed bridges and highways, blew up a local power plant, and burned down a factory. Having obtained information about the actions of the Germans, they immediately passed it on to the partisans.
Zina Portnova was assigned increasingly complex tasks. According to one of them, the girl managed to get a job in a German canteen. After working there for a while, she carried out an effective operation - she poisoned food for German soldiers. More than 100 fascists suffered from her lunch. The Germans began to blame Zina. Wanting to prove her innocence, the girl tried the poisoned soup and only miraculously survived.
In 1943, traitors appeared who revealed secret information and handed our guys over to the Nazis. Many were arrested and shot. Then command partisan detachment Portnova instructed her to establish contact with those who survived. The Nazis captured the young partisan when she was returning from a mission. Zina was terribly tortured. But the answer to the enemy was only her silence, contempt and hatred. The interrogations did not stop.
“The Gestapo man came to the window. And Zina, rushing to the table, grabbed the pistol. Apparently catching the rustle, the officer turned around impulsively, but the weapon was already in her hand. She pulled the trigger. For some reason I didn’t hear the shot. I just saw how the German, clutching his chest with his hands, fell to the floor, and the second one, sitting at the side table, jumped up from his chair and hastily unfastened the holster of his revolver. She pointed the gun at him too. Again, almost without aiming, she pulled the trigger. Rushing to the exit, Zina pulled the door open, jumped out into the next room and from there onto the porch. There she shot at the sentry almost point-blank. Running out of the commandant’s office building, Portnova rushed like a whirlwind down the path.
“If only I could run to the river,” the girl thought. But the sound of a chase was heard from behind... “Why don’t they shoot? “The surface of the water already seemed very close. And beyond the river the forest turned black. She heard the sound of machine gun fire and something prickly pierced her leg. Zina fell on the river sand. She still had enough strength to rise slightly and shoot... She saved the last bullet for herself.
When the Germans got very close, she decided it was all over and pointed the gun at her chest and pulled the trigger. But there was no shot: it misfired. The fascist knocked the pistol out of her weakening hands.”
Zina was sent to prison. The Germans brutally tortured the girl for more than a month; they wanted her to betray her comrades. But having taken an oath of allegiance to the Motherland, Zina kept it.
On the morning of January 13, 1944, a gray-haired and blind girl was taken out to be executed. She walked, stumbling with her bare feet in the snow.
The girl withstood all the torture. She truly loved our Motherland and died for it, firmly believing in our victory.
Zinaida Portnova was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.