List of current problems of our time. How problems are classified. Steps to solve

On modern stage development of civilization, questions have arisen more acutely than ever before, without the solution of which further forward movement of humanity along the path of economic progress is impossible. Despite the fact that it is only part of the total human activity, from its development in the 21st century. issues of security and preservation of peace, the natural environment and, as well as moral, religious and philosophical values, depend to a greater extent.

The importance of global problems especially increased in the second half of the twentieth century. It is they who significantly influence the structure of the national and. Historically, the world economy as a single whole took shape by the beginning of the twentieth century. as a result of drawing most of the countries of the world into world economic relations. By this time it was finished territorial division of the world, in the world economy has formed two poles. At one pole were industrialized countries, and on the other - their colonies - agricultural raw materials appendages. The latter were involved long before the emergence of national markets there. The involvement of these countries in world economic relations actually did not occur in connection with the needs of their own development, but was a product of the expansion of industrialized countries. The world economy formed in this way, even after the former colonies gained independence, preserved the relationship between the center and the periphery for many years. This is where the current global problems and contradictions originate.

As a rule, solving global problems requires enormous material and financial resources. The main criteria for classifying a particular problem as global is considered to be its scale and need for joint efforts to eliminate it.

Global problems— discrepancies between the most significant planetary needs and the possibility of satisfying them through the joint efforts of humanity in a certain period of time.

Examples of global problems of the world

Global problems of humanity - These are problems that affect the vital interests of the entire population of the planet and require the joint efforts of all states of the world to be solved.

In modern conditions, global problems include:

Other global problems are emerging.

Classification of global problems

The exceptional difficulties and high costs of solving global problems require their justified classification.

According to their origin, nature and methods of solution, global problems, according to the classification adopted by international organizations, are divided into three groups. First group constitute problems determined by the basic socio-economic and political tasks of humanity. These include maintaining peace, ending the arms race and disarmament, non-militarization of space, creating favorable conditions for global social progress, and overcoming the development gap of countries with low per capita incomes.

Second group covers a complex of problems revealed in the triad “man - society - technology”. These problems should take into account the effectiveness of using scientific and technical progress in the interests of harmonious social development and the elimination of the negative impact of technology on people, population growth, the establishment of human rights in the state, its liberation from the excessively increased control of state institutions, especially over personal freedom as the most important component of human rights.

Third group is represented by problems related to socio-economic processes and the environment, that is, problems of relations along the society-nature line. This includes solving raw materials, energy and food problems, overcoming the crisis environment, covering more and more new areas and capable of destroying a person’s life.

The end of the twentieth and beginning of XXI centuries led to the development of a number of local, specific issues of development of countries and regions into the category of global ones. However, it should be recognized that internationalization played a decisive role in this process.

The number of global problems is growing, in separate publications recent years More than twenty problems of our time are named, but most authors identify four main global problems: environmental, peacekeeping and disarmament, demographic, fuel and raw materials.

The scale, location and role of individual global problems are changing. The environmental problem has now come to the fore, although recently its place was occupied by the struggle to maintain peace and disarmament. Changes are also taking place within global problems: some of their components lose their former significance and new ones appear. Thus, in the problem of the struggle for peace and disarmament, the main emphasis began to be placed on the reduction of means of mass destruction, the non-proliferation of mass weapons, the development and implementation of measures for the conversion of military production; in the fuel and raw material problem there is a real possibility of exhaustion of a number of non-renewable natural resources, and in the demographic problem, new tasks have arisen associated with a significant expansion of international population migration, labor resources and so on.

It's obvious that global problems are closely interconnected. For example, the severity of the food problem is aggravated by faster population growth than the growth of agricultural production in many developing countries. To solve the food problem it is necessary to use the resource potential of industrialized countries or international organizations developing and implementing special assistance programs. Consideration of the impact of global problems on the formation of the world economy requires their detailed analysis and assessment from the positions of both individual countries and the world community as a whole. Features of world development of the second half
XX century are that it has become a constant factor influencing all areas economic activity. Economic activity has spread to territories and areas that were previously not accessible to humans (the World Ocean, polar zones, space, etc.).

Accelerated development of productive forces, systematic nature and global scale technical progress, if not supported by a perfect control mechanism, can lead to irreversible negative consequences. In particular, the unevenness in economic development between countries will increase even more, the gap between the levels of material and spiritual culture of mankind will increase, the balance of the biosphere will be disrupted, and environmental deterioration may lead to the impossibility of life on Earth.

To overcome this food crisis, it is necessary to develop a joint international strategy on issues of food production, redistribution and consumption. Even with current methods of cultivating the land, according to calculations by British experts, it is possible to provide food for over 10 billion people. All this indicates extremely unproductive use of cultivated land.

Solving the problem of developing countries requires overcoming their economic, scientific and technical backwardness, and this is associated with the evolution of the economic space, which will lead to radical socio-economic transformations, the elimination of backward forms of land use and the rise of agriculture based on the introduction of scientific methods of its management.

In this situation, Russia and countries must pay attention, first of all, to preserving and increasing the potential of fertile agricultural lands, increasing the productivity of agricultural production, as well as storage and distribution systems.

The problem of military spending

After graduation Second World War The world community is making gigantic efforts to preserve peace and disarmament. However, humanity still spends huge amounts of money on weapons. Military spending slows down economic and technological development, increases inflation, contributes to inflation, distracts people from solving pressing social problems, increases foreign debt, and has an impact on negative impact on international relations and their stability.

The negative impact of military spending on a country's economic development can be long-lasting. Excessive military expenditures of past years place a heavy burden on countries with a low level of economic development, which at the present stage of the world economy includes many developing countries.

At the same time, zones of regional and local conflicts have emerged and are expanding, provoking external intervention, increasingly with the use of military force. The participants in such confrontations already possess or in the near future may become possessors of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons. This forces many countries to maintain high levels of military spending in their budgets.

At the same time, the reduction in military potential, especially in largest states Russia, for example, faces many complex issues, because the military-industrial complex represents thousands of enterprises and millions of people employed in them. In addition, the global arms trade is still one of the most profitable types a business that annually brings our country $3-4 billion in income.

In conditions economic instability, limitations and lack of necessary means, the reduction of armed forces and disarmament in Russia gives rise to additional economic and social problems. Disarmament and reduction of military production in some cases does not lead to the release of funds, but requires significant material and financial resources.

Thus, ensuring security and maintaining peace on the planet is possible with close cooperation between countries, reasonable use of available resources aimed at eliminating the universal military threat and nuclear war.

The development of the productive forces of the world economy requires not only a constant influx of material and fuel and energy resources, but also the use of significant monetary and financial resources.

