A message on the topic in the trenches of Stalingrad. V. Nekrasov “In the trenches of Stalingrad.” The history of the creation of the story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad” The analysis of the work should begin with the history of its birth

Lesson objectives:

Equipment: presentation.

Methodical techniques:

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OF THE VLADIMIR REGION

MUNICIPAL STATE GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

KRASNOOKTYABRSKY SECONDARY SCHOOL

GUS - CRYSTAL DISTRICT

Development of a literature lesson in 11th grade

based on the story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad” by Viktor Nekrasov

"War through the eyes of Yuri Kerzhentsev."

teacher of Russian language and literature

MKOU Krasnooktyabrskaya secondary school

Gus=Khrustalny district

Vladimir region

2011

Lesson objectives:

1. introduce students to inner world heroes of the story, evaluate its merits;
2. improve the ability to analyze literary text;
3. contribute to the cultivation of sincerity in the relationships of students, awareness of the confessional beginning of the work.

Equipment: presentation.

Methodical techniques:lecture with elements of conversation, student reports, analysis of episodes. (The material is designed for 2 hours.)

Epigraph: ...The most important thing in life is friends. Especially when you lose them.

V. Nekrasov.

During the classes

Teacher. (Slide 1) “The young man... wanted to write. He did other things - studied, acted, made scenery - and at the same time wrote incessantly. Sometimes something slipped through this writing, but in general the young man had nothing to write about - the surrounding, familiar seemed unworthy of attention, so some intricate plots were invented, the action took place either in Paris or in the Indian Ocean...

Carefully rewritten manuscripts were regularly returned by the editors. Even the own illustrations accompanying the stories did not help, which, by the way, were much better than the stories themselves... In a word, an ordinary graphomaniac grew and matured. And I was him,” - this is how he recalls his pre-war literary experiments Viktor Nekrasov himself.

He also had other hobbies. For example, architecture. Nekrasov dreamed of receiving first prize at some all-Union competition. Another hobby is theater. I wanted to play Khlestakov. And, of course, travel. In early childhood he lived for several years in Switzerland and France. It would seem that the profession of architect, which Nekrasov acquired before the war, predetermined a sedentary lifestyle. But the fact is that almost simultaneously he finished and drama studio in Kyiv. Leaving architecture, he immediately went to Vladivostok and became an actor and theater artist for the Pacific Fleet. Soon Nekrasov moves with Far East to the north: works as an actor in the regional drama theater in Vyatka. From there he went south again, to Rostov-on-Don, to join the troupe of the local Red Army Theater as an actor. And all this hectic theatrical “life” took three years, from 1938 to the summer of 1941.

And now - war...

Student message(implementation homework). (Slide 2) Viktor Nekrasov recalled the beginning of the war like this: “I spent the first winter as a platoon commander of a reserve engineer battalion in the tiny village of Lichuga on the banks of the Volga north of Stalingrad. We came there on foot from near Rostov and stayed for the whole winter. They taught the soldiers what they themselves did not know. I first saw a real hammer and fuse in Stalingrad a year later. For the entire battalion - and there were about a thousand people in it - there was one combat rifle. At shootings throughout the winter, each fighter was entitled to one cartridge. By spring, the entire rank and file was sent to the Crimean Peninsula and, as the adjutant told me in confidence, they were all dead there. We, officers, were sent to units as regimental engineers. I saw all types of mines and other obstacles only in pictures.

In April 1942, our regiment set out from the village of Serafimovich, where it was formed, to the front. We paraded along the main street with unfurled banners. To the right and left of the standard bearer walked two so-called assistants with training (holes in the barrels) rifles on their shoulders. Next - a song from the spot! - the entire regiment marched (believe it or not) with sticks instead of rifles. Like this! With sticks on your shoulders! The women they met roared: “And that’s how you attack the Germans with sticks?” Weapons, real weapons (officers received TT pistols for the first time in their lives, soldiers received rifles of the 1891 model) a week before the start of hostilities near Ternov near Kharkov. Of course, there were no training exercises. Only personnel company commanders who came to us from hospitals could assemble and disassemble the rifle. Thus began the famous Timoshenko offensive on Kharkov in May 1942. How it ended is known. How Stalingrad ended is also known.”

Student message“The history of the creation of the story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad”(implementation of homework). “And then it happened that suddenly there was something to write about. And free time appeared - the hospital, or rather, the slopes of the Kyiv stadium overgrown with greenery, where walking “wound patients” were always hanging around and lying around,” Nekrasov later recalled about the beginning of work on the story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad.”

Then what was written in the student notebooks was dictated to a typist I knew and sent to Moscow with a friend - “show it to someone there.” The story was first published in the magazine “Znamya” in 1946 and was called “Stalingrad”. In 1947, this book was awarded the Stalin (State) Prize of the second degree.

Teacher. It would seem that a work that received official approval could not fail to comply with the then generally accepted canons of depicting war. But, by the standards of that time, the story did not correspond to the established tradition: in the thoughts of the main character, Lieutenant Yuri Kerzhentsev, there is no theme of the “great leader,” and therefore the story immediately aroused critical criticism from the most zealous guardians of the totalitarian regime.

On whose behalf is the story being told?(The story is written in “I-form”, on behalf of 28-year-old lieutenant engineer Yuri Kerzhentsev, in many ways an autobiographical hero. Before us is a kind of diary testimony of a battle participant, written in the hot wake of the war.)

Teacher. (Slide 3) Viktor Nekrasov once admitted that his greatest praise was when his story was called “notes of an officer.” “This means,” he wrote, “I managed to “deceive” the reader, to bring the fiction closer to authenticity. This is not a terrible “deception”; people won’t blush for it.”

The story constantly sounds live speech heroes, the narrator’s thoughts move freely, striving not only to capture faces, events, conversations, but also to comprehend what is happening, to feel, to understand the war. Hence the dual position of the protagonist: a direct story “from the war” about the war and an understanding of what swept over the country like a deadly hurricane.

(Slide 4) Let's enter a special world work of art, we will try to “see” and “feel” the war, like the main character of Nekrasov’s story, Yuri Kerzhentsev.

Discussion of the story. Students' analysis of individual episodes (implementation of homework).

Teacher. The story begins with a depiction of the spring-summer retreat of Soviet troops in 1942. The regiment in which Yuri Kerzhentsev served retreated with fighting, and now it is again being withdrawn from a well-fortified position 100 kilometers towards the Don. Kerzhentsev was left with Shiryaev’s battalion, covering the regiment’s retreat. Soon both the regiment and the battalion will be defeated.

During the difficult roads of retreat, Kerzhentsev involuntarily recalls the past, peaceful life.

Analysis of Chapter 3, Part 1.(Slide 5)

Teacher. And here is a hero in Stalingrad. How does Yuri Kerzhentsev see the city?

Analysis of the episode from chapter 10 of part 1. (From the beginning of the chapter to the words “... tells about Vanka Zhukov, a ten-year-old boy, on Christmas night writing to his grandfather about the village.”)

Teacher. Kerzhentsev sees that only “rows of stupid Studebakers” and “wary anti-aircraft guns” remind of the war. There is no panic in the city, just as there is no serious preparation to meet the approaching enemy.

What purpose does the hero receive?(He is assigned to the team for mining industrial sites.)

Teacher. (Slide 6) The war breaks into Stalingrad on August 23 with the first two-hour massive bombing. The city turns out to be defenseless against her. How does the main character talk about this?

Analysis of the episode from chapter 13. (From the words “From behind the station, planes are slowly, solemnly, as if in a parade.” to “So the bombing lasted two hours.”)

Teacher. Viktor Nekrasov was one of the first among Soviet writers to depict a battle, a person’s being in mortal danger, not approximately, but strives for maximum psychological authenticity and the conveyance of the feelings and thoughts of Yuri Kerzhentsev. The author creates, as it were, the “effect of presence” of readers on the battlefield in order to show what efforts war requires from a person, what the terrible price of victory is.

