Works and periodization of ancient Russian literature. Old Russian literature - monuments of Old Russian literature

ancient Russian literature patristics

Heyday Kievan Rus, the time of the triumph of Christianity. About four hundred churches were built in Kyiv alone. A variety of genres is encouraged, and the influence of folklore on Old Russian literature does not dry out. The priority of the book tradition is affirmed.

The style of monumental historicism continues to develop, as in images and frescoes, the prince in the chronicle is always official, as if addressed to the viewer. The Christian worldview in depicting people was put at the service of strengthening the feudal system. It spoke mainly where legal crimes were discussed: murders, fraud.

With regard to negative heroes the writer is less formal than in relation to goodies your narrative.

One of the most negative characters in the Ipatiev Chronicle is Vladimir Galitsky. His main feature: greed; he acts not directly, not by war, but by bribery and money. This image of Vladimir reflected the hatred of representatives of the poor Principality of Kyiv to a richer one in the 12th century. Principality of Galicia. Literary portraits of princes are also laconic, energetically inscribed in space.

On an icon of the 12th century Tretyakov Gallery from the Novgorod Yuriev Monastery, St. George the Victorious stands with a shield behind his back, with a spear and sword in his hands. The authors strive to emphasize the bravery of the princes not only in the description, but also in the commendable characteristics of the heroes, but also in the description of the action. There are almost no characters here and there is no connection between the development of historical events and characteristic features participants. Each prince performs his life's work as a representative of a certain family, princes.

Dependent chroniclers tried to portray their prince from the point of view of ideal behavior. They talked mainly about the activities of certain layers of society. XII is characterized by the awakening of thought, says Klyuchevsky. The initial Russian chronicle is, along with other monuments of Russian literature, a significant indicator of the growth and national self-awareness in Ancient Rus'. The language of the chronicle, preserving the vocabulary and form of the Church Slavonic language in church narratives and in quotations from biblical books in other cases, is especially informative in the patericon, which is part of the folk poetic living Russian language. New genres are partly formed at the intersection of folklore and literature.

The most outstanding monument of this era is “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” “The word was created in the 12th century. First pronounced at the congress in Lyubechi. The author saw the essence of this event as conveying the idea of ​​unity. Recovery theme genre system. The work has a unity of composition. “The Word...” is dedicated to Igor’s campaign. In “The Lay...” it is natural to often have unexpected transitions from one part to another. the text of the Word is artistically homogeneous in mood, thanks to a single picture of the Russian land. The dominant theme is love and care. The connection between “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” and oral folk poetry is most clearly felt within two genres; it is most often mentioned in the word Lamentation and song glorifications - “Glory”: the lament of Yaroslavna is mentioned at least 5 times, the cries of the same Russian soldiers during the campaign Igor, the lament of Yaroslavna’s mother Lament is what the author of the word means when he speaks of the groans of Kyiv and Chernigov and the entire Russian land after Igor’s campaign. Twice the author cites the most laments: the lament of Yaroslavna, the lament of Russian wives. Repeatedly distracted from the story by resorting to exclamations. The closeness of the Word to laments is strong in Yaroslavna’s lament. The author of the Tale of Igor's Campaign constantly resorts to images of the animal world, never introduces foreign animals into his work, resorting only to images of Russian nature.

Pagan elements in the word about Igor's campaign are, as we know, strongly exposed. The harmony of the composition is maintained by dividing the word into a number of songs; the picture ends with a refrain. The poem is divided into stanzas. The composition is determined by the design and lyro-epic nature; the author assesses the network of conciliar unity of the past and the present. Russian women embody care and love for their deceased son. I.P Eremin rightly notes in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” many techniques of oratory. Before us in the Word, as in many ancient Russian monuments, the author more often feels himself speaking than writing, his readers - listeners, not readers, his topic - a lesson, and not a story.

Victory weapons were forged in the righteous age. The focus is on people who do not call upon different forces. The Word about Igor's Host is a lyrical revelation to nature. In this era, genre formation occurs. Characteristic works are outside of traditional genres, which include the above-mentioned “Word” and “Prayer of Daniel the Imprisoner.”

“Prayer” was openly and partially published by N.M. Karamzin. The prayer came to us in copies XVI-XVIII no earlier, with traces of later insertions and interpolations. All known prayer lists are clearly divided into 2 editions. The prayer of Daniel the prisoner is a petition letter, from which it follows that a certain Daniel, judging by the text of the prayer, is in captivity. The prayer names different princes. The first is composed as follows: “The Word of Daniil the Sharper was written to his prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich.” The second edition dates back to the 12th century. in some sources, others - in the 13th century.

System folklore genres was sufficiently adapted, mainly, to reflect the needs of pagan tribal community. A cult of the brothers Boris and Gleb is created, who meekly submitted to the hand of the murderer, followers of Svyatopolk. Princes Boris and Gleb were the first saints canonized by the Russian Church. Boris and Gleb were the first married elects of the Russian Church, the first recognized miracle workers, its recognized heavenly prayer books for new Christian people. Boris and Gleb were not martyrs for Christ, but fell victims of a political crime in a princely feud, like many before and after them.