Transformation of the world economy into a single market for goods, services, work force, capital and knowledge leads to a higher stage of internationalization (globalization). The single world market creates a volume of economic space and plays an extremely important role in serving the structural restructuring of national economies. At the same time, it can contribute to deepening imbalances in the world economy.

Global goals of humanity

The priority global goals of humanity are as follows:

• in the political sphere - reducing the likelihood and, in the future, completely eliminating military conflicts, preventing violence in international relations;
• in the economic and environmental spheres - the development and implementation of resource- and energy-saving technologies, the transition to non-traditional energy sources, the development and widespread use of environmental technologies;
• in the social sphere - improving living standards, global efforts to preserve people's health, creating a global food supply system;
• in the cultural and spiritual sphere - the restructuring of mass moral consciousness in accordance with today's realities.

Taking action towards the realization of these goals constitutes the survival strategy of humanity.

Emerging Global Issues

As the world economy develops, new global problems arise and will continue to arise.

In modern conditions, a new, already formed global problem is space exploration. The entry of man into space was an important impetus for the development of both fundamental science and applied research. Modern communication systems, forecasting of many natural disasters, remote exploration of mineral resources - this is only a small part of what has become a reality thanks to space flights. At the same time, the scale of financial costs necessary for further exploration of outer space today already exceeds the capabilities of not only individual states, but also groups of countries. The extremely expensive components of research are the creation and launch of spacecraft and the maintenance of space stations. Thus, the cost of manufacturing and launching the Progress cargo spacecraft is $22 million, the Soyuz manned spacecraft is $26 million, the Proton spacecraft is $80 million, and the Space Shuttle is $500 million. USD Annual operation of international space station(ISS) costs approximately $6 billion.

Enormous investments are required to implement projects related to the exploration and future development of other planets in the solar system. As a consequence, the interests of space exploration objectively imply broad interstate interaction in this area, the development of large-scale international cooperation in the preparation and conduct of space research.

Emerging global problems currently include study of the structure of the Earth and control of weather and climate. Like space exploration, the solution to these two problems is only possible on the basis of broad international cooperation. Moreover, weather and climate management requires, among other things, global harmonization of behavioral norms of business entities in order to universally minimize the harmful impact of economic activity on the environment.

Introduction

2. Ways to solve global problems

Conclusion

Bibliography

Applications

Introduction

Humanity does not stand still, it is constantly developing and improving. In the course of development, complex problems have constantly arisen before humanity, many of which are of a global, planetary nature, affecting the interests of all countries and peoples. Humanity has experienced the tragedy of two of the most destructive and bloody world wars. An end to colonial empires and colonialism; the collapse of totalitarian regimes opens up the prospect of the civilizational unity of the world; scientific and technological revolution and Newest technologies transformed the material and technical basis of modern society, which is acquiring the qualitative features of a post-industrial and information society; new tools and household appliances; the development of education and culture, the affirmation of the priority of human rights, etc., provide opportunities for human improvement and a new quality of life.

They fully manifested themselves in the last quarter of the twentieth century, at the turn of two centuries and even millennia. As Gilbert Keith Chesterton, the eminent English Christian thinker, journalist and writer, said: late XIX- beginning of the 20th century: “Progress is the father of problems.”

One of the reasons for the diversity of the world is the difference in natural conditions and physical habitat. These conditions affect many aspects public life, but primarily on human economic activity. In the states of the world, problems of people's lives, their well-being and human rights are solved within the framework of historical specifics. Each sovereign state has its own problems.

The purpose of this essay: to summarize knowledge about the global problems of our time, to highlight their characteristic features, to find out the necessary conditions to solve them. Let's try to determine which problems are global in nature and into which groups they are divided. Let's discuss what measures people should take to solve these problems.

The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references. The total volume of work is ___ pages.

1. Global problems of our time

1.1 Concept of global problems

First of all, it is necessary to decide what problems we can call “global”. Global (French Global) - universal, (Latin Globus) - ball. Based on this, the meaning of the word “global” can be defined as:

1) covering the entire globe, worldwide;

2) comprehensive, complete, universal.

The present time is the boundary of a change of eras, the entry modern world into a qualitatively new phase of development. The most characteristic features of the modern world (Fig. 1):

information revolution;

acceleration of modernization processes;

"compaction" of space;

acceleration of historical and social time;

the end of the bipolar world (confrontation between the USA and the USSR);

reconsidering the Eurocentric worldview;

growing influence of eastern states;

integration (convergence, interpenetration);

globalization (strengthening interconnection and interdependence of countries and peoples);

strengthening national cultural values and traditions.

Figure 1 - Modern world

Thus, global problems are a set of problems of humanity that faced it in the second half of the 20th century, and on the solution of which the existence of civilization depends and, therefore, requiring coordinated international action to solve them.

Now let's try to find out what they have in common.

These problems are characterized by dynamism, arise as an objective factor in the development of society and require the united efforts of all humanity to be solved. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of people's lives and affect all countries of the world. It has become obvious that global problems not only concern all of humanity, but are also vitally important to it. Complex problems facing humanity can be considered global, since (Fig. 2):

firstly, they affect all of humanity, touching on the interests and destinies of all countries, peoples and social strata;

secondly, global problems do not respect borders;

thirdly, they lead to significant losses of an economic and social nature, and sometimes to a threat to the existence of civilization itself;

fourthly, they require broad international cooperation to solve these problems, since not one state, no matter how powerful it may be, is unable to solve them on its own.

Figure 2 - Features of global problems

Until the middle of the 20th century, the political language lacked the concept of “global problems” as universal problems of world civilization. Their emergence was caused by a whole complex of reasons, which most clearly manifested themselves during this period. What are these reasons?

1.2 Causes of global problems

Scientists and philosophers, at the general level, have put forward ideas about the connection between human activity and the state of the biosphere (the environment that supports life on Earth). Russian scientist V.I. Vernandsky in 1944 expressed the idea that human activity is acquiring a scale comparable to the power of natural forces. This allowed him to raise the question of restructuring the biosphere into the noosphere (the sphere of activity of the mind).

What caused global problems? These reasons include the sharp increase in the human population, the scientific and technological revolution, the use of space, the emergence of a unified world information system, and many others.

The first people to appear on Earth, while obtaining food for themselves, did not violate natural laws and natural cycles. With the development of tools, man increasingly increased his “pressure” on nature. Thus, 400 thousand years ago, synanthropes destroyed significant areas of vegetation cover in northern China with fire; and in the once forested Moscow region during the time of Ivan the Terrible there were fewer forests than now - due to the use of slash-and-burn agriculture since ancient times.