(Slide 7) The second part of the story begins with a description of the autumn landscape, which is also given in the perception of the main character.(The first two paragraphs of Chapter 1 of the second part are read).

Teacher. What technique does the author use to create this description?? (Contrast device. The author seeks to contrast the terrible pictures of war with the solemn splendor of autumn days.)

Teacher. But the landscape is given not only in the perception of the main character, but also more broadly - from the point of view of the narrator - already from the post-war period. (“In all my life I don’t remember such an autumn.”) This versatility of Lieutenant Kerzhentsev determines his simple and wise attitude towards people, life and death, war and peace.

It should also be noted that Nekrasov does not at all turn Kerzhentsev into some kind of superhero, although the lieutenant accomplishes feats: at a critical moment he led the attack, held the position to the death, and replaced the deceased battalion commander.

Name the episodes in which Kerzhentsev appears as a person not devoid of “human weaknesses.”(Students name episodes. For example, in a clash with intelligence commander Chumak, Kerzhentsev involuntarily “squats down” under targeted fire (Part 1, Chapter 19) or the climactic scene of the story (November 20, 1942, when the order was given to retreat along the entire front) , in which Kerzhentsev takes the position of a seemingly outside observer, and at the end he completely turns around and leaves.)

What can you say about the behavior of the main character in the examples you gave? (Sometimes Kerzhentsev breaks into a scream, “gets irritated,” but he is quite critical of himself, does not “dig” into his own weaknesses, but simply strives to honestly fulfill his duty.)

Teacher. (Slide 8) Nekrasov writes: “It’s just somehow all here at the front. Was there yesterday, not today. And tomorrow, maybe you won’t be there either.” And this theme - the theme of death - permeates the entire story.

A detailed depiction of the suffering of a person, the horror of human life, the various faces of death gives a direct idea of ​​the steadfastness of the fighters, of the war as a national tragedy, and evokes acute pity for the dead. But at the same time, the courage of those who peer into the faces of the dying is revealed, trying to somehow alleviate their suffering, because they understand that before death in war, everyone is equal.

Episode analysis:

Part 1, chapter 16 (“There are details that are remembered for a lifetime...” to “Now is death...”);

Part 1, chapter 6 (from the words “Something heavy is falling on me from behind and slowly sliding to the side...” to “My lip stops trembling...”);

Part 1, chapter 19 (from the words “Turning to the machine gun, he gives a burst...” to “There’s already another one on the machine gun...”).

Teacher. (Slide 9) Death separates people from each other forever. But it turned out that peaceful life continued to count the losses of loved ones and friends, inventing spiritual death. In 1984, from the distant loneliness of Paris, Viktor Nekrasov wrote: “Perhaps the greatest crime in sixty-seven years committed in my country is the devilishly conceived and carried out separation of people.”

In conditions of mortal danger, simple human feelings are perceived differently - kindness, care, attention. Under these conditions, one can see the readiness of people to share the plight of those who are nearby.(Slide 10) Therefore, the motif of male front-line friendship runs through the entire story, acquiring the tragic character of a forced separation: “Another man went through life, left his small, memorable mark and disappeared, apparently forever.” The epigraph of our lesson echoes these words.(Reads out.)

Name the names of the heroes of the story, those who “left” their “mark” in the soul of Yuri Kerzhentsev.(Kerzhentsev often recalls regimental commander Maksimov, who was strict and attentive to his subordinates, who apparently died during the retreat. Kerzhentsev breaks up with Igor and Sedykh. He makes new friends during intense duty at a mined tractor factory. And, of course, they “left a mark” reconnaissance commander Chumak, battalion commander Shiryaev who found Kerzhentsev, sapper platoon commander Lisagor, battalion commanders Farber and Karnaukhov, foreman-miner Garkusha, many other soldiers and commanders and the irreplaceable Valega.)

What kind of person is the main character of the story, Yuri Kerzhentsev?(Discussion.)

Final words from the teacher. (Slide 11)Viktor Nekrasov’s story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad” occupies special place among the multi-volume military prose. Both in the times of recognition and in the years of the author’s disgrace, the story affirmed a “trench,” personal and tragic, view of the war, in which we “needed one victory,” and we did not stand behind the price. What this price was can be understood by reading the pages of the famous story.

Homework.(Slide 12)

1. In his review of Nekrasov’s story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad,” A. Platonov wrote: “In the very depiction of our soldiers, the author managed to reveal the secret of victory.” Platonov saw it in the fact that the heroes of the story “are not morally destroyed.” How do you think the moral fortitude of the heroes of the story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad” is manifested? (Answer the question in writing.)
2. Re-read works about the war by V. Bykov, V. Kondratyev, V. Astafiev, Y. Bondarev, K. Vorobyov and other authors (optional).

List of used literature.

1. Nekrasov V. In the trenches of Stalingrad. – M., 2004.
2. Kipnis - Grigoriev G. Literary newspaper, 1991, No. 2.
3. Vishnevsky V. In life and in letters. – M., 1971.3.

Lesson topic:“Man and War” (based on the story by V. Nekrasov “In the Trenches of Stalingrad”)

Lesson objectives:

• Educational:
• students’ comprehension and assimilation of factual information about events, officially accepted assessments of the significance of events in fiction.
• Educational:
• developing the ability to generalize through comparison and exercising skills such as problem solving, conceptual manipulation and reasoning.
• Educational:
• the formation of moral, patriotic qualities of the individual, presupposing a free, reasoned choice of a personal patriotic position for students.

Equipment:

• exhibition of books from school library"Lines scorched by war" ;
• color reproductions memorable places Volgograd: Mamayev Kurgan, Eternal flame, Area of ​​fallen fighters;
• slides ( Annex 1 )
• instructional card for students ( Appendix 2 )

Lesson type: combined

Epigraph

Let's remember everyone by name, let's remember with our grief...
This is necessary - not for the dead! The living need this!

R. Rozhdestvensky

Lesson plan:

1. The Battle of Stalingrad is a key moment in Russian history.
2. The originality of the narration of V. Nekrasov’s book.
3. War through the eyes of the intelligent lieutenant Yuri Kerzhentsev.
4. Valega is the bearer of the morality of the Russian village.
5. Love for Russia is the strength of a victorious people.

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Introductory-motivational stage (goal setting)

Teacher's word: The Great Patriotic War... It is getting further and further away from us. We have become less interested in the history of that war, and when covering events and facts we are chasing sensation, replacing science and evidence with fiction.
The further we are from these events, the more contradictory the opinion about the reasons for the victory of the Soviet people in this great war. Some Western historians and military leaders
They claim that the reasons for the defeat of Hitler’s army are the terrible cold, mud, snow, and unharvested fields of corn and sunflowers.
Can we agree on this?

To answer this question, we need facts and evidence. And the most striking evidence may be documents and literature, which, according to L.N. Tolstoy,
“... in the days of war it becomes truly folk art.” It carries the truth of feelings and thoughts, the moral state of the people during a period of difficult trials.
Today, the role of a fact will be a battle, the grandeur, the scale of which is beyond doubt. For 64 years now, on February 2, the day the Red Army defeated the Nazi troops at Stalingrad, we remember the heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad. For six months, the attention of the whole world was focused on the city on the Volga. What importance did Hitler attach to the capture of Stalingrad, what is the significance of the victory of the Soviet troops in this battle?! Ruslan will tell us about this, who worked with historical documents, and most importantly, visited places of military glory, as he served in the ranks Russian army exactly in this city.

2. Clarification of the educational object

Student’s speech with the message “Battle of Stalingrad” according to the algorithm (during the speech, slides “Battle of Stalingrad” are broadcast on the projector):

• the task of the German troops;
• heroism and courage of Soviet soldiers;
• the results of Operation Uranus, the significance of the Battle of Stalingrad.

(Fakhrutdinov Ruslan, who served in Volgograd and visited Mamayev Kurgan, where a monument-ensemble to the heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad was opened in 1967).

