Painting - main genres. Types of monumental easel painting Easel and decorative painting

As it says ancient legend- painting originated from a girl in ancient times, when she outlined the shadow of her beloved man on the wall. Well, in this legend lies deep meaning, because the beginning of painting was given precisely by the need for a portrait of a person.

Portrait, still life, landscape, subject - these are genres related to easel painting. And why exactly" easel painting"? This is because the name comes from the word “machine”, i.e. this is painting done on an easel.

By the way, the word easel (from “Malbrett”) has German roots and stands for “drawing board.”

Easel painting is a type of painting that is independent of any objects and is a completely autonomous art. For example, there is monumental painting, which is tied to architectural buildings. It involves decorating walls, ceilings and other buildings. There is decorative painting - painting of glass, clothing, dishes, furniture, etc. But easel painting is perceived as an independent unit. It's like a window into another reality or time.

The most famous artists This painting is considered: Pablo Picasso, Vincent Van Gogh, Ivan Aivazovsky, Mikhail Vrubel, Diego Velazquez and others.

4 main genres of easel painting

The world of painting is huge! And in order to somehow differentiate this, genres of easel painting began to appear, which helped artists navigate their field and generalize artistic features.

Interesting! Once upon a time there was a time in which each genre had its own rank. The genres landscape and portrait were considered the lowest, and the highest rated was plot genre historical variety. Even then, the famous Voltaire considered these guidelines unfair. For him, all genres were good, including the boring ones.

1. Portrait.

The artist of this genre faces a difficult task. To paint a portrait of a person, you need to have experience and mature skill. It seems that this is easy, but the portrait should not only be similar to the original, but also be alive.

As Kramskoy said, “it should be written as if it were smiling, otherwise, no, now the lips trembled, in a word, God knows what, alive!”

Remember, you've probably seen portraits that depict a person with an exact likeness. But something was wrong about him, as if he had been replaced. Similar, but not similar. Sound familiar?

This is because you not only need to accurately sketch the shape of a person’s face, you also need to feel it inner world, and even better - to know the person well. Then you can fully transfer a “living” person onto the canvas, what is called personality. You can be convinced of these words by looking at the portraits of Velazquez, Serov, Rembrandt or Repin.

2. Landscape.

In this genre, the artist conveys to the viewer the fullness of experiences and emotions from the perception of nature: sea ​​view, landscapes, buildings, etc. The artist not only depicts the nature of a certain place, but also puts into the picture his worldview, mood and thoughts associated with the object.

Interesting! If we recall the famous “Vladimirka” by I. Levitan, the picture immediately evokes some feeling of grief, sadness and heaviness. But the painting depicts the road along which prisoners were driven to hard labor in tsarist times.

It is impossible not to mention the masters of Soviet landscape:

• M. Saryan;
• G. Nissky;
• S. Gerasimov.

3. Plot

There are 5 subtypes of narrative painting: historical, everyday, mythological, religious and battle. This genre requires the artist to restore the entirety of events - the atmosphere, people, life priorities, time, feelings, etc. It’s as if the painter is resuming one, but very bright and accurate fragment from the past.

Some paintings of this genre can be perceived easily by a person. And others may require some knowledge of the area and special attention (for example, religious or mythological paintings).

The historical and battle subspecies are interconnected. The painter depicts the first subtype as if the painting is a portal to the past, which shows all the problems of that time: life, prejudices and beliefs. In the second subtype, the artist tries to convey a hostile atmosphere, military life, the battle for the homeland, the bravery of soldiers and the patriotism of the people.

As for the everyday subspecies, here the master focuses our attention on everyday things in Everyday life so that in the picture they are perceived in a new and unusual way.

I remember the characters of Anatoly Kozelsky with a smile: wow, so much humor and imagination - amazing!

4. Still life.

This French word stands for "dead nature". A painter of this genre depicts inanimate objects: food, interior, flowers, etc. But this is by no means a blind repetition of the shape and color of an object; the artist also leaves his thoughts, mood and experiences in the picture.

In his still lifes "Moscow Food. Meat, Game" and "Moscow Food. Bread" I. Mashkov conveys his admiration and jubilation for the gifts of nature, as well as the life-affirming outlook and optimism that has always been characteristic of Soviet people.

How do masters paint an easel painting?

Classic easel painting - canvas, oil or tempera paints. Pastels are sometimes used watercolor paints, gouache and even ink (in the Far East). Well, nowhere without a good old easel. Centuries have already passed, and it is still the same three- or four-legged instrument.

By the way, did you know that in past centuries wood was used as a basis for easel painting? In the West, artists used rice paper, silk and parchment. But now, of course, it is a glued and primed canvas.

It so happened historically that paintings are most often painted in oils. The paints retain their brightness and color for a long time.