The industrial revolution of the 18th-19th centuries, interstate contradictions, scientific and technological revolution of the mid-20th century, and integration aggravated the situation. Problems grew like a snowball as humanity moved along the path of progress. Second World War marked the beginning of the transformation of local problems into global ones.

Global problems are a consequence of the confrontation between natural nature and human culture, as well as the inconsistency or incompatibility of multidirectional trends in the development of human culture itself. Natural nature exists on the principle of negative feedback, while human culture exists on the principle of positive feedback. On the one hand, there is the enormous scale of human activity, which has radically changed nature, society, and people’s way of life. On the other hand, it is a person’s inability to rationally manage this power.

So, we can name the reasons for the emergence of global problems:

globalization of the world;

the catastrophic consequences of human activity, the inability of humanity to rationally manage its mighty power.

1.3 The main global problems of our time

Global problems are different in nature. These include, first of all, the problem of peace and disarmament, the prevention of a new world war; environmental; demographic; energy; raw materials; food; use of the World Ocean; peaceful space exploration; overcoming the backwardness of developing countries (Fig. 3).

There are different approaches to the classification of global problems, but the most widely accepted classification is based on the content and severity of the problems. In accordance with this approach, global problems of humanity are divided into three groups, expressing the essence of the general crisis of civilization:

universal human problems (for example, preventing an arms race);

problems of human relations with nature (for example, the study and exploration of space);

problems of relationships between society and people (for example, eliminating the most dangerous diseases).

However, a stable list and unified classification There are no global problems, however, the most pressing are the following.

The problem of global thermonuclear war. The search for ways to prevent world conflicts began almost immediately after the end of World War II and the victory over Nazism. At the same time, it was decided to create the UN - a universal international organization, the main goal of which was to develop interstate cooperation and, in the event of a conflict between countries, to assist opposing parties in resolving controversial issues peacefully. However, the division of the world that soon occurred into two systems - capitalist and socialist, as well as the beginning of the Cold War and the arms race more than once brought the world to the brink of nuclear disaster. The threat of a third world war was especially real during the so-called Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, caused by the deployment of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. But thanks to the reasonable position of the leaders of the USSR and the USA, the crisis was resolved peacefully. In the following decades, a number of nuclear weapons limitation agreements were signed by the world's leading nuclear powers, and some of the nuclear powers committed themselves to ending nuclear tests. Government decisions were influenced by the social movement for peace, as well as the speeches of such an authoritative interstate association of scientists for general and complete disarmament as the Pugwash movement.

Plan

Introduction……………………….…………………………………………3

A look at global problems……………………………………………………………4

Intersocial problems……………………………………………………………..5

Ecological and social problems…………………………………………………………….9

Sociocultural problems…………………………………………….………..14

Conclusion……………………………….…………………………………….16

References…………………………………………………….………17

Introduction

From French Global - universal

Global problems of humanity are problems and situations that cover many countries, the Earth's atmosphere, the World Ocean and near-Earth space and affect the entire population of the Earth.

Global problems of humanity cannot be solved by the efforts of one country; jointly developed regulations on environmental protection, coordinated economic policies, assistance to backward countries, etc. are needed.

In the course of the development of civilization, humanity has repeatedly faced complex problems, sometimes of a planetary nature. But still, this was distant prehistory, a kind of “incubation period” of modern global problems. These problems fully manifested themselves in the second half and, especially, in the last quarter of the 20th century, that is, at the turn of two centuries and even millennia. They were brought to life by a whole complex of reasons that clearly manifested themselves during this period.

The twentieth century is a turning point not only in the world social history, but also in the very fate of humanity. The fundamental difference between the passing century and all previous history is that humanity has lost faith in its immortality. He began to understand that his dominance over nature was not unlimited and was fraught with the death of himself. In fact, never before has humanity itself increased quantitatively by 2.5 times during the lifetime of only one generation, thereby increasing the strength of the “demographic press”. Never before has humanity entered into a period of scientific and technological revolution, reached the post-industrial stage of development, or opened the road to space. Never before has such a quantity of natural resources been required to support its life, and the waste it returns to the environment has also been so great. Never before has there been such a globalization of the world economy, such a unified world information system. Finally, never before has a Cold War brought all of humanity so close to the brink of self-destruction. Even if it is possible to avoid a global nuclear war, the threat to the existence of humanity on Earth still remains, because the planet will not withstand the unbearable load that has arisen as a result of human activity. It is increasingly clear that historical form existence of man, which allowed him to create modern civilization, with all its seemingly limitless possibilities and conveniences, has given rise to many problems that require drastic solutions - and urgently.

The purpose of this essay is to give modern ideas about the essence of global problems and the nature of their interrelations.

A LOOK AT GLOBAL ISSUES

In the process of historical development of human activity, outdated technological methods are being broken down, and with them outdated social mechanisms of human interaction with nature. At the beginning of human history, predominantly adaptive (adaptive) interaction mechanisms operated. Man obeyed the forces of nature, adapted to the changes occurring in it, changing his own nature in the process. Then, as the productive forces developed, man’s utilitarian attitude towards nature and other people prevailed. Modern era raises the question of the transition to a new path of social mechanisms, which should be called co-evolutionary or harmonious. The global situation in which humanity finds itself reflects and expresses the general crisis of human consumerism towards natural and social resources. Reason pushes humanity to realize the vital need to harmonize connections and relationships in the global system “Man - Technology - Nature”. In this regard, understanding the global problems of our time, their causes, relationships, and ways to solve them is of particular importance.

Global problems name those problems that, firstly, concern all of humanity, affecting the interests and destinies of all countries, peoples and social strata; secondly, they lead to significant economic and social losses, and if they worsen, they can threaten the very existence of human civilization; thirdly, for their solution they require cooperation on a planetary scale, joint actions of all countries and peoples.

The above definition can hardly be considered sufficiently clear and unambiguous. And their classifications according to one or another characteristic are often too vague. From the point of view of an overview of global problems, the most acceptable classification is one that combines all global problems into three groups:

1. Problems of economic and political interaction between states (intersocial). Among them, the most pressing are: global security; globalization of political power and the structure of civil society; overcoming the technological and economic backwardness of developing countries and establishing a new international order.

2. Problems of interaction between society and nature (ecological and social). First of all, these are: prevention of catastrophic environmental pollution; providing humanity with necessary natural resources; exploration of the World Ocean and outer space.

3. Problems of relationships between people and society (sociocultural). The main ones are: the problem of population growth; the problem of protecting and promoting people's health; problems of education and cultural growth.