Student. In mid-July 1942, German troops rushed to Stalingrad. Their task was to cut the routes connecting the Caucasus with the center of Russia along the Volga, to defeat the forces of the Red Army, which threatened the left flank of the main group of German troops advancing on the Caucasus. The task of capturing the city was assigned to the 6th Army of Field Marshal Paulus. The Germans missed the opportunity to capture the city on the move. Only on September 13 did they manage to capture the station and the Mamayev Kurgan dominating the city. For two weeks there was a fierce struggle for the station, which changed hands 13 times. The fighting for the city continued for more than two months. Having exhausted the enemy forces with stubborn resistance, Soviet troops began
1942 Operation Uranus, at the same time the general balance of forces on Soviet-German front changed in favor of the Red Army.
Having lost over 100 thousand soldiers and officers as a result of battles, hunger and frost, on February 2, 1943, a group of German troops capitulated.
For the first time since the beginning of World War II, the German army suffered such a serious
defeat. The Stalingrad victory marked the beginning of a radical change in the course of the Great Patriotic War and the Second World War.

3. Specification of the task

Teacher.

Let's remember everyone by name, let's remember with our grief...
This is necessary - not for the dead! The living need this!

R. Rozhdestvensky

Understanding this simple truth became an incentive for a generation of writers who went through the Second World War to return again and again to the events of the recent past. About a third of the Writers' Union then went to the front (war correspondents, soldiers, officers, political workers). There were also those who were not members of any writers’ organizations and came straight from the trenches into literature.
During the war and in the first post-war years, writers sought to immediately convey to readers what they saw and experienced.
A real discovery in literature about the war was the story of front-line writer Viktor Nekrasov “In the Trenches of Stalingrad,” published in 1946. It amazed millions of readers with its sincerity and directness and brought true fame to the writer.

Information sheet(slide on projector)

Viktor Platonovich Nekrasov was born on June 17, 1911 in Kyiv. The father of the future writer was a doctor. Victor entered the architectural faculty of the Kyiv Construction Institute, and also studied at theater studio. From 1941 to 1944, he was at the front as a regimental engineer and deputy commander of an engineer battalion, and participated in the Battle of Stalingrad. After being wounded at the beginning of 1945, he was demobilized. For his first work, the story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad” (1946), the writer was awarded the Stalin Prize, 2nd degree. However, in the future, not everything in the writer’s life was prosperous.
In 1973, due to careless statements of a liberal nature, Viktor Platonovich Nekrasov was expelled from the party. A year later, a search was carried out in his apartment, as a result of which all the manuscripts were confiscated. In the same year 1974. the writer left Soviet Union, settled in Paris. From 1975 to 1982 He was the editor-in-chief of the magazine Continent.
V. Nekrasov died on September 3, 1987.

– In the last lesson, we got acquainted with the features of the development of literature during the Great Patriotic War and the post-war decade and identified three streams of military prose.

Information sheet(slide on projector)

V. Nekrasov’s story stands at the origins of “lieutenant prose”.
The real truth about the war was written in the 1950s–1980s, when those who fought themselves, sat in the trenches, commanded a battery, and fought for every “inch of land” came into literature. The true face of war, the essence of a soldier’s difficult work, the cost of losses and the very habit of losses - this is what turned out to be the subject of thought of the heroes and their authors. Therefore, it is on the pages of this story that we will try to find the answer to the question posed. What exactly is the strength of the victorious people?

Now for 6 minutes. you will work in groups. You will have to create verbal portraits of the characters, highlighting their positive and negative qualities; analyze their actions, pay attention to the life values ​​of each of them. Representatives of the groups will comment on the results obtained, justifying their choice (preferably using the text of the story).

4. Resolving the situation. Written work in groups

Group No. 1

Narrator: Lieutenant Yuri Kerzhentsev. The hero's pre-war profession contradicts his current qualifications as a sapper - he is an architect by training, who learned not to destroy, but to build. The hero is the author himself, who participated in the battles for Stalingrad. The story became a kind of diary of the writer, in which he described everything he had to face at the front.

1. Using the text of the story, Appendix No. 1, compose a syncwine “Yuri Kerzhentsev”
2. Try to explain why the war is presented through the eyes of an intellectual hero?

Group No. 2

In V. Nekrasov’s story there are no broad panoramic descriptions of the unfolding events. The work is based on another truth - “trench truth”, revealed only through direct experience of participation in hostilities. On the front line, the reliability and strength of the comrades fighting next to you is much more valued, and therefore people are divided not by rank, but by their human qualities. The touching devotion of his 18-year-old orderly Valega to Kerzhentsev is based not so much on the order as on the established mutual understanding between the intelligent lieutenant and the illiterate boy.
Using the text of V. Nekrasov’s story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad,” create a verbal portrait, a “passport” of the hero (denotation graph) “Valega” using key words.

5. Demonstration and discussion of the results obtained

Representatives of the group demonstrate the results obtained, justifying their choice.

Group No. 1

Sinkwine "Yuri Kerzhentsev"

Yuri Kerzhentsev
Intelligent, sincere, responsible
Thinks, mines, analyzes, evaluates, remembers
"As everybody"

V.P.Nekrasov

Viktor Nekrasov “ceded” his pre-war past to the main character Yuri Kerzhentsev, giving him the right to speak freely and confidentially in the first person. Through the eyes of the lieutenant, they saw the roads of retreat, trench life, and clashes on the slopes of Mamayev Kurgan. V. Nekrasov needs Kerzhentsev to be “like everyone else.” During the war years, this meant a willingness to share any hardships and dangers with the people.

2. Sign of intelligence for V. Nekrasov - not a diploma of higher education, not involvement in a “mental” profession, but a category, first of all, moral.

Example. The battalion commander Shiryaev and Kerzhentsev himself are doing everything possible to save as much as possible human lives, but do your duty. And in contrast to them, there are images of Kaluzhsky, who thinks only about how to survive in a cruel meat grinder, how to get a job in the rear so as not to end up on the front line; Abrosimov, who believes that if a task is set, then it must be completed, despite the losses, exposing people to the destructive fire of machine guns.
In a conversation with another intellectual, company commander Farber, Kerzhentsev insists: “Analyzing the past, or rather, the bad in the past, makes sense only if, on the basis of this analysis, it is possible to correct the present or prepare the future.” In my opinion, it is difficult to live if you constantly think about your mistakes and scold yourself for it.
Kerzhentsev still has no idea how difficult and unbearable it is to live, thinking about his own mistakes. But there is no other way to avoid them in the future. People should analyze the past, first of all, the bad things in it.
Lieutenant Farber is self-deprecating, blaming himself for his lack of military skills, his recent neglect of military training, and physical training. This dissatisfaction made him a combat commander.
The narrative descriptions and landscape sketches are particularly restrained: one feels that the world is given in the perception of a deeply educated person, but somewhat hardened under the burden of the trials that befell him. Kerzhentsev more than once catches himself thinking that here, in war, some former values ​​brought from peaceful life lose their absoluteness and turn out to be distant and incomprehensible (chapter 11 p. 64).
“All this once interested and worried me, but now it has moved far, far away... Architecture, painting, literature... I didn’t read a single book during the war. And I don't want to. It doesn’t last... All this later, later.” These memories are not expelled from memory, they are only put aside on its most intimate shelf - for the future.
In the hero’s thoughts, the living speech of other people constantly sounds: women who see off soldiers, fellow soldiers. The hero absorbs the sensations and feelings of many thousands of Russian people experiencing tragedy retreats(Chapter 9, p. 50).
The heroes of the story face the eternal question of the Russian intelligentsia : who is guilty in the unpreparedness of our troops for war, in the retreat of the Red Army, in the fact that the enemy has already reached the Volga? The heroes of the story feel both the gravity of the situation of their regiment and the general troubles at the front. However, they do not give free rein to their feelings. In their conversations, only a subtle understatement is perceptible, emotional outbursts are muffled. Vaguely aware of the incompleteness of their understanding of existence, they do not rush to conclusions. “In war, you never know anything except what’s going on right under your nose,” Kerzhentsev seems to be justifying himself. But what is happening under our noses is more than enough (chapter 10, p. 59).