In this article we will look at the features of Old Russian literature. The literature of Ancient Rus' was primarily church. After all, book culture in Rus' appeared with the adoption of Christianity. Monasteries became centers of writing, and the first literary monuments These are mainly works of a religious nature. Thus, one of the first original (that is, not translated, but written by a Russian author) works was the “Sermon on Law and Grace” by Metropolitan Hilarion. The author proves the superiority of Grace (the image of Jesus Christ is associated with it) over the Law, which, according to the preacher, is conservative and nationally limited.

Literature was created not for entertainment, but for teaching. Considering the features of ancient Russian literature, it should be noted that it is instructive. She teaches to love God and her Russian land; she creates images of ideal people: saints, princes, faithful wives.

Let us note one seemingly insignificant feature of ancient Russian literature: it was handwritten. Books were created in a single copy and only then copied by hand when it was necessary to make a copy or the original text became unusable over time. This gave the book special value and generated respect for it. In addition, for the ancient Russian reader, all books traced their origins to the main one - the Holy Scriptures.

Since the literature of Ancient Rus' was fundamentally religious, the book was seen as a storehouse of wisdom, a textbook of righteous life. Old Russian literature is not fiction, in the modern sense of the word. She goes out of her way avoids fiction and strictly follows the facts. The author does not show his individuality; he hides behind the narrative form. He does not strive for originality; for an ancient Russian writer it is more important to stay within the framework of tradition and not to break it. Therefore, all lives are similar to one another, all biographies of princes or military stories are compiled according to overall plan, in compliance with the "rules". When “The Tale of Bygone Years” tells us about Oleg’s death from his horse, this beautiful poetic legend sounds like a historical document; the author really believes that everything happened that way.

The hero of ancient Russian literature does not have no personality, no character in our view today. Man's destiny is in the hands of God. And at the same time, his soul acts as an arena for the struggle between good and evil. The first will win only when a person lives according to moral rules given once and for all.

Of course, in Russian medieval works we will not find either individual characters or psychologism - not because ancient Russian writers did not know how to do this. In the same way, icon painters created planar rather than three-dimensional images, not because they could not write “better,” but because they were faced with other artistic tasks: the face of Christ cannot be similar to an ordinary human face. An icon is a sign of holiness, not a depiction of a saint.

The literature of Ancient Rus' adheres to the same aesthetic principles: it creates faces, not faces, gives the reader example of correct behavior rather than depicting a person's character. Vladimir Monomakh behaves like a prince, Sergius of Radonezh behaves like a saint. Idealization is one of the key principles of ancient Russian art.

Old Russian literature in every possible way avoids mundaneness: she does not describe, but narrates. Moreover, the author does not narrate on his own behalf, he only conveys what is written in the sacred books, what he read, heard or saw. There can be nothing personal in this narrative: no manifestation of feelings, no individual manner. (“The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” in this sense is one of the few exceptions.) Therefore, many works of the Russian Middle Ages anonymous, the authors do not even assume such immodesty - to put your name. And the ancient reader cannot even imagine that the word is not from God. And if God speaks through the mouth of the author, then why does he need a name, a biography? That is why the information available to us about ancient authors is so scarce.

At the same time, in ancient Russian literature a special national ideal of beauty, captured by ancient scribes. First of all, this is spiritual beauty, the beauty of the Christian soul. In Russian medieval literature, in contrast to Western European literature of the same era, the knightly ideal of beauty - the beauty of weapons, armor, and victorious battle - is much less represented. The Russian knight (prince) wages war for the sake of peace, and not for the sake of glory. War for the sake of glory and profit is condemned, and this is clearly seen in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” Peace is assessed as an unconditional good. The ancient Russian ideal of beauty presupposes a wide expanse, an immense, “decorated” earth, and it is decorated with temples, because they were created specifically for the exaltation of the spirit, and not for practical purposes.

The theme of beauty is also related to the attitude Old Russian literature to oral and poetic creativity, folklore. On the one hand, folklore was of pagan origin, and therefore did not fit into the framework of the new, Christian worldview. On the other hand, he could not help but penetrate literature. After all, the written language in Rus' from the very beginning was Russian, and not Latin, as in Western Europe, and there was no impassable border between the book and the spoken word. Folk ideas about beauty and goodness also generally coincided with Christian ideas; Christianity penetrated folklore almost unhindered. Therefore, the heroic epic (epics), which began to take shape in the pagan era, presents its heroes both as patriotic warriors and as defenders of the Christian faith, surrounded by “filthy” pagans. Just as easily, sometimes almost unconsciously, ancient Russian writers use folklore images and stories.

The religious literature of Rus' quickly outgrew its narrow church framework and became truly spiritual literature, which created a whole system of genres. Thus, “The Sermon on Law and Grace” belongs to the genre of a solemn sermon delivered in church, but Hilarion not only proves the Grace of Christianity, but also glorifies the Russian land, combining religious pathos with patriotic ones.

Genre of life

The most important genre for ancient Russian literature was the hagiography, the biography of a saint. At the same time, the task was pursued, by telling about the earthly life of a saint canonized by the church, to create an image ideal person for the edification of all people.

IN " Lives of the Holy Martyrs Boris and Gleb"Prince Gleb appeals to his killers with a request to spare him: “Do not cut the ear, which is not yet ripe, filled with the milk of goodness! Do not cut the vine, which is not yet fully grown, but bears fruit!” Abandoned by his squad, Boris in his tent “cries with a broken heart, but is joyful in soul”: he is afraid of death and at the same time he realizes that he is repeating the fate of many saints who accepted martyrdom for faith.