All these problems are generated by the disunity of humanity and the unevenness of its development. Consciousness has not yet become the most important prerequisite for humanity as a whole. Negative results and consequences of uncoordinated, ill-considered actions of countries, peoples, individuals, accumulating in on a global scale, have become a powerful objective factor in global economic and social development. They are having an increasingly significant impact on the development of individual countries and regions. Their solution involves joining forces large quantity states and organizations at the international level. In order to have a clear idea of ​​the strategy and methodology for solving global problems, it is necessary to dwell on the characteristics of at least the most pressing of them

INTERSOCIAL ISSUES

Global Security

In recent years, this topic has attracted special attention in political and scientific circles; a huge number of special studies have been devoted to it. This in itself is evidence of an awareness of the fact that the survival and development of humanity is facing threats such as it has never experienced in the past.

Indeed, in old times the concept of security was identified primarily with the defense of the country from aggression. Now it also means protection from threats associated with natural and man-made disasters, economic crisis, political instability, the spread of subversive information, moral degradation, impoverishment of the national gene pool, etc.

All this vast issue with with good reason is a matter of concern both in individual countries and within the global community. It will be considered in one way or another in all parts of the research undertaken. At the same time, it remains, and in some respects even intensifies military threat.

The confrontation between two superpowers and military blocs has brought the world close to a nuclear disaster. The end of this confrontation and the first steps towards real disarmament were, undoubtedly, the greatest achievement of international politics. They proved the fundamental possibility of breaking out of the cycle that was inexorably pushing humanity into the abyss, turning sharply from the escalation of hostility and hatred to attempts to understand each other, take into account mutual interests, and open the way to cooperation and partnership.

The results of this policy cannot be overestimated. The main one is the absence of an immediate danger of a world war with the use of means of mass destruction and the threat of general extermination of life on Earth. But can it be said that world wars from now on and forever completely excluded from history, that such a danger will not arise again after some time due to the emergence of a new armed confrontation or the spontaneous expansion of a local conflict to global proportions, equipment failure, unauthorized launch of missiles with nuclear warheads, or other cases of this kind? This is one of the most important global security issues today.

The problem of conflicts arising from interfaith rivalry requires special attention. Are traditional geopolitical contradictions hiding behind them or is the world facing the threat of a revival of jihads and crusades, inspired by fundamentalists of various persuasions? No matter how unexpected such a prospect may seem in an era of widespread democratic and humanistic values, the dangers associated with it are too great not to take the necessary measures to prevent them.

Current security issues also include joint fight against terrorism, political and criminal, crime, drug trafficking.

Thus, the efforts of the world community to create a global security system should follow the path of progress towards: collective security universal type, covering all participants in the world community; security complex type, covering, along with military, other factors of strategic instability; security long-term type, meeting the needs of the democratic global system as a whole.

Politics and power in a globalizing world

As in other areas of life, globalization entails fundamental changes in the field of politics, structure and distribution of power. The ability of humanity to keep control of the process of globalization itself, using its positive aspects and minimizing negative consequences, to adequately respond to economic, social, environmental, spiritual and other challenges of the 21st century.

The “compression” of space due to the revolution in the field of communications and the formation of the world market, the need for universal solidarity in the face of looming threats, is steadily reducing the possibilities of national policy and multiplying the number of regional, continental, and global problems. As the interdependence of individual societies increases, this trend not only dominates foreign policy states, but is also increasingly making itself felt in domestic political issues.

Meanwhile, the basis “ organizational structure“The world community remains sovereign states. In the conditions of this “dual power,” there is an urgent need for a reasonable balance between national and global policies, an optimal distribution of “responsibilities” between them, and their organic interaction.

How realistic is such a connection, whether it will be possible to overcome the opposition of the forces of national and group egoism, to use the unique opportunity that is opening up to form a democratic world order - this is the main subject of research.

The experience of recent years does not allow us to answer this question unambiguously. The elimination of the split of the world into two opposing military-political blocs did not lead to the expected democratization of the entire system of international relations, to the elimination of hegemony or a reduction in the use of force. There is a great temptation to start a new round of geopolitical games, redistributing spheres of influence. The disarmament process, which was given impetus by new thinking, has noticeably slowed down. Instead of some conflicts, others broke out, no less bloody. In general, after a step forward, what was the termination “ cold war”, was taken half a step back.

All this does not give reason to believe that the possibilities for democratic reconstruction of the international system have been exhausted, but it does indicate that this task is much more difficult than it seemed ten years ago to the politicians who dared to take it on. The question remains open that the bipolar world will be replaced by a new version with a replacement Soviet Union some kind of superpower, monocentrism, polycentrism, or, finally, democratic management of the affairs of the world community through generally acceptable mechanisms and procedures.

Along with the creation new system international relations and the redistribution of power between states, other factors that actively influence the formation of the world order of the 21st century are becoming increasingly important. International financial institutions, transnational corporations, powerful information complexes such as the Internet, global communication systems, associations of like-minded political parties and social movements, religious, cultural, corporate associations - all these institutions of the emerging global civil society may in the future have a strong impact on the course of world development. Whether they will become conductors of limited national or even selfish private interests or an instrument of global politics is a question of enormous importance that requires in-depth study.

Thus, the emerging global system needs a reasonably organized legitimate government that expresses the collective will of the world community and has sufficient powers to solve global problems.

The global economy is a challenge for national economies

In economics, science, and technology, globalization manifests itself most intensively. Transnational corporations and banks, uncontrollable financial flows, a single global system electronic communications and information, modern transport, the transformation of English into a means of “global” communication, large-scale population migrations - all this blurs national-state boundaries and creates an economically integrated world.

At the same time, for a huge number of countries and peoples, the status of a sovereign state seems to be a means of protecting and ensuring economic interests.

The contradiction between globalism and nationalism in economic development is becoming the most pressing problem. Is it true that, and to what extent, nation states are losing their ability to determine economic policy as they give way to transnational corporations? And if so, what are the consequences for social environment, the formation and regulation of which is carried out primarily at the national-state level?

With the end of the military and ideological confrontation between the two worlds, as well as progress in the field of disarmament, globalization received a powerful additional impetus. The relationship between market transformation in Russia and throughout the post-Soviet space, in China, the countries of Central and of Eastern Europe, on the one hand, and economic globalization, on the other, is a new and promising area of ​​research and forecasting.

Apparently, a new sphere of confrontation between two powerful forces is opening: the national bureaucracy (and everything that stands behind it) and the international economic environment, which is losing its national “registration” and obligations.

The next layer of problems is the attack of the globalizing economy on the institutions of social protection and the social state created over many decades. Globalization sharply intensifies economic competition. As a result, the social climate inside and outside the enterprise worsens. This also applies to transnational corporations.