Group No. 2.

Denotation graph "Valega"

Nothing special. But true heroism- this is not an ostentatious, beautiful feat, but ordinary menial work, unnoticeable, not appreciated by anyone.

6. Systematization of received products. Exchange of impressions

It is they, like Valega, who spend hours, days, weeks in the trenches... It is they who, without loud words, fight for every inch of land.
The writer again and again turns to the question: how was it possible then, in 1942–1943? withstand everything and defend the city? Let's re-read chapter 16 of the story (pp. 96–97). What do the soldiers talk about in the lull between battles? About their land, about the grain harvest, they sing a song about the Dnieper and cranes. Every fighter lives with hope for the future, for the restoration of peaceful life. They do not think about exploits and glory, but about simple, but important things for everyone. Connection with the world, with native land This is especially acutely realized in tragic moments of war.
And it is no coincidence that Kerzhentsev recalls the words of L. Tolstoy about the “hidden warmth of patriotism.” The hero combines this war and the war of 1812 in his mind, thinks about the “miracle” that will save Russia and which is called patriotism.
I hope that today’s lesson has brought those “trench” days closer to us, and we have understood what the strength of the victorious people is. This power is in great love to Russia, in patriotism, in everyone’s awareness of their personal contribution to the common cause of victory.
The theme of the Great Patriotic War remains one of the leading topics in literature at the present stage.
But literature returns to the events of the war not only to show again and again the difficult path of our people, but also so that the experience of the past warns against catastrophic mistakes in the future.

And a lot more will be done,
If they call you on the journey ahead,
But lighter and purer feelings Motherland
People will never find it.
With this feeling a person is born,
Lives with him and dies with him.
Everything will pass, but the Motherland will remain,
If we keep that feeling.

V. Firsov

7. Homework

Students are given a plan for the upcoming lesson.

8. Reflection

Students write the “Lesson” syncwine.

Introduction

Chapter 1. Excerpt from the storyV. P. Nekrasova"In the trenches of Stalingrad"

Chapter 2. Analysisexcerpt from the storyV. P. Nekrasova"In the trenches of Stalingrad"

2.1 The problem of patriotism

2.4 The problem of death in war

2.5 Arguments

2.6 Comments on issues

Conclusion

Applications

Introduction

Victory Day is especially dear to every Russian person. It is dear to the memory of those who defended freedom at the cost of their lives. People should always remember the participants in the Great Patriotic War who gave their lives for the freedom and bright future of our country. Their feat is immortal, they fought and defeated fascism. The memory of them will live forever in the hearts of people and Russian literature. Everyone should know at what cost happiness was won, know and remember.

Now those who saw the war not on TV, who endured and experienced it themselves, are becoming fewer and fewer every day. The years, old wounds and experiences that befall the elderly make themselves felt. Fellow soldiers now call each other more often than see each other. But on the ninth of May they always gather together, with medals and orders on their old, but carefully ironed jackets or ceremonial jackets.

The years of the Great Patriotic War will never be forgotten. The further we go, the more vivid and majestic they remain in the memory of people who will more than once experience the sacred, heavy and heroic epic days when the country was at war, young and old. And books and films help to reliably convey this great and tragic event - the Great Patriotic War, which left a deep mark on the history of our state. The trials that befell the people seemed to stop the natural course of history. The war once again showed all the cruelty and inhumanity. Russian literature could not remain aloof from the events in which the fate of the country was decided. Russian writers of that time took an active part in the defeat of the enemy. With the power of their talent they asserted justice on earth.

Viktor Platonovich Nekrasov (Figure 1, Appendix A) is one of those writers who themselves went through the difficult roads of war, who defended their native land with arms in hand. He was born on June 4, 1911 in Kyiv, in the family of a doctor. In 1936 he graduated from the Kiev Construction Institute as an architect, and at the same time studied at the theater studio at the theater. After graduation he worked as an actor and theater artist. From 1941 to 1944, Nekrasov was at the front as a regimental engineer and deputy commander of a sapper battalion, participated in the Battle of Stalingrad, and after being wounded in Poland, at the beginning of 1945, he was demobilized with the rank of captain. I began writing the story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad” in the hospital after another injury. The work was first published in 1946 in the magazine “Znamya” No. 8–10. It consists of two parts, the first includes 20 chapters, the second - 30. The action of the story covers the entire period of the Battle of Stalingrad - from July 1942 to February 1943. This story was one of the first books about the war written as truthfully as possible at that time. This story was destined to become a milestone for literature, opening the war, and thus, in a certain sense, the world in which people lived before the war and will live after it. The author describes the war as he saw it with his own eyes. The Battle of Stalingrad began for him at the crossroads of the summer retreat of 1942, under the bombs of the first raid on the city. Then there were battles in Ukraine, in Poland, one wound, another, a hospital. The plot “disorganization” of the initial chapters is only a reflection of front-line disorganization. The closer Stalingrad and the Stalingrad battles are, the more concentrated the action of the story. The idea of ​​the length, persistence and inconspicuousness of heroism is constantly present in Nekrasov’s story. The defenders were faced with a war that had been dragging on for the second year, both summer retreats. The relationships that usually developed between the characters are simple, natural, cordial, without confessions or sentiments. Whoever enters the story, whatever position he occupies, whatever capacity he performs, Nekrasov always tests his courage, tests him meticulously. All of them are not sufficiently informed and not all of them can think through to the end. They are moral and humanly significant.

The story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad” brought the writer real fame: it was republished in a total circulation of several million copies, translated into 36 languages. For this book, after Stalin read it, Viktor Nekrasov received the Stalin Prize of the second degree in 1947, which the writer donated to purchase wheelchairs for war invalids. Based on the story and Nekrasov’s script, the film “Soldiers” was shot in 1956, and was awarded an award at the All-Union Film Festival.

In 1974, the writer emigrated to Paris. Abroad continued creative work. Viktor Platonovich died on September 3, 1987 in Paris, where he was buried in the Russian cemetery (Figure 2, Appendix B).

In the story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad,” V.P. Nekrasov revealed the truth of the trench - the life of an ordinary infantryman. The author does not depict heroic deeds in battles, but believes that it is in the trenches that the course of battles is decided. In the story there are no generals, no political workers, no “leading role of the party”, but only soldiers and their commanders, there is a Stalingrad trench, courage, heroism and patriotism of the Russian people. Nekrasov’s “Trench Truth” is the harsh truth about the everyday life of war, about people's misfortune and people's courage. The view from the trench (Figure 3, Appendix B), seemingly limited, allows the author to create small scenes about the war. But it was precisely these details, “which are remembered for a lifetime,” that seared the souls of contemporaries with the truth about the war. Despite the patriotic motives that are so clearly heard in the text, the war evokes sharp rejection on the part of the writer. In the confrontation between “red crosses” and “black crosses” - symbols of two warring systems - people die. Nekrasov believes that there is nothing worse than this. And this is the property of a strong nature - to protect, to pity the green shoots of life in any of its manifestations: be it a “sad song”, “simple words about the earth”, the death of a soldier. And Nekrasov’s heroes are people with high responsibility for everything that happens around them, who believe in the triumph of justice and humanity.

The story shows how the war is rolling towards Stalingrad. Here is a peaceful city with “the sun creeping out from behind the roofs and cool pancake shadows... And above all this is a blue sky.” The war was approaching the city like a black cloud. Nazi aviation unleashed an avalanche of deadly cargo on Stalingrad: “Crimson swirling sky. Black, as if cut out with a jigsaw, the silhouette of a hot city.” Seeing what the city has become in a matter of hours, the soldiers heroically fight in its ruins.

V. P. Nekrasov’s book “In the Trenches of Stalingrad” (Figure 4, Appendix D) began a whole trend in literature about the war. The writer spoke about courageous people who heroically overcame the daily hardships of war. Each hero and everyone together fought back their lives from the war - for a day, a month, a year.