IN " Lives of Sergius of Radonezh“It is said that the future saint in his adolescence had difficulty comprehending literacy, lagged behind his peers in learning, which caused him a lot of suffering; when Sergius retired into the desert, a bear began to visit him, with whom the hermit shared his meager food, it happened that the saint gave the last piece of bread to the beast.

In the traditions of life in the 16th century, “ The Tale of Peter and Fevronia of Murom”, but it already sharply diverged from the canons (norms, requirements) of the genre and therefore was not included in the collection of lives of the “Great Chet-Minea” along with other biographies. Peter and Fevronia are real historical figures who reigned in Murom in the 13th century, Russian saints. The author of the 16th century produced not a life, but an entertaining story based on fairy tale motifs, glorifying the love and loyalty of the heroes, and not just their Christian deeds.

A " Life of Archpriest Avvakum", written by himself in the 17th century, turned into a bright autobiographical work, filled with reliable events and real people, living details, feelings and experiences of the hero-narrator, behind which stands the bright character of one of the spiritual leaders of the Old Believers.

Genre of teaching

Because the religious literature was called upon to educate true Christian, one of the genres was teaching. Although this is a church genre, close to a sermon, it was also used in secular (secular) literature, since the ideas of the people of that time about the correct, righteous life did not differ from the church ones. You know" Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh", written by him around 1117 "while sitting on a sleigh" (shortly before his death) and addressed to children.

The ideal ancient Russian prince appears before us. He cares about the welfare of the state and each of his subjects, guided by Christian morality. The prince's other concern is about the church. All earthly life should be considered as work to save the soul. This is the work of mercy and kindness, and military work, and mental work. Hard work is the main virtue in Monomakh’s life. He made eighty-three major campaigns, signed twenty peace treaties, learned five languages, and did what his servants and warriors did.

Chronicles

A significant, if not the largest, part of ancient Russian literature are works historical genres included in the chronicles. The first Russian chronicle - "The Tale of Bygone Years""was created at the beginning of the 12th century. Its significance is extremely great: it was proof of the right of Rus' to state independence, independence. But if the chroniclers could record recent events “according to the epics of this time,” reliably, then the events of pre-Christian history had to be restored from oral sources: legends , legends, sayings, geographical names. Therefore, the compilers of the chronicle turn to folklore. These are the legends about the death of Oleg, about Olga’s revenge on the Drevlyans, about Belgorod jelly, etc.

Already in The Tale of Bygone Years two the most important features Old Russian literature: patriotism and connection with folklore. Book-Christian and folklore-pagan traditions are closely intertwined in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.”

Elements of fiction and satire

Of course, ancient Russian literature was not unchanged throughout all seven centuries. We saw that over time it became more secular, elements of fiction intensified, and satirical motifs increasingly penetrated into literature, especially in the 16th-17th centuries. These are, for example, " The Tale of Misfortune", showing what troubles disobedience and the desire to “live as he pleases,” and not as his elders teach, can bring a person, and “ The Tale of Ersha Ershovich", ridiculing the so-called "voivode's court" in the tradition of a folk tale.

But in general, we can talk about the literature of Ancient Rus' as a single phenomenon, with its own end-to-end ideas and motives that have passed through 700 years, with its general aesthetic principles, with a stable system of genres.

Rus. X-XI centuries. Active construction of schools, high literacy of the common population, as a rule, the appearance of written literary and chronographic monuments. Speaking about the monuments of ancient Russian literature, you can “get lost” in these wilds - there are quite a lot of works - more than 1000. A thousand handwritten creations, as they said then, in the wild and backward outskirts of the European continent. This is simply unthinkable!

What were the monuments of ancient Russian literature? Here it is necessary to divide the writing of the Slavs into two periods: pre-Christian and Christian. In the pre-Christian period, the writing of the ancient Slavs was pictography - a pictorial writing that did not represent the transmission of sounds and the recording of letters - it was conceptual, that is, a certain drawing could mean something, but not always the same thing. For example, a drawn Sun could mean either sunny, clear weather, or one day (in quantitative terms). In addition to pictography, in the second half of the 1st millennium AD the Slavs appeared different kinds writing, since the Slavs lived in clans and tribes, and not always united by common roots and culture, then their writing could develop separately. At that time great importance had the form of writing "devils and cuts", which was written down by more than one traveler, but was never deciphered. With this type of writing, according to medieval travelers, the Slavs made inscriptions on wooden idols of their gods and when carving inscriptions on sarcophagi and coffins of the dead. Due to its geographical location, Rus' bordered with different cultures those who had a developed sound writing system were the Khazars and Armenians, Greeks and Romans. In the border regions of Rus' with other states, the Russians sometimes adopted their type of writing, but it did not become national. At the same time, it should be noted that from the ninth century in Rus' a gradual transition to the Cyrillic script began - the Cyrillic alphabet.

After the adoption of Christianity in Rus' at the end of the 10th century, the state began to massively carry out activities to transition to a unified writing system. This system was the Cyrillic alphabet, which was more than any other type of writing adapted to the specific sound forms of the Slavic languages. This was the reason for the choice in the direction of the written language created by the Bulgarian monks Cyril and Methodius.

After this historical event, the era of the rise of writing began in Rus'. In this or that large and small city they began to create written monuments historical and cultural nature. The main areas of writing are, of course, chronicles of religious monuments, meaning Christian ones.