So far, the lion's share of the benefits and fruits of globalization go to rich and powerful states. The danger of global economic shocks is noticeably increasing. The world is particularly vulnerable financial system, which is disconnected from the real economy and may become a victim of speculative scams. The need for joint management of globalization processes is obvious. But is it possible and in what forms?

Finally, the world will probably have to face a dramatic need to rethink the basic principles of economic activity. This is caused by at least two circumstances. First, the rapidly deepening environmental crisis requires significant changes to the prevailing economic system, both nationally and globally. “Market failure” in regulating the scale of environmental pollution may indeed become the “end of history” in the near future. Secondly, serious problem represents the “social failure” of the market, manifested, in particular, in the growing polarization of the rich North and the poor South.

All this puts the most difficult questions, regarding the place in the regulation of the future world economy of classical mechanisms of market self-regulation, on the one hand, and the conscious activities of state, interstate and supranational bodies, on the other.

ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES

The essence of this range of global problems lies in the imbalance of biosphere processes that is dangerous for the existence of mankind. In the twentieth century, technological civilization came into threatening conflict with the biosphere, which had been formed over billions of years as a system that ensured the continuity of life and the optimality of the environment. Without solving social problems for the majority of humanity, the technogenic development of civilization has led to the destruction of the habitat. The ecological and social crisis has become a reality of the twentieth century.

The ecological crisis is the main challenge to civilization

It is known that life on Earth exists in the form of cycles of organic matter based on the interaction of the processes of synthesis and destruction. Each type of organism is a link in the circulation, the process of reproduction of organic matter. The synthesis function in this process is performed by green plants. The function of destruction is microorganisms. At the first stages of its history, man was a natural link in the biosphere and the biotic cycle. The changes he introduced into nature did not have a decisive impact on the biosphere. Today man has become the largest planetary force. Suffice it to say that every year about 10 billion tons of minerals are extracted from the bowels of the Earth, 3-4 billion tons of plant mass are consumed, and about 10 billion tons of industrial carbon dioxide are emitted into the atmosphere. More than 5 million tons of oil and petroleum products are discharged into the World Ocean and rivers. The problem is getting worse every day drinking water. The airy atmosphere of a modern industrial city is a mixture of smoke, toxic fumes and dust. Many species of animals and plants are disappearing. The great balance of nature has been disrupted to such an extent that a gloomy forecast has emerged about the “ecological suicide of humanity.”

Voices are being heard louder and louder about the need to abandon all industrial interference in the natural balance and stop technical progress. However, solving the environmental problem by throwing humanity back to the medieval state is a utopia. And not only because people will not give up the achievements of technological progress. But, on the other hand, many in the world of science and politics still rely on an artificial mechanism for regulating the environment in the event of deep destruction of the biosphere. Therefore, science is faced with the task of finding out whether this is real or is it a myth generated by the “Promethean” spirit of modern civilization?

Satisfying mass consumer demand is recognized the most important factor internal socio-political stability. And this is placed by influential political and economic elites above global environmental security.

Unfortunately, a biosphere catastrophe is quite possible. Therefore, there is a need for honest recognition of the scale of the environmental threat and intellectual fearlessness in the face of this challenge to humanity. The fact is that changes in the biosphere, including catastrophic ones, have occurred and will occur regardless of man, so we should not be talking about complete obedience to nature, but about the harmonization of natural and social processes based on the humanization of scientific and technical progress and a radical restructuring of the entire system of social relations.

Provision of natural resources

Mineral resources

Despite the acute crisis phenomena that manifested themselves from time to time in developed countries and countries with economies in transition, the global trend is still characterized by a further increase in industrial production, accompanied by an increase in the need for mineral raw materials. This stimulated an increase in the extraction of mineral resources, which, for example, over the period 1980-2000. in total exceeds production by 1.2-2 times over the previous twenty years. And as forecasts show, this trend will continue. The question naturally arises: are the mineral resources contained in the bowels of the Earth sufficient to ensure the indicated enormous acceleration in the extraction of minerals in the near and distant future. This question is logical especially because, unlike other natural resources, mineral resources on the scale of the past future history of mankind are non-renewable, and, strictly speaking, within the boundaries of our planet, limited and finite.

The problem of limited mineral resources has become particularly acute because, in addition to the growth of industrial production, which is associated with an increasing need for mineral raw materials, it is aggravated by the extremely uneven distribution of deposits in the depths of the earth’s crust across continents and countries. Which in turn aggravates economic and political conflicts between countries.

Thus, the global nature of the problem of providing for humanity mineral resources predetermines the need to develop broad international cooperation here. The difficulties that many countries of the world experience due to the lack of certain types of mineral raw materials could be overcome on the basis of mutually beneficial scientific, technical and economic cooperation. Such cooperation can be very effective in jointly conducting regional geological and geophysical research in promising zones of the earth's crust or through joint exploration and exploitation of large mineral deposits, by providing assistance in the industrial development of complex deposits on a compensation basis, and finally, by carrying out mutually beneficial trade in mineral raw materials and its products.

Land resources

The characteristics and properties of the land determine its exclusive place in the development of the productive forces of society. The relationship “man - earth” that has developed over centuries remains at the present time and in the foreseeable future one of the determining factors of world life and progress. Moreover, land supply problem due to the population growth trend will constantly worsen.

The nature and forms of land use in different countries differ significantly. At the same time, a number of aspects of the use of land resources are common to the entire world community. This is first of all protection of land resources, especially land fertility, from natural and anthropogenic degradation.

Modern trends in the use of land resources in the world are expressed in the widespread intensification of the use of productive lands, the involvement of additional areas in economic turnover, the expansion of land allocations for non-agricultural needs, and the strengthening of activities to regulate the use and protection of lands at the national level. At the same time, the problem of economical, rational use and protection of land resources should be under increasingly close attention of international organizations. Limited and irreplaceable land resources given population growth and continuous expansion social production require their effective use in all countries of the world with increasingly close international cooperation in this area. On the other hand, the land simultaneously acts as one of the main components of the biosphere, as a universal means of labor and as a spatial basis for the functioning of productive forces and their reproduction. All this determines the task of organizing scientifically based, economical and rational use of land resources as one of the global ones at the present stage of human development.

Food resources

Providing food to the ever-growing population of the Earth is one of the long-term and most complex problems of the world economy and politics.

According to experts, the aggravation of the global food problem is the result of the combined effect of the following reasons: 1) excessive load on the natural potential of agriculture and fisheries, preventing its natural recovery; 2) insufficient rates of scientific and technological progress in agriculture in those countries that do not compensate for the declining scale of natural renewal of resources; 3) ever-increasing instability in world trade in food, feed, and fertilizers.

