Show where Dostoevsky died on the map. Biography of Dostoevsky. Interesting facts from the biography of Dostoevsky. Last years of life. Death and legacy

In Moscow.

He was the second child of six in the family of a doctor at the Moscow Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor, the son of the Uniate priest Mikhail Dostoevsky, who in 1828 received the title of hereditary nobleman. The mother of the future writer came from a merchant family.

Since 1832, Fyodor and his older brother Mikhail began studying with teachers who came to the house; from 1833 they studied at the boarding school of Nikolai Drashusov (Sushara), then at the boarding school of Leonty Chermak. After the death of their mother in 1837, their father took them and their brother to St. Petersburg to continue their education. In 1839, he died of apoplexy (according to family legends, he was killed by serfs).

In 1838, Fyodor Dostoevsky entered the Engineering School in St. Petersburg, from which he graduated in 1843.

After graduating from college, he served in the St. Petersburg engineering team and was assigned to the drawing room of the Engineering Department.

In 1844 he retired to devote himself to literature. In 1846 he published his first work - the story "Poor People", enthusiastically received by the critic Vissarion Belinsky.
In 1847-1849, Dostoevsky wrote the stories “The Mistress” (1847), “Weak Heart” and “White Nights” (both 1848), and “Netochka Nezvanova” (1849, unfinished).

During this period, the writer became close to the circle of the Beketov brothers (among the participants were Alexey Pleshcheev, Apollo and Valerian Maykov, Dmitry Grigorovich), in which not only literary, but also social problems. In the spring of 1847, Dostoevsky began to attend the “Fridays” of Mikhail Petrashevsky, and in the winter of 1848-1849 - the circle of the poet Sergei Durov, which also consisted mainly of Petrashevsky members. At the meetings, problems of the liberation of peasants, court reforms and censorship were discussed, treatises by French socialists and articles by Alexander Herzen were read. In 1848, Dostoevsky entered a special secret society organized by the most radical Petrashevist Nikolai Speshnev, which set as its goal “to carry out a revolution in Russia.”

In the spring of 1849, along with other Petrashevites, the writer was arrested and imprisoned in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress. After eight months of imprisonment, where Dostoevsky behaved courageously and even wrote a story " Little hero"(printed in 1857), he was found guilty "of intent to overthrow... the state order" and was initially sentenced to death. Already on the scaffold he was told that the execution had been replaced by four years of hard labor with deprivation of "all rights of fortune" and subsequent surrender to soldiers. Dostoevsky served hard labor in the Omsk fortress, among criminals.

From January 1854 he served as a private in Semipalatinsk, in 1855 he was promoted to non-commissioned officer, and in 1856 to ensign. In 1857, his nobility and the right to publish were returned to him. At the same time, he married the widow Maria Isaeva, who took part in his fate even before marriage.

In Siberia, Dostoevsky wrote the stories " Uncle's dream" and "The village of Stepanchikovo and its inhabitants" (both - 1859).

In 1859 he retired and received permission to live in Tver. At the end of the year, the writer moved to St. Petersburg and, together with his brother Mikhail, began publishing the magazines “Time” and “Epoch”. On the pages of Vremya, in an effort to strengthen his reputation, Dostoevsky published his novel “The Humiliated and Insulted” (1861).

In 1863, the writer, during his second trip abroad, met Apollinaria Suslova, their difficult relationships, and gambling Roulette in Baden-Baden provided material for the future novel "The Gambler".

After the death of his first wife in 1864, and then the death of his brother Mikhail, Dostoevsky assumed all the debts for publishing the Epoch magazine, but soon stopped it due to a drop in subscriptions. After traveling abroad, the writer spent the summer of 1866 in Moscow and at a dacha near Moscow, working on the novel Crime and Punishment. At the same time, Dostoevsky was working on the novel “The Gambler,” which he dictated to stenographer Anna Snitkina, who became the writer’s wife in the winter of 1867.

In 1867-1868, Dostoevsky wrote the novel “The Idiot,” the task of which he saw in “depicting positively wonderful person".

The next novel, “Demons” (1871-1872), was created by him under the impression of the terrorist activities of Sergei Nechaev and the terrorist activities organized by him. secret society"People's massacre". In 1875, the novel “The Teenager” was published, written in the form of a confession of a young man, whose consciousness is formed in an environment of “general decomposition.” The theme of the breakdown of family ties was continued in Dostoevsky’s final novel “The Brothers Karamazov” (1879-1880), conceived as a depiction of “our intelligentsia Russia"and at the same time as a novel-life of the main character Alyosha Karamazov.

In 1873, Dostoevsky began editing the newspaper-magazine "Citizen". In 1874, he abandoned editing the magazine due to disagreements with the publisher and deteriorating health, and at the end of 1875 he resumed work on A Writer's Diary, which he began in 1873, which he continued intermittently until the end of his life.

On February 7 (January 26, old style), 1881, the writer began bleeding from the throat, and doctors diagnosed a ruptured pulmonary artery.

On February 9 (January 28, old style), 1881, Fyodor Dostoevsky died in St. Petersburg. The writer was buried at the Tikhvin cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

On November 11, 1928, on the occasion of the writer’s birthday, the world’s first Dostoevsky Museum was opened in Moscow in the northern wing of the former Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor.

On November 12, 1971, in St. Petersburg, in the house where the writer spent the last years of his life, the F.M. Literary Memorial Museum was opened. Dostoevsky.

In the same year, on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the writer’s birth, the Semipalatinsk Literary and Memorial Museum of F. M. Dostoevsky was opened in the house where he lived in 1857-1859 while serving in a line battalion.

Since 1974, the Dostoevsky estate Darovoye, Zaraisk district, Tula region, where the writer vacationed in the 1830s, acquired the status of a museum of republican significance.

In May 1980, in Novokuznetsk, in the house that the writer’s first wife Maria Isaeva rented in 1855-1857, the F.M. Literary and Memorial Museum was opened. Dostoevsky.