A chronicle is a written testimony of history in chronological order. It cannot be said that these works were exclusively objective, since they were written at the courts of rulers and were aimed at glorifying him and humiliating his enemies. Speaking Russian, there was censorship even then. Regarding the second direction of writing - religious monuments, we can say that these are the first truly literary monuments filled with deep meaning and a beautiful style. These are mainly descriptions of the lives of major religious figures or martyrs of the Orthodox religion.

In those ancient times, such written samples as “The Truth of Yaroslav”, “Joachim’s Chronicle”, “The Legend of the Spread of Christianity in Rus'”, “Readings about the Lives of Boris and Gleb” and “The Lives of Theodosius of Pechersk” and many others appeared. literary works that have survived to this day.

Among the most outstanding monuments of ancient Russian literature we can include such masterpieces of writing as “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, “The Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh”, “The Tale of Bygone Years”.

"The Tale of Bygone Years" is the first historical work Slavs, a chronicle that covers issues not only political development countries, but also internal situation including everyday relationships, traditions and mores ancient population Russian lands.

“The Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh” is most likely the first moralizing work of the Russians. Contains a whole list of instructions aimed at the younger, younger generation. That is, for children, both their own family and everyone else. It was prescribed not to pass by a person without greeting him, to give to those who ask, to take care of the sick and infirm, and other “teachings.”

The most significant monument of ancient Russian literature is “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” This large-scale work tells the story of the military campaign of Prince Igor (Svyatoslavovich), directed against its eastern neighbor, the nomadic Polovtsians. It so happened that the only manuscript of this wonderful monument of literature burned in a fire in Moscow, during Patriotic War 1812. Unfortunately, book printing did not yet exist in Rus' and literary monuments were almost always available in a single copy, only sometimes they were copied, and the original work was distorted. Each scribe could add something or, conversely, it could seem to him that some sentence is superfluous and needs to be skipped.

Thus, not all monuments of ancient Russian literature have survived to this day, but even that part of the works that have reached us allows us to judge the creative thought and literature of the ancient Slavs as achievements at a high cultural level.

5. Monuments of Old Russian literature Monuments of Old Russian literature 6. Living evidence of the past Living evidence of the past 1. Old Russian chronicle book Old Russian chronicle book 2. The first Russian libraries The first Russian libraries 3. The book is a witness to history The book is a witness to history 4. How the “Tale” was preserved Bygone Years"? How was The Tale of Bygone Years preserved? Plan Tests

Old Russian handwritten book Handwritten books appeared in our Fatherland in connection with the spread of Christianity, that is, more than ten centuries ago. Ostromir Gospel

Then books began to be written in Rus'. The Tale of Bygone Years says that Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise gathered many book writers who translated from Greek to Slavic language, and they wrote many books. “This Yaroslav loved books and wrote many, and placed them in Hagia Sophia, which he himself created.” Miniature of the Radziwill Chronicle

Book printing in Rus' began a little over four centuries ago by Apostle Ivan Fedorov and Peter Mstislavets

Many ancient handwritten books were lost during the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus' and for various reasons in subsequent centuries. A lot of ancient books have been lost in this century. Defense of Ryazan from the Mongol-Tatar hordes of Batu Khan in December 1237

From the 11th century, when the great princes Vladimir the Red Sun and Yaroslav the Wise lived, just over two dozen books have survived. Among the books that have come down to us are the Gospels, several liturgical books, biographies of saints and works of church writers. The book is a witness to history. Ostromir Gospel

In total, about five hundred manuscripts remain from the 11th–13th centuries to our time. Most of them are books for committing church services. Almost all of them are written not on paper, but on parchment. Miniature from Miroslav's Gospel. Izbornik of Svyatoslav

Ostromilovo Gospel, recording by Deacon Gregory at the end of the book. Records and notes were often made on the books, by which one can determine the author of the work or copyist, or the owner of the book, the time of writing, and even learn about events not related to the contents of the book.

The book, which has come down to us from ancient times, itself is a witness to the era when it was created. Therefore, handwritten books of Ancient Rus' will always be an inexhaustible source for studying the history of the Russian people, their language, literature and art.

Nestor was not the first chronicler of Ancient Rus'. But he was the first to compile such a detailed and coherent narrative about ancient Russian history. Settlement of the Eastern Slavs in the second half of the 9th century How was the Tale of Bygone Years preserved?

The first chronicle of Ancient Rus' was the Kiev Chronicle. Later, over the years, it was revised and became part of the ancient Kyiv vault, which was kept at the Church of St. Sophia by order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise. Initial view of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv 1034 (reconstruction) Yaroslav the Wise

This code was subsequently also repeatedly revised and copied by the monks of Kiev. Pechersky Monastery, until it took on its final form and began to be called “The Tale of Bygone Years.” Kiev-Pechersk monastery in the XII-XIII centuries. Graphics card reconstruction

This chronicle that has come down to us describes the events of Russian history up to the 10s of the 12th century. Its first edition was compiled around 1113 by Nestor, a monk of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery, by order of Prince Svyatopolk II Izyaslavich. Grand Duke Svyatopolk II Izyaslavovich Venerable Nestor the Chronicler