Of course, scientific and technological progress and an increase in the production of high-quality agricultural products based on it, incl. and food crops may allow in the future to double and triple. Further intensification of agricultural production, as well as the expansion of productive lands, are real ways to solve this problem on a daily basis. But the key to solving it still lies on the political and social plane. Many rightly point out that without establishing a fair economic and political world order, without overcoming the backwardness of most countries, without socio-economic transformations in developing countries and countries with economies in transition that would meet the level of requirements of accelerating scientific and technological progress, with mutually beneficial international mutual assistance - the solution The food problem will remain a distant matter.

Energetic resources

Characteristic feature promising development In the global energy sector there will be a constant increase in the share of converted energy carriers in the final use of energy (primarily electrical energy). The increase in prices for electricity, especially base prices, occurs much more slowly than for hydrocarbon fuels. In the future, when nuclear power sources play a more prominent role than at present, we should expect stabilization or even reduction in the cost of electricity.

In the coming future, the share of world energy consumption by developing countries is expected to grow rapidly (up to 50%). The shift in the center of gravity of energy problems during the first half of the 21st century from developed countries to developing countries puts forward completely new tasks for humanity in terms of social and economic restructuring world, which need to be addressed now. Given the relatively low supply of energy resources in developing countries, this creates complex problem for humanity, which could develop into a crisis situation during the 21st century if appropriate organizational, economic and political measures are not taken.

One of the top priorities in the energy development strategy in the region of developing countries should be an immediate transition to new energy sources that can reduce the dependence of these countries on imports liquid fuel and put an end to the unacceptable destruction of the forests that provide these countries with their main source of fuel.

Due to the global nature of these problems, their solution, as well as those listed above, is possible only with the further development of international cooperation, through strengthening and expanding economic and technical assistance to developing countries from developed countries.

Development of the World Ocean

The problem of the development of the World Ocean has become global in nature due to a complex of reasons: 1) a sharp aggravation and transformation into global problems such as the raw materials, energy, and food problems described above, to the solution of which the use of the resource potential of the ocean can and should make a huge contribution; 2) the creation of powerful technical means of management, which determined not only the possibility, but also the need for a comprehensive study and development of marine resources and spaces; 3) the emergence of interstate relations of resource management, production and management in the maritime economy, which turned the previously declarative thesis about the collective (with the participation of all states) process of ocean development into a political necessity, causing the inevitability of finding a compromise with the participation and satisfaction of the interests of all major groups of countries, regardless on geographical location and level of development; 4) awareness by the overwhelming majority of developing countries of the role that the use of the ocean can play in solving the problems of backwardness and accelerating their economic development; 5) transformation into a global environmental problem, the most important element of which is the World Ocean, which absorbs the main part of pollutants.

Man has been obtaining his food products from the ocean for a long time. Therefore, it is very important to study the life activity of ecological systems in the hydrosphere and identify the possibility of stimulating their productivity. This, in turn, leads to the need to understand very complex and hidden biological processes in the ocean, hidden from direct observation and far from being understood, the study of which requires close international cooperation.

And in general, there is no alternative to the division of vast spaces and resources other than broad and equal international cooperation in their development.

SOCIO-CULTURAL ISSUES

In this group, the priority issue is population. Moreover, it cannot be reduced only to the reproduction of the population and its gender and age composition. It's about here, first of all, about the relationship between the processes of population reproduction and social methods of production material goods. If the production of material goods lags behind population growth, then the financial situation of people will worsen. Conversely, if population growth decreases, this ultimately leads to an aging population and a decrease in the production of material goods.

The rapid population growth observed in the late twentieth century in Asia, Africa and Latin America is associated, first of all, with the liberation of these countries from the colonial yoke and their entry into a new stage of economic development. The new “demographic explosion” has exacerbated the problems generated by the spontaneity, unevenness and antagonistic nature of human development. All this was expressed in sharp deterioration nutrition and public health. To the shame of civilized humanity, more than 500 million people (every tenth) are chronically malnourished every day, leading a half-starved existence, and this is mainly in countries with the most favorable conditions for the development of agricultural production. As an analysis conducted by UNESCO experts shows, the causes of hunger in these countries must be sought in the dominance of monocultures (cotton, coffee, cocoa, bananas, etc.) and the low level of agricultural technology. The vast majority of families engaged in agriculture on all continents of the planet still cultivate the land with a hoe and plow. Children suffer the most from malnutrition. According to the World Health Organization, 40 thousand children under the age of 5 die every day who could have been saved. This amounts to about 15 million people per year.

Education remains an acute global problem. Currently, almost every fourth inhabitant of our planet over the age of 15 remains illiterate. The number of illiterate people increases annually by 7 million people. The solution to this problem, like others, rests on the lack of material resources for the development of the education system, at the same time, as we have already noted, the military-industrial complex absorbs enormous resources.

No less pressing are issues that collectively capture cultural, religious and moral issues process of globalization.

The idea of ​​international justice can be stated as a basic principle of coexistence and free development of civilizations and cultures. In the process of globalization of the world, the problem of transferring the principles of democracy as a tool for coordinating interests and organizing cooperation to relations between countries, peoples, and civilizations becomes relevant.

CONCLUSION

An analysis of the global problems of our time shows the presence of a complex and branched system of cause-and-effect relationships between them. The largest problems and their groups are, to one degree or another, related and intertwined. And any key and major problem can consist of many private, but no less important in its relevance, problems.

For thousands of years, man lived, worked, developed, but he did not suspect that perhaps the day would come when it would become difficult, and perhaps impossible, to breathe clean air, drink clean water, to grow something on the ground, since the air is ¾ polluted, the water ¾ is poisoned, the soil ¾ is contaminated with radiation or other chemicals. But a lot has changed since then. And in our century this is a very real threat, and not many people realize it. Such people, the owners of large factories, the oil and gas industry, think only about themselves, about their wallet. They neglect safety rules, ignore the requirements of the environmental police, GREANPEACE, and sometimes they are reluctant or too lazy to buy new filters for industrial wastewater and gases that pollute the atmosphere. What could be the conclusion? ¾ Another Chernobyl, if not worse. So maybe we should think about this?

Every person must realize that Humanity is on the verge of destruction, and whether we survive or not is the merit of each of us.