Tempera paints are also used no less often. They are characterized by uniform drying and do not crack (craquelure), as can happen with some oil paints. Tempera is a strict and harsh technique. For example, to transition tones, the painter applies one layer to another, and the volume is revealed by changing the tone of the pigment or by shading.

Finally

An experienced master does not immediately pick up a brush and begin to create masterpieces! First, the artist starts with a sketch, then deals with the contours of the setting, the shapes of objects and the construction of the future picture (composition).

When this is ready, the artist begins to study the people, the environment, the desired poses, light, psychological mood, etc. All this allows the artist to put together a finished picture in his head, after which he begins to paint. This is the only way the picture turns out to be alive and becomes the object of our admiration.

P. S. A few words about teaching easel painting.

In Russia, easel painting is taught at the G. K. Wagner Art School (Ryazan), at the V. Surikov Institute (Moscow) and at the E. Repin Institute (St. Petersburg).

Painting is distinguished by a variety of genres and types. Each genre is limited to its own range of subjects: the image of a person (portrait), the surrounding world (landscape), etc.
Varieties (types) of painting differ in their purpose.

In this regard, there are several types of painting, which we will talk about today.

Easel painting

The most popular and known species painting – easel painting. It is called this way because it is performed on a machine - an easel. The base is wood, cardboard, paper, but most often canvas stretched on a stretcher. An easel painting is an independent work made in a specific genre. It has a richness of color.

Oil paints

Most often, easel painting is done with oil paints. You can use oil paints on canvas, wood, cardboard, paper, and metal.

Oil paints
Oil paints are suspensions of inorganic pigments and fillers in drying vegetable oils or drying oils or based on alkyd resins, sometimes with the addition of auxiliary substances. Used in painting or for painting wood, metal and other surfaces.

V. Perov “Portrait of Dostoevsky” (1872). Canvas, oil
But a picturesque picture can also be created using tempera, gouache, pastels, and watercolors.

Watercolor

Watercolor paints

Watercolor (French Aquarelle - watery; Italian acquarello) is a painting technique that uses special watercolor paints. When dissolved in water, they form a transparent suspension of fine pigment, which creates the effect of lightness, airiness and subtle color transitions.

J. Turner “Firvaldstät Lake” (1802). Watercolor. Tate Britain (London)

Gouache

Gouache (French Gouache, Italian guazzo water paint, splash) is a type of adhesive water-soluble paint, denser and more matte than watercolor.

Gouache paints
Gouache paints are made from pigments and glue with the addition of white. The admixture of white gives the gouache a matte velvety quality, but when drying the colors become somewhat whitened (lightened), which the artist must take into account during the painting process. Using gouache paints you can cover dark colors light.

Vincent Van Gogh "Corridor at Asulum" (black chalk and gouache on pink paper)

Pastel [e]

Pastel (from Latin pasta - dough) is an artistic material used in graphics and painting. Most often it comes in the form of crayons or rimless pencils, shaped like bars with a round or square cross-section. There are three types of pastels: dry, oil and wax.

I. Levitan “River Valley” (pastel)

Tempera

Tempera (Italian tempera, from the Latin temperare - to mix paints) - water-based paints prepared on the basis of dry powder pigments. The binder for tempera paints is yolk diluted with water. chicken egg or a whole egg.
Tempera paints are one of the oldest. Before the invention and spread of oil paints until the 15th-17th centuries. tempera paints were the main material for easel painting. They have been used for more than 3 thousand years. The famous paintings of the sarcophagi of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs were made with tempera paints. Tempera painting was mainly done by Byzantine masters. In Russia, the technique of tempera painting was predominant until late XVII V.

R. Streltsov “Chamomiles and violets” (tempera)

Encaustic

Encaustic (from ancient Greek ἐγκαυστική - the art of burning) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paints. Painting is done with melted paints. Many early Christian icons were painted using this technique. Originated in Ancient Greece.

"Angel". Encaustic technique

We draw your attention to the fact that you can find another classification, according to which watercolor, gouache and other techniques using paper and water-based paints are classified as graphics. They combine the features of painting (richness of tone, construction of form and space with color) and graphics (the active role of paper in constructing the image, the absence of the specific relief of the brushstroke characteristic of a painting surface).

Monumental painting

Monumental painting is painting on architectural structures or other foundations. This oldest species painting, known from the Paleolithic. Thanks to its stationarity and durability, numerous examples of it remain from almost all cultures that created developed architecture. The main techniques of monumental painting are fresco, secco, mosaic, and stained glass.

Fresco

Fresco (from Italian fresco - fresh) - painting on wet plaster with water paints, one of the wall painting techniques. When dried, the lime contained in the plaster forms a thin transparent calcium film, making the fresco durable.
The fresco has a pleasant matte surface and is durable in indoor conditions.