The manuscript of “The Tale of Bygone Years,” written by the hand of Nestor the chronicler himself, unfortunately, has not survived, like almost all lists of handwritten chronicles of the 11th–13th centuries. “Askold and Dir grew in this city... and began to reign....” Miniature of the Radziwill Chronicle

But from Kyiv, Nestor’s chronicle began to spread through rewriting to other cities of Rus', where, at the request of the princes or with the blessing of the bishops, Russian chronicle writing continued. The baptism of Princess Olga in Constantinople. Miniature of the Radziwill Chronicle

In 1118, in Pereyaslavl, an unnamed chronicler created the third edition of the Tale of Bygone Years for Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich. Grand Duke Mstislav I Church of the Transfiguration in Pereslavl-Zalessky

Only the Novgorod Chronicle has preserved to this day a more or less complete text of the first edition of the “Tale” as part of the code of 1118, with amendments by Dobrynya Yadreikovich. Ancient plan of the Novgorod Kremlin

In 1119, Presbyter Vasily, close to Vladimir Monomakh, edited the text of “The Tale of Bygone Years” for the fourth time and it was preserved for us by the Ipatiev Chronicle. The coming of Vladimir Monomakh to reign

Solar eclipse of 1236. In the process of repeated correspondence, the text of Vasilyeva’s edition of “The Tale of Bygone Years” became part of the Tver Code of 1305, which came to us in the Laurentian Chronicle of 1377.

In those distant times, the chronicle rewritten by the monk Lawrence was probably not an exceptional phenomenon. Similar chronicles were kept in other large ancient Russian cities. But the manuscript of monk Lawrence turned out to have a special purpose. It is she who has survived to this day, while other chronicles of that time have not survived. Page from the Laurentian Chronicle

An ancient Russian writer who compiled a chronicle, story or biographies of saints probably did not think that he was creating monuments. But after some time, descendants evaluate the work as a monument if they see in it something outstanding or characteristic of the era when this monument was created. The legend “On the Writings” by the monk Khrabra, copy of 1348.

To the number outstanding monuments Old Russian literature includes “The Tale of Bygone Years” by Nestor the Chronicler, “The Tale of Boris and Gleb”, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, “The Life of Sergius of Radonezh”, “The Tale of the Battle of Mamayev”, “The Chronicle Tale of the Battle of Kulikovo” and other heroic works of Ancient Rus'. "The Tale of the Massacre of Mamayev." 17th century list

Question: What event is associated with the appearance of handwritten books in Rus'? 4. With the construction of Hagia Sophia in Kyiv. Read the question carefully and mark the correct answer 2. With the baptism of Rus' by the holy Prince Vladimir. 3. With the creation of the alphabet by the holy brothers Cyril and Methodius. 1. With the start of work of the first state printing house for printing books.

Question: In what year was the alphabet created by Saints Cyril and Methodius? d. Read the question carefully and mark the correct answer g g d.

Question: Scientists have reliably established that the princely and church libraries contained hundreds and thousands of handwritten books. How many manuscripts and their fragments have survived to this day from the 11th-13th centuries? Read the question carefully and mark the correct answer 3. about 100 manuscripts 2. about 500 manuscripts and fragments of manuscripts

Question: In what form has “The Tale of Bygone Years” come to us? Read the question carefully and mark the correct answer 3. In the form of a list in the Vladimir Chronicle of 1305. 4. In the form of a list as part of the chronicle of 1377, which was copied by the monk Lawrence. 1. In the form of a manuscript written by the Monk Nestor the Chronicler in 1113. 2. In the form of a list, which was copied by the monk Sylvester in 1116.

Question: Where is the surviving copy of The Tale of Bygone Years located? Read the question carefully and mark the correct answer 3. In Novosibirsk, in the State Public Scientific and Technical Library. 1. In St. Petersburg, in the State National Library. 2. In Moscow, in the State Russian Library.

Question: Which of the following objects are written historical sources? Read the question carefully and mark the correct answers 3. page from “The Tale of the Massacre of Mamai” 2. Monomakh’s hat 1. page from the “Radzivil Chronicle” 4. wooden utensils 5. weapon of a Golden Horde warrior

Question: Which of the following objects are material historical sources? Read the question carefully and mark the correct answers 5. Monomakh’s hat 3. weapon of a Golden Horde warrior 4. page from the “Radzivil Chronicle” 2. wooden utensils 1. page from “The Tale of the Massacre of Mamai”

Chapter 1. How to study native history? Lesson 1. Origins and sources Lesson 2. Witnesses and testimonies Lesson 3. Conspiracy traces of the past Chapter 2. At the dawn of Russian history. Lesson 4. Ancient Slavs Lesson 5. Creators Slavic writing Lesson 6. Byzantium and Ancient Rus' Lesson 7. The beginning of Kievan Rus Lesson 8. Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Princess Olga Chapter 3. Enlightenment of Rus'. Lesson 9. Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir Lesson 10. Baptism of Rus' Lesson 11. Yaroslav the Wise and his time Lesson 12. Laws and orders in Rus' during the time of Yaroslav the Wise Lesson 13. The flourishing of culture in Rus' under Yaroslav the Wise Lesson 14. Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Chapter 4. Discord and civil strife in Rus'. Lesson 15. Discord in Rus' under the children of Yaroslav Lesson 16. Vladimir Monomakh Lesson 17. The Word about Igor's Campaign Chapter 5. Expansion of Rus'. Lesson 18. The choice of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky Lesson 19. An ancient Russian city and its population Lesson 20. The art of Ancient Rus' Chapter 6. The shield and glory of Rus'. Lesson 21. Mister Veliky Novgorod Lesson 22. Sofia Novgorod Lesson 23. Birch bark certificates Lesson 24. Pskov Chapter 7. Trials of the Russian land. Lesson 25. First meeting with the Mongol-Tatar horde Lesson 26. Batu's invasion Lesson 27. Mongol-Tatar yoke in Rus' Lesson 28. Holy Prince Alexander Nevsky Lesson 29. Moscow and the Moscow Principality Lesson 30. Battle of Kulikovo Lesson 31. St. Sergius of Radonezh Chapter 8. Revived Rus' Russia. Lesson 32. Overthrow of the Horde yoke Lesson 33. Unification of Russian lands around Moscow Lesson 34. Unity of Russia