Globalization of world development processes presupposes international cooperation and solidarity within the world scientific community, an increase in the social and humanistic responsibility of scientists. Science for man and humanity, science in order to solve global problems of our time and social progress - this is the true humanistic orientation that should unite scientists all over the world. This presupposes not only a closer unification of science and practice, but also the development of fundamental problems of the future of humanity, the development of the unity and interaction of sciences, the strengthening of their ideological and moral foundations, corresponding to the conditions of global problems of our time

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Aleksandrova I.I., Baykov N.M., Beschinsky A.A. etc. Global energy problem. M.: Mysl, 1985

2. Allen D., Nelson M. Space biospheres. M., 1991

3. Baransky N.N. Economical geography. Economic cartography. M., 1956

4. Vernadsky V.I. Scientific thought as a planetary phenomenon. M. 1991

5. Global problems and civilizational shift. M., 1983

6. Global economic processes: analysis and modeling: Sat. Art. M.: CEMI. 1986

7. Zotov A.F. A new type of global civilization // Polis. 1993. No. 4.

8. Isachenko A.G. Geography in the modern world. M.: Education, 1998

The emergence of global problems and the increasing danger of their consequences forces people to turn to science for help in studying the prerequisites and ways to solve them. Global problems are studied by a whole range of natural and social sciences: biology, geology, genetics, political science, ethnography, sociology and others. Moreover, each of the specific sciences solves one or another particular problem. However, global problems represent a highly complex and interconnected system. They affect every person, the system of society and nature, and therefore require philosophical understanding.

Philosophical comprehension involves a holistic study of processes and phenomena related to global problems, from the point of view of the existence of a planetary civilization, the world-historical process of internationalization of the interests of mankind. The set of basic issues related to the solution of global problems constitutes the field of philosophy of global problems.

Philosophy examines the situation that led to the emergence and aggravation of global problems, studies their social danger and social conditionality. The philosophical approach constitutes the ideological, cultural, ethical and methodological basis for their solution by other sciences and practice.

The issue of substantiating global problems has not only a theoretical, but also a practical aspect. This is due to the functioning of society. The choice of ways and means of solving them, and the future of humanity, largely depends on what specific problems should be recognized as global.

In modern socio-philosophical science there are three main approaches to understanding the global problem.

1. Supporters of one approach believe that all natural science, scientific, technical and social problems that exist in society someday become global. The only question is whether they have already or have not yet acquired a worldwide, international character. In this approach, the concept of “global problem” is synonymous with a general social problem.

2. Followers of another approach limit the number of global problems to the most dangerous and requiring immediate solutions: the problem of preventing war and strengthening peace, acute environmental problems, the population of the planet, the human problem and some others.

3. The third approach is to develop a methodology and techniques that allow us to determine what a global problem is, what its content is, its signs, how it manifests itself in the specific lives of people: in the forms of contradictions, disproportions, functional disorders. Proponents of this approach strive to more accurately, based on the practice of the functioning of society, determine the causes of global problems, their essential features and content, and carry out a classification. This approach, to a certain extent, can be considered a combination of the first two approaches.

Main features of global problems:

1. Global problems are of a universal nature. This means that they affect the vital interests and future of all humanity, of each individual person.

2. Global problems are worldwide in nature. They manifest themselves in major regions of the world. Their area of ​​action became the entire planet or its main part.

3. To solve global problems, they require the united efforts of all humanity.

4. Global problems pose an immediate threat to planetary civilization and require urgent solutions. The failure to resolve global problems may in the near future lead to serious, possibly irreparable, consequences for all of humanity and its environment.

5. Global problems are more inert and have less mobility of manifestation compared to local problems.

6. Global problems are in a complex relationship and interdependence with each other. Solving any of them requires taking into account the influence of other problems.

Global problems are seen as natural, but negative result development of humanity. The reasons for their emergence and aggravation are rooted in the history of the formation of modern civilization, which gave rise to an extensive crisis in industrial society and a technocratically oriented culture.

Global problems have a dual nature: on the one hand, natural, and on the other, social. This understanding of global problems allows us to trace their genesis two interconnected lines.

1. They are an undesirable result of the relationship between man (society) and nature; they arise in the “society – nature” system. Global problems are generated by the increased scale and depth of society's technical impact on nature and the enormous scope of human economic activity. The interaction of society with nature has now become comparable to geological and other natural planetary processes. Rapid, ever-increasing and poorly planned, transformative human activities lead to environmental degradation.

2. Global problems are the result of unsuccessful social development of modern civilization. Errors in relationships between people also give rise to global problems and constitute a trend historical process. In modern society, a crisis is intensifying, which is the result of human activity, and therefore has an “anthropogenic” social character. This crisis has covered the entire complex of interactions between people and affected almost the entire world community.

The history of human civilization shows that each new stage in the development of the economy and social relations also meant a new stage in the aggravation of contradictions between nature and society, as well as in society itself. Global problems, being the result of the previous development of society and its relations with nature, are an indicator of the imperfection of people's lives as civilized communities.

The uneven development of local civilizations also had negative consequences. Many developed states and societies solved their problems more actively and on a larger scale, sometimes at the expense of other peoples and predatory use of natural resources. It should be added that many developed countries have not solved, but have exacerbated many of their internal social problems, “raising” them to the level of global ones: drug addiction, corruption, bureaucracy, degradation of morality, illiteracy, violation of the gene pool, drunkenness, disease, etc. Two World Wars wars as global catastrophes were started and waged by developed states.

From the above it follows that the global problems of our time are the negative results of the development of primarily industrial states with sufficiently advanced power structures and spirituality of society.

Global problems are grouped according to their most characteristic features. The classification of global problems allows us to establish their objective “hierarchy”, that is, the degree of relevance and their subordination. The correct determination of priorities has important theoretical and practical significance, which makes it possible to determine their sequence theoretical analysis, practical solution methodology.

There are different approaches to classifying global problems. Among them, the most widely recognized approach is the one in which the classification is based on the degree of severity of the problem and the necessary sequence of their solution.

In accordance with this approach, global problems are divided into three large groups:

1. Intersocial problems . They arise between different states, their unions, and regions of the planet. The most significant problems of this group include two: eliminating war from the life of society and ensuring a just world; establishing a new international economic order.

2. Ecological problems , arising as a result of the interaction between society and nature: maintaining a clean environment; providing world civilization with energy, fuel, fresh water, and raw materials; exploration of the World Ocean, outer space, etc.

3. Anthroposocial global problems arising between society and man. This is a demographic problem, issues of health care, education, spiritual culture of a person and society, etc.

The main directions and methods of solving modern global problems are recognized:

Humanization of the world community;

Formation of a non-aggressive personality of the 21st century;

Rational limitation of scientific and technological progress;

Increasing the reliability of scientific forecasts for the development of planetary society;

Elimination of wars from the life of society;

Creation of effective international bodies for joint resolution of global problems, etc.