There is truth in the story about the heroism of those people who were always considered only cogs in the huge body of the state machine. Nekrasov mercilessly judges those who calmly send people to their deaths, who shoot for a lost pickaxe or mining shovel, who keep people in fear. The pain for the terrible losses and torment is heard in the words of the story: “... there is no regiment, no platoon, and Shiryaev, but there is only a sweaty tunic and Germans in the very depths of Russia.” Nekrasov depicts the life of war, which seems impossible for a person to survive. Soldiers heroically endure battles, roads, and short-lived settlement in new places. In war, every day is the same, and this is the whole story of a soldier’s life. “Then they were mining, and everyone was covered, and then we lay in a ravine for a day, and the cap was shot in three places.”

Nekrasov depicts a man in war on the brink between life and death. Another truth terrible war: a second ago there was life, but now it’s no longer there. The main character is amazed: “Comrades are buried over the Volga simply somehow, you were here yesterday, but today you are not, and tomorrow, perhaps, you will not be there either. And the earth will fall just as dully on the coffin, or maybe there will be no coffin, but will cover you with snow, and you will lie there until the end of the war.” The author conveyed the truth about the war and talked about true love to the Motherland, which helped the soldiers survive and win.

Nekrasov’s war is difficult work, it’s not only fighting, but also difficult physical work. The soldiers use pickaxes to hammer into the rock-hard soil. They have to be joiners, carpenters, and stove makers. It turns out that in addition to fighting qualities, what is also valued at the front is the ability to survive, adapt to conditions, the ability to build a dugout, get food, and arrange an overnight stay. And for the heroes of the story, war is ordinary everyday life. Researchers rightfully classify the work of V. P. Nekrasov as a classic of Russian military prose.

The topic of the Great Patriotic War is relevant, since this year our country celebrates the seventieth anniversary of the Victory over the German invaders. In the story by V.P. Nekrasov’s “In the Trenches of Stalingrad” shows the importance of struggle and victory, the heroism of people, their moral strength, and devotion to the Motherland.

The purpose of this essay is to analyze an excerpt from the story by V.P. Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad."

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were identified:

Identify the main problems of the excerpt from the story by V.P. Nekrasov “In the trenches of Stalingrad”;

Analyze the most important problems;

Give arguments;

Make comments.

The object of this essay is an excerpt from the story by V.P. Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad." The subject is the problems discussed in the passage.

The abstract consists of an introduction, the main part, a conclusion, a list of sources used, and applications.

Chapter 1. Excerpt from the storyV. P. Nekrasova"In the trenches of Stalingrad."

Igor flushes. He always gets into trouble with Georgiy Akimovich.

What are you trying to say?

That we don’t know how to fight.

What does it mean to be able to, Georgy Akimovich?

Be able to? To get from Berlin to the Volga - that's what it means to be able to.

You also need to be able to move away from the border to the Volga.

Georgy Akimovich laughs with a small, dry laugh...

Our tanks are no worse than German ones. They are better than the German ones. One tanker for me

said...

I don't argue, I don't argue. Perhaps it’s better, I don’t understand it. But

One good tank cannot destroy ten mediocre ones. What do you think?

Wait... we will have a lot of tanks too.

When? When will we be in the Urals?

Igor jumps up as if stung

Who will be in the Urals? Me, you, him? Yes? Hell no! And you are yourself

you know very well. You are doing this all out of some kind of stubbornness, some kind of

stupid desire to argue, definitely argue.

Georgy Akimovich twitches his nose, eyebrows, and cheeks.

Why are you angry? Sit down. Well, sit down for a minute. You can talk about everything

calmly. – Igor sits down. - So you say that we need to retreat

be able to. Right. Before Napoleon, we also retreated all the way to Moscow. But then we only lost territory, and even then it was a narrow strip. And Napoleon, except snow and burned villages, acquired nothing. And now? There is no Ukraine and Kuban - there is no bread. There is no Donbass - no coal. Baku is cut off, Dneprostroy is destroyed, thousands of factories are in the hands of the Germans. What are the prospects? Economics is everything now. The army must be shod, clothed, fed, and supplied with ammunition. I'm not even talking about the civilian population. I’m not talking about the fact that we are missing a good fifty million who are under the fascists’ thumb. Are we able to overcome all this? Do you think you can?

I can... Last year it was even worse. The Germans reached Moscow, and

still drove away...

For some time we are silent and watch the black ones floating in the sky,

nasty, so calm and self-confident yellow-winged planes. Georgy Akimovich smokes one cigarette after another. There are already a dozen cigarette butts around him. He looks at one point, to where the planes disappeared.

He once said:

We will fight until the last soldier. Russians always fight like this. But

We still have little chance. Only a miracle can save us. Otherwise we will be crushed. They will crush you with organization and tanks.

Recently at night soldiers walked past. I was on duty by the phone and went out to smoke. They walked and sang, quietly, in an undertone. I didn’t even see them, I only heard their steps on the asphalt and a quiet, even slightly sad song about the Dnieper and the cranes. I went. The soldiers settled down to rest along the road, on the trampled grass, under the acacias. The lights of the cigarettes were flashing. And someone’s young, quiet voice came from somewhere under the trees.

No, Vasya... Don’t tell me... You won’t find anything better than ours anywhere. By God... Like butter, the earth is fat, real. - He even smacked his lips in a special way. - And when the bread rises, it will cover your head...

And the city was burning, and red reflections were jumping on the walls of the workshops, and somewhere very close machine guns were crackling, now more often, now less often, and rockets were taking off, and the unknown and almost inevitable death lay ahead.

I never saw who said it. Someone shouted, "Get ready to move!" Everyone stirred and rattled their pots. And let's go. We walked with a slow, heavy soldier's step. They went to that unknown place, which must have been marked with a red cross on their commander’s map.

I stood there for a long time and listened to the soldiers’ footsteps moving away and then completely dying out.

There are details that are remembered for a lifetime. And not only are they remembered. Small, seemingly insignificant, they eat into you, are somehow absorbed into you, begin to sprout, grow into something big, significant, absorb the whole essence of what is happening, become, as it were, a symbol.

I remember one killed fighter. He lay on his back, arms outstretched, and a cigarette butt stuck to his lip. A small, still smoking cigarette butt. And it was more terrible than anything I saw before and after in the war. More terrible than destroyed cities, ripped open bellies, severed arms and legs. Outstretched arms and a cigarette butt on the lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires. Now it’s death.

But in that song, in those in simple words about the earth, fat as butter, about the bread covering your head, there was something... I don’t even know what to call it. Tolstoy called this the hidden warmth of patriotism. Perhaps this is the most correct definition. Perhaps this is the miracle that Georgy Akimovich is waiting for, a miracle stronger than German organization and tanks with black crosses.

But yesterday, before my eyes, a shell exploded near him. About twenty paces away, no more, it exploded. He just bent over slightly and continued to look for the rush. I wrapped the damaged area and then checked the entire wire in the area around the break.

This was a month and a half ago - in July. It's September now. This is our tenth day at this plant. The Germans bombed the city for the tenth day. They are bombing, which means there are still ours there. So, there are battles. So there is a front. So, it’s better now than in July...

Chapter 2.Analysisexcerpt from the storyV. P. Nekrasova"In the trenches of Stalingrad"

2.1 The problem of patriotism

Viktor Platonovich Nekrasov in the above passage shows that only thanks to the patriotism of the Russian people was the Great Patriotic War won! “We will fight until the last soldier. Russians always fight like this,” until the final victory. This thought runs through the entire text in a chain and is the main idea of ​​the work.
Patriotism... This feeling is characteristic of everyone who values ​​the country in which they were born, who is proud of their Motherland. It is this problem that Nekrasov, the author of the above text, raises. It was the feeling of patriotism that helped the Russian people defeat the enemy during the Great Patriotic War. An example of this can be the heroes of V. Nekrasov’s story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad,” who defended Stalingrad and felt a sense of pride for their country.