Lesson 2

Subject: Original character ancient Russian literature. Richness and variety of genres.

Target: briefly introduce students to the circumstances of the emergence of ancient Russian literature; to form an idea of ​​the specifics of ancient Russian literature, the features of its traditions; provide an overview of the genres of ancient Russian literature

Tasks:

Subject: Know: the main features and genres of ancient Russian literature, stages of its development; genre features. Understand: patriotic pathos of the works of Ancient Russia Be able to: build detailed statements based on what you read; argue your point of view

Metasubject: develop motives and interests of cognitive activity

Personal: formation of motivation for learning and purposeful cognitive activity.

Interdisciplinary connections: history, Russian language.

Lesson type: a lesson in mastering new knowledge and forming new concepts.

Equipment: textbook

During the classes

I .Organizing time.

II . Learning new material.

Teacher's word.

You already know that the emergence of literature in Rus' is associated with the adoption of Christianity as the state religion. Today our goal is to get the most general idea about ancient Russian literature and get acquainted with one of its monuments.

The concept of “Old Russian literature” includes literary works written in the 11th-17th centuries. They come in different genres.A genre is a historically established type of literary work, an abstract pattern on the basis of which the texts of specific literary works are created. The system of genres of literature of Ancient Rus' differed significantly from the modern one. Old Russian literature developed largely under the influence of Byzantine literature and borrowed from it a system of genres, reworking them on a national basis: the specificity of the genres of Old Russian literature lies in their connection with traditional Russian folk art. The genres of ancient Russian literature are usually divided into primary and unifying.

Among them are chronicles, walks, teachings, lives, epistles, works of the oratorical genre, etc. The very first ancient Russian monument It is impossible to indicate, since the first monuments, the first books have not survived to this day. The first monument of ancient Russian literature that has reached us is

"The Tale of Bygone Years."

It is known that in addition to church books in Rus', books devoted to the history of the country and its connections with world history have become widespread. Records were kept about everything important that happened in the country: about princes and their struggle for power, about attacks by enemies and the fight against them. Such books were called chronicles.

The word “chronicle” comes from two words: summer, and write. Thus,chronicle - this is an essay, the narrative is presented on a yearly basis. The basis of the narrative in the chronicle is the annual record (a short report about the event, without description), chronicle story (a detailed story about the event) and obituary description (description of the prince and praise to him).

The chroniclers considered themselves not authors, but recorders of events. That's why they don't mention themselves. Most often, the ancient Russian chronicler was a learned monk.

Being copyrighted, literary works are usually anonymous, since, on the one hand, Old Russian authors they rarely indicated their names in manuscripts, considering them only executors of the highest Divine will; on the other hand, ancient Russian texts were distributed in handwritten formIand the ancient scribes, when rewriting, could also rework texts and become “co-authors.” This explains the existence of different editions of the same literary monument.

Chronicle writing began in Rus' inXIcentury. The first chronicler was a monk Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Nikon, whom he called the Great. His life was full of turbulent events, he was actively involved in the political struggle against those Kyiv princes who put their own interests above all-Russian interests, and was twice forced to flee to Tmutarakan. At the end of his life, Nikon became abbot of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery. It was then, apparently, that he worked on the chronicle.

At firstXIIcentury, the monk of the same monastery, Nestor, compiled “The Tale of Bygone Years” - one of the remarkable works of Russian literature. This story has reached us, rewritten and partly revised by the monk of the neighboring Vydubetsky monastery, Sylvester. This “Tale...” is the fruit of the creativity of several generations of chroniclers. After all, there was no printing in those days; books were copied by hand, and this work was entrusted to a select few, learned scribes. When rewriting the chronicles, followers inevitably made some additions, amendments, and sometimes even made mistakes. In addition, new information was added, since the chronicles were kept strictly by year, and everything important that happened during the year was entered into the chronicle.

Reading the chronicle, we hear the living voice of distant ancestors. Works of the past destroy the barriers of time, and with the power of imagination we can imagine ourselves as participants in those events, see what happened and how.

The following genres of ancient Russian literature are also distinguished:LifeWordTeachingTaleThis also includes weather records, chronicle stories, chronicle legends and church legends.

Life The genre of hagiography was borrowed from Byzantium. This is the most widespread and beloved genre of ancient Russian literature. Life was an indispensable attribute when a person was canonized, i.e. were canonized. The life was created by people who directly communicated with a person or could reliably testify to his life. Life was always created after the death of a person. It performed a huge educational function, because the life of the saint was perceived as an example of a righteous life that must be imitated. In addition, life deprived a person of the fear of death, preaching the idea of ​​​​immortality human soul. Life was built according to certain canons, from which they did not depart until the 15-16 centuries.