Let's look at some of them:

A) the problem of preventing a new world war. With the emergence and accumulation of nuclear missile weapons, other means of mass destruction, and a huge number of conventional weapons, the problem of preventing world war has become the most acute and urgent, because it is associated with a possible planetary catastrophe.

What reasons lead to the aggravation of the noted problem?

1. The process of scientific and technological development in military affairs, uncontrolled by civil society. It made it possible to create and adopt various types of weapons of mass destruction, new types of high-precision weapons of traditional types, and types of non-lethal weapons. Modern weapons have given man the ability to destroy all life on Earth.

2. Qualitative improvement of means of destruction. Each new combat missile hits people and objects “qualitatively” differently than before, and has an increasingly destructive effect on nature.

3. The unprecedented speed of emergence of new types of conventional weapons. They are often as powerful as weapons of mass destruction if used in sufficiently large quantities.

4. The accumulated nuclear weapons and the sophisticated technology for controlling them and their use have created the possibility of their unauthorized use.

5. Weapons of mass destruction are “spreading” across countries and continents, despite existing agreements and non-proliferation pacts. The danger of its use by uncontrolled adventurist and terrorist forces, as well as by individual states pursuing a policy of social revenge, is growing.

6. The threshold between nuclear war and conventional war is gradually being smoothed out.

An assessment of the consequences of the global use of nuclear weapons is reflected, for example, in the concept of “nuclear winter.”

Today the arms race has acquired a hidden character. It is practically not discussed in the media, which poses an even greater danger. The arms race has moved to less developed countries, requiring them to increase military spending and increasing dependence on highly developed countries.

Is it possible to prevent nuclear war? Many answer this question in the affirmative. To do this, it is necessary, first of all, to establish a new world order, which would be based on the following basic principles:

Recognition of the priority of universal human values, understanding of human life and peace as the highest values ​​of humanity;

Refusal of war when resolving controversial issues, tireless search for peaceful ways to resolve social conflicts and problems;

Recognition of the right of all peoples to freely and independently choose their own path of development;

Understanding the modern world as holistic and multipolar, as an interconnected community of people, a natural and necessary way of existence of earthly civilization.

b) the problem of rational use of natural resources and maintaining a clean environment. Providing humanity with energy and raw materials resources is associated with environmental management. The problem is to use natural resources economically, systematically and fairly for all peoples, to jointly renew those that can be reproduced (forests, land fertility, etc.), as well as to move in a timely manner to new resources and discover them.

The problem of rational use of natural resources is closely related to problems of maintaining the cleanliness of the air environment, the world's oceans, global climate change, exploration of near and far space, providing the population with quality food, and curbing the negative impact of these problems on the physical and social health of people.

Due to the depletion of traditional, non-renewable resources (oil, coal, gas, minerals, etc.), this problem is acquiring an increasingly significant role in human life and requires new solutions. Issues of exploration, development, transportation of energy and raw materials today have become a powerful factor in solving the most important political and economic problems and forming a new economic order. The growing danger of environmental disaster is the second, after the military threat, problem facing humanity.

It is important to note that environmental problems themselves manifest themselves in the system biosphere - man. The main feature of changes in the interaction of nature and man was identified by V.I. Vernadsky. He concluded that at the present stage, “humanity, taken as a whole, is becoming a powerful geological force.”

The modern environmental situation is characterized by extreme tension: as a result of excessive overloads on natural systems, multiple excesses of the maximum permissible standards of environmental pollution (water, air, soil, etc.), an imbalance in natural processes occurs. At the same time, the negative anthropogenic impact on nature often reaches the limit beyond which the degradation of the natural environment becomes irreversible.

Main directions for solving environmental problems.

1. Fight against environmental pollution.

2. Creation of waste-free (clean) technologies.

3. Rational use of energy, land and water resources.

4. Saving used and searching for other resources.

5. Improving the legislative framework in the field of ecology.

Global problems are problems that:

1. concern all humanity, affecting the interests and destinies of all countries, peoples, social strata;
2. lead to significant economic and social losses, which, if worsened, can threaten the very existence of human civilization;
3. can only be resolved through cooperation on a planetary scale.

The essence of global problems and possible ways to solve them:

The problem of peace and disarmament— the problem of preventing a third world war remains the most important, highest priority problem for humanity. In the second half of the 20th century. Nuclear weapons appeared and a real threat arose of the destruction of entire countries and even continents, i.e. almost all modern
Solutions:

• Establishment of strict control over nuclear and chemical weapons;
• Reduction of conventional weapons and arms trade;
• A general reduction in military spending and the size of the armed forces.

Ecological- degradation of global ecological system, as a result irrational environmental management and its pollution by human waste.
Solutions:

• Optimization of the use of natural resources in the process of social production;
• Protection of nature from the negative consequences of human activity;
• Environmental safety of the population;
• Creation of specially protected areas.

Demographic- continuation of the demographic explosion, rapid growth of the Earth's population and, as a consequence, overpopulation of the planet.
Solutions:

• Carrying out a well-thought-out demographic policy.

Fuel and raw materials- the problem of reliable provision of humanity with fuel and energy, as a result of the rapid growth in consumption of natural mineral resources.
Solutions:

• Increasing use of non-traditional sources of energy and heat (solar, wind, tidal, etc.).
• Development of nuclear energy;

Food- according to FAO (food and nutrition organization) agriculture) and WHO (World Health Organization) between 0.8 and 1.2 billion people are hungry and undernourished in the world.
Solutions:

• An extensive solution is to expand arable land, pastures and fishing grounds.
• The intensive path is an increase in agricultural production through mechanization, chemicalization, automation of production, through the development of new technologies, breeding high-yielding, disease-resistant plant varieties and animal breeds.

Use of ocean resources— at all stages of human civilization, the World Ocean was one of the most important sources of supporting life on Earth. Currently, the ocean is not just a single natural space, but also a natural-economic system.
Solutions:

• Creation of a global structure of the maritime economy (allocation of oil production zones, fishing and recreational zones), improvement of the infrastructure of port-industrial complexes.
• Protection of the waters of the World Ocean from pollution.
• Prohibition of military testing and disposal of nuclear waste.

Peaceful space exploration— space is a global environment, the common heritage of humanity. Testing various types of weapons could threaten the entire planet at once. "Littering" and "clogging" of outer space.
Solutions:

• "Non-militarization" of outer space.
• International cooperation in space exploration.

Overcoming the backwardness of developing countries — most of The world's population lives in poverty and squalor, which can be considered extreme forms of underdevelopment. Per capita income in some countries is less than $1 per day.
Solutions:

• Creation and implementation of international assistance programs for lagging countries.
• Free economic and financial aid(construction of industrial enterprises, hospitals, schools).