In May 1981, the Writer's House-Museum was opened in Staraya Russa, where the Dostoevsky family spent the summer.

In January 1983 it received its first visitors Literary Museum them. F.M. Dostoevsky in Omsk.

Among the monuments to the writer, the most famous is the sculpture of Dostoevsky State Library named after V.I. Lenin on the corner of Mokhovaya and Vozdvizhenka in Moscow, a monument to Dostoevsky in the park of the Mariinsky Hospital near memorial museum writer in the capital, a monument to Dostoevsky in St. Petersburg on Bolshaya Moskovskaya Street.

In October 2006, a monument to Fyodor Dostoevsky in Dresden, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Federal Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel.

In the name of the writer in Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as in other Russian cities streets are named. In December 1991, the Dostoevskaya metro station was opened in St. Petersburg, and in 2010 in Moscow.

After his death, the writer's widow Anna Dostoevskaya (1846-1918) devoted herself to republishing her husband's books and perpetuating his memory. She died in 1918 in Yalta; in 1968, her ashes, according to her last wish, were reburied in Dostoevsky’s grave.

Childhood, years of study

Fyodor Mikhailovich was born in Moscow, in the family of the staff doctor of the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor. The family had eight children. They lived very poorly. The future writer learned very early what the need for money was, and future fate I never let him forget it. However, parents made every effort to ensure that their children received a good education: we taught them ourselves, invited private teachers.

Little Fedya's first book was "One Hundred and Four Sacred Stories of the Old and New Testaments."

By the age of seventeen, Dostoevsky had read Derzhavin, Zhukovsky, Karamzin, and European classics, and Pushkin already “knew almost everything by heart.”

In 1837, his father took Fyodor and his older brother Mikhail to St. Petersburg to enter a military educational institution - the Main Engineering School. Mikhail is not allowed to take the entrance exams due to health reasons, but Fedor enters.

Mikhailovsky (Engineering) Castle in St. Petersburg.

The brother soon leaves to study in Revel (now Tallinn), the father returns to Moscow, and Dostoevsky remains alone in the capital. He had few friends among his fellow practitioners. He spent most of the free time that he managed to find after intense studies and drill training reading. At school he began to write himself.

After completing his studies (1843), Dostoevsky was enrolled in the Engineering Corps. The prospect of a good career opened up, but Fyodor Mikhailovich, almost without hesitation, resigned a few months later and concentrated entirely on literary work.

Brilliant debut and fall from the heights of glory

For almost two years Dostoevsky has been working hard on his first story. "Poor people"– writes, rewrites, adds, shortens, rewrites again. This is a story in letters exchanged between a modest official, Makar Devushkin, and an orphan, Varenka Dobroselova, who lives in one of the gloomy districts of St. Petersburg, and makes a living by sewing.

Critics saw in the story only warm sympathy for the “little people” and a talented artistic exposure of the unjust structure of society. But Dostoevsky's story is more complex, deeper. One of the reasons for Makar and Varenka’s collapse in life is that they don’t really hear each other.

“Poor People,” even before its publication (1846), brought Dostoevsky great success (the manuscript was read and hotly discussed in literary circles).

Also in 1846, it appeared new story Dostoevsky's "Double". There is also a petty official in it - Golyadkin. He secretly and in vain dreams of making a career and marrying the boss’s daughter. These long, fruitless dreams lead to the appearance of his lucky double in the hero’s mind (or in reality?). With dexterity, arrogance and cunning, he gradually achieves everything that Golyadkin himself so strived for, who now finds himself completely forced out of life, and most importantly, understands with horror: his double is acting exactly as he would like, but he himself did not dare to act.

In this story, the writer for the first time approached the most serious, by his own admission, idea of ​​his work - the inconsistency, unpredictability of human nature, the existence in the most inconspicuous person of depths hidden from him, “double” thoughts and desires. True, he did not then find a form to implement his idea, as he himself later admitted.

The third major work of the young Dostoevsky is the story “The Mistress” (1847). Its hero, a young scientist Ordynov, finds himself a participant in terrible and mysterious events. The action takes place on the border between mysterious dreams and reality.

Petrashevtsev circle. Arrest

In the spring of 1846, Dostoevsky was approached on the street stranger and asked the question: “What is the idea for your future story, may I ask?” This was Mikhail Vasilyevich Butashevich-Petrashevsky (1821–1866), lawyer, philosopher and writer.

Soon the young writer became a frequent visitor to “Fridays” - meetings at Petrashevsky’s, where young people from all walks of life gathered and where they talked about literature, politics, and social issues. Most of all, the minds were occupied by the then fashionable ideas of the French utopian socialists - Saint-Simon, Fourier and others.

It was believed that a person behaves badly and commits crimes because he is forced to do so environment and property inequality, and if life is arranged fairly and reasonably, everyone will become decent and virtuous.

Soon a group led by Nikolai Aleksandrovich Speshnev stood out among the Petrashevites. The goal of this group is not only the exchange of ideas and the development of projects for a future social structure, but also the organization of an underground printing house, and in the future, perhaps, a “revolution in Russia.” Dostoevsky also joined this group.

On April 23, 1849, many of the Petrashevites were arrested following a denunciation and placed in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Twenty-one people, including Dostoevsky, were sentenced to death by firing squad. But then the execution was replaced with hard labor (Dostoevsky was given four years of hard labor - “and then a private”). However, an order was received to carry out the preparation procedure for the execution and only then announce the final decision.

Early in the morning of December 22, 1849, the condemned were taken to the square (now Pionerskaya Square in St. Petersburg in front of the Youth Theater).

Pionerskaya Square in St. Petersburg.

Of all those who expected death in a few moments, only one came to confess to the priest (and without this, a person who considers himself a Christian cannot imagine moving to another world). Dostoevsky told Speshnev in French: “We will be together with Christ.” “A handful of ashes,” Speshnev answered him with a grin. Then Dostoevsky could not or did not want to object to him.