Canons of Life The pious origin of the hero of the life, whose parents must have been righteous. The saint's parents often begged God.A saint was born a saint, not made one.The saint was distinguished by an ascetic lifestyle, spending time in solitude and prayer.A mandatory attribute of the life was a description of the miracles that occurred during the life of the saint and after his death.The saint was not afraid of death.The life ended with the glorification of the saint.One of the first works of the hagiographic genre in ancient Russian literature was the life of the holy princes Boris and Gleb.Teaching - a type of genre of ancient Russian eloquence. Teaching is a genre in which ancient Russian chroniclers tried to present a model of behavior for any ancient Russian person: both for the prince and for the commoner. The most striking example of this genre is the “Teaching of Vladimir Monomakh” included in the Tale of Bygone Years. In the Tale of Bygone Years, the Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh are dated 1096. At this time, the strife between the princes in the battle for the throne reached its climax. In his teaching, Vladimir Monomakh gives advice on how to organize your life. He says that there is no need to seek the salvation of the soul in seclusion. It is necessary to serve God by helping those in need. When going to war, you should pray - God will definitely help. Monomakh confirms these words with an example from his life: he took part in many battles - and God protected him. Monomakh says that one should look at how the natural world works and try to organize social relations according to the model of a harmonious world order. The teaching of Vladimir Monomakh is addressed to descendants.

Word The word is a type of genre of ancient Russian eloquence. An example of the political variety of ancient Russian eloquence is “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” This work is the subject of much controversy regarding its authenticity. This is because the original text of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” has not been preserved. It was destroyed by fire in 1812. Only copies have survived. Since that time, it has become fashionable to refute its authenticity. The word tells about the military campaign of Prince Igor against the Polovtsians, which took place in history in 1185. Researchers suggest that the author of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” was one of the participants in the described campaign. Disputes about the authenticity of this work were conducted in particular because it stands out from the system of genres of ancient Russian literature due to the unusual nature of the elements used in it. artistic means and techniques. The traditional chronological principle of narration is violated here: the author is transported to the past, then returns to the present (this was not typical for ancient Russian literature), the author makes lyrical digressions, appear insert episodes(Svyatoslav's dream, Yaroslavna's cry). The word contains a lot of elements of traditional oral folk art and symbols. There is a clear influence of a fairy tale, an epic. The political background of the work is obvious: in the fight against a common enemy, Russian princes must be united, disunity leads to death and defeat.Another example of political eloquence is the “Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land,” which was created immediately after the Mongol-Tatars came to Rus'. The author glorifies the bright past and mourns the present.An example of the solemn variety of ancient Russian eloquence is the “Sermon on Law and Grace” by Metropolitan Hilarion, which was created in the first third of the 11th century. The word was written by Metropolitan Hilarion on the occasion of the completion of the construction of military fortifications in Kyiv. The word conveys the idea of ​​​​the political and military independence of Rus' from Byzantium. By “Law” Hilarion understands the Old Testament, which was given to the Jews, but it does not suit the Russian and other peoples. That's why God gave New Testament, which is called “Grace”. In Byzantium, Emperor Constantine is revered, who contributed to the spread and establishment of Christianity there. Hilarion says that Prince Vladimir the Red Sun, who baptized Rus', is no worse than the Byzantine emperor and should also be revered by the Russian people. The work of Prince Vladimir is continued by Yaroslav the Wise. The main idea of ​​“The Word of Law and Grace” is that Rus' is as good as Byzantium.

Tale A story is a text of an epic nature, telling about princes, military exploits, and princely crimes. Examples of military stories are “The Tale of the Battle of the Kalka River”, “The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu Khan”, “The Tale of the Life of Alexander Nevsky”.

Message - usually used for journalistic purposes.

Walking is a genre that describes all kinds of travel to other lands and adventures.

Chronicle is a narration of historical events. This is the most ancient genre ancient Russian literature. In Ancient Rus', the chronicle played a very important role, because not only reported historical events of the past, but was also a political and legal document, testifying to how to act in certain situations. The most ancient chronicle is the “Tale of Bygone Years,” which has come down to us in the lists of the Laurentian Chronicle of the 14th century and the Ipatiev Chronicle of the 15th century. The chronicle tells about the origin of the Russians, the genealogy of the Kyiv princes and the emergence of the ancient Russian state.