Gelati Monastery (Georgia). Church Holy Mother of God. Fresco on the top and south side Arc de Triomphe

A secco

A secco (from Italian a secco – dry) – Wall art, performed, unlike frescoes, on hard, dried plaster, re-moistened. Paints are used, ground on vegetable glue, egg or mixed with lime. Secco allows you to paint a larger surface area in a working day than with fresco painting, but is not as durable a technique.
The a secco technique developed in medieval painting along with fresco and was especially widespread in Europe in the 17th-18th centuries.

Leonardo da Vinci " last supper(1498). Technique a secco

Mosaic

Mosaic (French mosaïque, Italian mosaico from Latin (opus) musivum – (work) dedicated to the muses) - arts and crafts and monumental art different genres. Images in a mosaic are formed by arranging, setting and fixing multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials on the surface.

Mosaic panel "Cat"

Stained glass

Stained glass (French vitre - window glass, from Latin vitrum - glass) is a work of colored glass. Stained glass has been used in churches for a long time. During the Renaissance, stained glass existed as painting on glass.

Stained glass window of the Mezhsoyuzny Palace of Culture (Murmansk)
The types of painting also include diorama and panorama.

Diorama

The building of the diorama “Storm of Sapun Mountain on May 7, 1944” in Sevastopol
Diorama is a ribbon-shaped, semicircularly curved pictorial picture with the front subject plan. The illusion of the viewer’s presence in natural space is created, which is achieved by a synthesis of artistic and technical means.
Dioramas are designed for artificial lighting and are located mainly in special pavilions. Most dioramas are dedicated to historical battles.
The most famous dioramas: “Storm of Sapun Mountain” (Sevastopol), “Defense of Sevastopol” (Sevastopol), “Battles for Rzhev” (Rzhev), “Breaking the Siege of Leningrad” (St. Petersburg), “Storm of Berlin” (Moscow), etc.

Panorama

In painting, a panorama is a picture with a circular view, in which a flat pictorial background is combined with a three-dimensional subject foreground. Panorama creates the illusion of real space surrounding the viewer in full circle horizon. Panoramas are used mainly to depict events covering a large area and big number participants.

Panorama Museum "Battle of Borodino" (museum building)
In Russia, the most famous panoramas are the Panorama Museum “Battle of Borodino”, “Battle of Volochaev”, “The defeat of the Nazi troops at Stalingrad” in the Panorama Museum “ Battle of Stalingrad", "Defense of Sevastopol", panorama of the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Franz Roubo. Panorama canvas “Battle of Borodino”

Theatrical and decorative painting

Scenery, costumes, makeup, props help to further reveal the content of the performance (film). The scenery gives an idea of ​​the place and time of the action, and activates the viewer’s perception of what is happening on stage. Theater artist strives in sketches of costumes and makeup to acutely express the individual character of the characters, their social status, style of the era and much more.
In Russia, the flourishing of theatrical and decorative art occurred at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. At this time, outstanding artists M.A. began working in the theater. Vrubel, V.M. Vasnetsov, A.Ya. Golovin, L.S. Bakst, N.K. Roerich.

M. Vrubel “City of Lollipop”. Set design for the opera by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” for Russian private opera in Moscow. (1900)

Miniature

A miniature is a pictorial work of small forms. Portrait miniatures were especially popular - a portrait of a small format (from 1.5 to 20 cm), distinguished by a special subtlety of writing, a unique execution technique and the use of means inherent only to this pictorial form.
The types and formats of miniatures are very diverse: they were written on parchment, paper, cardboard, Ivory, on metal and porcelain, using watercolor, gouache, special artistic enamels or oil paints. The author can inscribe the image, in accordance with his decision or at the request of the customer, into a circle, oval, rhombus, octagon, etc. A classic portrait miniature is considered to be a miniature made on a thin ivory plate.

Emperor Nicholas I. Fragment of a miniature by G. Morselli
There are several miniature techniques.

Lacquer miniature (Fedoskino)

Miniature with a portrait of Princess Zinaida Nikolaevna (Jewels of the Yusupovs)

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

Easel painting- one of the types of painting, the works of which have independent meaning and are perceived regardless of the environment. Literally - painting created on an easel.

A work of easel painting - a painting - is created on a non-stationary (unlike monumental painting) and non-utilitarian (unlike decorative painting) basis (canvas, cardboard, board, paper, silk) and presupposes an independent perception not conditioned by the environment.

The main materials for easel painting are oil, tempera and watercolor paints, gouache, pastel, acrylic. On Far East Ink painting (mainly monochrome) became widespread, often integrating calligraphy.

Easel painting training is conducted in art schools and studios, in secondary art schools and art institutes, the largest of which in Russia are in St. Petersburg, the Ryazan Art School. G.K. Wagner in Ryazan and Moscow.

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An excerpt characterizing easel painting

Painting is a type of fine art that is divided into six types. All six types are characterized by the creation of an image by applying paint to any surface.