The convicts wore white robes - shrouds. Three were brought and tied to posts; White caps were pulled over their heads. The soldiers raised their guns and took aim. Dostoevsky was in the second three, and, therefore, he had no more than a minute to live. Then a drumbeat sounded: the officer who arrived gave the general in command of the execution an order to commute the sentence.

A few more days passed, and the Petrashevites were sent along a convoy to hard labor in Siberia. Dostoevsky's path lay through Tobolsk. There he met with the wives of the Decembrists - Natalya Dmitrievna Fonvizina and Praskovya Egorovna Annenkova. Along with food and warm clothes, they presented each of the prisoners with a Gospel. Dostoevsky later recalled that for many years in prison this book was his only permitted reading. He kept her with him constantly and then, having freed himself, did not part with her for the rest of his life.

Among the convicts there were, of course, the most different people, but mostly these were convicted of robbery and murder. The authorities were sometimes more cruel than many of the prisoners.

At hard labor, Dostoevsky was deprived of the right not only to study creative work, but even read and write, learn about what is happening in the world and in literature. However, all this contributed to incredible spiritual focus. Pondering own life, learning terrible things about them tragic fates those around him, Dostoevsky understood more and more clearly that, on the one hand, “evil lurks deeper in humanity than socialist doctors assume” and no structure of society in itself will correct this evil. On the other hand, no living conditions can justify a serious crime committed by a person or relieve him of responsibility for sin. Otherwise, we will have to admit that people are obedient slaves of circumstances. And this means giving up inner freedom, which makes a person an individual.

Dostoevsky also understood that the shed blood of others never leads to good, but only leads to new, even more blood.

Once upon a time in his childhood, in the village, little Fedya, walking behind a ravine, was frightened by the cry “The wolf is running!” and ran away in horror. He was stopped, calmed down and caressed by a man named Marey, who was plowing in the field.

Looking at the terrible faces of the convicts, Dostoevsky realized that one of them could well be “the same Marey.” “I suddenly felt that I could look at these unfortunate people with a completely different look.” In every person, if you look at him not from top to bottom, not with fear, malice or contempt, but with love, as at a brother, you can see the image of God.

For several years, Dostoevsky could only read the Gospel - the same one given by the wives of the Decembrists in Tobolsk. Of course, Dostoevsky had read it before, “almost from his first childhood.” But in hard labor, where you have to live with the maximum tension of all spiritual and physical strength where good and evil collide on a daily basis, the truths of the gospel are understood more deeply than in the wild.

Everything understood and experienced during these four years largely determined Dostoevsky’s further creative path. The action of all his great novels takes place in the specific setting of some Russian city, in a certain year (the writer usually even indicated the month and date). But the background against which events unfold is the whole world history and everything that is narrated in the Gospel.

However, many more years were to pass before these novels were created. Having served his four-year sentence of hard labor, Dostoevsky left the gates of the Omsk fortress in January 1854 (he would later describe his experience there in Notes from the House of the Dead). Returning to the capital cities was still impossible; he had to serve as a simple soldier in Semipalatinsk, and then five for long years live in Siberia.

In 1857, Dostoevsky married Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva, the widow of a Semipalatinsk official. Siberian and St. Petersburg friends and well-wishers of Dostoevsky are lobbying for him before Emperor Alexander II and seeking permission to publish and move first to Tver, and at the end of 1859 to St. Petersburg.

Return to literature

In literature and public life Much has happened in Russia during Dostoevsky's almost ten-year absence. New talents have emerged. It was necessary to again win a literary reputation, to express artistic form experienced and understood in penal servitude and in Siberia.

There were heated debates in society about how and when to cancel serfdom, in what ways the country should develop. In revolutionary-minded circles - Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov set the tone in them - it was considered possible and necessary to forcibly change the social system.

In one of the leaflets, Rus' was called “to the axe.” Supporters of decisive action had no doubt that the “new people”, armed with “advanced theories” - like the heroes of Chernyshevsky’s famous novel “What is to be done?” – have the right and obligation to lead the masses to a bright future.

Dostoevsky saw all the “darkness and horror” that these ideas would bring to Russia and the whole world, earlier and more clearly than others.

On April 15, 1864, Maria Dmitrievna, Dostoevsky’s wife, died from a serious lung disease. Three months later, the most faithful and closest person to him, brother Mikhail, dies.

"In one year my life seemed to break..."– writes Fyodor Mikhailovich. My brother's family is left without a breadwinner. Dostoevsky takes on all his debts and is forced, by his own admission, to work harder than hard labor in order to somehow make ends meet. At the same time, the writer himself is already seriously ill.

Once again he had to face how deadly, literally, a lack of money can be. Under these conditions, Dostoevsky begins work on a work based on “a psychological report of a crime.”

The crime has been committed "a young man... succumbing to some strange... ideas that are floating in the air"– this is how the author himself described his plan in a letter to the editor of the magazine “Russian Messenger” Mikhail Nikiforovich Katkov.

After the publication of the novel "Crime and Punishment" (1866), which was a great success, Dostoevsky's financial situation remains difficult. He is still forced to work his ass off: having taken money in advance for the design of a future work, he then hurries to finish it on time.

On the advice of friends, the writer decides to hire a stenographer, Anna Grigorievna Snitkina, to speed up his work. She was twenty years old at the time—she was born the year Poor People was released. Soon Fyodor Mikhailovich proposes to her, and the girl accepts him. Dostoevsky finds what he always lacked - a beloved, faithful and reliable companion in life, finds a family.

After his marriage, Dostoevsky went abroad with his wife - mainly in order to at least temporarily escape from creditors and write great novel, pay off debts.

Dostoevsky's next novel is "The Idiot" (1868)– dedicated to reflection on the mystery of the incarnation of God in man, the combination of Divine and human nature.

The writer set himself the task: to create the image of a “positively beautiful person” and see what will happen to him in the human community, how his relationships with others will develop, how he will influence them and they will influence him.