A sense of patriotism has always been inherent in our people during difficult periods of history. In this sense, Tolstoy’s phrase about the “hidden warmth of patriotism” characteristic of Russian people comes to mind. The author helps us understand that the “hidden warmth of patriotism” is a “miracle”, in difficult moments uniting the entire Russian people. And one cannot help but share his position with the author. The feat of those soldiers who defended Stalingrad is also immortal.

Patriotism can truly work wonders. Sometimes the determination of a soldier and his devotion and love for the Motherland turn out to be a more significant factor in achieving victory than the strategic or technical superiority of the enemy.

The problem of patriotism is complex, deep, and important. It is social and moral, because it concerns the entire society as a whole and each person individually. This topic has always been and will be social, because patriotism is a feeling that should be in any person, no matter what time he lived. The author claims that the readiness of a Russian person to give even his life for his Motherland is that very “miracle”. The courage and unprecedented heroism of soldiers and civilians turned out to be stronger than military equipment and the numerical superiority of the enemy. Patriotism - love for the Motherland - is the most important feeling in war, without which victory is impossible. It is love for the homeland that is the key to victory in war.

2.2 Problem true values

Viktor Platonovich Nekrasov in the above passage reveals the problem of true values ​​in war, namely love for one’s own native land, which helps soldiers withstand difficult trials. The author uses Tolstoy’s words “hidden warmth of patriotism” to describe this feeling. Nekrasov calls such patriotism, expressed in love for one’s native land, a miracle stronger than German discipline.

To maintain a soldier's morale, it is very important to realize that he is fighting for his home and his land. “Simple human values” are valuable because they are ordinary, that is, they are in demand by people every day.

A person in war can and is forced to give up many benefits. But he cannot give up his native land: “You won’t find anything better than ours anywhere. By God... Like butter, the earth is fat, real. - He even smacked his lips in a special way. “And when the bread rises, it will cover your head...” During their rest, the fighters admire the beauty of their native land and at the same time understand that their native land can do anything: feed them with its bread, surprise them with its beauty. But she can’t defend herself. And warriors consider it their duty to protect their native land.

The text shows the determination of the fighters to defend their land. The author depicted the war from the inside, through the eyes of a soldier. This means that the war is represented by the truth, the real and terrible truth. In the very depiction of our warriors, the author managed to reveal the secret of victory. It is that the heroes “are not morally destroyed.” In war, simple human values ​​take on special significance; the land that Russian soldiers defended was an enduring value for them.

2.3 Problem national character

Russian national character... What is it like? What's special about it? In the conditions of the most difficult historical trials that befell our country, courage, perseverance, love for the homeland, will and energy, self-esteem, honesty, kindness, and self-sacrifice appeared in a person’s character. The above text from V.P. Nekrasov’s story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad” traces the problem of the Russian national character, the basis of which is the ideological and moral beliefs of the depicted soldiers.

The mood of the author, on whose behalf the story is told, Georgy Akimovich and other heroes, is based on the idea of ​​love for the homeland, defense of the native land. The defenders of Stalingrad overcame all the trials that befell them because they possessed the best character traits of the Russian people. Namely: vitality, courage, heroism, unbending will, patriotism.

The soldiers are confident that Russian tanks are no worse than German ones. They argue that one must also be able to retreat, they admire their native land, they are happy that our defenders were able to drive the Germans away from Moscow. And at the same time, they are confident that they will fight until the last soldier, but will defend their native land.

Nekrasov revealed best features Russian national character. Courage, determination and self-sacrifice - these traits are inherent in the Russian people. The Russian character cannot be broken, defeated, or overcome. The best qualities of the Russian national character have always saved the country. Russians are a strong nation, rich not only materially, physically, but also spiritually. The strength of national character lies in patriotism - in the sincere love of people for their Motherland, for their native land. The author glorified and sang the Russian national character, which allowed Russia to survive, win, recover and help other nations defend their independence.

2.4 The problem of death in war

The author in the above passage thinks about the problem of whether war can make a person get used to death. He describes an episode when the hero of the novel sees a dead soldier lying on his back with his arms outstretched. The cigarette butt still smokes in his lips. Unbearable to see dead person who just a minute ago lived, thought and wished.

Complete destruction of the line between life and death. “A smoking cigarette butt on the lip of a corpse was the most terrible thing: more terrible than destroyed cities, severed arms and legs, a ripped open belly or a hanged child. A second ago there was life, but now the person is already dead.” A dead soldier with a smoking cigarette butt on his lip is a symbol of the complete destruction of the line between life and death. Blood, sweat, trenches, death... All the horror of war, which you cannot get used to, although death is always nearby.

2.5 Arguments

The world must not forget the horrors of war, the separation, suffering and death of millions of people. This would be a crime against the fallen, a crime against the future. Remembering the war, the heroism and courage of people, and fighting for peace is the duty of everyone living on earth. Therefore, one of the most important themes of our literature is the theme of the feat of our people in the Great Patriotic War.

Watching modern youth, you wonder how frivolously we treat life! In our time, peacetime, there is no need to think about what you will eat tomorrow, where you will sleep. There is everything around, we live a full life. But imagine at least one of us in the shoes of those guys who went to die at seventeen, who did not know what awaited them there at the front. They didn’t think about it because they were going to defend their homeland. How many young lives were ruined, how many destinies were distorted! They returned from the war either crippled, people broken not only physically, but most of all mentally, or did not return at all. You wonder: did people like Hitler have the right to take people’s lives? Who gave them this right? After all, these people also had children, wives, mothers who gave birth to them! So what kind of people are these who have the power to break the destinies of children and mothers, wives and husbands? What kind of heart do they have, and do they even have one? And is the world championship worth the sacrifices of so many people?

The theme of war still remains relevant. How many funerals have already come to mothers in our peacetime from Afghanistan and Chechnya! Only by learning from the past can we prevent new wars. And our children will learn about wars only from history textbooks and films. There should be no place for war in the future! Author, participant in the Great Patriotic War, during its four many years I felt the fiery breath of death on my shoulder, realized the bitterness of loss, passing by fresh lumps with inscriptions in chemical pencil on a tablet. More than once he saw suffering and tears in the eyes of eighteen-year-old girls - medical instructors, dying in a dilapidated dugout. Isn't this the tragedy of the war generation? Isn’t it also a tragedy that the young people who participated in the war have matured by twenty years over the years?

2.6 Comments on issues

War... How much this word says. War is the suffering of mothers, hundreds of dead soldiers, hundreds of orphans and families without fathers, terrible memories of people. And we, who have not seen the war, are not laughing.

The Great Patriotic War is a huge mental wound in human hearts. People gave their lives for the fate of their Motherland, for their comrades. Cities that withstood the entire onslaught of Hitler's army were awarded the title of heroes. Among them is Stalingrad, which Nekrasov writes about in his story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad.” The author depicted life at war. Life, which naturally includes fighting, but does not come down to fighting.

And at what cost did the victory come! Russia at this time gave everything for the cause of victory. People considered it sacred to give one’s life for victory. How many millions of people died in this war. Mothers and wives had no time to mourn their relatives who fought in the trenches; they themselves took up arms and went against the enemy. Few reached Berlin, but the glory of the dead, their names live in the hearts of people.

Every year we move further and further away from the war era. But time has no power over what people experienced during the war. It was a very difficult time. The Soviet soldier knew how to boldly look mortal danger in the eye. By his will, his blood, victory was achieved over a strong enemy. There are no limits to the greatness of his feat in the name of the Motherland, just as there are no limits to the greatness of the labor feat of the Soviet people.

The theme of the Great Patriotic War is an unusual topic... Unusual, because so much has been written about the war that a whole book would not be enough if you remembered only the titles of the works. Unusual because it never ceases to excite people, opening up old wounds. Unusual because memory and history merged in it. Modern young people do not know and do not want war. But those who died did not want it either, not thinking about death, about the fact that they would no longer see the sun, grass, leaves, or their children. The further the war is from us, the more we realize the greatness of the people's feat. And even more so - the price of victory.