1. Easel painting is a painting that is applied to canvas, boards or other surface. Easel painting does not depend on the place of writing, that is, depicting paints on a wall or any objects and surfaces of a certain area does not belong to easel painting. Easel painting is created using various colors: oil, acrylic paints, tempera and others. Most often, easel painting is created on canvas, which is stretched over a frame or glued to cardboard.

Monumental painting- this is a type of painting when an image is applied directly to walls, ceilings, and surfaces of buildings and structures using paints. Monumental painting also includes fresco (painting on wet plaster).

Decorative painting- way decorative decoration walls, interior items, furniture. Refers to decorative and applied arts. This also includes monumental and decorative painting ( decorative painting on the walls, panels).

Theatrical and decorative painting or Decorative painting - picturesque decoration of walls, interior items, furniture (scenery) and so on in theatrical productions.

Miniature painting - paintings small forms. In miniature, paints are applied to the surfaces of small forms - on porcelain, bone, stone, wood, metal, etc.

Iconography- painting on religious themes.

Painting in fine arts divided into genres. There are a large number of such genres. As an example, what genres of painting are: portrait, landscape, still life, historical and battle painting, religious and mythological painting, marina, animalism, figurative painting and so on.

Painting is divided not only into types and genres, but also directions: classicism, romanticism, academicism, realism, modernism, expressionism, abstractionism, fauvism, cubism, futurism, suprematism, surrealism, pop art and others.

Also painting divided into techniques, which are characterized by the ways and methods of creating images by the artist - the method of application, the type of paint, the method of preparing the canvas or other surface: encaustic (with wax), tempera (with egg), watercolor painting, painting with gouache, acrylic, pastel, grattage, glaze, pointillism, dry brush painting, painting with ceramic and silicate paints, sfumato, sgraffito, carnation, mixed techniques and so on.

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All types of fine art tend to reflect reality exclusively in visual, visual images. First of all, this is painting, graphics, sculpture, as well as decorative and applied arts. All of them recreate visible forms in real or conditional space, but not in time. If such types of art as music, theater, cinema unfold a plot or action in time, then in the visual arts it is only possible to demonstrate one specific moment, but this makes the power of its impact no less. If we remember that vision for a person is the main channel for receiving information, then artistic visual images serve as special media that allow us to convey very, very much.

One of the main types of fine art is undoubtedly painting. It accurately reflects all the diversity of the surrounding world, as well as the mood, the impression, and in the color of many colors and shades. Based on the technique of execution, painting is divided into oil, watercolor, tempera, fresco, mosaic, wax, stained glass, pastel, gouache. Well, by genre, painting can be easel, monumental, decorative, theatrical and decorative, miniature.

Easel painting- these are paintings that have an absolutely independent character and meaning. The idea embedded in the work will not change its meaning depending on the place where it is located, but the artistic sound and perception will still depend on the place of exposure. Since easel painting got its name from the word machine - a device on which artists write large paintings, it is clear that the proportionality of the room, its design, and lighting are important for exhibiting an easel work.

Painting "Stone Bridge"

Monumental painting- these are, as a rule, works of large scale attached to architectural structures, decorating ceilings, walls, and various fragments. Most often it is a fresco, mosaic, panel.

Monumental painting “Winter Evening”

Vicenz Villa Valmaran. Fresco, 1757

Empress Theodora. Fragment of a mosaic in the Church of San Vitale

Decorative painting also serves for decoration architectural structures, but is also widely used to decorate various products. Acting in unity with the volumetric-spatial composition (with the interior, exterior or shape of the product), it accentuates the expressiveness of the entire composition or even transforms it, introducing its own scale, rhythm, and color.

Ceiling painting in decorative style

Theatrical and decorative painting strives through scenery, costumes, makeup, lighting to create a visual image for the performance. The basis for all this are the artists’ sketches, which help to reveal the content of the performance, the characters characters, help the viewer perceive what is happening on stage.

Theatrical and decorative composition: Roerich N.K. "Courtyard"

Miniature can be called works of fine art, characterized by their small size and, of course, subtlety artistic techniques. Book miniature, for example, appeared in handwritten books, and with the beginning of printing it developed and the pages of books were already unthinkable without such decorations. Portrait miniatures are no less widespread. This is usually scenic portrait small format. It is believed that such portraits first appeared during the Renaissance. Today there is a very wide range of materials and technical means for making miniatures. Perhaps many have seen them using the enamel technique, but they can be made with ceramic paints on porcelain, gouache, watercolor on parchment, paper, cardboard, ivory, and also with oil on metal. To all that has been said above, we can add that all types of works can be combined into one genre or another based on similar themes. Everyone knows that there are genres of still life, landscape, portrait, interior, plot picture, and there are also genres: everyday life, historical, battle, and each of them has its own fans and admirers.