The hero of the novel, Prince Lev Nikolaevich Myshkin, is called “Prince Christ” in the drafts. So Dostoevsky outlined for himself that he had to introduce into the novel a person who was as similar as possible to Christ - kindness, philanthropy, lack of selfishness, gentleness, meekness.

Warning and Testament

In 1869 in Moscow, the head of the secret society “People’s Retribution” Sergei Nechaev organized the murder of student Ivanov, who refused to complete his assignment. Dostoevsky recreated this story in the novel "Demons"(1871–1872), moving the action to a provincial town.

Vasily Perov. Portrait of F.M. Dostoevsky. 1872

The novel was written in 1875 "Teenager". Its main character, Arkady Dolgoruky, through persistent hoarding and a hermit’s life, will collect a huge fortune, enjoy the “solitary and calm consciousness of his strength” and power over the world, and then give his millions to people - let them “distribute”. Arkady himself will proudly retire “into the desert.” The main thing for the hero is not the future gift to people, but namely strength, power and superiority over millions of “ordinary” people.

Dostoevsky's final novel - "The Brothers Karamazov"(1879–1880). In it, the writer created the image of his most charming hero - the young monastic novice Alyosha Karamazov.

Alyosha, a sincere believer, is opposed by his brother Ivan, who rebels against God because there is too much evil in the world. How does God allow this? The future happiness of all mankind, says Ivan Karamazov, is not worth one “tear of a child.”

But with the entire system of images in the novel, Dostoevsky shows: children suffer from evil generated by man, and not by God. God endowed man with freedom, and therefore responsibility; and there is no such evil in the world for which one can absolve oneself of responsibility:

“for everything is like an ocean, everything flows and touches, if you touch it in one place, it reverberates at the other end of the world”... “And therefore you are to blame for everyone and everything.” (Part two. Book six. Chapter III. From conversations and teachings of Elder Zosima).

But Ivan does not want to accept this responsibility, he places the blame both for what is happening around him and for the evil he himself is doing on other people, on God, on the devil, who appears to him in painful visions.

In The Brothers Karamazov, the writer shows how responsible a person is not only for his sinful desires, but also for the “theories” he has composed.

The novel "The Brothers Karamazov" was conceived in two books. In the second, Alyosha’s activities were supposed to unfold among people, in the world where he goes, having left the monastery, on the advice of his spiritual mentor Elder Zosima. However, Dostoevsky managed to write only the first book.

At the end of January 1881, the writer’s long-standing lung disease worsened. Before his death, he asked his wife to tell his fortune using the Gospel, the same one he brought from hard labor. The book opened at the third chapter of the Gospel of Matthew: “John restrained Him... But Jesus answered him: Leave it now, for thus it is fitting for us to fulfill all righteousness.” “You hear, don’t hold back,” Fyodor Mikhailovich said to his wife. “That means I’ll die.” A few hours later, Dostoevsky passed away.

Homework

Prepare messages / select quotation material / draw up a response plan (optionally) on the topic of: "Poor people in Russian literature".

Literature

Encyclopedia for children. Avanta+. Volume 09. Part 1. Russian literature. From epics and chronicles to classics of the 19th century century. M., 1999.

Some call him a prophet, a gloomy philosopher, others - evil genius. He himself called himself “a child of the century, a child of unbelief, doubt.” Much has been said about Dostoevsky...

From Masterweb

Some call him a prophet, a gloomy philosopher, others - an evil genius. He himself called himself “a child of the century, a child of unbelief, doubt.” Much has been said about Dostoevsky as a writer, but his personality is surrounded by an aura of mystery. The multifaceted nature of the classic allowed him to leave his mark on the pages of history and inspire millions of people around the world. His ability to expose vices without turning away from them made the heroes so alive, and his works so full of mental suffering. Immersion in the world of Dostoevsky can be painful and difficult, but it gives birth to something new in people; this is precisely the kind of literature that educates. Dostoevsky is a phenomenon that needs to be studied long and thoughtfully. short biography Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, some interesting facts from his life and creativity will be presented to your attention in the article.

Brief biography in dates

The main task of life, as Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky wrote, is “not to become discouraged, not to fall,” despite all the trials sent from above. And he had a lot of them.

November 11, 1821 - birth. Where was Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born? He was born in our glorious capital - Moscow. Father - staff physician Mikhail Andreevich, the family is a believer, pious. They named it after their grandfather.

The boy began studying at a young age under the guidance of his parents; by the age of 10 he knew the history of Russia quite well; his mother taught him to read. Attention was also paid to religious education: daily prayer before bed was a family tradition.

In 1837, Fyodor Mikhailovich’s mother Maria died, and in 1839, father Mikhail.

1838 - Dostoevsky enters the Main Engineering School of St. Petersburg.

1841 - becomes an officer.

1843 – enrolled in the engineering corps. Studying was not fun, there was a strong craving for literature, the writer made his first creative experiments even then.

1847 – visit to Petrashevsky Fridays.

April 23, 1849 - Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

From January 1850 to February 1854 – Omsk Fortress, hard labor. This period rendered strong influence on the creativity and worldview of the writer.

1854–1859 period military service, city of Semipalatinsk.

1857 – wedding with Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva.

June 7, 1862 - the first trip abroad, where Dostoevsky stayed until October. I became interested in gambling for a long time.

1863 – love, relationship with A. Suslova.

1864 – the writer’s wife Maria and older brother Mikhail die.

1867 – marries stenographer A. Snitkina.

Until 1871 they traveled a lot outside of Russia.

1877 - spends a lot of time with Nekrasov, then makes a speech at his funeral.

1881 – Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky dies, he was 59 years old.

Biography in detail

The childhood of the writer Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky can be called prosperous: born into a noble family in 1821, he received an excellent home education and upbringing. My parents managed to instill a love of languages ​​(Latin, French, German) and history. After reaching the age of 16, Fedor was sent to a private boarding school. Then training continued at the St. Petersburg Military Engineering School. Dostoevsky showed interest in literature even then, visited literary salons with his brother, and tried to write himself.