Literature of ancient Rus' General characteristics of the period

Old Russian literature went through a long period of development, which amounts to 7 centuries: from the 9th to the 15th centuries. Scientists associate the formation of ancient Russian literature with the adoption of Christianity in Rus' in 988. This year is the starting point for the periodization of literature. It is reliably known that writing existed in Rus' even before the adoption of Christianity. But very few monuments of pre-Christian writing have been discovered. Based on the available monuments, it cannot be said that before the adoption of Christianity, literature and book learning existed in Rus'.Spreading Christian religion in Rus' involved the study of holy scripture and Christian rituals. In order to preach Christian canons, it was necessary to translate religious books from ancient Greek and Latin into a language that the Slavs understood. The Old Church Slavonic language became such a language. Scientists talk about special status Old Slavonic language. Old Church Slavonic is the literary language of all Slavs. They did not speak it, but only wrote and read books. The Old Church Slavonic language was created by Christian preachers Cyril and Methodius on the basis of the Solunsky dialect of the ancient Bulgarian language specifically in order to make the canons of the Christian religion understandable to the Slavs and to preach these canons in the language of the Slavs. Books in the Old Church Slavonic language were copied in different territories inhabited by the Slavs, where they spoke differently: in different dialects. Gradually, the peculiarities of the speech of the Slavs began to be reflected in writing. Thus, on the basis of the Old Church Slavonic language, the Church Slavonic language arose, reflecting the peculiarities of the speech of the Eastern Slavs, and then of Old Russian people.Christian preachers arrived in Rus' and created schools. The schools taught reading, writing and the canons of Orthodox Christianity. Over time, a layer of people appeared in Rus' who knew how to read and write. They rewrote holy scripture and translated it into Old Church Slavonic. Over time, these people began to record historical events that took place in Rus', make generalizations, use images of oral folk art, and evaluate the events and facts described. This is how original ancient Russian literature gradually took shape.Old Russian literature was fundamentally different from what we are accustomed to understanding as literature at the present time. Literature in Ancient Rus' was closely connected with the spread of the Christian religion and served as a tool for preaching and consolidating Christianity in Rus'. This determined a special attitude towards the book as a sacred object, and towards reading as a sacred process of familiarization with God’s Word.

How were ancient Russian books written? Old Russian books were huge tomes, the pages of which were made of cowhide. The books were bound into boards, which were covered with leather and decorated. Cured cowhide was an expensive material that had to be saved. That is why ancient Russian books were written in a special way: in the books there were no intervals between words. Naturally, reading such books was very difficult. In addition, many frequently used words were not written in full. For example, BG - God, BGC - Mother of God, NB - heaven. Above such words they put a “title” sign - an abbreviation. Because of the high cost of the material, books cost entire villages. Only rich princes could afford to have books.

The book is a source of Divine grace One of the differences between ancient Russian literature and modern literature is that ancient Russian books do not and could not have had an author. In Ancient Rus', the concept of authorship did not exist at all; it appeared much later. It was believed that God guided the hand of the book writer. Man is only an intermediary through whom God conveys his Word to people. Putting your name in a book was considered a great sin. The belief in this was strong, so for a long time no one dared to put their name in the books. But some could not resist and put an inconspicuous, but so important for them, inscription like “I am a great sinner (name) had a hand in this.”There was a strong belief that the book miraculously influences a person, giving him divine grace. Communicating with a book, ancient Russian people believed that they were communicating with God. That is why it was customary to fast and pray for at least a week before reading books.

Historicism of Old Russian Literature Old Russian authors were aware of their special historical mission - the mission of witnesses of time. They believed that they were obliged to record all the events that took place on their land in order to convey history to their descendants through the book. In addition, the texts included many traditions and legends that had oral existence. Thus, in ancient Russian texts, pagan deities are mentioned along with Christian saints. This meant that Christianity existed in Rus' with the original religion of the Slavs, which is usually called paganism, although the pagans themselves did not call themselves that. Folklore significantly enriched ancient Russian literature.There were no lyrics in ancient Russian literature. Old Russian literature, being exclusively religious in nature, placed the preaching of the laws of Christian morality at the forefront. That is why it did not pay any attention privacy person. Maximum objectivity is one of the main canons of ancient Russian literature. Among the genres in ancient Russian literature, the lives of saints, chronicles, chronographs, chety-menaion, patericon, and apocrypha predominated. Old Russian literature was distinguished by religiosity and historicism.Many ancient Russian books have not reached us: they were destroyed by fires, some were taken to Poland and Lithuania, and some were destroyed by the scribes themselves - the old inscriptions were washed off and new ones were written on top. This was done to save money expensive material, from which books were made.

III Job With statement

Useful when the soul asks for something unusual.”

A. S. Demin

Monuments to Peter and Fevronia:

In Ulyanovsk. Opening date: July 5, 2009 .

Installation location: in front of the building of Ulyanovsk State University.

Sculptors: Oleg Klyuev and Nikolai Antsiferov.

The monument to Peter and Fevronia in Ulyanovsk is made of bronze and represents the young princes Peter and Fevronia with a dove, symbolizing love and fidelity.

The monument in Ulyanovsk was erected as part of the national program “In the Family Circle”.

In Samara:

The monument was erected as part of the “In the Family Circle” program, which appeared in 2004 with the blessing of Patriarch Alexy II. As part of the same program, monuments to Saints Peter and Fevronia have opened today in Vladivostok and Omsk, and over the past three years sculptural compositions Murom saints have already been installed in Arkhangelsk, Ulyanovsk, Yaroslavl, Sochi and Blagoveshchensk.

On July 8, Orthodox believers celebrate the day of remembrance of Russian saints Peter and Fevronia of Murom, patrons of marital fidelity and love.

Saints Peter and Fevronia are princes who ruled in Murom in the 13th century. The couple were models of fidelity and love for each other; in old age they became monks and soon died in the same hour. Being buried in different graves, their bodies miraculously turned out to be nearby, the legend says. After this, the couple was buried in Murom near the Church of the Nativity Holy Mother of God. In 1547, the Church canonized them as saints.

IV . Reinforcing the material covered

1. Conversation .