Thus, the theme of human behavior in war is important topic in the history of not only Russian literature, but also the history of Russia. During the Great Patriotic War, people showed what the Russian people are capable of and how great and powerful our country is. Russia is a liberator country. She expelled the fascist army from her borders. The works written by Russian writers convey everything that our compatriots, our ancestors, had to endure. We cannot lose the memory of the war. Lessons from the past and books about war help us with this.

Conclusion

The Great Patriotic War left a deep mark on the history of our state. The trials that befell the people seemed to stop the natural course of history. The war once again showed all the cruelty and inhumanity. Russian literature could not remain aloof from the events in which the fate of the country was decided. Russian writers of that time took an active part in the defeat of the enemy. With the power of their talent they asserted justice on earth.

The years of the Great Patriotic War are one of the main themes of our literature. One of them is the feat of our people. The Fatherland was counting the days and months of mortal danger. Art and literature have reached the firing line. Wartime writers mastered all types of literary weapons, lyricism and satire, epic and drama. The bitterness of the first defeats, hatred of the enemy, perseverance, loyalty to the Fatherland, faith in victory - this is what is under the pen different artists distinguished itself in unique poems, ballads, poems, and songs. Large epic works were created, which provided an understanding of the complex socio-political processes of the war period, revealed moral principles personality. Regardless of the genre, all works were united by one thing - “memory of the heart”, a passionate desire to tell the truth about the roads traveled during the war. Many writers and poets devoted their works to the theme of war and the feat of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War.

The story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad” is the author’s front-line diary (Figure 5, Appendix D), in which from beginning to end Nekrasov describes heavy battles and the difficulties that soldiers faced during the war. The commander and his soldiers are the main characters, all without exception. They are all different, but united by one goal - to protect the Motherland! The soldiers who heroically defended Stalingrad are not fictional people, but front-line comrades of the author himself. Therefore, the entire work is permeated with love for them.

Creating the image of Kerzhentsev and other heroes, Viktor Platonovich tried to tell how the war changed the destinies and characters of people, that they would no longer be the same people they were before, before the war.
The author wrote with deepest regret about the death hometown, in which he grew up, which he loved dearly.

This story became an invaluable gift that Viktor Platonovich Nekrasov left behind. The goal that he set for himself - to depict the war as it is - was completely fulfilled.

The abstract examines an excerpt from the story by V.P. Nekrasov “In the Trenches of Stalingrad”, the most important problems discussed in the text are listed and analyzed.

It was concluded that the main problems are:

The problem of love for the motherland, when examined, answers are given to the questions: what is patriotism and what helps to win the war?;

The problem of true values, the answer is given to the question: what is the meaning of simple human values at war?;

The problem of national character, the answer to the question is given: what is the strength of national character?;

The problem of death in war, the answer to the question is given: can war make a person get used to death?

Nekrasov, earlier and more insightfully than other writers, revealed the spiritual heritage of the defenders of Stalingrad and saw in them the victors of Berlin. The spirit of victory permeates the story, which ends with a scene on Mamayev Kurgan, where the front line had recently taken place. The heroes of the story do not feel like pawns in the hands of an omniscient elder. They established themselves in a proud consciousness of their dignity. It was with this feeling that the soldiers returned from the war; it was with this feeling that Nekrasov wrote the story about Stalingrad. He was a patriotic man, a Russian writer and lived according to his conscience.

List of sources used

Zubkov V. N. Waiting? Parting? Today and tomorrow of fiction about the Great Patriotic War, Moscow, 2015

Leiderman N. S., Lipovetsky M. N. Modern Russian literature: 1950 – 1990, Moscow, 2014

Leiderman N. S. Modern fiction about the Great Patriotic War, Moscow, 2016

Nekrasov V. P. In the trenches of Stalingrad, St. Petersburg, 2016

Pavlovsky A. I. Russian writers, Moscow, 2015

Potresov V. A. I. And yet I happy man, Nizhny Novgorod, 2013

Rokhlin A. A. Writer and time, Moscow, 2015

Sukhikh S.I. Theoretical poetics, Moscow, 2014

Tamarchenko N. D., Tyupa V. I., Broitman S. N. Theory of Literature, Moscow, 2014

Internet resources: www.testent.ru, http://militera.lib.ru/prose/russian/nekrasov/index.html,

http://www.omgmozg.ru. paravitta/mail/ru

Appendix A

Figure 1. Portrait of V. P. Nekrasov

Appendix B

Figure 2. Russian cemetery in Paris

Appendix B

Figure 3. In the trenches of Stalingrad

Appendix D

Figure 4. Book “In the Trenches of Stalingrad”

Appendix D

"In the Trenches of Stalingrad" - a story from 1946, for which the author was awarded the highest state award at that time - Stalin Prize. After Viktor Nekrasov was deprived of Soviet citizenship, the book was removed from libraries. The article outlines summary"In the trenches of Stalingrad".

Battle of Stalingrad

What is Nekrasov's story about? The book "In the Trenches of Stalingrad", a summary of which is presented below, reflects the events of the most important period in the war. Nekrasov's story tells about the battle that took place almost eighty years ago on the territory of the Rostov, Voronezh and Volgograd regions. We spent six months soviet soldiers in the trenches of Stalingrad. A brief summary of the decisive stage of the Second World War is presented below.

The German offensive began in July 1942. The invader's plans included the Great Bend of the Don, then the Volgodonsk Isthmus and, finally, Stalingrad. If the goal had been achieved, a springboard would have been created for a further offensive and the seizure of oil fields. The Germans had excellent aviation, they knew what the right military strategy was. However, they lost this battle. The Red Army succeeded in forcing the invaders to capitulate thanks to Operation Uranus. Or, perhaps, the miracle that one of the heroes of the story talks about in “In the Trenches of Stalingrad.”

The Unblemished Truth

What is the success of the story "In the Trenches of Stalingrad"? A summary will not answer this question. Only reading the story in the original. Front-line soldiers argued that Nekrasov’s book shows the war as it is. Without embellishment and excessive pathos. Varlam Shalamov, who had never been to the front, called the story “a timid attempt to show something as it is.” Andrei Platonov also gave this book a high rating. And finally, before presenting a summary of the chapters of “In the Trenches of Stalingrad,” it is worth citing the words of Daniil Granin: “Nekrasov’s Tale is an impeccable truth.”

Retreat

So, what did Nekrasov talk about in his work? A summary of “In the Trenches of Stalingrad” should begin with a description of the retreat of Soviet troops, which took place in July 1942 near Oskol. Main character- Lieutenant Kerzhentsev. The Germans are approaching Voronezh. The regiment leaves the newly dug fortifications without firing a single shot. The battalion, led by Combat Shiryaev, is left without cover. The main character of the story remains to help him. Two days later they set off, and on the way they learn that the regiment has been defeated.

Kerzhentsev has been accompanied for several months by orderly Valega. Other characters in the story are Igor and Sedykh. The battalion goes in search of its own, but on the way it meets the Germans, many die. Kerzhentsev, Valega, Igor and Sedykh are sent to Stalingrad.

Peaceful city

The main character recalls pre-war life. He has been at the front for a long time, everything that happened before in his native Kyiv, it seems, never existed. What is discussed in subsequent chapters of V. Nekrasov’s work? The content of “In the Trenches of Stalingrad,” at least the first chapters, comes down to the reflections and memories of Lieutenant Kerzhentsev. He is so accustomed to life at the front that he is surprised by the city, which will soon turn into ruins. Here they still read newspapers, argue about literature, visit the library, just live...

Kerzhentsev and his comrades stay at the house of Maria Kuzminichna. The woman treats them to tea with cherry jam. A forgotten peaceful life is relaxing. The heroes go swimming on the Volga, then indulge in reading. In the evening of this day, German troops begin their attack on Stalingrad.

Kerzhentsev - sapper. The lieutenant is sent to the local tractor factory. Here he meets electrical engineer Georgy Akimovich - a man convinced that Soviet troops Only a miracle will help win this war. There is painstaking, long preparation for the explosion. Ten days pass. The Germans are mercilessly bombing the city. There is still no order for the explosion, and Kerzhentsev is sent to the engineering department located on the other side of the Volga.