As the biography of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky testifies, 1839 claims the life of his father. Internal protest is looking for a way out, Dostoevsky begins to get acquainted with the socialists, and visits Petrashevsky’s circle. The novel "Poor People" was written under the influence of the ideas of that period. This work allowed the writer to finally finish his hated engineering service and engage in literature. From an unknown student, Dostoevsky became successful writer until censorship intervened.

In 1849, the ideas of the Petrashevites were recognized as harmful, members of the circle were arrested and sent to hard labor. It is noteworthy that the sentence was originally death, but the last 10 minutes changed it. The Petrashevites who were already on the scaffold were pardoned, limiting their punishment to four years of hard labor. Mikhail Petrashevsky was sentenced to life hard labor. Dostoevsky was sent to Omsk.

The biography of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky says that serving his sentence was difficult for the writer. He compares that time to being buried alive. Hard, monotonous work like firing bricks, disgusting conditions, and cold undermined Fyodor Mikhailovich’s health, but also gave him food for thought, new ideas, and themes for creativity.

After serving his sentence, Dostoevsky served in Semipalatinsk, where his only joy was his first love - Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva. This relationship was tender, somewhat reminiscent of the relationship between a mother and her son. The only thing that stopped the writer from proposing to a woman was the fact that she had a husband. A little later he died. In 1857, Dostoevsky finally wooed Maria Isaeva, and they got married. After marriage, the relationship changed somewhat; the writer himself speaks of them as “unhappy.”

1859 - return to St. Petersburg. Dostoevsky writes again, opens the magazine “Time” with his brother. Brother Mikhail runs his business ineptly, gets into debt, and dies. Fyodor Mikhailovich has to deal with debts. He has to write quickly to be able to pay off all the accumulated debts. But even in such a hurry they were created the most complex works Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky.

In 1860, Dostoevsky falls in love with the young Apollinaria Suslova, who is completely different from his wife Maria. The relationship was also different - passionate, vibrant, lasted three years. At the same time, Fyodor Mikhailovich became interested in playing roulette and lost a lot. This period of life is reflected in the novel “The Player”.

1864 claimed the lives of his brother and wife. It was as if something had broken in the writer Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. Relations with Suslova are fading, the writer feels lost, alone in the world. He tries to escape from himself abroad, to distract himself, but the melancholy does not leave him. Epileptic seizures become more frequent. This is how Anna Snitkina, a young stenographer, recognized and fell in love with Dostoevsky. The man shared his life story with the girl; he needed to talk it out. Gradually they became close, although the age difference was 24 years. Anna accepted Dostoevsky’s offer to marry him sincerely, because Fyodor Mikhailovich aroused the brightest, most enthusiastic feelings in her. The marriage was perceived negatively by society, Dostoevsky's adopted son Pavel. The newlyweds are leaving for Germany.

The relationship with Snitkina had a beneficial effect on the writer: he got rid of his addiction to roulette and became calmer. In 1868, Sophia is born, but dies three months later. After a difficult period of common experiences, Anna and Fyodor Mikhailovich continue to try to conceive a child. They succeed: Lyubov (1869), Fedor (1871) and Alexey (1875) are born. Alexey inherited the disease from his father and died at the age of three. His wife became for Fyodor Mikhailovich support and support, a spiritual outlet. In addition, it helped improve financial position. The family moves to Staraya Russa to escape the nervous life in St. Petersburg. Thanks to Anna, a girl wise beyond her years, Fyodor Mikhailovich becomes happy, at least for a short time. Here they spend their time happily and serenely, until Dostoevsky’s health forces them to return to the capital.

In 1881 the writer dies.

Carrot or stick: how Fyodor Mikhailovich raised children

The indisputability of his father's authority was the basis of Dostoevsky's upbringing, which passed into his own family. Decency, responsibility - the writer managed to invest these qualities in his children. Even if they did not grow up to be the same geniuses as their father, some craving for literature existed in each of them.

The writer believed major mistakes education:

• ignoring inner world child;
• intrusive attention;
• bias.

He called the suppression of individuality, cruelty, and making life easier as a crime against a child. Dostoevsky considered the main tool of education not corporal punishment, but parental love. He himself incredibly loved his children and was very worried about their illnesses and losses.

An important place in a child’s life, as Fyodor Mikhailovich believed, should be given to spiritual light and religion. The writer rightly believed that a child always follows the example of the family where he was born. Dostoevsky's educational measures were based on intuition.

Literary evenings were a good tradition in the family of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. These evening readings of literary masterpieces were traditional in the author’s childhood. Often, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky’s children fell asleep and did not understand anything they read, but he continued to cultivate literary taste. Often the writer read with such feeling that he began to cry in the process. I loved to hear what impression this or that novel made on children.

Another educational element is visiting the theater. Opera was preferred.

Lyubov Dostoevskaya

Lyubov Fedorovna's attempts to become a writer were unsuccessful. Maybe the reason was that her work was always inevitably compared with her father’s brilliant novels, maybe she was writing about the wrong things. Eventually main work her life was a description of her father's biography.

The girl who lost him at the age of 11 was very afraid that in the next world Fyodor Mikhailovich’s sins would not be forgiven. She believed that life continues after death, but here on earth one must seek happiness. For Dostoevsky’s daughter, it consisted primarily in a clear conscience.

Lyubov Fedorovna lived to be 56 years old and spent the last few years in sunny Italy. She was probably happier there than at home.

Fedor Dostoevsky

Fedor Fedorovich became a horse breeder. The boy began to show interest in horses as a child. Tried to create literary works, but it didn’t work out. He was vain and strived to achieve success in life, these qualities he inherited from his grandfather. If Fedor Fedorovich was not sure that he could be the first in something, he preferred not to do it, his pride was so pronounced. He was nervous and withdrawn, wasteful, prone to excitement, like his father.

Fedor lost his father at the age of 9, but he managed to invest in him best qualities. His father's upbringing helped him greatly in life; he received a good education. In his business he achieved great success, perhaps because he loved what he did.

Creative path in dates

Start creative path Dostoevsky was bright, he wrote in many genres.

Genres early period creativity of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky:

• humorous story;
• physiological essay;
• tragicomic story;
• Christmas story;
• story;
• novel.

In 1840–1841 - creation historical dramas"Mary Stuart", "Boris Godunov".

1844 – translation of Balzac’s “Eugenie Grande” is published.

1845 – finished the story “Poor People”, met Belinsky and Nekrasov.

1846 – “The Petersburg Collection” was published, “Poor People” were published.

“The Double” was published in February, and “Mr. Prokharchin” was published in October.

In 1847, Dostoevsky wrote “The Mistress” and published it in the “St. Petersburg Gazette”.

“White Nights” was written in December 1848, and “Netochka Nezvanova” in 1849.

1854-1859 – service in Semipalatinsk, “Uncle’s Dream”, “The Village of Stepanchikovo and its Inhabitants”.

In 1860, the Russian World published a fragment “ Notes of the Dead Houses". The first collected works were published.

1861 – the beginning of the publication of the magazine “Time”, the printing of part of the novel “Humiliated and Insulted”, “Notes from the House of the Dead”.

In 1863, “Winter Notes on summer impressions».

May of the same year – the magazine “Time” was closed.

1864 – the beginning of publication of the magazine “Epoch”. "Notes from the Underground".

1865 - “An Extraordinary Event, or Passage in Passage” is published in Krokodil.

1866 – written by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”, “The Gambler”. Traveling abroad with family. "Idiot".

In 1870, Dostoevsky wrote the story “The Eternal Husband.”

1871-1872 - “Demons.”

1875 – “Teenager” was published in “Notes of the Fatherland”.

1876 ​​– resumption of activity of the “Diary of a Writer”.

From 1879 to 1880, The Brothers Karamazov was written.

Places in St. Petersburg

The city preserves the spirit of the writer; many of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky’s books were written here.

1. Dostoevsky studied at the Engineering Mikhailovsky Castle.
2. The Serapinskaya Hotel on Moskovsky Prospekt became the writer’s place of residence in 1837; he lived here, seeing St. Petersburg for the first time in his life.
3. “Poor People” was written in the house of the postal director Pryanichnikov.
4. “Mr. Prokharchin” was created in Kochenderfer’s house on Kazanskaya Street.
5. IN apartment building Soloshich on Vasilyevsky Island Fyodor Mikhailovich lived in the 1840s.
6. The Kotomina apartment building introduced Dostoevsky to Petrashevsky.
7. The writer lived on Voznesensky Prospekt during his arrest and wrote “White Nights”, “Honest Thief” and other stories.
8. "Notes from House of the Dead", "Humiliated and Insulted" were written on 3rd Krasnoarmeyskaya Street.
9. The writer lived in the house of A. Astafieva in 1861-1863.
10. In the Strubinsky house on Grechesky Avenue - from 1875 to 1878.

Symbolism of Dostoevsky

You can analyze the books of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky endlessly, finding new and new symbols. Dostoevsky mastered the art of penetrating into the essence of things, their soul. It is precisely the ability to unravel these symbols one by one that makes traveling through the pages of novels so exciting.

• Axe.

This symbol carries a deadly meaning, being a kind of emblem of Dostoevsky’s work. The ax symbolizes murder, crime, a decisive, desperate step, crucial moment. If a person says the word “axe,” most likely the first thing that comes to mind is “Crime and Punishment” by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky.

• Clean linen.

His appearance in novels occurs at certain similar moments, which allows us to talk about symbolism. For example, Raskolnikov was prevented from committing a murder by a maid hanging out clean laundry. Ivan Karamazov had a similar situation. It is not so much the linen itself that is symbolic, but its color - white, denoting purity, correctness, purity.

• Smells.

It is enough to glance over any of Dostoevsky’s novels to understand how important smells are to him. One of them, which occurs more often than others, is the smell of a corruptive spirit.

• Silver pledge.

One of the most important symbols. The silver cigarette case was not made of silver at all. A motive of falsity, counterfeitness, and suspicion appears. Raskolnikov, having made a cigarette case out of wood, similar to a silver one, as if he had already committed a deception, a crime.

• The sound of a brass bell.

The symbol plays a warning role. A small detail makes the reader feel the mood of the hero and imagine events more vividly. Small objects become strange, unusual features, emphasizing the exceptional circumstances.

• Wood and iron.

In novels there are many things from these materials, each of them carries certain meaning. If wood symbolizes man, sacrifice, bodily torment, then iron symbolizes crime, murder, evil.

Finally, I would like to note some interesting facts from the life of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky.

1. Dostoevsky wrote most of all in the last 10 years of his life.
2. Dostoevsky loved sex, used the services of prostitutes, even while married.
3. Nietzsche called Dostoevsky the best psychologist.
4. He smoked a lot and loved strong tea.
5. He was jealous of his women at every post, and forbade them even to smile in public.
6. He worked more often at night.
7. The hero of the novel “The Idiot” is a self-portrait of the writer.
8. There are many film adaptations of Dostoevsky’s works, as well as those dedicated to him.
9. Fyodor Mikhailovich had his first child at the age of 46.
10. Leonardo DiCaprio also celebrates his birthday on November 11th.
11. More than 30,000 people came to the writer's funeral.
12. Sigmund Freud considered Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov to be the greatest novel ever written.

We also present to your attention famous quotes Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky:

We must love life more than the meaning of life. Freedom is not about not being restrained, but about being in control. In everything there is a line beyond which it is dangerous to cross; for once you have stepped over, it is impossible to go back. Happiness is not in happiness, but only in its achievement. No one will make the first move, because everyone thinks that it is not mutual. The Russian people seem to enjoy their suffering. Life goes breathless without an aim. To stop reading books means to stop thinking. There is no happiness in comfort; happiness is bought through suffering. B true loving heart either jealousy kills love, or love kills jealousy.