Battalion command

The lieutenant is sent to the 184th division. Soon the battalion commander dies, and Kerzhentsev has to take command of the battalion. The lieutenant has two companies at his disposal, which occupy positions at one of the local factories. Here the main character lingers for a long time. Every day begins with a cannonade. This is how September passes, and then October.

Attack

Soon a message comes that positions need to be changed. It was ordered to occupy the hill on which the enemy machine guns were located. Before the attack, time drags unbearably slowly. Suddenly, employees of the political department appear, whom Kerzhentsev does not greet joyfully. The lieutenant dispatches inspectors from the command post, and when the attack begins, he unexpectedly takes part in it. They manage to take the hill, and without great losses.

Does Viktor Nekrasov divide his heroes into positive and negative? In the summary of “In the Trenches of Stalingrad” it is worth paying attention to such a hero as Chief of Staff Abrosimov. The captain is confident in the need for a head-on attack. He does not listen to the arguments of either Kerzhentsev or battalion commander Shiryaev. The main character of the story goes on the attack again. 26 people die in this battle. Abrosimov is tried for abuse of power and sent to a penal battalion.

Outlining a brief summary of Nekrasov's story "In the Trenches of Stalingrad", it is worth saying that in this work the author did not create either negative or positive images. He does not force his opinion on the reader. The depiction of the attack, which took place on Abrosimov's orders, is one of the many officer mistakes that are perhaps inevitable in war.

Wound

The day after Abramov's trial, the tanks they had been waiting for for the past months arrive. Kerzhentsev's birthday is coming soon. A small celebration is being prepared, which, of course, will not take place, because the battle will suddenly begin. The lieutenant will be wounded, end up in the hospital, and after treatment he will return to Stalingrad, which he will call “home” in his thoughts.

Addendum to summary

The work "In the Trenches of Stalingrad" is told in the first person. There are no surprises in the story plot twists. But the simplicity with which the narrator recounts the events makes a strong impression.

In the first chapters, where we talk about the misadventures of the heroes even before their arrival in Stalingrad, the lieutenant mentally talks about the war. What's the worst thing at the front? Shells? Bombs? The worst thing in war uncertainty, inactivity, lack of an immediate goal - all that consisted of the existence of the retreating soldiers. It cannot be said that Nekrasov’s heroes are not frightened by bullets, but reading the story, one gets the impression that in Stalingrad they experienced less fear, than near Voronezh, when they retreated.

The author of this work touches on the topic of friendship in passing. Nevertheless, it is perhaps the main one. At the front, Kerzhentsev understands what true friendship is. It is unlikely that any of his Kyiv friends could have pulled him, wounded, from the battlefield. It is unlikely that Kerzhentsev would have gone on reconnaissance with anyone because of them. And Valeg’s orderly would have pulled him out. The lieutenant would have gone with him on reconnaissance. The author compares war to litmus paper. Only at the front can you really get to know people.

Publication

A Tale in the Trenches of Stalingrad Nekrasov Viktor Platonovich brought all-Union glory. This work was published in the magazine Znamya. At first, official critics did not accept the story. Moreover, Nekrasov’s book would never have been published if one person didn't intervene...

Meeting with Stalin

During Stalin's times, many poets and prose writers suffered. Some were convicted and sent to camps. Others are deprived of the right to publish their works, which for a real writer is perhaps worse than imprisonment. But this does not mean that Stalin did not understand anything about literature. He got rid of inconvenient people who did not want to reflect the official ideology in their work.

The story of Viktor Nekrasov is the first work that tells about the war as truthfully as possible. This is one of the first books created by front-line soldiers. The story was published thanks to Stalin's personal intervention.

Writer and statesman Fadeev crossed out "In the Trenches of Stalingrad" from the list of works that were supposed to appear on the pages of the Znamya magazine. Stalin contributed. The story was published. And after some time, state security officers came for Nekrasov and took him to the “leader”. In one of the essays, the writer later spoke about his meeting with Stalin. According to Nekrasov, he created an unexpected impression, was a kind of “cozy old man,” a pleasant conversationalist, and, in addition, respected the work of Platonov, Bulgakov, Babel - writers who suffered from Soviet rule.

A few words about the author

In 1959, Nekrasov opposed the construction of a stadium at Babi Yar, the site of mass executions carried out by the Nazis during the war. Since then, the writer’s relationship with the authorities has deteriorated sharply. He took an active part in rallies and wrote controversial articles. Finally, Nekrasov was accused of “kowtowing to the West,” and his books were banned from publishing. In 1974, the writer emigrated to Switzerland. Last years spent in Paris.

Truth of War(based on the story by V. Nekrasov “In the Trenches of Stalingrad”)

The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 opened new page in history modern literature. Along with it, the works of writers include the theme of patriotism, literature inspires to fight the enemy, it often helps the government to maintain the front, to the common people- survive.

Perhaps one of the most interesting and most significant works about the war is V. Nekrasov’s story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad,” which is diary entries young fighter. Descriptions of battles and military life alternate with the hero’s reflections during rest, before battle, and with memories of pre-war life. The difficult path of a person in war looms before us, the path from a yellow-haired college graduate to an experienced battalion commander.

But what is perhaps more important is how, through the destinies of individual people, the writer reveals to us the tragedy of the war, which brought grief to our entire huge country. V. Nekrasov spoke for the first time about this tragedy in truthful, frank words. Of course, this required courage, and Nekrasov was not afraid to talk about the terrible truth war, which he views from different points of view.

The author writes about the inhumanity of wars as such. Like L.N. Tolstoy, Nekrasov considers war an abnormal phenomenon, a state unnatural for man. Together with his hero, the author experiences the shock of what he saw: “I remember the killed soldier. He lay on his back, arms outstretched, and a cigarette butt stuck to his lip. And it was more terrible than anything I saw, more terrible than destroyed cities, more terrible than severed arms and legs. Outstretched arms and a cigarette butt on the lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires. Now it’s death.”

The writer comprehends the war philosophically, he sees its inhumanity, he sees people who are gradually getting used to this inhumanity. From the point of view of V. Nekrasov, there is nothing more terrible and disastrous than such addiction. War becomes everyday life for people.

There is truth in the story about the heroism of those people who were always considered only cogs in the huge body of the state machine. Nekrasov mercilessly judges those who calmly send people to their deaths, who shoot for a lost pickaxe or mining shovel, who keep people in fear. This was a protest not only against Stalin’s methods of warfare, but also against Stalin’s commissars, who carefully observed the words and behavior of a man, and this man was going to his death: “Our regiment is unlucky. Some unfortunate people have been fighting for a month and a half, but now there are no people or guns. Two or three machine guns per battalion... Those who had not been fired upon, arriving at the front for the first time, we were transferred from place to place, placed in defense, removed, moved, again placed in defense... We were lost, frightened, frightened others, could not get used to the bombing.” . V. Nekrasov is against disorder in war: the mediocrity of leadership costs many human lives, people become “cannon fodder.”

Revealing the true face of the war, V. Nekrasov does not ignore the people, their role in it, he notes the susceptibility of ordinary soldiers to the misfortune of others, their openness, their thoughts about Russia: “The front is retreating. Women stand at the gate - silent, with heavy, rough arms extended along their bodies. They stand at every house, watching us pass. Nobody is running after us. Everyone stands and watches." Hopelessness in the souls of people, despair in the soul of the hero, whose long retreat forces him to seriously think about the current situation. Perhaps one of the heroes of the story, an engineer, is right, who believed that one should not be deluded by arguments about patriotism: “Heroism is heroism, and tanks are tanks.”

Indeed, during the Great Patriotic War, the Russian people showed miracles of heroism along the entire front, but with skillful organization of military operations, with timely support, and with care for human lives, many deaths could have been avoided.

Analyzing the truth of Nekrasov’s war, we can confidently say that he was a patriotic man who wanted to be a “Russian writer” and “live according to his conscience.”