Conclusion

The outcome of every person's life is his actions. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (life years - 1821-1881) left behind brilliant novels, having lived a relatively short life. Who knows if these novels would have been born if the author’s life had been easy, without obstacles and hardships? Dostoevsky, whom they know and love, is impossible without suffering, mental tossing, and internal overcoming. They are what make the works so real.

Kievyan Street, 16 0016 Armenia, Yerevan +374 11 233 255

Biography, life story of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky

Origin

On their father's side, the Dostoevskys are one of the branches of the Rtishchev family, which originates from Aslan-Chelebi-Murza, baptized by the Moscow prince. The Rtishchevs were part of the inner circle of Prince Ivan Vasilyevich of Serpukhov and Borovsk, who in 1456, having quarreled with Vasily the Dark, left for Lithuania. There Ivan Vasilyevich became Prince Pinsky. He granted the villages of Kalechino and Lepovitsa to Stepan Rtishchev. In 1506, Ivan Vasilyevich’s son, Fyodor, granted Danila Rtishchev part of the village of Dostoev in Pinsk Povet. Hence the Dostoevskys. Since 1577, the writer's paternal ancestors received the right to use the Radwan - the Polish noble coat of arms. Dostoevsky's father drank a lot and was extremely cruel. “My grandfather Mikhail,” reports Lyubov Dostoevskaya, “always treated his serfs very strictly. The more he drank, the more violent he became, until they finally killed him." Dostoevsky's mother, Maria Feodorovna (1800-1837), came from a wealthy Russian merchant family, the Nechaevs. She was wonderful and kind woman. Her image greatly influenced the writer’s worldview.

The writer's youth

He was the second of 7 children to survive.

When Dostoevsky was 16 years old, his mother died of consumption, and his father sent his eldest sons, Fyodor and Mikhail (who later also became a writer), to K. F. Kostomarov's boarding school in St. Petersburg.

1837 became important date for Dostoevsky. This is the year of his mother’s death, the year of death, whose work he (like his brother) has been engrossed in since childhood, the year of moving to St. Petersburg and entering the Main Engineering School, and now the Military Engineering and Technical University. Thanks to which he received not only a high-quality engineering education, but also the opportunity to continue cultural development. In 1839, he receives news of the murder of his father by serfs. Dostoevsky participates in the work of the Belinsky circle. A year before his dismissal from military service, Dostoevsky first translated and published Balzac’s “Eugenie Grande” (1843). A year later, his first work, “Poor People,” was published, and he immediately became famous: V. G. Belinsky highly appreciated this work. But the next book, “The Double,” faces misunderstandings.

CONTINUED BELOW

"The military court finds the defendant Dostoevsky guilty of the fact that, having received in March of this year from Moscow from the nobleman Pleshcheev ... a copy of the criminal letter of the writer Belinsky, he read this letter in meetings: first with the defendant Durov, then with the defendant Petrashevsky. Therefore, the military court sentenced him for failure to report the dissemination of a criminal letter about religion and government from the writer Belinsky... to deprive him, on the basis of the Code of Military Decrees... of ranks and all the rights of the state, and to subject him to the death penalty by shooting".

The trial and harsh sentence to death (December 22, 1849) on the Semenovsky parade ground was framed as a mock execution. IN last moment The convicts were given a pardon and sentenced to hard labor. One of those sentenced to execution, Grigoriev, went crazy. Dostoevsky conveyed the feelings that he might experience before his execution in the words of Prince Myshkin in one of the monologues in the novel “The Idiot.”

During a short stay in Tobolsk on the way to the place of hard labor (January 11-20, 1850), the writer met the wives of the exiled Decembrists: Zh. A. Muravyova, P. E. Annenkova and N. D. Fonvizina. The women gave him the Gospel, which the writer kept all his life.

Dostoevsky spent the next four years in hard labor in Omsk. The memoirs of one of the eyewitnesses of the writer’s hard labor life have been preserved. In 1854, Dostoevsky was released and sent as a private to the seventh linear Siberian battalion. It is necessary to understand that improvement social status, even in the position of a private, was influenced by the fact that he had an education received at the Higher Engineering educational institution. While serving in Semipalatinsk, he became friends with Chokan Valikhanov, a future famous Kazakh traveler and ethnographer. There, a common monument was erected to the young writer and the young scientist. Here he began an affair with Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva, who was married to a gymnasium teacher, Alexander Isaev, a bitter drunkard. After some time, Isaev was transferred to the place of the assessor in Kuznetsk. On August 14, 1855, Fyodor Mikhailovich receives a letter from Kuznetsk: M.D. Isaeva’s husband died after a long illness.

On February 18, 1855, Emperor Nicholas I dies. Dostoevsky writes a loyal poem dedicated to his widow, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, and as a result becomes a non-commissioned officer. On October 20, 1856, Dostoevsky was promoted to ensign.

On February 6, 1857, Dostoevsky married Maria Isaeva in Russian Orthodox Church in Kuznetsk. Immediately after the wedding, they go to Semipalatinsk, but on the way Dostoevsky has an epileptic seizure, and they stop for four days in Barnaul. On February 20, 1857, Dostoevsky and his wife returned to Semipalatinsk.

The period of imprisonment and military service was a turning point in Dostoevsky’s life: from a “seeker of truth in man” who had not yet decided in life, he turned into a deeply religious person, whose only ideal for the rest of his life was Christ.

In 1859, Dostoevsky published his stories “The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants” and “Uncle’s Dream” in Otechestvennye Zapiski.

On June 30, 1859, Dostoevsky was given temporary ticket No. 2030, allowing him to travel to Tver, and on July 2, the writer left Semipalatinsk. In 1860, Dostoevsky returned to St. Petersburg with his wife and adopted son Pavel, but secret surveillance of him did not stop until the mid-1870s. From the beginning of 1861, Fyodor Mikhailovich helped his brother Mikhail publish his own magazine “Time”, after the closure of which in 1863 the brothers began publishing the magazine “Epoch”. On the pages of these magazines such works of Dostoevsky appear as “The Humiliated and Insulted,” “Notes from the House of the Dead,” “Winter Notes on Summer Impressions,” and “Notes from the Underground.”

Dostoevsky takes a trip abroad with the young emancipated person Apollinaria Suslova, in Baden-Baden he becomes addicted to the ruinous game of roulette, experiences a constant need for money, and at the same time (1864) loses his wife and brother. Unusual way of life European life completes the destruction of the socialist illusions of youth, forms a critical perception of bourgeois values ​​and rejection of the West.

Six months after the death of his brother, the publication of “Epoch” ceased (February 1865). In a hopeless situation financial situation Dostoevsky writes chapters of “Crime and Punishment”, sending them to M. N. Katkov directly to the magazine set of the conservative “Russian Messenger”, where they are printed from issue to issue. At the same time, under the threat of losing the rights to his publications for 9 years in favor of the publisher F. T. Stellovsky, he undertook to write him a novel, for which he did not have enough physical strength. On the advice of friends, Dostoevsky hires a young stenographer, Anna Snitkina, who helps him cope with this task. In October 1866, the novel “The Gambler” was written in twenty-one days and completed on the 25th.

The novel “Crime and Punishment” was paid for very well by Katkov, but so that this money would not be taken away by creditors, the writer goes abroad with his new wife Anna Snitkina. The trip is reflected in the diary that Snitkina-Dostoevskaya began to keep in 1867. On the way to Germany, the couple stopped for several days in Vilna.

Creativity flourishes

Snitkina arranged the writer’s life, took upon herself all the economic issues of his activities, and in 1871 Dostoevsky gave up roulette forever.

The writer has lived in the city for the last 8 years Staraya Russa Novgorod province. These years of life were very fruitful: 1872 - “Demons”, 1873 - the beginning of the “Diary of a Writer” (a series of feuilletons, essays, polemical notes and passionate journalistic notes on the topic of the day), 1875 - “Teenager”, 1876 - “Meek”, 1879 -1880 - “The Brothers Karamazov”. At the same time, two events became significant for Dostoevsky. In 1878, Emperor Alexander II invited the writer to introduce him to his family, and in 1880, just a year before his death, Dostoevsky gave a famous speech at the opening of the monument

"Encyclopedia of Death. Chronicles of Charon"

Part 2: Dictionary of Selected Deaths

The ability to live well and die well is one and the same science.

Epicurus

DOSTOEVSKY Fyodor Mikhailovich

(1821-1881) Russian writer

At the end of January 1881, Dostoevsky became seriously ill and began bleeding from the throat. On the morning of January 28, the writer’s wife Anna Grigorievna, waking up at seven in the morning, saw that Dostoevsky was looking in her direction. Anna Grigorievna asked him about his health, to which he replied:

You know, Anya, I haven’t slept for three hours now and I’m still thinking, and only now I clearly realized that I’m going to die today.

My darling, why are you thinking this? - Anna Grigorievna objected in terrible concern. - After all, you are better now, the blood is no longer flowing, obviously a “plug” has formed, as Koshlakov said. For God’s sake, don’t torment yourself with doubts, you will still live, I assure you!

No, I know, I have to die today. Light a candle, Anya, and give me the Gospel.

“This Gospel,” recalls A.G. Dostoevskaya, “was presented to Fyodor Mikhailovich in Tobolsk (when he was going to hard labor) by the wives of the Decembrists... Fyodor Mikhailovich did not part with this holy book during all four years of his stay in hard labor. Subsequently. .. he often, having thought about or doubting something, opened this Gospel at random and read what was on the first page (to the left of the reader). read.

The Gospel of Matthew was revealed. Ch. III, art. II: “John restrained him and said: I need to be baptized by you, and are you coming to me? But Jesus answered him: do not restrain, for in this way we must fulfill the great righteousness.”

You hear - “don’t hold me back” - that means I’ll die,” the husband said and closed the book.

I couldn't stop crying. Fyodor Mikhailovich began to console me, spoke sweet, kind words to me, thanked me for happy life which he lived with me. He entrusted the children to me, said that he believed me and hoped that I would always love and take care of them. Then he told me the words that a rare husband could say to his wife after fourteen years of marriage:

Remember, Anya, I have always loved you dearly and have never cheated on you, even mentally!

I was deeply touched by his sincere words, but also terribly alarmed, fearing that the excitement would bring him harm. I begged him not to think about death, not to upset us all with his doubts, I asked him to rest, to sleep.

My husband listened to me and stopped talking, but his peaceful face made it clear that the thought of death did not leave him and that he was not afraid of the transition to another world.

I didn’t leave my husband’s side all day; he held my hand in his and whispered: “Poor... dear... what am I leaving you with... poor thing, how hard will life be for you?..” Several times he whispered: “Call the children.” I called, my husband extended his lips to them, they kissed him and, on the doctor’s orders, immediately left, and Fyodor Mikhailovich saw them off with a sad look. About two hours before his death, when the children came to his call, Fyodor Mikhailovich ordered the Gospel to be given to his son Fedya...

At about seven o'clock a lot of people gathered in the living room and dining room and were waiting for Koshlakov, who visited us around that hour. Suddenly, for no apparent reason, Fyodor Mikhailovich shuddered, rose slightly on the sofa, and a streak of blood again stained his face. We began to give Fyodor Mikhailovich pieces of ice, but the bleeding did not stop... Fyodor Mikhailovich was unconscious, the children and I were kneeling at his head and crying, trying our best to refrain from loud sobs, since the doctor warned that the last feeling, What leaves a person is hearing, and any disturbance of the silence can slow down the agony and prolong the suffering of the dying person. I held my husband in my hand and felt that his pulse was beating weaker and weaker. At eight o'clock twenty-eight minutes in the evening Fyodor Mikhailovich passed away into eternity."